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Soria E, Russo C, Carlos-Shanley C, Drewery M, Boswell W, Savage M, Sanchez L, Chang C, Varga ZM, Kent ML, Sharpton TJ, Lu Y. Assessment of various standard fish diets on gut microbiome of platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:271-277. [PMID: 37614078 PMCID: PMC10962282 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an external factor that affects the physiological baseline of research animals. It can shape gut microbiome, which can impact the host. As a result, dietary variation can challenge experimental reproducibility and data integration across studies when not appropriately considered. To control for diet-induced variation, reference diets have been developed for common biomedical models. However, such reference diets have not yet been developed for nontraditional model organisms, such as Xiphophorus species. In this study, we compared two diets designed for zebrafish, a commercial zebrafish diet (Gemma and GEM), and a proposed zebrafish reference diet developed by the Watts laboratory at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (WAT) to the Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center custom diet (CON) to evaluate the influence of diet on the Xiphophorus gut microbiome. Xiphophorus maculatus were fed the three diets from 2 to 6 months of age. Feces were collected and the gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing every month. We observed substantial diet-driven variation in the gut microbiome. Our results indicate that diets developed specifically for zebrafish can affect the gut microbiome composition and may not be optimal for Xiphophorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Soria
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Crystal Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | - Merritt Drewery
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Will Boswell
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Markita Savage
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Sanchez
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Carolyn Chang
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Zoltan M Varga
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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2
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Wright SE, Pawlik M, Snyman HN, Haulena M. Review of neoplasia in fish at a large display aquarium, 2005-2021. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:362-367. [PMID: 38520057 PMCID: PMC11110779 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241241344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish maintained in managed care may have longer lifespans as a result of advances in veterinary medicine and husbandry and reduced risk of predation. Neoplasia is of increasing interest in managed aquarium populations. However, few studies have systematically evaluated neoplasia in managed fish populations. Our objective in this retrospective study was to review and describe neoplasia diagnosed in fish at a large public display aquarium between 2005 and 2021. Any fish diagnosed with neoplasia on either antemortem or postmortem evaluation during the study period was included, and all medical records, biopsy, and autopsy reports were reviewed. Sixty-two fish met the inclusion criteria; 37 species were included in the study population, most of which were tropical freshwater fish (n = 34 fish). Thirty-two types of neoplasia were identified. Ten fish had benign neoplasms, and 53 fish had malignant neoplasms. The most common neoplasms were of epithelial and neuroectodermal origin. The most common site of tumor origin was the skin. Our data suggest that mesenchymal neoplasms may be more common in cold saltwater fish than in tropical freshwater and saltwater fish. Malignant neoplasms were most commonly diagnosed in the study population and should be a top differential when neoplasms are identified in fish managed under human care. Our study contributes to the overall knowledge of the health of aquarium fish and may aid clinicians in characterizing neoplasia that may be present in fish under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Wright
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Current address: American Veterinary Medical Association, Schaumburg, IL, USA
| | - Michael Pawlik
- Animal Health Centre–British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heindrich N. Snyman
- Animal Health Laboratory–Kemptville, University of Guelph, Kemptville, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Morabito G, Ryabova A, Valenzano DR. Immune aging in annual killifish. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38459521 PMCID: PMC10921792 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) evolved a naturally short lifespan of about six months and exhibit aging hallmarks that affect multiple organs. These hallmarks include protein aggregation, telomere shortening, cellular senescence, and systemic inflammation. Turquoise killifish possess the full spectrum of vertebrate-specific innate and adaptive immune system. However, during their recent evolutionary history, they lost subsets of mucosal-specific antibody isoforms that are present in other teleosts. As they age, the immune system of turquoise killifish undergoes dramatic cellular and systemic changes. These changes involve increased inflammation, reduced antibody diversity, an increased prevalence of pathogenic microbes in the intestine, and extensive DNA damage in immune progenitor cell clusters. Collectively, the wide array of age-related changes occurring in turquoise killifish suggest that, despite an evolutionary separation spanning hundreds of millions of years, teleosts and mammals share common features of immune system aging. Hence, the spontaneous aging observed in the killifish immune system offers an excellent opportunity for discovering fundamental and conserved aspects associated with immune system aging across vertebrates. Additionally, the species' naturally short lifespan of only a few months, along with its experimental accessibility, offers a robust platform for testing interventions to improve age-related dysfunctions in the whole organism and potentially inform the development of immune-based therapies for human aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Ryabova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dario Riccardo Valenzano
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Huang G, Liu W, Han L, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhang J, Niu B. Age and BRAFV600E Mutation Stratified Patients with Cytologically Benign Thyroid Nodules. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:6025-6039. [PMID: 38148884 PMCID: PMC10750481 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s443711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of BRAFV600E mutation for malignant, and to identify clinical characteristics associated with positive BRAFV600E mutation in low-risk cytological and ultrasound diagnostic thyroid nodules. This aims to identify patients who may benefit from BRAFV600E mutation testing and subsequent surgical intervention. Patients and Methods We analysis the clinical characteristics correlated with BRAFV600E mutation in our detection cohort, including 204 patients with 217 thyroid nodules, and separate analyses were performed in 103 thyroid nodules with benign cytological result. Signaling pathway and immune response associated with age and BRAFV600E mutation status were also evaluated in Asian patients with thyroid cancer from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Results The positive BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with higher Ultrasound (US) classification (p<0.001) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) categories (p<0.001). BRAFV600E mutation as a risk factor for malignancy, showing the optimal diagnostic efficacy for malignancy combined with FNA categories, with the AUC was 0.923. Otherwise, BRAFV600E mutation is a risk factor in screening malignancy in low-risk FNA and US classification, which is significant correlation with patients age. Patients over 50 years old exhibiting a higher percentage of positive BRAFV600E mutation when both ultrasound and FNA results indicate benign conditions, with higher risk of malignancy. Conclusion BRAFV600E mutation is an accurate adjunctive diagnostic marker on FNA to screen malignancy. In low risk of both ultrasound and FNA results, the positive BRAFV600E was significant increased in patients over 50 years old, which have higher risk of malignancy. Thus, the BRAFV600E mutation detection and further surgery should be strengthened in older patients with benign cytological and US results thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocong Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian City, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyao Liu
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beifang Niu
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Tao YX. Mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor: From fish to men. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:215-257. [PMID: 35595350 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus, is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, including both food intake and energy expenditure. Shortly after the publication in 1997 of the Mc4r knockout phenotypes in mice, including increased food intake and severe obesity, the first mutations in MC4R were reported in humans in 1998. Studies in the subsequent two decades have established MC4R mutation as the most common monogenic form of obesity, especially in early-onset severe obesity. Studies in animals, from fish to mammals, have established the conserved physiological roles of MC4R in all vertebrates in regulating energy balance. Drug targeting MC4R has been recently approved for treating morbid genetic obesity. How the MC4R can be exploited for animal production is highly worthy of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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6
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Imbalanced segregation of recombinant haplotypes in hybrid populations reveals inter- and intrachromosomal Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010120. [PMID: 35344560 PMCID: PMC8989332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) are a major component of reproductive isolation between species. DMIs imply negative epistasis and are exposed when two diverged populations hybridize. Mapping the locations of DMIs has largely relied on classical genetic mapping. Approaches to date are hampered by low power and the challenge of identifying DMI loci on the same chromosome, because strong initial linkage of parental haplotypes weakens statistical tests. Here, we propose new statistics to infer negative epistasis from haplotype frequencies in hybrid populations. When two divergent populations hybridize, the variance in heterozygosity at two loci decreases faster with time at DMI loci than at random pairs of loci. When two populations hybridize at near-even admixture proportions, the deviation of the observed variance from its expectation becomes negative for the DMI pair. This negative deviation enables us to detect intermediate to strong negative epistasis both within and between chromosomes. In practice, the detection window in hybrid populations depends on the demographic scenario, the recombination rate, and the strength of epistasis. When the initial proportion of the two parental populations is uneven, only strong DMIs can be detected with our method unless migration prevents parental haplotypes from being lost. We use the new statistics to infer candidate DMIs from three hybrid populations of swordtail fish. We identify numerous new DMI candidates, some of which are inferred to interact with several loci within and between chromosomes. Moreover, we discuss our results in the context of an expected enrichment in intrachromosomal over interchromosomal DMIs.
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7
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Helmprobst F, Kneitz S, Klotz B, Naville M, Dechaud C, Volff JN, Schartl M. Differential expression of transposable elements in the medaka melanoma model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251713. [PMID: 34705830 PMCID: PMC8550402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma incidence is rising worldwide. Its treatment in an advanced state is difficult, and the prognosis of this severe disease is still very poor. One major source of these difficulties is the high rate of metastasis and increased genomic instability leading to a high mutation rate and the development of resistance against therapeutic approaches. Here we investigate as one source of genomic instability the contribution of activation of transposable elements (TEs) within the tumor. We used the well-established medaka melanoma model and RNA-sequencing to investigate the differential expression of TEs in wildtype and transgenic fish carrying melanoma. We constructed a medaka-specific TE sequence library and identified TE sequences that were specifically upregulated in tumors. Validation by qRT- PCR confirmed a specific upregulation of a LINE and an LTR element in malignant melanomas of transgenic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Helmprobst
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FH); (MS)
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klotz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Corentin Dechaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
- Developmental Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FH); (MS)
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8
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Battaglia L, Scomparin A, Dianzani C, Milla P, Muntoni E, Arpicco S, Cavalli R. Nanotechnology Addressing Cutaneous Melanoma: The Italian Landscape. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34683910 PMCID: PMC8540596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, with a low survival for the metastatic stage. Currently, clinical melanoma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, innovative therapeutic regimens concern the administration of multitarget drugs in tandem, in order to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, also, if this drug combination is clinically relevant, the patient's response is not yet optimal. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of advanced melanoma. In fact, their nano-features enable targeted drug delivery at a cellular level by overcoming biological barriers. Various nanomedicines have been proposed for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, and a relevant number of them are undergoing clinical trials. In Italy, researchers are focusing on the pharmaceutical development of nanoformulations for malignant melanoma therapy. The present review reports an overview of the main melanoma-addressed nanomedicines currently under study in Italy, alongside the state of the art of melanoma therapy. Moreover, the latest Italian advances concerning the pre-clinical evaluation of nanomedicines for melanoma are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Scomparin
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
- . Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Milla
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
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9
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Mousavi SE, Purser GJ, Patil JG. Embryonic Onset of Sexually Dimorphic Heart Rates in the Viviparous Fish, Gambusia holbrooki. Biomedicines 2021; 9:165. [PMID: 33567532 PMCID: PMC7915484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish, little is known about sex-specific differences in physiology and performance of the heart and whether these differences manifest during development. Here for the first time, the sex-specific heart rates during embryogenesis of Gambusia holbrooki, from the onset of the heart rates (HRs) to just prior to parturition, was investigated using light cardiogram. The genetic sex of the embryos was post-verified using a sex-specific genetic marker. Results reveal that heart rates and resting time significantly increase (p < 0.05) with progressive embryonic development. Furthermore, both ventricular and atrial frequencies of female embryos were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of their male sibs at the corresponding developmental stages and remained so at all later developmental stages (p < 0.05). In concurrence, the heart rate and ventricular size of the adult females were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher and larger respectively than those of males. Collectively, the results suggest that the cardiac sex-dimorphism manifests as early as late-organogenesis and persists through adulthood in this species. These findings suggest that the cardiac measurements can be employed to non-invasively sex the developing embryos, well in advance of when their phenotypic sex is discernible. In addition, G. holbrooki could serve as a better model to study comparative vertebrate cardiovascular development as well as to investigate anthropogenic and climatic impacts on heart physiology of this species, that may be sex influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia;
| | - G. John Purser
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia;
| | - Jawahar G. Patil
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS 7053, Australia;
- Inland Fisheries Service, New Norfolk, TAS 7140, Australia
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10
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Raby L, Völkel P, Le Bourhis X, Angrand PO. Genetic Engineering of Zebrafish in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082168. [PMID: 32759814 PMCID: PMC7464884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent model to study a wide diversity of human cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic and reverse genetic toolbox allowing the generation of zebrafish lines that develop tumors. The large spectrum of genetic tools enables the engineering of zebrafish lines harboring precise genetic alterations found in human patients, the generation of zebrafish carrying somatic or germline inheritable mutations or zebrafish showing conditional expression of the oncogenic mutations. Comparative transcriptomics demonstrate that many of the zebrafish tumors share molecular signatures similar to those found in human cancers. Thus, zebrafish cancer models provide a unique in vivo platform to investigate cancer initiation and progression at the molecular and cellular levels, to identify novel genes involved in tumorigenesis as well as to contemplate new therapeutic strategies.
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11
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Douki T. Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Melanoma Induction: Impact on Repair Rather Than Formation of DNA Damage? Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:962-972. [PMID: 32367509 DOI: 10.1111/php.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes and melanocytes, two cutaneous cell types located within the epidermis, are the origin of most skin cancers, namely carcinomas and melanomas. These two types of tumors differ in many ways. First, carcinomas are almost 10 times more frequent than melanomas. In addition, the affected cellular pathways, the mutated genes and the metastatic properties of the tumors are not the same. This review addresses another specificity of melanomas: the role of photo-oxidative stress. UVA efficiently produces reactive oxygen species in melanocytes, which results in more frequent oxidatively generated DNA lesions than in other cell types. The question of the respective contribution of UVB-induced pyrimidine dimers and UVA-mediated oxidatively generated lesions to mutagenesis in melanoma remains open. Recent results based on next-generation sequencing techniques strongly suggest that the mutational signature associated with pyrimidine dimers is overwhelming in melanomas like in skin carcinomas. UVA-induced oxidative stress may yet be indirectly linked to the genotoxic pathways involved in melanoma through its ability to hamper DNA repair activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Douki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
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12
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Blazer VS, Shaw CH, Smith CR, Emerson P, Jones T. Malignant melanoma of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) in Lake Memphremagog, Vermont/Quebec. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:91-100. [PMID: 31724204 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) with large, raised, black growths were first reported from multiple areas within the Vermont portion of Lake Memphremagog. Subsequent surveys conducted from 2014 to 2017 at two sites within the lake indicated a prevalence of 30% in adult brown bullhead 200 mm and above total length. These lesions ranged from slightly raised smooth black areas to large nodular areas on the body surface and fins and within the oral cavity. Microscopically, these lesions were determined to be malignant melanoma with invasion into surrounding hypodermis, skeletal muscle and bone as well as metastases to gill, ovary and intestine. Liver neoplasms were also observed in 8% of the bullhead collected from Lake Memphremagog in 2015. Neither skin nor liver neoplasms were noted in Ticklenaked Pond, a site used for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Blazer
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Cassidy H Shaw
- Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Cheyenne R Smith
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peter Emerson
- Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, St. Johnsbury, VT, USA
| | - Thomas Jones
- Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, Montpelier, VT, USA
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13
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Expression Signatures of Cisplatin- and Trametinib-Treated Early-Stage Medaka Melanomas. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2267-2276. [PMID: 31101653 PMCID: PMC6643878 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small aquarium fish models provide useful systems not only for a better understanding of the molecular basis of many human diseases, but also for first-line screening to identify new drug candidates. For testing new chemical substances, current strategies mostly rely on easy to perform and efficient embryonic screens. Cancer, however, is a disease that develops mainly during juvenile and adult stage. Long-term treatment and the challenge to monitor changes in tumor phenotype make testing of large chemical libraries in juvenile and adult animals cost prohibitive. We hypothesized that changes in the gene expression profile should occur early during anti-tumor treatment, and the disease-associated transcriptional change should provide a reliable readout that can be utilized to evaluate drug-induced effects. For the current study, we used a previously established medaka melanoma model. As proof of principle, we showed that exposure of melanoma developing fish to the drugs cisplatin or trametinib, known cancer therapies, for a period of seven days is sufficient to detect treatment-induced changes in gene expression. By examining whole body transcriptome responses we provide a novel route toward gene panels that recapitulate anti-tumor outcomes thus allowing a screening of thousands of drugs using a whole-body vertebrate model. Our results suggest that using disease-associated transcriptional change to screen therapeutic molecules in small fish model is viable and may be applied to pre-clinical research and development stages in new drug discovery.
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14
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Sarasamma S, Lai YH, Liang ST, Liu K, Hsiao CD. The Power of Fish Models to Elucidate Skin Cancer Pathogenesis and Impact the Discovery of New Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3929. [PMID: 30544544 PMCID: PMC6321611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models play important roles in investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic tools. Despite rapid progress in the understanding of disease mechanisms and technological advancement in drug discovery, negative trial outcomes are the most frequent incidences during a Phase III trial. Skin cancer is a potential life-threatening disease in humans and might be medically futile when tumors metastasize. This explains the low success rate of melanoma therapy amongst other malignancies. In the past decades, a number of skin cancer models in fish that showed a parallel development to the disease in humans have provided important insights into the fundamental biology of skin cancer and future treatment methods. With the diversity and breadth of advanced molecular genetic tools available in fish biology, fish skin cancer models will continue to be refined and expanded to keep pace with the rapid development of skin cancer research. This review begins with a brief introduction of molecular characteristics of skin cancers, followed by an overview of teleost models that have been used in the last decades in melanoma research. Next, we will detail the importance of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) animal model and other emerging fish models including platyfish (Xiphophorus sp.), and medaka (Oryzias latipes) in future cutaneous malignancy studies. The last part of this review provides the recent development and genome editing applications of skin cancer models in zebrafish and the progress in small molecule screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sarasamma
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Tzu Liang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Taiwan Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
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15
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Renziehausen A, Wang H, Rao B, Weir L, Nigro CL, Lattanzio L, Merlano M, Vega-Rioja A, del Carmen Fernandez-Carranco M, Hajji N, Matin R, Harwood C, Li S, Sim VR, O’Neill K, Evans A, Thompson A, Szlosarek P, Fleming C, Stebbing J, Proby C, Tzakos AG, Syed N, Crook T. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) mediates bifunctional growth regulation in melanoma and is a novel target for therapeutic intervention. Oncogene 2018; 38:2320-2336. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Regneri J, Klotz B, Wilde B, Kottler VA, Hausmann M, Kneitz S, Regensburger M, Maurus K, Götz R, Lu Y, Walter RB, Herpin A, Schartl M. Analysis of the putative tumor suppressor gene cdkn2ab in pigment cells and melanoma of Xiphophorus and medaka. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:248-258. [PMID: 30117276 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the CDKN2A locus encodes two transcripts, INK4A and ARF. Inactivation of either one by mutations or epigenetic changes is a frequent signature of malignant melanoma and one of the most relevant entry points for melanomagenesis. To analyze whether cdkn2ab, the fish ortholog of CDKN2A, has a similar function as its human counterpart, we studied its action in fish models for human melanoma. Overexpression of cdkn2ab in a Xiphophorus melanoma cell line led to decreased proliferation and induction of a senescence-like phenotype, indicating a melanoma-suppressive function analogous to mammals. Coexpression of Xiphophorus cdkn2ab in medaka transgenic for the mitfa:xmrk melanoma-inducing gene resulted in full suppression of melanoma development, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of cdkn2ab resulted in strongly enhanced tumor growth. In summary, this provides the first functional evidence that cdkn2ab acts as a potent tumor suppressor gene in fish melanoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Regneri
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klotz
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brigitta Wilde
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena A Kottler
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Katja Maurus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Götz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Ronald B Walter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Amaury Herpin
- INRA, Fish Physiology and Genomics Institute (INRA-LPGP), Sexual Differentiation and Oogenesis Group (SDOG), Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Klotz B, Kneitz S, Regensburger M, Hahn L, Dannemann M, Kelso J, Nickel B, Lu Y, Boswell W, Postlethwait J, Warren W, Kunz M, Walter RB, Schartl M. Expression signatures of early-stage and advanced medaka melanomas. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 208:20-28. [PMID: 29162497 PMCID: PMC5936653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive tumors with a very low survival rate once metastasized. The incidence of newly detected cases increases every year suggesting the necessity of development and application of innovative treatment strategies. Human melanoma develops from melanocytes localized in the epidermis of the skin to malignant tumors because of deregulated effectors influencing several molecular pathways. Despite many advances in describing the molecular changes accompanying melanoma formation, many critical and clinically relevant molecular features of the transformed pigment cells and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To contribute to a better understanding of the molecular processes of melanoma formation, we use a transgenic medaka melanoma model that is well suited for the investigation of melanoma tumor development because fish and human melanocytes are both localized in the epidermis. The purpose of our study was to gain insights into melanoma development from the first steps of tumor formation up to melanoma progression and to identify gene expression patterns that will be useful for monitoring treatment effects in drug screening approaches. Comparing transcriptomes from juvenile fish at the tumor initiating stage with nevi and advanced melanoma of adults, we identified stage specific expression signatures and pathways that are characteristic for the development of medaka melanoma, and are also found in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Klotz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Hahn
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Dannemann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Janet Kelso
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Yuan Lu
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - William Boswell
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, OR 97401, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald B. Walter
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Manfred Schartl, Tel.: +49 931 31 84148; fax: +49 931 31 84150. (M. Schartl)
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18
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Wu NL, Lee TA, Wang SF, Li HJ, Chen HT, Chien TC, Huang CC, Hung CF. Green fluorescent protein chromophore derivative suppresses ultraviolet A-induced JNK-signalling and apoptosis in keratinocytes and adverse effects in zebrafish embryos. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:983-990. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine; Mackay Medical College; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Te-An Lee
- Department of Urology; Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Li
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Dermatology; Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
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19
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Lerebours A, Chapman EC, Sweet MJ, Heupel MR, Rotchell JM. Molecular changes in skin pigmented lesions of the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 120:130-135. [PMID: 27521482 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A high prevalence of skin pigmented lesions of 15% was recently reported in coral trout Plectropomus leopardus, a commercially important marine fish, inhabiting the Great Barrier Reef. Herein, fish were sampled at two offshore sites, characterised by high and low lesion prevalence. A transcriptomic approach using the suppressive subtractive hybridisation (SSH) method was used to analyse the differentially expressed genes between lesion and normal skin samples. Transcriptional changes of 14 genes were observed in lesion samples relative to normal skin samples. These targeted genes encoded for specific proteins which are involved in general cell function but also in different stages disrupted during the tumourigenesis process of other organisms, such as cell cycling, cell proliferation, skeletal organisation and cell migration. The results highlight transcripts that are associated with the lesion occurrence, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular aetiology of this coral trout skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Lerebours
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Chapman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Sweet
- Molecular Health and Disease Laboratory, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
Zebrafish represents a powerful model for cancer research. Particularly, the xenotransplantation of human cancer cells into zebrafish has enormous potential for further evaluation of cancer progression and drug discovery. Various cancer models have been established in adults, juveniles and embryos of zebrafish. This xenotransplantation zebrafish model provides a unique opportunity to monitor cancer proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, self-renewal of cancer stem cells, and drug response in real time in vivo. This review summarizes the use of zebrafish as a model for cancer xenotransplantation, and highlights its advantages and disadvantages.
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21
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Schartl M, Shen Y, Maurus K, Walter R, Tomlinson C, Wilson RK, Postlethwait J, Warren WC. Whole Body Melanoma Transcriptome Response in Medaka. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143057. [PMID: 26714172 PMCID: PMC4699850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase each year with poor prognosis for survival in many relapse cases. To reverse this trend, whole body response measures are needed to discover collaborative paths to primary and secondary malignancy. Several species of fish provide excellent melanoma models because fish and human melanocytes both appear in the epidermis, and fish and human pigment cell tumors share conserved gene expression signatures. For the first time, we have examined the whole body transcriptome response to invasive melanoma as a prelude to using transcriptome profiling to screen for drugs in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model. We generated RNA-seq data from whole body RNA isolates for controls and melanoma fish. After testing for differential expression, 396 genes had significantly different expression (adjusted p-value <0.02) in the whole body transcriptome between melanoma and control fish; 379 of these genes were matched to human orthologs with 233 having annotated human gene symbols and 14 matched genes that contain putative deleterious variants in human melanoma at varying levels of recurrence. A detailed canonical pathway evaluation for significant enrichment showed the top scoring pathway to be antigen presentation but also included the expected melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway. Results revealed a profound down-regulation of genes involved in the immune response, especially the innate immune system. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively suppresses the immune system responses of the body in reacting to the invasive malignancy, and that this mal-adaptive response contributes to disease progression, a result that suggests our whole-body transcriptomic approach merits further use. In these findings, we also observed novel genes not yet identified in human melanoma expression studies and uncovered known and new candidate drug targets for further testing in this malignant melanoma medaka model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Katja Maurus
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ron Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1425 E. 13th Avenue, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
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22
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Regneri J, Volff JN, Schartl M. Transcriptional control analyses of the Xiphophorus melanoma oncogene. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:116-127. [PMID: 26348392 PMCID: PMC4662873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma development in interspecific hybrids of Xiphophorus is induced by the overexpression of the mutationally activated receptor tyrosine kinase Xmrk in pigment cells. Based on the melanocyte specificity of the transcriptional upregulation, a pigment cell-specific promoter region was postulated for xmrk, the activity of which is controlled in healthy purebred fish by the molecularly still unidentified regulator locus R. However, as yet the xmrk promoter region is still poorly characterized. In order to contribute to a better understanding of xmrk expression regulation, we performed a functional analysis of the entire putative gene regulatory region of the oncogene using conventional plasmid-based reporter systems as well as a newly established method employing BAC-derived luciferase reporter constructs in melanoma and non-melanoma cell lines. Using the melanocyte-specific mitfa promoter as control, we could demonstrate that our in vitro system is able to reliably monitor regulation of transcription through cell type-specific regulatory sequences. We found that sequences within 200kb flanking the xmrk oncogene do not lead to any specific transcriptional activation in melanoma compared to control cells. Hence, xmrk reporter constructs fail to faithfully reproduce the endogenous transcriptional regulation of the oncogene. Our data therefore strongly indicate that the melanocyte-specific transcription of xmrk is not the consequence of pigment cell-specific cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. This hints at additional regulatory mechanisms involved in transcriptional control of the oncogene, thereby suggesting a key role for epigenetic mechanisms in oncogenic xmrk overexpression and thereby in tumor development in Xiphophorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Regneri
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Boswell W, Boswell M, Titus J, Savage M, Lu Y, Shen J, Walter RB. Sex-specific molecular genetic response to UVB exposure in Xiphophorus maculatus skin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:76-85. [PMID: 26256120 PMCID: PMC4662892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In both Xiphophorus fishes and humans, males are reported to have a higher incidence of melanoma than females. To better understand sex-specific differences in the molecular genetic response to UVB, we performed RNA-Seq experiments in skin of female and male Xiphophorus maculatus Jp 163 B following UVB doses of 8 or 16kJ/m(2) exposure. Male X. maculatus differentially express a significantly larger number of transcripts following exposure to 16kJ/m(2) UVB (1293 genes) compared to 8kJ/m(2) UVB (324 genes). Female skin showed differential gene expression in a larger number of transcripts following 8kJ/m(2) UVB (765) than did males; however, both females and males showed similar numbers of differentially expressed genes at 16kJ/m(2) UVB (1167 and1293, respectively). Although most modulated transcripts after UVB exposure represented the same dominant pathways in both females and males (e.g., DNA repair, circadian rhythm, and fatty acid biosynthesis), we identified genes in several pathways that exhibited opposite modulation in female vs. male skin (e.g., synaptic development, cell differentiation, wound healing, and glucose metabolism). The oppositely modulated genes appear related through uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) that is involved with the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and serves to balance glucose and lipid metabolism. Overall, these results identify gender-specific differences in UVB-induced genetic profiles in the skin of females and males and show female and male X. maculatus respond to UVB differently through pathways involved in reactive oxygen species, wound healing, and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Boswell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - James Titus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Markita Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Ronald B Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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24
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Walter RB, Walter DJ, Boswell WT, Caballero KL, Boswell M, Lu Y, Chang J, Savage MG. Exposure to fluorescent light triggers down regulation of genes involved with mitotic progression in Xiphophorus skin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:93-103. [PMID: 26334372 PMCID: PMC4662871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report RNA-Seq results from skin of X. maculatus Jp 163 B after exposure to various doses of "cool white" fluorescent light (FL). We show that FL exposure incites a genetic transcriptional response in skin nearly as great as observed for UVB exposure; however, the gene sets modulated due to exposure to the two light sources are quite different. Known light responsive genes involved in maintaining circadian cycling (e.g., clock, cry2a, cry1b, per1b, per2, per3, and arntl1a) exhibited expected shifts in transcriptional expression upon FL exposure. Exposure to FL also resulted in down-regulated transcription of many genes involved with cell cycle progression (e.g., cdc20, cdc45, cdca7b, plk1, cdk1, ccnb-3, and cdca7a) and chromosome segregation (e.g., cenpe, cenpf, cenpi, cenpk, cenpo, cenpp, and cenpu; cep70; knstrm, kntc, mcm2, mcm5; smc2). In addition, several DNA replication and recombination repair genes (e.g., pola1, pole, rec52, rad54l, rpa1, and parpbp) exhibit reduced expression in FL exposed X. maculatus skin. Some genes down modulated by FL are known to be associated with DNA repair and human diseases (e.g., atm2, brip1, fanc1, fancl, and xrcc4). The overall suppression of genes involved with mitotic progression in the skin of adult fish is consistent with entry into the light phase of the circadian cycle. Current efforts are aimed at determining specific wavelengths that may lead to differential expression among the many genes affected by fluorescent light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Walter
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Dylan J Walter
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - William T Boswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Kaela L Caballero
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Jordan Chang
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Markita G Savage
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group &Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
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25
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Lu Y, Bowswell M, Bowswell W, Yang K, Schartl M, Walter RB. Molecular genetic response of Xiphophorus maculatus-X. couchianus interspecies hybrid skin to UVB exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:86-92. [PMID: 26254713 PMCID: PMC4662913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic similarities between Xiphophorus and human melanoma render Xiphophorus a useful animal model for studying the genetic basis of melanoma etiology. In the Xiphophorus model, melanoma has been shown to be inducible by ultraviolet light (UVB) exposure among interspecies hybrids, but not in parental line fish similarly treated. This leads to questions of what genes are responsive to UVB exposure in the skin of the interspecies hybrids, as well as how parental alleles in hybrids may be differentially regulated and the potential roles they may play in induced melanomagenesis. To address these questions, we produced X. maculatus Jp 163 B×X. couchianus (Sp-Couch) F1 hybrid fish, exposed both hybrid and parental fish to UVB, and performed gene expression profiling of the skin using RNA-Seq methodology. We characterized a group of unique UVB-responsive genes in Sp-Couch hybrid including dct, pmela, tyr, tyrp1a, slc2a11b, rab38a, rab27, tspan10, slc45a2, oca2, slc24a5, ptn and mitfa. These genes are associated with melanin production and melanocyte proliferation. They were also up-regulated in Sp-Couch hybrid, indicating that their UVB response is hybridization initiated. In the hybrid, several melanin production and pigmentation related genes, including slc45a2, tspan10, dct, slc2a11b and ptn showed either X. couchianus or X. maculatus allele specific expression. The finding that these genes exhibit allele specific expression regulatory mechanisms in Sp-Couch hybrids, but do not exhibit a corresponding UVB response in either one of the parental fishes, may suggest UVB targets and imply mechanisms regarding the susceptibility of Sp-Couch to induced melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Mikki Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - William Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Kuan Yang
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiologische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Biozentrum, Am Hubland, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald B. Walter
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
- Corresponding author:
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van der Weyden L, Patton EE, Wood GA, Foote AK, Brenn T, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Cross-species models of human melanoma. J Pathol 2015; 238:152-65. [PMID: 26354726 PMCID: PMC4832391 DOI: 10.1002/path.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although transformation of melanocytes to melanoma is rare, the rapid growth, systemic spread, as well as the chemoresistance of melanoma present significant challenges for patient care. Here we review animal models of melanoma, including murine, canine, equine, and zebrafish models, and detail the immense contribution these models have made to our knowledge of human melanoma development, and to melanocyte biology. We also highlight the opportunities for cross-species comparative genomic studies of melanoma to identify the key molecular events that drive this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alastair K Foote
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
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27
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Peroxiredoxin 6 triggers melanoma cell growth by increasing arachidonic acid-dependent lipid signalling. Biochem J 2015; 471:267-79. [PMID: 26285655 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells are reported to display an imbalance in the levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Frequently, elevated ROS production goes along with compensatory up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Accordingly, we found in a previous study that protein levels of several peroxiredoxins, including PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin 6), are highly elevated in experimentally induced melanomas. In the present study, we investigated the functional role of PRDX6 in human melanoma cells. PRDX6 is a bifunctional enzyme, which harbours iPLA2 (Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2) activity in addition to its peroxidase function. Our results show that PRDX6 is strongly expressed in most melanoma cells and its expression levels are maintained in a post-transcriptional manner, particularly by EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-dependent signalling. PRDX6 enhances cell viability mainly by enhancing proliferation, which goes along with activation of Src family kinases. Interestingly, we were able to show that the phospholipase activity of the enzyme mediates the pro-proliferative effect of PRDX6. We identified AA (arachidonic acid) as a crucial effector of PRDX6-dependent proliferation and inducer of Src family kinase activation. These results support further the biological importance of the emerging field of lipid signalling in melanoma and highlight the particular functional relevance of PRDX6-dependent phospholipase activity.
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Kottler VA, Künstner A, Koch I, Flötenmeyer M, Langenecker T, Hoffmann M, Sharma E, Weigel D, Dreyer C. Adenylate cyclase 5
is required for melanophore and male pattern development in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata
). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:545-58. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Künstner
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eshita Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Christine Dreyer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
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29
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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30
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Mishra RR, Kneitz S, Schartl M. Comparative analysis of melanoma deregulated miRNAs in the medaka and Xiphophorus pigment cell cancer models. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 163:64-76. [PMID: 24462553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer, with an almost 100% development of resistance to current therapeutic approaches at progression stages. The incidence of melanoma is steadily increasing worldwide. Although many details leading to the development of malignant melanoma are known, the complex process of melanomagenesis is poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding-RNAs of ~22nt length that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It is now well established that deregulated miRNA expression is seen in many cancers including melanoma. To further study the miRNA functions in melanoma formation and progression we use a transgenic melanoma model in Japanese ricefish (medaka; Oryzias latipes) and the natural Xiphophorus melanoma model. In these fishes, dependent on the genetic background various histo- and patho-types of tumors appear, comparable to human melanoma types. We have studied expression profiles of ten known human melanoma-associated miRNAs and their respective target gene expression in the fish melanoma models. We show that miRNAs of the miR-17-92 cluster (miR-20a2, miR-92a1, miR-17 and miR-18a), miR-126, miR-182, miR-210 and miR-214 are upregulated and their respective target genes (RUNX1, HIF1A, TGFBR2, THBS1 and JAK2) are down-regulated in melanoma. MicroRNA-125b is down-regulated and the target genes (ERBB3a and ERBB3b) are upregulated in fish melanomas. Results provide clear evidence that the fish melanoma-associated miRNAs and respective target genes are deregulated generally like in human melanoma. Our results confirm the value of fish; such as medaka and Xiphophorus as good model systems to identify and decipher molecular mechanisms associated with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi R Mishra
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, Germany.
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31
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Yang K, Boswell M, Walter DJ, Downs KP, Gaston-Pravia K, Garcia T, Shen Y, Mitchell DL, Walter RB. UVB-induced gene expression in the skin of Xiphophorus maculatus Jp 163 B. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 163:86-94. [PMID: 24556253 PMCID: PMC4067948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Xiphophorus fish and interspecies hybrids represent long-standing models to study the genetics underlying spontaneous and induced tumorigenesis. The recent release of the Xiphophorus maculatus genome sequence will allow global genetic regulation studies of genes involved in the inherited susceptibility to UVB-induced melanoma within select backcross hybrids. As a first step toward this goal, we report results of an RNA-Seq approach to identify genes and pathways showing modulated transcription within the skin of X. maculatus Jp 163 B upon UVB exposure. X. maculatus Jp 163 B were exposed to various doses of UVB followed by RNA-Seq analysis at each dose to investigate overall gene expression in each sample. A total of 357 genes with a minimum expression change of 4-fold (p-adj<0.05) were identified as responsive to UVB. The molecular genetic response of Xiphophorus skin to UVB exposure permitted assessment of; (1) the basal expression level of each transcript for each skin sample, (2) the changes in expression levels for each gene in the transcriptome upon exposure to increasing doses of UVB, and (3) clusters of genes that exhibit similar patterns of change in expression upon UVB exposure. These data provide a foundation for understanding the molecular genetic response of fish skin to UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yang
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Dylan J Walter
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Kevin P Downs
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Kimberly Gaston-Pravia
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Tzintzuni Garcia
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - David L Mitchell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States.
| | - Ronald B Walter
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
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32
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Mitchell DL, Fernandez AA, Garcia R, Paniker L, Lin K, Hanninen A, Zigelsky K, May M, Nuttall M, Lo HH, Person MD, Earley R. Acute exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation modulates sex steroid hormones and receptor expression in the skin and may contribute to the sex bias of melanoma in a fish model. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:408-17. [PMID: 24406016 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using the Xiphophorus fish melanoma model, we show a strong male bias for sunlight-induced malignant melanoma, consistent with that seen in the human population. To examine underlying factors, we exposed adult X. couchianus fish to a single, sublethal dose of UVB and measured circulating sex steroid hormones and expression of associated hormone receptor genes over a 24-h period. We found that a single exposure had profound effects on circulating levels of steroid hormones with significant decreases for all free sex steroids at 6 and 24 h and increases in conjugated 2-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Whereas ARα expression increased in male and female skin, neither ARβ nor either of the ERs showed significant responses to UVB in either sex. The rapid response of male androgens and their receptors in the skin after UVB irradiation implicates hormones in the male bias of skin cancer and suggests that the photoendocrine response immediately after UV exposure may be relevant to melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mitchell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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33
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Beaumont KA, Mohana-Kumaran N, Haass NK. Modeling Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Healthcare (Basel) 2013; 2:27-46. [PMID: 27429258 PMCID: PMC4934492 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare2010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior of melanoma cells has traditionally been studied in vitro in two-dimensional cell culture with cells adhering to plastic dishes. However, in order to mimic the three-dimensional architecture of a melanoma, as well as its interactions with the tumor microenvironment, there has been the need for more physiologically relevant models. This has been achieved by designing 3D in vitro models of melanoma, such as melanoma spheroids embedded in extracellular matrix or organotypic skin reconstructs. In vivo melanoma models have typically relied on the growth of tumor xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Several genetically engineered mouse models have now been developed which allow the generation of spontaneous melanoma. Melanoma models have also been established in other species such as zebrafish, which are more conducive to imaging and high throughput studies. We will discuss these models as well as novel techniques that are relevant to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Beaumont
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
| | - Nethia Mohana-Kumaran
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nikolas K. Haass
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-7-3443-7087; Fax: +61-7-3443-6966
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Abstract
In recent years, zebrafish, and to a lesser extent medaka, have become widely used small animal models for human diseases. These organisms have convincingly demonstrated the usefulness of fish for improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to pathological conditions, and for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Despite the usefulness of zebrafish and medaka in the investigation of a wide spectrum of traits, there is evidence to suggest that other fish species could be better suited for more targeted questions. With the emergence of new, improved sequencing technologies that enable genomic resources to be generated with increasing efficiency and speed, the potential of non-mainstream fish species as disease models can now be explored. A key feature of these fish species is that the pathological condition that they model is often related to specific evolutionary adaptations. By exploring these adaptations, new disease-causing and disease-modifier genes might be identified; thus, diverse fish species could be exploited to better understand the complexity of disease processes. In addition, non-mainstream fish models could allow us to study the impact of environmental factors, as well as genetic variation, on complex disease phenotypes. This Review will discuss the opportunities that such fish models offer for current and future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Tobia C, Gariano G, De Sena G, Presta M. Zebrafish embryo as a tool to study tumor/endothelial cell cross-talk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1371-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Darias MJ, Andree KB, Boglino A, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Estévez A, Gisbert E. Morphological and molecular characterization of dietary-induced pseudo-albinism during post-embryonic development of Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858). PLoS One 2013; 8:e68844. [PMID: 23874785 PMCID: PMC3712922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of the pseudo-albino phenotype was investigated in developing Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858) larvae at morphological and molecular levels. In order to induce the development of pseudo-albinos, Senegalese sole larvae were fed Artemia enriched with high levels of arachidonic acid (ARA). The development of their skin pigmentation was compared to that of a control group fed Artemia enriched with a reference commercial product. The relative amount of skin melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores revealed that larval pigmentation developed similarly in both groups. However, results from different relative proportions, allocation patterns, shapes and sizes of skin chromatophores revealed changes in the pigmentation pattern between ARA and control groups from 33 days post hatching onwards. The new populations of chromatophores that should appear at post-metamorphosis were not formed in the ARA group. Further, spatial patterns of distribution between the already present larval xanthophores and melanophores were suggestive of short-range interaction that seemed to be implicated in the degradation of these chromatophores, leading to the appearance of the pseudo-albino phenotype. The expression profile of several key pigmentation-related genes revealed that melanophore development was promoted in pseudo-albinos without a sufficient degree of terminal differentiation, thus preventing melanogenesis. Present results suggest the potential roles of asip1 and slc24a5 genes on the down-regulation of trp1 expression, leading to defects in melanin production. Moreover, gene expression data supports the involvement of pax3, mitf and asip1 genes in the developmental disruption of the new post-metamorphic populations of melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Darias
- Cultius Experimentals, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalunya, Spain.
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Carson EW, Espinosa-Pérez H, Souza V. Low Mitochondrial Dna Sequence Variation in the Microendemic Cuatro Ciénegas PlatyfishXiphophorus gordoni. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2013. [DOI: 10.3398/064.073.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Darias MJ, Andree KB, Boglino A, Fernández I, Estévez A, Gisbert E. Coordinated regulation of chromatophore differentiation and melanogenesis during the ontogeny of skin pigmentation of Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63005. [PMID: 23671650 PMCID: PMC3650040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal pigmentation of Senegalese sole has been described as one problem facing the full exploitation of its commercial production. To improve our understanding of flatfish pigmentation of this commercially important species we have evaluated eleven genes related to two different processes of pigmentation: melanophore differentiation, and melanin production. The temporal distribution of gene expression peaks corresponds well with changes in pigmentation patterns and the intensity of skin melanization. Several gene ratios were also examined to put in perspective possible genetic markers for the different stages of normal pigmentation development. Further, the phenotypic changes that occur during morphogenesis correspond well with the main transitions in gene expression that occur. Given the dramatic phenotypic alterations which flatfish undergo, including the asymmetric coloration that occurs between the ocular and the blind side, and the synchrony of the two processes of morphogenesis and pigmentation ontogenesis, these species constitute an interesting model for the study of pigmentation. In this study we present a first approximation towards explaining the genetic mechanisms for regulating pigmentation ontogeny in Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Darias
- Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Unitat de Cultius Experimentals, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Catalònia, Spain.
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39
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The genome of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, provides insights into evolutionary adaptation and several complex traits. Nat Genet 2013; 45:567-72. [PMID: 23542700 PMCID: PMC3677569 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Several attributes intuitively considered to be typical mammalian features, such as complex behavior, live birth, and malignant diseases like cancer, also appeared several times independently in so-called “lower” vertebrates. The genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of these elaborate traits are poorly understood. The platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, offers a unique model to better understand the molecular biology of such traits. Herein we detail sequencing of the platyfish genome. Integrating genome assembly with extensive genetic maps uncovered that fish, in contrast to mammals, exhibit an unexpected evolutionary stability of chromosomes. Genes associated with viviparity show signatures of positive selection identifying new putative functional domains and rare cases of parallel evolution. We also discovered that genes implicated in cognition possess an unexpected high rate of duplicate gene retention after the teleost genome duplication suggesting a hypothesis for the evolution of the great behavioral complexity in fish, which exceeds that in amphibians and reptiles.
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40
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Budden T, Bowden NA. The role of altered nucleotide excision repair and UVB-induced DNA damage in melanomagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1132-51. [PMID: 23303275 PMCID: PMC3565312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation is the most mutagenic component of the UV spectrum that reaches the earth's surface and causes the development of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. UV radiation usually results in cellular death, but if left unchecked, it can affect DNA integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis and cause mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutations, if unrepaired, can lead to abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of cancer development. Epidemiological data strongly associates UV exposure as a major factor in melanoma development, but the exact biological mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV-induced lesions. Patients with the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum have a mutation in one of eight NER genes associated with the XP complementation groups XP-A to XP-G and XP variant (XP-V). XP is characterized by diminished repair capacity, as well as a 1000-fold increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma. This has suggested a significant role for NER in melanoma development as a result of UVB exposure. This review discusses the current research surrounding UVB radiation and NER capacity and how further investigation of NER could elucidate the role of NER in avoiding UV-induced cellular death resulting in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Budden
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, and School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2289, Australia.
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Avci P, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, De Melo WC, Huang YY, Yin R, Chandran R, Kumar R, Otufowora A, Nyame T, Hamblin MR. Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:331-55. [PMID: 23293893 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.761202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discovery of novel drugs, treatments, and testing of consumer products in the field of dermatology is a multi-billion dollar business. Due to the distressing nature of many dermatological diseases, and the enormous consumer demand for products to reverse the effects of skin photodamage, aging, and hair loss, this is a very active field. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we will cover the use of animal models that have been reported to recapitulate to a greater or lesser extent the features of human dermatological disease. There has been a remarkable increase in the number and variety of transgenic mouse models in recent years, and the basic strategy for constructing them is outlined. EXPERT OPINION Inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases are all represented by a range of mouse models both transgenic and normal. Skin cancer is mainly studied in mice and fish. Wound healing is studied in a wider range of animal species, and skin infections such as acne and leprosy also have been studied in animal models. Moving to the more consumer-oriented area of dermatology, there are models for studying the harmful effect of sunlight on the skin, and testing of sunscreens, and several different animal models of hair loss or alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Boston MA, USA
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Schartl M, Kneitz S, Wilde B, Wagner T, Henkel CV, Spaink HP, Meierjohann S. Conserved expression signatures between medaka and human pigment cell tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37880. [PMID: 22693581 PMCID: PMC3365055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in gene expression are a hallmark of cancer cells. Differential tumor-specific transcript levels of single genes or whole sets of genes may be critical for the neoplastic phenotype and important for therapeutic considerations or useful as biomarkers. As an approach to filter out such relevant expression differences from the plethora of changes noted in global expression profiling studies, we searched for changes of gene expression levels that are conserved. Transcriptomes from massive parallel sequencing of different types of melanoma from medaka were generated and compared to microarray datasets from zebrafish and human melanoma. This revealed molecular conservation at various levels between fish models and human tumors providing a useful strategy for identifying expression signatures strongly associated with disease phenotypes and uncovering new melanoma molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Colanesi S, Taylor KL, Temperley ND, Lundegaard PR, Liu D, North TE, Ishizaki H, Kelsh RN, Patton EE. Small molecule screening identifies targetable zebrafish pigmentation pathways. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:131-43. [PMID: 22252091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules complement genetic mutants and can be used to probe pigment cell biology by inhibiting specific proteins or pathways. Here, we present the results of a screen of active compounds for those that affect the processes of melanocyte and iridophore development in zebrafish and investigate the effects of a few of these compounds in further detail. We identified and confirmed 57 compounds that altered pigment cell patterning, number, survival, or differentiation. Additional tissue targets and toxicity of small molecules are also discussed. Given that the majority of cell types, including pigment cells, are conserved between zebrafish and other vertebrates, we present these chemicals as molecular tools to study developmental processes of pigment cells in living animals and emphasize the value of zebrafish as an in vivo system for testing the on- and off-target activities of clinically active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Colanesi
- Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Abstract
Zebrafish provide an exciting animal model system for the study of human cancers. During the last few years many zebrafish models of cancer have been generated that recapitulate human hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Concurrent technological advances have significantly improved the genetic tractability and unique advantage of in vivo imaging in zebrafish, providing a means to dissect the molecular pathways underlying tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Comparisons of cancer-associated gene expression profiles have demonstrated a high degree of similarity in the gene signatures of specific types of tumor cells in fish and humans, indicating that the contributing genetic pathways leading to cancer are evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, the high fecundity, optical clarity and small embryo size of zebrafish continue to make it particularly amenable to performing whole-organism small molecule screens to identify targets for therapeutic development. This chapter reviews a wide array of these zebrafish cancer models and illustrates the advantages of the zebrafish system for exploring the molecular mechanisms governing cancer-related cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fernandez AA, Paniker L, Garcia R, Mitchell DL. Recent advances in sunlight-induced carcinogenesis using the Xiphophorus melanoma model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:64-70. [PMID: 21457786 PMCID: PMC3164944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unlike breast and prostate cancers, the nature and sequence of critical genetic and epigenetic events involved in the initiation and progression of melanoma are not well understood. A contributing factor to this dilemma, especially given our current understanding of the importance of UV light in melanoma etiology, is the lack of quality UV-inducible melanoma animal models. In this study we elaborate on the capability of UV light to induce cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM) in Xiphophorus fishes, which were previously found to develop melanomas after acute neonatal UVB irradiation. In two separate tumorigenesis experiments, we exposed adult Xiphophorus hybrids to either acute UVB irradiations (5 consecutive daily treatments) or chronic solar irradiations (continuous UVA/UVB treatment for 9 months). Acute adult UVB irradiation resulted in the significant induction of melanomas, and moreover, this induction rate is equivalent to that of animals exposed to acute neonatal UVB irradiation. This study represents the first evidence that acute adult UVB irradiation, in the absence of any early life exposures, induces CMM. Similar to the findings conducted on other divergent melanoma models, including HGF/SF transgenic mice and Monodelphis domestica, prolonged chronic solar UV was not a factor in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fernandez
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Carcinogenesis, 1808 Park Road 1C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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Regneri J, Schartl M. Expression regulation triggers oncogenicity of xmrk alleles in the Xiphophorus melanoma system. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:71-80. [PMID: 21527356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Xiphophorus melanoma model has gained attention in biomedical research as a genetic model for tumor formation. Melanoma development in interspecific hybrids of Xiphophorus is connected to pigment cell specific overexpression of the mutationally activated receptor tyrosine kinase Xmrk. In purebred fish the oncogenic function of xmrk is suppressed by a so far unknown regulator locus R. To test the hypothesis that R is involved in transcriptional regulation of xmrk and consequently acts upstream of the xmrk signal, we performed a quantitative analysis of xmrk transcript levels in normal and melanoma tissues of different Xiphophorus genotypes carrying either a highly tumorigenic or a non-tumorigenic xmrk allele. Our results demonstrate that expression of the tumorigenic xmrk allele is highly increased in malignant melanomas compared to benign lesions, macromelanophore spots, and healthy skin. Transcription of the non-tumorigenic xmrk allele in pigment cells, in contrast, is not influenced by the presence or absence of R. These findings strongly indicate that differential transcriptional regulation of the xmrk promoter determines the tumorigenic potential of xmrk alleles in the Xiphophorus melanoma system, thereby supporting the hypothesis that R suppresses the oncogenic function of xmrk on the level of transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Regneri
- Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Fernandez AA, Garcia R, Paniker L, Trono D, Mitchell DL. An experimental population study of nucleotide excision repair as a risk factor for UVB-induced melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:335-41. [PMID: 21143485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary defense against the DNA damage implicit in skin cancer formation and is negatively affected by chronic exposure to UVB radiation. However, in situ and in vitro studies consistently yield equivocal results when addressing individual DNA repair capacity and melanoma susceptibility. The primary objective of this study was to determine if individual global NER capacity is a risk factor for melanoma formation in a prominent UVB-inducible melanoma model, hybrid Xiphophorus fishes. After neonatal UVB irradiation, adult tumor-bearing and tumor-free fish were given a challenge UVB dose and (6-4) photoproduct repair was quantified in individual fish at 24 h using radioimmunoassay. Despite considerable inter-individual variation in repair capacity, ranging from 13% to 91%, we found no difference in mean NER capacity between fish with and without melanomas, thus detaching global NER from melanomagenesis. Furthermore, despite epidemiological data indicating that sex and age are important risk factors underlying melanoma susceptibility, we found no difference in mean NER rates among the sexes or as a function of age. We conclude with a discussion of the apparent paradox of how inter-individual variation in NER is not a risk factor given the clear evidence that DNA damage underlies melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fernandez
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and incidence continues to rise rapidly (Gray-Schopfer et al., 2007). Melanoma develops from melanocytes, the pigmented cells that color our skin, hair, and eyes. Fish also have melanocytes, among other pigment cell types, and the fish and human developmental programme are highly conserved (Kelsh, 2004). The first fish models of melanoma were established in Xiphophorus, and more recently, transgenic melanoma models in zebrafish and medaka have been developed (Meierjohann and Schartl, 2006; Patton et al., 2010; Schartl et al., 2010). In this Chapter, we describe the basic techniques to generate genetic, environmental, and transgenic models of melanoma, discuss diagnoses, and describe standard molecular analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit & Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, Scotland, UK
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