1
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Bainbridge LJ, Daigaku Y. Adaptive use of error-prone DNA polymerases provides flexibility in genome replication during tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2125-2137. [PMID: 38651239 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cells possess many different polymerase enzymes, which collaborate in conducting DNA replication and genome maintenance to ensure faithful duplication of genetic material. Each polymerase performs a specialized role, together providing a balance of accuracy and flexibility to the replication process. Perturbed replication increases the requirement for flexibility to ensure duplication of the entire genome. Flexibility is provided via the use of error-prone polymerases, which maintain the progression of challenged DNA replication at the expense of mutagenesis, an enabling characteristic of cancer. This review describes our recent understanding of mechanisms that alter the usage of polymerases during tumorigenesis and examines the implications of this for cell survival and tumor progression. Although expression levels of polymerases are often misregulated in cancers, this does not necessarily alter polymerase usage since an additional regulatory step may govern the use of these enzymes. We therefore also examine how the regulatory mechanisms of DNA polymerases, such as Rad18-mediated PCNA ubiquitylation, may impact the functionalization of error-prone polymerases to tolerate oncogene-induced replication stress. Crucially, it is becoming increasingly evident that cancer cells utilize error-prone polymerases to sustain ongoing replication in response to oncogenic mutations which inactivate key DNA replication and repair pathways, such as BRCA deficiency. This accelerates mutagenesis and confers chemoresistance, but also presents a dependency that can potentially be exploited by therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Bainbridge
- Cancer Genome Dynamics Project, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Daigaku
- Cancer Genome Dynamics Project, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Xia D, Zhu X, Wang Y, Gong P, Su HS, Xu X. Implications of ubiquitination and the maintenance of replication fork stability in cancer therapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20222591. [PMID: 37728310 PMCID: PMC10550789 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication forks are subject to intricate surveillance and strict regulation by sophisticated cellular machinery. Such close regulation is necessary to ensure the accurate duplication of genetic information and to tackle the diverse endogenous and exogenous stresses that impede this process. Stalled replication forks are vulnerable to collapse, which is a major cause of genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Replication stress responses, which are organized via a series of coordinated molecular events, stabilize stalled replication forks and carry out fork reversal and restoration. DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways such as homologous recombination and Fanconi anemia also contribute to replication fork stabilization. The signaling network that mediates the transduction and interplay of these pathways is regulated by a series of post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, which affects the activity, stability, and interactome of substrates. In particular, the ubiquitination of replication protein A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen at stalled replication forks promotes the recruitment of downstream regulators. In this review, we describe the ubiquitination-mediated signaling cascades that regulate replication fork progression and stabilization. In addition, we discuss the targeting of replication fork stability and ubiquitination system components as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Xia
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hong-Shu Su
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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3
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Li X, Zou S, Zhou L, Gao A, Xu J, He C, Zhou J, Wu S, Chen Y. RAD18
confers radioresistance of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma through regulating
p‐DNA‐PKcs. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3809-3819. [PMID: 35426246 PMCID: PMC9582675 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has recently become more common for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Radioresistance, on the other hand, continues to be a major issue because it interferes with the effectiveness of ESCC radiation. It has been demonstrated that RAD18, an E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase that regulates translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), is implicated in the regulation of genomic integrity and DNA damage response. Methods In the present study, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were utilized to determine RAD18 expression in ESCC tissues and cells. ESCC cell proliferation was determined using a colony formation assay. Immunofluorescence staining, comet assay, and homologous recombination (HR)/non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) assays were conducted to examine the effect of RAD18 on the DNA damage response in ESCC cells. Results We found that high RAD18 expression was positively associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with ESCC who received radiotherapy. Downregulation of RAD18 expression significantly increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to irradiation. Moreover, RAD18 knockdown prolonged the repair kinetics of γH2AX foci and resulted in longer comet tails. Furthermore, loss of RAD18 expression markedly decreased non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) activity, but it did not affect homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated double‐strand break repair in ESCC cells. RAD18 upregulated p‐DNA‐dependent protein kinase complex (p‐DNA‐PKc) expression in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These data indicated that RAD18 may regulate radioresistance by facilitating NHEJ via phosphorylation of DNA‐PKcs in ESCC cells, providing a novel radiotherapy target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Liangsu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yihong Chen
- Department of Radiation The First Affiliated Hospital of Wanna Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
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4
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Yan X, He Y, Yang S, Zeng T, Hua Y, Bao S, Yang F, Duan N, Sun C, Liang Y, Fu Z, Huang X, Li W, Yin Y. A positive feedback loop: RAD18-YAP-TGF-β between triple-negative breast cancer and macrophages regulates cancer stemness and progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:196. [PMID: 35413945 PMCID: PMC9005530 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a key regulator of the DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway, RAD18 is error-prone and contributes to the accumulation of DNA mutations. Our previous study showed that it plays an essential role in the progression of multiple tumors. However, the mechanism through which RAD18 influences triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), especially the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, remains elusive. In this study, we showed that RAD18 expression is markedly higher in patients with high T stage TNBC and inversely correlated with prognosis. High expression of RAD18 facilitated a highly stem-cell phenotype through the Hippo/YAP pathway, which supports the proliferation of TNBC. In addition, the cytokine byproduct TGF-β activates macrophages to have an M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype. Reciprocally, TGF-β from TAMs activated RAD18 in TNBC to enhance tumor stemness, forming a positive feedback loop. Inhibition of YAP or TGF-β breaks this loop and suppresses cancer stemness and proliferation In nude mice, RAD18 promoted subcutaneous transplanted tumor growth and M2-type TAM recruitment. Collectively, the RAD18-YAP-TGF-β loop is essential for the promotion of the stemness phenotype by TNBC and could be a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Yan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaozhou He
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Zeng
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijia Hua
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Bao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningjun Duan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Zhang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Yi F, Li C, Guo W, Xu H, Cui H, Dong X, Liu J, Song X, Cao L. Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA in Control of DNA Synthesis and DNA Damage Tolerance-the Implications in Carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4047-4059. [PMID: 34671219 PMCID: PMC8495385 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful DNA replication is a critical event for cell survival and inheritance. However, exogenous or endogenous sources of damage challenge the accurate synthesis of DNA, which causes DNA lesions. The DNA lesions are obstacles for replication fork progression. However, the prolonged replication fork stalling leads to replication fork collapse, which may cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In order to maintain genomic stability, eukaryotic cells evolve translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to resolve the replication stalling. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) trimer acts as a slide clamp and encircles DNA to orchestrate DNA synthesis and DNA damage tolerance (DDT). The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA regulate these functions to ensure the appropriate initiation and termination of replication and DDT. The aberrant regulation of PCNA PTMs will result in DSB, which causes mutagenesis and poor response to chemotherapy. Here, we review the roles of the PCNA PTMs in DNA duplication and DDT. We propose that clarifying the regulation of PCNA PTMs may provide insights into understanding the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
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6
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Wilkinson NA, Mnuskin KS, Ashton NW, Woodgate R. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins Are Essential Regulators of DNA Damage Bypass. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102848. [PMID: 33023096 PMCID: PMC7600381 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins are conjugated to many other proteins within the cell, to regulate their stability, localization, and activity. These modifications are essential for normal cellular function and the disruption of these processes contributes to numerous cancer types. In this review, we discuss how ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins regulate the specialized replication pathways of DNA damage bypass, as well as how the disruption of these processes can contribute to cancer development. We also discuss how cancer cell survival relies on DNA damage bypass, and how targeting the regulation of these pathways by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins might be an effective strategy in anti-cancer therapies. Abstract Many endogenous and exogenous factors can induce genomic instability in human cells, in the form of DNA damage and mutations, that predispose them to cancer development. Normal cells rely on DNA damage bypass pathways such as translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to replicate past lesions that might otherwise result in prolonged replication stress and lethal double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, due to the lower fidelity of the specialized polymerases involved in TLS, the activation and suppression of these pathways must be tightly regulated by post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination in order to limit the risk of mutagenesis. Many cancer cells rely on the deregulation of DNA damage bypass to promote carcinogenesis and tumor formation, often giving them heightened resistance to DNA damage from chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the key functions of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins in regulating DNA damage bypass in human cells, and highlight ways in which these processes are both deregulated in cancer progression and might be targeted in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas W. Ashton
- Correspondence: (N.W.A.); (R.W.); Tel.: +1-301-435-1115 (N.W.A.); +1-301-435-0740 (R.W.)
| | - Roger Woodgate
- Correspondence: (N.W.A.); (R.W.); Tel.: +1-301-435-1115 (N.W.A.); +1-301-435-0740 (R.W.)
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7
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Zou Y, Zheng S, Xiao W, Xie X, Yang A, Gao G, Xiong Z, Xue Z, Tang H, Xie X. circRAD18 sponges miR-208a/3164 to promote triple-negative breast cancer progression through regulating IGF1 and FGF2 expression. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1469-1479. [PMID: 31001629 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a new rising star of non-coding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs) emerged as vital regulators with biological functions in diverse of cancers. However, the function and precise mechanism of the vast majority of circRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurrence and progression have not been clearly elucidated. In the current study, we identified and further investigated hsa_circ_0002453 (circRAD18) by analyzing our previous microarray profiling. Expression of circRAD18 was found significantly upregulated in TNBC compared with normal mammary tissues and cell lines. circRAD18 was positively correlated with T stage, clinical stage and pathological grade and was an independent risk factor for TNBC patients. We performed proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, apoptosis and mouse xenograft assays to verify the functions of circRAD18. Knockdown of circRAD18 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration, promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth in functional and xenograft experiments. Through luciferase reporter assays, we confirmed that circRAD18 acts as a sponge of miR-208a and miR-3164 and promotes TNBC progression through upregulating IGF1 and FGF2 expression. Altogether, our research revealed the pivotal role of circRAD18-miR-208a/3164-IGF1/FGF2 axis in TNBC tumorigenesis and metastasis though the mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs. Thus, circRAD18 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target for TNBC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Zou
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoquan Zheng
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikai Xiao
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anli Yang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanfeng Gao
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchong Xiong
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xue
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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8
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Cervelli T, Lodovichi S, Bellè F, Galli A. Yeast-based assays for the functional characterization of cancer-associated variants of human DNA repair genes. MICROBIAL CELL 2020; 7:162-174. [PMID: 32656256 PMCID: PMC7328678 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.07.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances are continuously revealing new genetic variants that are often difficult to interpret. As one of the most genetically tractable model organisms, yeast can have a central role in determining the consequences of human genetic variation. DNA repair gene mutations are associated with many types of cancers, therefore the evaluation of the functional impact of these mutations is crucial for risk assessment and for determining therapeutic strategies. Owing to the evolutionary conservation of DNA repair pathways between human cells and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several functional assays have been developed. Here, we describe assays for variants of human genes belonging to the major DNA repair pathways divided in functional assays for human genes with yeast orthologues and human genes lacking a yeast orthologue. Human genes with orthologues can be studied by introducing the correspondent human mutations directly in the yeast gene or expressing the human gene carrying the mutations; while the only possible approach for human genes without a yeast orthologue is the heterologous expression. The common principle of these approaches is that the mutated gene determines a phenotypic alteration that can vary according to the gene studied and the domain of the protein. Here, we show how the versatility of yeast can help in classifying cancer-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cervelli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Lodovichi
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bellè
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alvaro Galli
- Yeast Genetics and Genomics Group, Laboratory of Functional Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56125 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Baatar S, Bai T, Yokobori T, Gombodorj N, Nakazawa N, Ubukata Y, Kimura A, Kogure N, Sano A, Sohda M, Sakai M, Tumenjargal A, Ogata K, Kuwano H, Shirabe K, Saeki H. High RAD18 Expression is Associated with Disease Progression and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:4360-4368. [PMID: 32356270 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAD18 plays an important role in DNA damage repair by inducing monoubiquitinated PCNA (mUB-PCNA) in both cancer and normal tissues. Previous studies have not determined the significance of RAD18 expression in clinical gastric cancer (GC) samples. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the expression and functional significance of RAD18 in GC. METHODS Overall, 96 resected GC samples were subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis of RAD18. GC cell lines were also subjected to functional RNA interference analyses of RAD18. RESULTS RAD18 expression was predominantly nuclear and was observed at higher levels in GC tissues than in normal tissues. In GC tissues, strong RAD18 expression was associated with progression of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0001), lymphatic invasion (p = 0.0255), venous invasion (p < 0.0001), recurrence (p = 0.028), and disease stage (p = 0.0253). Moreover, GC patients with high tumor RAD18 expression had shorter overall survival (p = 0.0061) and recurrence-free survival durations (p = 0.035) than those with low tumor RAD18 expression. RAD18 knockdown inhibited GC proliferation and invasiveness and increased chemosensitivity by suppressing mUB-PCNA. CONCLUSIONS RAD18 expression may be a useful marker of progression and poor prognosis of GC. Moreover, therapeutic strategies that target RAD18 might be a novel chemosensitizer to eradicate the refractory GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seded Baatar
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tuya Bai
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan. .,Research Program for Omics-Based Medical Science, Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Navchaa Gombodorj
- Research Program for Omics-Based Medical Science, Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nobuhiro Nakazawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Ubukata
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kimura
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Norimichi Kogure
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sohda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Amartuvshin Tumenjargal
- Department of Bioimaging and Information Analysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Ogata
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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10
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Li P, He C, Gao A, Yan X, Xia X, Zhou J, Wu J. RAD18 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:213-223. [PMID: 32319669 PMCID: PMC7251712 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD18 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression owing to its involvement in error-prone replication. Despite its significance, the function of RAD18 has not been fully examined in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present research, by collecting clinical samples and conducting immunohistochemical staining, we found that RAD18 expression was significantly increased in the CRC tissue compared with that noted in the adjacent non-cancerous normal tissues and that high expression of RAD18 was associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in CRC patients. In vitro, as determined by cell transfection, scratch, and Transwell experiments, it was also demonstrated that RAD18 increased the invasiveness and migration capacity of CRC cells (HCT116, DLD-1, SW480). The signaling pathway was analyzed by western blotting and the clinical data were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR, indicating that the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be involved in RAD18-mediated migration and invasion of CRC cells. All of the above data indicate that RAD18 is a novel prognostic biomarker that may become a potential therapeutic target for CRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Xueqi Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
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RAD18 contributes to the migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells via the interleukin‑1β pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3415-3423. [PMID: 31432163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 has been identified as an oncoprotein that exhibits prometastatic properties in various types of cancer; however, the role of RAD18 in cervical cancer (CC) remains unclear. In the present study, it was revealed that increased expression of RAD18 was associated with worse prognosis of patients with CC. Knockdown of endogenous RAD18 suppressed the motility and invasiveness of CC cells, as evaluated by Transwell assays. mRNA sequencing revealed that silencing RAD18 altered the expression profile of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β). Furthermore, exogenous IL‑1β treatment rescued RAD18‑mediated CC cell invasion. These findings indicated an underlying mechanism via which RAD18 promotes CC progression, suggesting that RAD18 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for malignant CC.
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Xie C, Lu D, Xu M, Qu Z, Zhang W, Wang H. Knockdown of RAD18 inhibits glioblastoma development. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21100-21112. [PMID: 31081138 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the role of RAD18 in the regulation of glioblastoma development as well as the underlying mechanisms. The human glioblastoma U251 and U87MG cells were transfected with siRNAs specifically targeting RAD18, and the effects of knockdown of RAD18 on the viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of U251 and U87MG cells were investigated. Transcriptome sequencing of the siRNA-RAD18-tranfected and siRNA-NC-transfected U251 cells was performed, followed by bioinformatic analyses for sequencing data. The results showed that knockdown of RAD18 significantly inhibited cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and suppressed migration and invasion of U251 and U87MG cells. Bioinformatic analyses of sequencing data identified 1,051 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (369 up- and 682 downregulated genes) in the siRNA-RAD18-transfected U251 cells compared with siRNA-NC-transfected U251 cells. Eleven DEGs, including nerve growth factor (NGF), colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), were identified as the hub nodes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Moreover, the aforementioned 11 hub genes were significantly enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and GO functions associated with the extracellular region. Notably, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction further confirmed that the expression levels of NGF, CSF2, HMOX1, and MMP1 were significantly downregulated, while that of PDGFRA was markedly upregulated in the siRNA-RAD18-transfected U251 cells than in the siRNA-NC cells. In conclusion, the knockdown of RAD18 may inhibit glioblastoma development by regulating the expression of the aforementioned key DEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejuan Lu
- Department of Endoscope, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People's Hospital of Heihe, Heihe, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yan X, Chen J, Meng Y, He C, Zou S, Li P, Chen M, Wu J, Ding WQ, Zhou J. RAD18 may function as a predictor of response to preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer through caspase-9-caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3094-3104. [PMID: 31033216 PMCID: PMC6558645 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has been widely applied to improve the local control rate and survival rate in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), yet only part of LARC patients would benefit from nCRT. Therefore, it is imperative to predict the therapeutic outcome of nCRT. Here, we showed that RAD18, an E3 ubiquitin‐linked enzyme, played a fundamental role in predicting the response of LARC patients to nCRT. According to clinical data, patients with low RAD18 expression level in their pre‐nCRT biopsies had a superior response to nCRT compared to those with high RAD18 expression. Inhibition of RAD18 expression in rectal cancer cells pronouncedly attenuated the proliferation and promoted apoptosis after exposing to irradiation or/and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐Fu). Downregulated RAD18 levels increased cell apoptosis by activating caspase‐9‐caspase‐3‐mediated apoptotic pathway, thus resulting in the enhancement of cell radiosensitivity and 5‐Fu susceptibility. Furthermore, a xenograft nude mouse model showed that silencing RAD18 significantly slowed tumor growth after irradiation or/and 5‐Fu in vivo. Collectively, these results implied that RAD18 could be a new biomarker to predict LARC patients who might benefit from nCRT and provide new strategies for clinical treatment of LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Yan
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - You Meng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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Wu B, Wang H, Zhang L, Sun C, Li H, Jiang C, Liu X. High expression of RAD18 in glioma induces radiotherapy resistance via down-regulating P53 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108555. [PMID: 30798132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key regulator of DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway, RAD18 is reported to be abnormally expressed in many kinds of cancers. In glioma, RAD18 was overexpressed in the primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme specimens, and its overexpression weakened ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in glioma A172 cells. Moreover, A172 cells with mutational P53 also showed enhanced radiation resistance. And RAD18 activation induced by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) was repressed by P53. However, whether P53 involves in RAD18-induced radiation resistance remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effects and mechanism of RAD18 in the radiation resistance of glioma and study P53 role in this process. Results showed that, RAD18 expression was obviously elevated in glioma tissues and cell lines such as U251, SHG-44, A172, U-87 MG and U-118 MG as compared with the normal brain tissues and neuroglia cells. Up-regulation of RAD18 in U-118 MG and A172 cells with lentivirus infection significantly increased cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis, determined by CCK-8 and flow cytometry technologies. Besides, RAD18 overexpression enhanced cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis after U-118 MG or A172 cells were irradiated at a dose of 4 Gy. On the contrary, silencing of endogenous RAD18 sensitized U-118 MG and A172 cells to radiation. Moreover, RAD18 and P53 proteins were co-located in the nucleus, and up-regulation of RAD18 decreased the expression of P53 protein and facilitated its nuclear export. Furthermore, cell growth promotion and cell apoptosis inhibition induced by RAD18 up-regulation were impaired when P53 expression was up-regulated under radiation condition. In a word, this study clarifies that RAD18 functions as a promoter in glioma progression and reduces glioma cells' sensibility to radiation through down-regulating P53, which provides new strategies to overcome the radiation resistance in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- NHC Key Lab of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Heyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China; Department of Immunology in College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lenign Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- NHC Key Lab of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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15
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Zou S, Yang J, Guo J, Su Y, He C, Wu J, Yu L, Ding WQ, Zhou J. RAD18 promotes the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell cancer via the JNK-MMPs pathway. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chu TQ, Li R, Shao MH, Ye JY, Han BH. RAD18 polymorphisms are associated with platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1490-1498. [PMID: 27665847 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Although targeted therapy is very efficient for lung cancer, traditional platinum-based chemotherapies are still the principal strategy in the absence of positive biomarkers. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the contribution of RAD18 polymorphisms to platinum-chemotherapy response and its potential side effects in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 1021 Chinese patients with histological diagnosis of advanced NSCLC were enrolled. Treatment responses were classified into 4 categories (complete response, partial response, stable disease and progressive disease). Gastrointestinal and hematological toxicity incidences were assessed twice a week during the first-line treatment. Ten RAD18 SNPs were genotyped. A logistic regression model was utilized to analyze the associations between RAD18 SNPs and treatment response or toxicity. RESULTS Among the 10 SNPs tested, none was significantly correlated with the treatment response in a combined cohort. For gastrointestinal toxicity incidences, rs586014 was significantly associated with an increased risk of grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal toxicity in non-smokers and in the combined cohort; rs654448 and rs618784 were significantly associated with gastrointestinal toxicity in non-smokers; rs6763823 was significantly associated with gastrointestinal toxicity in smokers. For hematological toxicity incidences, rs586014, rs654448 and rs618784 were significantly associated with hematologic toxicity in non-smokers; rs6763823 and rs9880051 were significantly associated with leukocytopenia in smokers. CONCLUSION RAD18 polymorphisms are correlated with the side effects of platinum-chemotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Prognostic Significance of Nuclear Phospho-ATM Expression in Melanoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134678. [PMID: 26275218 PMCID: PMC4537129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UV radiation induced genomic instability is one of the leading causes for melanoma. Phosphorylation of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is one of the initial events that follow DNA damage. Phospho-ATM (p-ATM) plays a key role in the activation of DNA repair and several oncogenic pathways as well as in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The present study was therefore performed to understand the significance of p-ATM in melanoma progression and to correlate it with patient prognosis. Tissue microarray and immunohistochemical analysis were employed to study the expression of p-ATM in melanoma patients. A total of 366 melanoma patients (230 primary melanoma and 136 metastatic melanoma) were used for the study. Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to elucidate the prognostic significance of p-ATM expression. Results revealed that both loss of, and gain in, p-ATM expression were associated with progression of melanoma from normal nevi to metastatic melanoma. Patients whose samples showed negative or strong p-ATM staining had significantly worse 5-year survival compared to patients who had weak to moderate expression. Loss of p-ATM expression was associated with relatively better 5-year survival, but the corresponding 10-year survival curve almost overlapped with that of strong p-ATM expression. p-ATM expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for 5-year but not for 10-year patient survival. In conclusion our findings show that loss of p-ATM expression and gain-in p-ATM expression are indicators of worse melanoma patient survival.
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Zlatanou A, Stewart GS. Damaged replication forks tolerate USP7 to maintain genome stability. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1063571. [PMID: 27308573 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1063571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RAD18 functions to promote DNA damage tolerance (DTT), a process that ensures faithful genome duplication. Protein ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation is a critical regulatory mechanism controlling DTT. Recently, we have identified the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7 as a component of the DTT machinery that acts to protect RAD18 from proteasome-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant S Stewart
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
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19
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Zeman MK, Lin JR, Freire R, Cimprich KA. DNA damage-specific deubiquitination regulates Rad18 functions to suppress mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:183-97. [PMID: 25023518 PMCID: PMC4107794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitination of Rad18 drives its localization to sites of DNA damage and formation of the Rad18–SHPRH complexes necessary for error-free lesion bypass. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lesions encountered during replication are often bypassed using DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways to avoid prolonged fork stalling and allow for completion of DNA replication. Rad18 is a central E3 ubiquitin ligase in DDT, which exists in a monoubiquitinated (Rad18•Ub) and nonubiquitinated form in human cells. We find that Rad18 is deubiquitinated when cells are treated with methyl methanesulfonate or hydrogen peroxide. The ubiquitinated form of Rad18 does not interact with SNF2 histone linker plant homeodomain RING helicase (SHPRH) or helicase-like transcription factor, two downstream E3 ligases needed to carry out error-free bypass of DNA lesions. Instead, it interacts preferentially with the zinc finger domain of another, nonubiquitinated Rad18 and may inhibit Rad18 function in trans. Ubiquitination also prevents Rad18 from localizing to sites of DNA damage, inducing proliferating cell nuclear antigen monoubiquitination, and suppressing mutagenesis. These data reveal a new role for monoubiquitination in controlling Rad18 function and suggest that damage-specific deubiquitination promotes a switch from Rad18•Ub–Rad18 complexes to the Rad18–SHPRH complexes necessary for error-free lesion bypass in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Zeman
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jia-Ren Lin
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Bhandaru M, Martinka M, Li G, Rotte A. Loss of XRCC1 confers a metastatic phenotype to melanoma cells and is associated with poor survival in patients with melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:366-75. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Bhandaru
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Magdalena Martinka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Anand Rotte
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Xie C, Wang H, Cheng H, Li J, Wang Z, Yue W. RAD18 mediates resistance to ionizing radiation in human glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:263-8. [PMID: 24518219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). RAD18 a central regulator of translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), has been shown to play an important role in regulating genomic stability and DNA damage response. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between RAD18 and resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) and examined the expression levels of RAD18 in primary and recurrent GBM specimens. Our results showed that RAD18 is an important mediator of the IR-induced resistance in GBM. The expression level of RAD18 in glioma cells correlates with their resistance to IR. Ectopic expression of RAD18 in RAD18-low A172 glioma cells confers significant resistance to IR treatment. Conversely, depletion of endogenous RAD18 in RAD18-high glioma cells sensitized these cells to IR treatment. Moreover, RAD18 overexpression confers resistance to IR-mediated apoptosis in RAD18-low A172 glioma cells, whereas cells deficient in RAD18 exhibit increased apoptosis induced by IR. Furthermore, knockdown of RAD18 in RAD18-high glioma cells disrupts HR-mediated repair, resulting in increased accumulation of DSB. In addition, clinical data indicated that RAD18 was significantly higher in recurrent GBM samples that were exposed to IR compared with the corresponding primary GBM samples. Collectively, our findings reveal that RAD18 may serve as a key mediator of the IR response and may function as a potential target for circumventing IR resistance in human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongbin Cheng
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Wu Yue
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Linton A, Cheng YY, Griggs K, Kirschner MB, Gattani S, Srikaran S, Chuan-Hao Kao S, McCaughan BC, Klebe S, van Zandwijk N, Reid G. An RNAi-based screen reveals PLK1, CDK1 and NDC80 as potential therapeutic targets in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:510-9. [PMID: 24327015 PMCID: PMC3899767 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumour originating in the thoracic mesothelium. Prognosis remains poor with 9- to 12-month median survival, and new targets for treatments are desperately needed. METHODS Utilising an RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen of 40 genes overexpressed in tumours, including genes involved in the control of cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, we investigated potential therapeutic targets for MPM. Following in vitro characterisation of the effects of target silencing on MPM cells, candidates were assessed in tumour samples from 154 patients. RESULTS Gene knockdown in MPM cell lines identified growth inhibition following knockdown of NDC80, CDK1 and PLK1. Target knockdown induced cell-cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. Using small-molecule inhibitors specific for these three proteins also led to growth inhibition of MPM cell lines, and Roscovitine (inhibitor of CDK1) sensitised cells to cisplatin. Protein expression was also measured in tumour samples, with markedly variable levels of CDK1 and PLK1 noted. PLK1 expression in over 10% of cells correlated significantly with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that RNAi-based screening has utility in identifying new targets for MPM, and that inhibition of NDC80, CDK1 and PLK1 may hold promise for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Linton
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Y Y Cheng
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - K Griggs
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford, SA, Australia
| | - M B Kirschner
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - S Gattani
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - S Srikaran
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - S Chuan-Hao Kao
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - B C McCaughan
- Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; The Baird Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford, SA, Australia
| | - N van Zandwijk
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - G Reid
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
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