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Gustafsson I, Olafsdotttir T, Neumann O, Johansson P, Bizios D, Ivarsen A, Hjortdal JØ. Early findings in a randomised controlled trial on crosslinking protocols using isoosmolar and hypoosmolar riboflavin for the treatment of progressive keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38970233 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present baseline characteristics and to present the perioperative corneal thickness during corneal crosslinking (CXL) treatment for progressive keratoconus and to describe how the addition of sterile water (SW) efficaciously can maintain the corneal thickness. The treatment efficacy will be evaluated when the 1-year follow-up is complete. METHODS A randomised clinical study using epithelium-off CXL with continuous UVA irradiation (9 mW/cm2) and two kinds of riboflavin solutions: (i) isoosmolar dextran-based riboflavin (n = 27) and (ii) hypoosmolar dextran-free riboflavin (n = 27). INCLUSION CRITERIA progressive keratoconus with an increase in maximum keratometry value (Kmax) of 1.0 dioptre (12 months) or 0.5 dioptres (6 months). Corneae thinner than 400 μm were also included. OUTCOME PARAMETERS Perioperative corneal thickness and the effect of adding SW. RESULTS Seventy-four per cent of the patients in the isoosmolar group and 15% in the hypoosmolar group required the addition of SW, which effectively maintained a corneal thickness of 400 μm in all cases during CXL. The addition of SW was primarily needed during the irradiation procedure and not the preoperative soaking period. CONCLUSIONS Especially during the CXL irradiation phase, isoosmolar riboflavin causes a significant dehydrating effect leading to corneal thinning during CXL. The customised addition of SW is efficacious in maintaining the corneal thickness during CXL and could increase the safety of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Gustafsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thorbjörg Olafsdotttir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Johansson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Bizios
- Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Ivarsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Ø Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Awad R, Ghaith AA, Awad K, Mamdouh Saad M, Elmassry AA. Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:85-106. [PMID: 38223815 PMCID: PMC10788054 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s447138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the major causes of microbial keratitis that may lead to corneal blindness. Many problems related to diagnosis and therapy are encountered in fungal keratitis, including difficulty in obtaining laboratory diagnoses and the availability and efficacy of antifungal medications. Intensive and prolonged use of antifungal topical preparations may not be enough. The use of antifungal medications is considered the main treatment for fungal keratitis. It is recommended to start antifungal therapy after confirmation of the clinical diagnosis with a smear or positive cultures. Topical application of antifungal medications is a mainstay for the treatment of fungal keratitis; however, systemic, intra-stromal, or intra-cameral routes may be used. Therapeutic keratoplasty is the main surgical procedure approved for the management of fungal keratitis with good success rate. Intrastromal corneal injection of antifungal medications may result in steady-state drug levels within the corneal tissue and prevent intervals of decreased antifungal drug concentration below its therapeutic level. In cases of severe fungal keratitis with deep stromal infiltration not responding to treatment, intracameral injection of antifungal agents may be effective. Collagen cross-linking has been proposed to be beneficial for cases of fungal keratitis as a stand-alone therapy or as an adjunct to antifungal medications. Although collagen cross-linking has been extensively studied in the past few years, its protocol still needs many modifications to optimize UV fluence levels, irradiation time, and concentration of riboflavin to achieve 100% microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Awad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa Atef Ghaith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled Awad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marina Mamdouh Saad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ak Elmassry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Price LD, Larkin DFP. Diagnosis and management of keratoconus in the paediatric age group: a review of current evidence. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3718-3724. [PMID: 37280353 PMCID: PMC10698037 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of keratoconus in the paediatric age group presents additional challenges to those encountered in adults. The most significant of these, encountered in some young patients, are delayed presentation of unilateral disease, more advanced disease at diagnosis, difficulty in obtaining reliable corneal imaging, faster rates of disease progression and challenges in contact lens management. The stabilisation effect of corneal cross-linking (CXL), more extensively studied in adults with randomised trials and long-term follow-up, has been much less rigorously examined in children and adolescents. The high heterogeneity of published studies in younger patients, particularly in the choice of tomography parameters designated as primary outcome measures and the definitions of progression, indicates that improved standardisation for future studies on CXL will be necessary. There is no evidence that corneal transplant outcomes in young patients are poorer than those in adults. This review provides a current perspective on the optimal diagnosis and treatment of keratoconus in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Price
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel F P Larkin
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Bradford S, Luo S, Brown D, Juhasz T, Jester J. A review of the epithelial and stromal effects of corneal collagen crosslinking. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:150-159. [PMID: 37683969 PMCID: PMC10993773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Induced corneal collagen crosslinking and mechanical stiffening via ultraviolet-A photoactivation of riboflavin (UVA CXL) is now a common treatment for corneal ectasia and Keratoconus. Some effects of the procedure such as induced mechanical stiffening, corneal flattening, and cellular toxicity are well-known, but others remain more controversial. Authors report a variety of contradictory effects, and provide evidence based on individual results and observations. A full understanding of the effects of and mechanisms behind this procedure are essential to predicting its outcome. A growing interest in modifications to the standard UVA CXL protocol, such as transepithelial or accelerated UVA CXL, makes analyzing the literature as a whole more urgent. This review presents an analysis of both the agreed-upon and contradictory results reported and the various methods used to obtain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bradford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Shangbang Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donald Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tibor Juhasz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Awad R, Hafezi F, Ghaith AA, Baddour MM, Awad K, Abdalla M, Sheta E, Sultan GM, Elmassry A. Comparison between three different high fluence UVA levels in corneal collagen cross-linking for treatment of experimentally induced fungal keratitis in rabbits. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:1907-1914. [PMID: 35384782 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Photo-Activated Chromophore for Keratitis - Corneal Collagen Cross-linking (PACK-CXL) of three different total UVA fluence levels and topical voriconazole in treatment of fungal keratitis experimentally induced in rabbits. METHODS This is an interventional experimental study including both eyes of 16 rabbits (32 eyes). Fungal keratitis was induced by intrastromal injection of Fusarium Solani into the cornea. The rabbits were then divided into four groups (8 eyes for each) from which group A received Voriconazole eye drops and considered as control group. Group B, C, D received single PACK-CXL session with total fluence levels of 7.2, 10.0 and 15.0 J/cm2 for each respectively. Daily clinical examination was recorded and all corneas were removed for microbiology and histopathology on day ten. RESULTS The mean clinical signs score eyes treated with high fluence PACK-CXL showed evident clinical improvement from fourth to tenth day of treatment. This improvement was equivalent to that of Voriconazole treatment. The results showed better improvement with increasing the UVA total fluence levels but this difference was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Similarly, the median CFU/ml declined on increasing UVA fluence but with no statistically significant values. Histopathological examination revealed better improvement of inflammatory signs on higher fluence levels compared to lower ones. CONCLUSIONS High intensity PACK-CXL (30 mW/cm2) was as effective as Voriconazole in the treatment of fungal keratitis in rabbits. Increasing the fluence of UVA was associated with slightly better clinical outcomes with no added risks. More clinical studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Awad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria general ophthalmology hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alaa Atef Ghaith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, 54562Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal Mohammad Baddour
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 54562Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled Awad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria general ophthalmology hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Sheta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 54562Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gehad Mahmoud Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 54562Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmassry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, 54562Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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[Histological changes in keratoconus and wound healing after corneal cross-linking]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 119:342-349. [PMID: 34874483 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus is classified as a corneal ectasia and is a multifactorial disease. In those affected, mostly adolescent patients visual deterioration occurs due to the development of irregular astigmatism. Treatment by corneal cross-linking (CXL) has been indicated in progressive disease for several years. OBJECTIVE To present the pathophysiology and histological changes in keratoconus as well as wound healing processes after CXL and their potential complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Histological changes in keratoconus as well as wound healing processes after CXL and their potential complications are presented based on histological examination of corneal specimens with keratoconus with and without a condition after CXL. Relevant literature and own data are analyzed and discussed. RESULTS Besides inflammatory processes, atopic and genetic dispositions play a role in the development of keratoconus. The histological characteristics of keratoconus include changes in the epithelium, Bowman's layer and stroma. Wound healing processes after CXL include healing of the surface epithelium and transient loss of keratocytes and nerve fibers. CONCLUSION Keratoconus shows characteristic histopathological changes, such as epithelial irregularities, stromal thinning and breaks of Bowman's layer, whereas the endothelium and Descemet's membrane remain unchanged (apart from cases of corneal hydrops). After CXL wound healing processes can be followed primarily in vivo by confocal microscopy. Complications after CXL are rare. Persistent loss of keratocytes can be clinically manifested as a visually relevant scar.
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Seyyar SA, Mete A, Kimyon S, Tıskaoğlu NS. Outcomes of customized topographic guided epithelial debridement for corneal collagen cross-linking. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 42:1273-1280. [PMID: 34727264 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of corneal collagen cross-linking performed with customized epithelial debridement technique in progressive keratoconic corneas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty eyes of 40 patients were included in the study. We performed an ophthalmologic examination and recorded the uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central corneal thickness at the thinnest point (t-CCT), flat meridian keratometry (K1), steep meridian keratometry (K2), endothelial cell density (ECC), hexagonal cells (HEX), and coefficient of variation of cell areas (CV) measured preoperatively and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th months postoperatively. RESULTS The mean UCVA and BCVA were increased (p < 0.05). The mean flattest and steepest K readings were decreased (p < 0.05). The mean t-CCT decreased in the first months after treatment and increased after 6 months. The mean t-CCT was thicker at 12 months compared to pretreatment status (p < 0.05). The mean ECC and CV were not significantly different between follow-up intervals (p > 0.05). The mean HEX was statistically increased (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Corneal collagen cross-linking performed with customized epithelial debridement technique is a successful alternative method for stopping the progression of keratoconus after 12 months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Ayca Seyyar
- Kocaeli Derince Education and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Department, İbni Sina, Lojman Sk., 41900, Derince, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Alper Mete
- Gaziantep University Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sabit Kimyon
- Gaziantep University Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nesime Setge Tıskaoğlu
- Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Chen B, Li X, Sun Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Tong C, Ma J. Study of the effects of rabbit scleral fibroblasts on cellular biomechanical properties and MMP-2 expression using two modes of riboflavin/ultraviolet A wave collagen cross-linking. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108695. [PMID: 34228966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the cellular biomechanical properties and MMP-2 expression changes in rabbit scleral fibroblasts using two modes of riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) collagen cross-linking (CXL). METHODS Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. The left eye was chosen for the experimental group and the right eye for the control group. In group A, the eyes were irradiated for 30 min, with a power density of 3.0 mW/cm2. In group B, the eyes were irradiated for 9 min, with a power density of 10.0 mW/cm2. One week after CXL, full-field electroretinography was performed. Sixty days after CXL, the rabbits were sacrificed, and scleral fibroblasts were extracted from the CXL-treated sclera area and corresponding parts of control sclera and cultured. Cellular biomechanical properties were evaluated using the micropipette aspiration technique, and the MMP-2 protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the amplitude and latency of the dark adaptation 3.0 and light adaptation 3.0 between the CXL and control eyes of groups A and B (P > 0.05). Compared with the control groups, the Young's modulus of the fibroblasts and apparent viscosity of the experimental eyes in groups A and B were increased after CXL (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups under different irradiation modes (P > 0.05). The MMP-2 expression in scleral fibroblasts from experimental eyes was significantly higher than that in scleral fibroblasts from control eyes in groups A and B. Under the two different irradiation modes, the MMP-2 expression in the scleral fibroblasts from experimental eyes in group A was significantly higher than that in the scleral fibroblasts from experimental eyes in group B. CONCLUSION The riboflavin-UVA scleral CXL conducted in two different modes produced no significant side effects on the retina and could strengthen the cell biomechanical properties as well as increase the MMP-2 expression of scleral fibroblasts significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, China
| | - Yurong Hou
- Department of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, China
| | - Jingran Shen
- Department of Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, China
| | - Chunmei Tong
- Ophthalmology Department of 980 Hospital of Joint Service Support Force of PLA(Bethune International Peace Hospital), China
| | - Jingxue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China.
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Anitha V, Vanathi M, Raghavan A, Rajaraman R, Ravindran M, Tandon R. Pediatric keratoconus - Current perspectives and clinical challenges. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:214-225. [PMID: 33463562 PMCID: PMC7933850 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1263_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is an ectatic corneal disease characterized by progressive stromal thinning, irregular astigmatism, and defective vision. It can be unilateral or bilateral with asymmetric presentation. It starts at puberty and either progresses rapidly to an advanced stage of the disease or stops in case of delayed onset and slow progression. Pediatric keratoconus is more aggressive than in adults and the management protocols differ because of various rationales such as accelerated progression, advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and co-morbidities. It poses a burden to the society as it affects the quality of life, social, and educational development in children. Hence early diagnosis, recognition of progression, and timely intervention with collagen crosslinking is imperative to arrest the worsening. Association with systemic syndromes and ocular comorbidities can be of concern in pediatric keratoconus. Severe ocular allergy when associated hastens progress and complicates timely intervention of crosslinking treatment and compliance to contact lens wear. Keratoplasty in pediatric keratoconus has good outcomes but can encounter frequent suture-related concerns. This article discusses the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical challenges, and current perspectives of management of pediatric keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Anitha
- Cornea Consultant, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Prof of Ophthalmology, Cornea, Cataract & Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Raghavan
- Cornea Consultant, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Revathi Rajaraman
- Cornea Consultant, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meenakshi Ravindran
- Cornea Consultant, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Prof of Ophthalmology, Cornea, Cataract & Refractive Services, Dr R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Histological Corneal Alterations in Keratoconus After Crosslinking—Expansion of Findings. Cornea 2019; 39:333-341. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE There has been a recent explosion in the variety of techniques used to accomplish corneal cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of ectatic corneal diseases. To understand the success or failure of various techniques, we review the physicochemical basis of corneal CXL and re-evaluate the current principles and long-standing conventional wisdom in the light of recent, compelling, and sometimes contradictory research. METHODS Two clinicians and a medicinal chemist developed a list of current key topics, controversies, and questions in the field of corneal CXL based on information from current literature, medical conferences, and discussions with international practitioners of CXL. RESULTS Standard corneal CXL with removal of the corneal epithelium is a safe and efficacious procedure for the treatment of corneal ectasias. However, the necessity of epithelium removal is painful for patients, involves risk and requires significant recovery time. Attempts to move to transepithelial corneal CXL have been hindered by the lack of a coherent understanding of the physicochemistry of corneal CXL. Misconceptions about the applicability of the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity and the Lambert-Beer law in CXL hamper the ability to predict the effect of ultraviolet A energy during CXL. Improved understanding of CXL may also expand the treatment group for corneal ectasia to those with thinner corneas. Finally, it is essential to understand the role of oxygen in successful CXL. CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of the complex interactions of riboflavin, ultraviolet A energy and oxygen in corneal CXL may provide a successful route to transepithelial corneal CXL.
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Fernandes-Cunha GM, Lee HJ, Kumar A, Kreymerman A, Heilshorn S, Myung D. Immobilization of Growth Factors to Collagen Surfaces Using Pulsed Visible Light. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3185-3196. [PMID: 28799757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of traumatic injuries, burns, and ulcers of the eye, inadequate epithelial tissue healing remains a major challenge. Wound healing is a complex process involving the temporal and spatial interplay between cells and their extracellular milieu. It can be impaired by a variety of causes including infection, poor circulation, loss of critical cells, and/or proteins, and a deficiency in normal neural signaling (e.g., neurotrophic ulcers). Ocular anatomy is particularly vulnerable to lasting morbidity from delayed healing, whether it be scarring or perforation of the cornea, destruction of the conjunctival mucous membrane, or cicatricial changes to the eyelids and surrounding skin. Therefore, there is a major clinical need for new modalities for controlling and accelerating wound healing, particularly in the eye. Collagen matrices have long been explored as scaffolds to support cell growth as both two-dimensional coatings and substrates, as well as three-dimensional matrices. Meanwhile, the immobilization of growth factors to various substrates has also been extensively studied as a way to promote enhanced cellular adhesion and proliferation. Herein we present a new strategy for photochemically immobilizing growth factors to collagen using riboflavin as a photosensitizer and exposure to visible light (∼458 nm). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was successfully bound to collagen-coated surfaces as well as directly to endogenous collagen from porcine corneas. The initial concentration of riboflavin and EGF as well as the blue light exposure time were keys to the successful binding of growth factors to these surfaces. The photocrosslinking reaction increased EGF residence time on collagen surfaces over 7 days. EGF activity was maintained after the photocrosslinking reaction with a short duration of pulsed blue light exposure. Bound EGF accelerated in vitro corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration and maintained normal cell phenotype. Additionally, the treated surfaces were cytocompatible, and the photocrosslinking reaction was proven to be safe, preserving nearly 100% cell viability. These results suggest that this general approach is safe and versatile may be used for targeting and immobilizing bioactive factors onto collagen matrices in a variety of applications, including in the presence of live, seeded cells or in vivo onto endogenous extracellular matrix collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Alisha Kumar
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Alexander Kreymerman
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Sarah Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David Myung
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California 94303, United States.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
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Thinner Corneas Appear to Have More Striking Effects of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Patients with Progressive Keratoconus. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:6490915. [PMID: 28392939 PMCID: PMC5368419 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6490915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To analyze the outcomes and difference after UVA/riboflavin corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in four different corneal thickness groups of patients with progressive keratoconus. Methods. Retrospective study. Eyes with progressive keratoconus after CXL were divided into 4 subgroups as follows: group 1, thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) ≤ 400 µm; group 2, 400 µm < TCT ≤ 450 µm; group 3, 450 µm < TCT ≤ 500 µm; group 4, TCT ≥ 500 µm. Baseline, 6-month, and 12-month visual acuity, corneal topography, TCT, and endothelial cell density were evaluated. Results. The analysis included 123 eyes of 101 patients. At 6 and 12 months after CXL, there was a mean improvement about visual acuity and keratometry values in all patients. There was a reduction in the change of maximum keratometry (Kmax) with the increase of TCT. After 1 year of treatment, it was 3.04 ± 0.75 D in group 1, 2.38 ± 0.51 D in group 2, 1.57 ± 0.35 D in group 3, and 0.31 ± 0.20 D in group 4. Conclusion. CXL is successful in halting the progression of keratoconus and there was a negative linear correlation between TCT and Kmax. Advanced cases of progressive keratoconus seemed to obtain more benefits from the flatting effects of CXL.
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Cagil N, Sarac O, Can GD, Akcay E, Can ME. Outcomes of corneal collagen crosslinking using a customized epithelial debridement technique in keratoconic eyes with thin corneas. Int Ophthalmol 2016; 37:103-109. [PMID: 27097560 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcomes and possible complications of CXL performed with customized epithelial debridement technique to keratoconic corneas with the thinnest pachymetry values less than 400 µm. Nineteen eyes of 19 patients were included. The uncorrected (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), flattest and steepest keratometric (K) readings, central corneal thickness at the thinnest point (t-CCT), endothelial cell density (ECD) were assessed before and 12 months after CXL. The mean UCVA was increased (p = 0.001), while the mean BCVA did not show any difference (p > 0.05). The mean flattest and steepest K readings were decreased (p = 0.001). No change was observed in the mean t-CCT (p > 0.05). The mean ECD was decreased (p = 0.001). The mean pre-CXL and post-CXL percentages of polymegathism and pleomorphism did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05). CXL performed with customized epithelial debridement technique is successful in halting the progression of keratoconus in corneas thinner than 400 µm after 12 months of treatment. However, significant endothelial cell loss can occur after this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Cagil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Sarac
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Dereli Can
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Akcay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erol Can
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Long-Term Results of Phototherapeutic Keratectomy Versus Mechanical Epithelial Removal Followed by Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Keratoconus. Cornea 2016; 35:157-61. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Keratoconus and Other Corneal Diseases: Pharmacologic Cross-Linking and Future Therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 242:137-161. [PMID: 27815790 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to cross-link collagen fibers and use this technique to strengthen the cornea has become of great interest to ophthalmologists in the last decade. For progressive diseases such as keratoconus, collagen cross-linking confers the possibility of halting progression and stabilizing the cornea, a benefit that is not observed with any other current treatment. Collagen cross-linking uses riboflavin combined with ultraviolet A light to induce the formation of bonds between collagen fibrils that strengthen the cornea. This chapter will discuss the theory, technique, indications, and complications of corneal cross-linking. Much of what will be discussed is in areas of active research that will likely be further clarified as more experience is gained with this procedure.
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Gallhoefer NS, Spiess BM, Guscetti F, Hilbe M, Hartnack S, Hafezi F, Pot SA. Penetration depth of corneal cross‐linking with riboflavin and
UV
‐A (
CXL
) in horses and rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolin S. Gallhoefer
- Augen Vet Lindenthalguertel 83 50935 Cologne Germany
- Division of Ophthalmology Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bernhard M. Spiess
- Division of Ophthalmology Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology University of Geneva Rue Alcide‐Jentzer 22 CH‐1211 Geneva 14 Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Southern California 1450 San Pablo St. Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
- The ELZA Institute AG Webereistrasse 2 8953 Dietikon Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon A. Pot
- Division of Ophthalmology Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Alhayek A, Lu PR. Corneal collagen crosslinking in keratoconus and other eye disease. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:407-18. [PMID: 25938065 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.02.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is a condition characterized by biomechanical instability of the cornea, presenting in a progressive, asymmetric and bilateral way. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) with riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A (UVA) is a new technique of corneal tissue strengthening that combines the use of riboflavin as a photo sensitizer and UVA irradiation. Studies showed that CXL was effective in halting the progression of keratoconus over a period of up to four years. The published studies also revealed a reduction of max K readings by more than 2 D, while the postoperative spherical equivalent (SEQ) was reduced by an average of more than 1 D and refractive cylinder decreased by about 1 D. The major indication for the use of CXL is to inhibit the progression of corneal ecstasies, such as keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration. CXL may also be effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of iatrogenic keratectasia, resulting from excessively aggressive photo ablation. This treatment has been used to treat infectious corneal ulcers with apparent favorable results. Most recent studies demonstrate the beneficial impact of CXL for iatrogenic ecstasies, pellucid marginal degeneration, infectious keratitis, bullous keratopathy and ulcerative keratitis. Several long-term and short-term complications of CXL have been studied and documented. The possibility of a secondary infection after the procedure exists because the patient is subject to epithelial debridement and the application of a soft contact lens. Formation of temporary corneal haze, permanent scars, endothelial damage, treatment failure, sterile infiltrates, bullous keratopathy and herpes reactivation are the other reported complications of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alhayek
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pei-Rong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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del Buey MA, Lanchares E, Cristóbal JÁ, Junquera SRYC, Gotor CY, Calvo B. Immediate Effect of Ultraviolet-A Collagen Cross-linking Therapy on the Biomechanics and Histology of the Human Cornea. J Refract Surg 2015; 31:70-1. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20141218-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Intraoperative and postoperative corneal thickness change after collagen crosslinking therapy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 24:179-85. [PMID: 24030533 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess intraoperative and postoperative changes in corneal thickness subsequent to riboflavin-UVA (collagen crosslinking [CXL]) treatment. METHODS Forty-one eyes of 41 patients (mean age 27.97 ± 6.97 years) were treated with CXL technique. During treatment, isotonic riboflavin was instilled and corneal thickness measurements were obtained at the cornea apex, the thinnest point, and the pupil center at 15 and 30 minutes, then 3 days, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery using Pentacam HR and an ultrasound pachymeter. RESULTS A decrease in corneal thickness was detected 15 minutes intraoperatively with a value of 108.95 ± 48.6 µm, and 112.35 ± 47.3 µm at 30 minutes (p<0.001). Three days after the operation, no deviation was found from the initial values (p = 0.17). No further changes were detected during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Isotonic riboflavin solution used during CXL treatment resulted in a significant decrease in corneal thickness, but its effect had disappeared by postoperative day 3.
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Histological Findings in a Failed Corneal Riboflavin–UVA Collagen Cross-linking Performed for Progressive Keratoconus. Cornea 2013; 32:191-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3182553aac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Raiskup F, Spoerl E. Corneal crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet A. I. Principles. Ocul Surf 2013; 11:65-74. [PMID: 23583042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the biomechanical properties of the human cornea play an important role in the pathogenesis of corneal ectatic diseases. Biomechanical investigation shows significant differences between human ectatic corneas and normal corneas, including decreased stiffness and reduction of collagen crosslinks in the ectatic cornea. Induction of crosslinks is a well-established procedure in polymer chemistry to increase the elastic modulus of materials. Crosslinking (CXL) in connective tissue can occur during aging and as a side effect of diabetes mellitus. CXL has been used medically to increase stability and reduce the biodegradation of collagen-based biomaterials for bioprostheses. CXL of the cornea using riboflavin and UVA light with a wavelength of 370 nm and a dosage of 5.4 J/cm² is a new approach that increases the mechanical and biochemical stability of stromal tissue. This technique combines the principles of CXL (chemical and nonenzymatic) and the biochemical mechanisms of photo-oxidative CXL with riboflavin as a photosensitizer. In this review, the enrichment of riboflavin in the stroma by standard (epi-off) and transepithelial (epi-on) CXL is discussed. The theoretical and experimental measurements of the absorption of UV light explain the stronger CXL effect in the anterior stroma and its importance for the prevention of damage to the endothelial cells. UV devices are described. Changes of the physical properties after CXL, as well as the cellular changes, are discussed. From these basic investigations, treatment parameters for effective and safe CXL are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Raiskup
- Department of Ophthalmology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.
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Kapasi M, Baath J, Mintsioulis G, Jackson WB, Baig K. Phototherapeutic keratectomy versus mechanical epithelial removal followed by corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:344-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Intraoperative Corneal Thickness Measurements During Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking With Hypoosmolar Riboflavin Solution in Thin Corneas. Cornea 2012; 31:486-90. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e31821e4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Al-Aqaba M, Calienno R, Fares U, Otri AM, Mastropasqua L, Nubile M, Dua HS. The effect of standard and transepithelial ultraviolet collagen cross-linking on human corneal nerves: an ex vivo study. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153:258-266.e2. [PMID: 21930257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the early effect of standard and transepithelial collagen cross-linking on human corneal nerves in donor eyes by ex vivo confocal microscopy and acetylcholinesterase staining. DESIGN Experimental laboratory investigation. METHODS Eight human eye bank corneal buttons (mean age, 73.6 years) were included. Ultraviolet A collagen cross-linking was performed postmortem on 3 corneas with the standard protocol involving epithelial debridement and 4 corneas by the transepithelial approach. One cornea served as a control. Corneal nerves were evaluated using confocal microscopy and acetylcholinesterase histology. RESULTS Confocal microscopy demonstrated the absence of subbasal nerves in corneas treated by the standard technique. These nerves were preserved in corneas treated by the transepithelial approach. Stromal nerves were visible in both groups. Histology of corneas treated by the standard technique revealed localized swellings of the stromal nerves with disruption of axonal membrane and loss of axonal continuity within the treatment zone. These changes were absent in corneas treated by the transepithelial approach. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the immediate effects of collagen cross-linking on the corneal nerves in an ex vivo model. The absence of subbasal nerves in the early phase of treatment appears to be attributable mainly to mechanical removal of epithelium, rather than ultraviolet light-induced damage. Localized swelling of the stromal nerves was the main difference between the 2 treatment protocols. Further research on laboratory animals would be necessary to verify these changes over a specified time course without the super-addition of postmortem changes.
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Collagen cross-linking: current status and future directions. J Ophthalmol 2012; 2012:406850. [PMID: 22288005 PMCID: PMC3263643 DOI: 10.1155/2012/406850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen cross-linking (CXL) using UVA light and riboflavin (vitamin B2) was introduced as a clinical application to stabilize the cornea by inducing cross-links within and between collagen fibers. CXL has been investigated extensively and has been shown clinically to arrest the progression of keratoconic or post-LASIK ectasia. With its minimal cost, simplicity, and proven positive clinical outcome, CXL can be regarded as a useful approach to reduce the number of penetrating keratoplasties performed. Small case series have also indicated that CXL is beneficial in corneal edema by reducing stromal swelling behavior and in keratitis by inhibiting pathogen growth. Despite these encouraging results, CXL remains a relatively new method that is potentially associated with complications. Aspects such as side effects and recurrence rates have still to be elucidated. In light of the growing interest in CXL, our paper summarizes present knowledge about this promising approach. We have intentionally endeavored to include the more relevant studies from the recent literature to provide an overview of the current status of CXL.
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Spoerl E, Hoyer A, Pillunat LE, Raiskup F. Corneal cross-linking and safety issues. Open Ophthalmol J 2011; 5:14-6. [PMID: 21399770 PMCID: PMC3052642 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101105010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compile the safety aspects of the corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) by means of the riboflavin/UVA (370 nm) approach. Materials and Methodology: Analysis of the current treatment protocol with respect to safety during CXL. Results: The currently used UVA dose density of 5.4 J/cm2 and the corresponding irradiance of 3 mW/cm2 are below the known damage thresholds of UVA for the corneal endothelium, lens, and retina. Regarding the photochemical damages due to the free radicals the damage threshold for endothelial cells is 0.35 mW/cm2. In a 400μm thick corneal stroma saturated with riboflavin, the irradiance at the endothelial level is about 0.18 mW/cm2, which is a factor of 2 smaller than the damage threshold. Conclusion: As long as the corneal stroma treated has a minimal thickness of 400 microns (as recommended), neither corneal endothelium nor deeper structures such as lens and retina will suffer any damages. The light source should provide a homogenous irradiance avoiding hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Spoerl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
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