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Kryst Ł, Żegleń M, Kowal M, Woronkowicz A. Secular changes in the waist, hips circumferences and selected associated indicators, among preschool children from Kraków (Poland), between 1983 and 2018. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23748. [PMID: 35333429 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Waist circumference and derived indicators are great for measuring the risk of abdominal obesity. The main aim of the study was to assess the changes in the waist, hips circumferences and selected associated indicators, among preschool children (3-7 years of age) from Kraków, Poland, between 1983, 2008 and 2018. METHODS The research was conducted in randomly selected kindergarten in Krakow (Poland). The 1983 cohort consisted of 1414 children and the 2008 and 2018 series included 1050 preschoolers each. Analyzed characteristics included waist and hip circumferences, body height, waist-to-hips ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). RESULTS There was a negative secular trend regarding circumferences of the hips and waist, as well as WHtR. In girls, WHR was, the greatest in the 2018 cohort, while among boys there was a secular increase in the value of this parameter compared to the 2008 cohort, but not to the 1983 series. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of currently noted trends with the previously described secular decrease in the prevalence of overweight/obesity and increase in trunk adiposity in the same population, suggests that WHR is preferable to body mass index in assessing the risk associated with excess adiposity in the population examined in the presented study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żegleń
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woronkowicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Ren Z, Li Y, Li X, Shi H, Zhao H, He M, Zha S, Qiao S, Pu Y, Liu H, Zhang X. Associations of body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio with cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults: Based on the CLHLS. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:463-470. [PMID: 34507227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have been conducted on the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults through a prospective design. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate the associations of BMI, WC, and WHtR with cognitive impairment. METHODS We included participants aged 65 years and older in 2014 at baseline and 2018 follow-up surveys of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). BMI, WC, and WHtR were calculated from measured weight, height, and waist circumference. Mini-Mental State Examination was utilized to assess cognitive impairment. Modified Poisson regression was used for calculating prevalence ratios, risk ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 5156 participants were included in 2014 at baseline. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 42.5%, 26.7%, and 21.2% in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight/obesity participants defined by BMI categories, respectively, and 24.1% and 26.8% in central obesity participants defined by WC and WHtR cutoffs, respectively. Prospectively, participants with underweight were more likely to suffer from cognitive impairment (RR = 1.258, 95% CI: [1.016, 1.559]), but no risk was found among participants with overweight/obesity after adjustment. Regardless of whether covariates were adjusted or not, no effect on cognitive impairment was found in participants with WC and WHtR groups in the follow-up survey. CONCLUSIONS Underweight may be a significant risk factor for the cognitive impairment of Chinese older adults. Weight management programs targeting older adults should attach importance to achieving and maintaining optimal body weight and improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ren
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanfang Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfu He
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Zha
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyin Qiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajiao Pu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Nykänen A, Okuma H, Sutela A, Masarwah A, Vanninen R, Sudah M. The mammographic breast density distribution of Finnish women with breast cancer and comparison of breast density reporting using the 4 th and 5 th editions of the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System. Eur J Radiol 2021; 137:109585. [PMID: 33607373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the breast density distribution in patients diagnosed with breast cancer in an eastern Finnish population and to examine the changes in breast density reporting patterns between the 4th and 5th editions of the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). METHOD 821 women (mean age 62.8 ± 12.2 years, range 28-94 years) with breast cancer were included in this retrospective study and their digital mammographic examinations were assessed semi-automatically and then visually by two radiologists in accordance with the 4th and 5th editions of the BI-RADS. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate interobserver reproducibility. Chi-square tests were used to examine the associations between the breast density distribution and age or body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Interobserver reproducibility of the visual assessment was excellent, with an ICCr = 0.93. The majority of breast cancers occurred in fatty breasts (93.8 %) when density was assessed according to the 4th edition of the BI-RADS. The distributions remained constant after correction for age and BMI. Using the 5th edition, there was an overall 50.2 % decrease in almost entirely fatty (p < 0.001), 19.4 % increase in scattered fibroglandular (p < 0.001), 28.7 % increase in heterogeneously dense (p < 0.001), and 2.1 % increase in extremely dense (p < 0.001) categories. CONCLUSIONS Most breast cancers in eastern Finland occur in fatty breasts with an area density of < 50 %. Assessing breast density using the 5th edition of the BI-RADS greatly increased denser assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Nykänen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hidemi Okuma
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Sutela
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amro Masarwah
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mazen Sudah
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Honkonen M, Vääräniemi K, Saijonmaa O, Nyman A, Tikkakoski AJ, Koskela J, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Mustonen J, Fyhrquist F, Pörsti I. Leukocyte telomere length is inversely associated with arterial wave reflection in 566 normotensive and never-treated hypertensive subjects. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12376-12392. [PMID: 32575070 PMCID: PMC7343461 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are short segments in chromosome ends, the length of which is reduced during cell lifecycles. We examined the association of mean leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and short telomere proportion (STP) with hemodynamic variables in normotensive and never-treated hypertensive volunteers (n=566, 19-72 years). STP and mean LTL were determined using Southern blotting, and supine hemodynamics recorded using continuous tonometric pulse wave analysis and whole-body impedance cardiography. The analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, smoking, plasma chemistry, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In univariate analyses, mean LTL and STP both correlated with age, BMI, eGFR, aortic blood pressure, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity (p<0.05 for all). Mean LTL also correlated with systemic vascular resistance (p<0.05). In linear regression analyses of all hemodynamic variables, mean LTL was only an independent explanatory factor for augmentation index (Beta -0.006, p=0.032), while STP was not an explanatory factor for any of the hemodynamic variables, in contrast to age, BMI and several cardiovascular risk factors. To conclude, augmentation index was predominantly related with chronological aging, but also with mean LTL, suggesting that this variable of central wave reflection is a modest marker of vascular biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Honkonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Vääräniemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Outi Saijonmaa
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum U2 Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Nyman
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum U2 Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti J. Tikkakoski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jenni Koskela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frej Fyhrquist
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum U2 Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Pörsti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Mitchell AD, Toffey D, McKelvey J, Roberts CT, Curran JE, Vinson A. Genetic Architecture of Human Obesity Traits in the Rhesus Macaque. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:479-488. [PMID: 30741480 PMCID: PMC6389383 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whereas the metabolic consequences of obesity have been studied extensively in the rhesus macaque, corollary genetic studies of obesity are nonexistent. This study assessed genetic contributions to spontaneous adiposity in this species. METHODS Phenotypic variation by age class and sex for BMI, waist to height ratio, waist to thigh ratio, and waist circumference was assessed in 583 macaques. Total and sex-specific heritability for all traits was estimated, including waist to thigh ratio adjusted for BMI, as well as genotypic and phenotypic correlations. In addition, functional genetic variation at BDNF, FTO, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, PCSK1, POMC, and SIM1 was assessed in four animals with extreme spontaneous adiposity. RESULTS Trait heritability in the combined sample was low to moderate (0.14-0.32), whereas sex-specific heritability was more substantial (0.20-0.67). Heritability was greater in females for all traits except BMI. All traits were robustly correlated, with genetic correlations of 0.63 to 0.93 indicating substantial pleiotropy. Likely functional variants were discovered in the four macaques at all eight human obesity genes, including six missense mutations in BDNF, FTO, LEP, LEPR, and PCSK1 and, notably, one nonsense mutation in LEPR. CONCLUSIONS A moderate polygenic contribution to adiposity in rhesus macaques was found, as well as mutations with potentially larger effects in multiple genes that influence obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raboin
- Primate Genetics Section, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - John Letaw
- Primate Genetics Section, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - Asia D. Mitchell
- Primate Genetics Section, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - David Toffey
- Primate Genetics Section, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - Jessica McKelvey
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, U.S
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes & Obesity Institute and Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, U.S
| | - Amanda Vinson
- Primate Genetics Section, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, U.S
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, U.S
- Amanda Vinson: (corresponding author), Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185 Ave., Mail code L584, Beaverton, OR 97006
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Kärkkäinen U, Mustelin L, Raevuori A, Kaprio J, Keski-Rahkonen A. Successful weight maintainers among young adults-A ten-year prospective population study. Eat Behav 2018; 29:91-98. [PMID: 29549864 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess factors associated with successful weight maintenance over ten years in a prospective general population sample of young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our study comprised 2452 women and 2227 men born in 1975-1979 (mean age at baseline 24 years, attrition 27.1%). Weight maintenance was defined as weight maintained within ±5% of baseline body mass index (BMI). We examined the role of various sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in successful weight maintenance. RESULTS Relatively few young adults were able to maintain their weight over ten years (28.6% of women vs. 23.0% of men); net weight loss was uncommon (7.5% and 3.8%). Most participants gained weight (mean annual weight gain was 0.9 kg in women and 1.0 kg in men). Among women, exercise was associated with successful weight maintenance, but having two or more children, frequent use of sweet drinks, irregular eating, history of dieting (intentional weight loss) and low life satisfaction were associated with weight gain. Among men, higher baseline BMI and higher education were associated with successful weight maintenance, whereas irregular eating, history of dieting and smoking were associated with weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Only about a quarter of young adults were able to resist weight gain. Regular eating and having no history of dieting were associated with successful weight maintenance in young women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kärkkäinen
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Linda Mustelin
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Raevuori
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Kiviruusu O, Konttinen H, Huurre T, Aro H, Marttunen M, Haukkala A. Self-esteem and Body Mass Index from Adolescence to Mid-adulthood. A 26-year Follow-up. Int J Behav Med 2017; 23:355-363. [PMID: 26690074 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-015-9529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the developmental trajectories of self-esteem and body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to mid-adulthood and the way the association between self-esteem and BMI changed during a 26-year follow-up. METHODS Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1983 at 16 years (N = 2194) were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471), and 42 (N = 1334) using postal questionnaires. Measures at each time point covered self-esteem and self-reported weight and height. Analyses were done using latent growth curve models (LGM) and difference scores. RESULTS In LGM analyses among females both the initial levels (r = -0.13) and slopes (r = -0.26) of the self-esteem and BMI trajectories correlated negatively. Among males, there were no significant correlations between self-esteem and BMI growth factors. The association between increasing BMI and decreasing self-esteem among females was strongest between ages 22 and 32 (r = -0.16), while among males, increases in BMI and self-esteem correlated positively (r = 0.11) during that period. Among females, cross-sectional correlations between self-esteem and BMI showed an increasing trend (p < 0.001) from age 16 (r = -0.07) to age 42 (r = -0.17), whereas among males negative correlation (r = -0.08) emerged only in mid-adulthood at age 42. CONCLUSION Among females, higher and increasing BMI is associated with lower and more slowly increasing self-esteem. This association is not restricted to adolescent years but persists and gets stronger in mid-adulthood. Among males, associations are weaker but indicate more age-related differences. The results highlight the need for interventions that tackle weight-related stigma and discrimination, especially among women with higher body weight and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Konttinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Huurre
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Health and Social Welfare, City of Vantaa, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Hillevi Aro
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Haukkala
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rottensteiner M, Mäkelä S, Bogl LH, Törmäkangas T, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Sport disciplines, types of sports, and waist circumference in young adulthood – a population-based twin study. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1184-1193. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1356874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirva Rottensteiner
- Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara Mäkelä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonie H. Bogl
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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9
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Jaakkola JM, Pahkala K, Rönnemaa T, Viikari J, Niinikoski H, Jokinen E, Lagström H, Jula A, Raitakari O. Longitudinal child-oriented dietary intervention: Association with parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1779-1787. [PMID: 28727955 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317720286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The child-oriented dietary intervention given in the prospective Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has decreased the intake of saturated fat and lowered serum cholesterol concentration in children from infancy until early adulthood. In this study, we investigated whether the uniquely long-term child-oriented intervention has affected also secondarily parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods The STRIP study is a longitudinal, randomized infancy-onset atherosclerosis prevention trial continued from the child's age of 8 months to 20 years. The main aim was to modify the child's diet towards reduced intake of saturated fat. Parental dietary intake assessed by a one-day food record and cardio-metabolic risk factors were analysed between the child's ages of 9-19 years. Results Saturated fat intake of parents in the intervention group was lower [mothers: 12.0 versus 13.9 daily energy (E%), p < 0.0001; fathers: 12.5 versus 13.9 E%, p < 0.0001] and polyunsaturated fat intake was higher (mothers: 6.1 versus 5.4 E%, p < 0.0001; fathers: 6.3 versus 5.9 E%, p = 0.0003) compared with the control parents. Maternal total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower in the intervention compared with the control group (mean ± SE 5.02 ± 0.04 versus 5.14 ± 0.04 mmol/l, p = 0.04 and 3.19 ± 0.04 versus 3.30 ± 0.03 mmol/l, p = 0.03, respectively). Paternal cholesterol values did not differ between the intervention and control groups. Other cardio-metabolic risk factors were similar in the study groups. Conclusions Child-oriented dietary intervention shifted the dietary fat intakes of parents closer to the recommendations and tended to decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intervention mothers. Dietary intervention directed to children benefits also parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jaakkola
- 1 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- 1 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,2 Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,4 Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,4 Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- 1 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,5 Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- 6 Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Lagström
- 7 Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- 8 Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- 1 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.,9 Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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10
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Chang HC, Yang HC, Chang HY, Yeh CJ, Chen HH, Huang KC, Pan WH. Morbid obesity in Taiwan: Prevalence, trends, associated social demographics, and lifestyle factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169577. [PMID: 28152059 PMCID: PMC5289420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. Moreover, an extreme phenotype, morbid obesity (MO) has insidiously become a global problem. Therefore, we aimed to document the prevalence trend and to unveil the epidemiological characteristics of MO in Taiwan. Methods Nationally representative samples aged 19 years and above from three consecutive waves of Nutrition and Health survey in Taiwan: 1993–1996, 2005–2008, and 2013–2014 (n = 3,071; 1,673; and 1,440; respectively) were analyzed for prevalence trend. And 39 MO (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) cases from the two recent surveys compared with 156 age, gender, and survey-matched normal weight controls (BMI: 18.5–24 kg/m2) for epidemiological characteristics study. The reduced rank regression analysis was used to find dietary pattern associated with MO. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity together (BMI ≥24 kg/m2) was stabilized in the recent two surveys, but that of MO (0.4%, 0.6%, to 1.4%) and obesity (BMI ≥27 kg/m2) (11.8%, 17.9%, to 22.0%) increased sharply. MO cases tended to have lower levels of education, personal income, and physical activity. Furthermore, their dietary pattern featured with a higher consumption frequency of red meat, processed animal products, and sweets/sweetened beverage, but lower frequencies of fresh fruits, nuts, breakfast cereal, and dairy products. Conclusion This study documents a polarization phenomenon with smaller proportion of overweight people at the center and higher proportions of normal weight and obesity subjects at two extremes. MO was associated with low socioeconomic status and poor dietary pattern. The obesogenic dietary pattern became more prevalent in later time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yeh
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Aranceta-Bartrina J, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Alberdi-Aresti G, Ramos-Carrera N, Lázaro-Masedo S. Prevalencia de obesidad general y obesidad abdominal en la población adulta española (25–64 años) 2014–2015: estudio ENPE. Rev Esp Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Rottensteiner M, Leskinen T, Järvelä-Reijonen E, Väisänen K, Aaltonen S, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Leisure-time physical activity and intra-abdominal fat in young adulthood: A monozygotic co-twin control study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1185-91. [PMID: 27112070 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in abdominal fat compartments between young adult monozygotic twin pairs discordant for leisure-time physical activity. METHODS Ten young adult male monozygotic twin pairs (age range 32-36 years) discordant for leisure-time physical activity during the past 3 years were systematically selected from a population-based Finnish twin cohort. Magnetic resonance image at the level of the L2-L3 intervertebral disc was used to predict intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat masses. Dietary intake was assessed with a 4-day food diary. RESULTS Inactive twins had 31% more intra-abdominal fat than their active co-twins (mean difference 0.52 kg, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.91, P = 0.016), whereas the difference in subcutaneous abdominal fat was only 13% (P = 0.21) and 3% in body mass index (P = 0.28). Intraperitoneal fat mass was 41% higher among inactive twins compared to their active co-twins (mean difference 0.41 kg, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.70, P = 0.012). Dietary intake did not differ between co-twins. CONCLUSIONS A lower level of physical activity is related to greater accumulation of intra-abdominal fat among healthy adult males in their mid-30s. The findings highlight the importance of leisure-time physical activity independent of genes and diet in the prevention of intra-abdominal fat accumulation from early adulthood onward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuija Leskinen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Järvelä-Reijonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karoliina Väisänen
- School of Business and Services Management, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sari Aaltonen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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13
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Aranceta-Bartrina J, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Alberdi-Aresti G, Ramos-Carrera N, Lázaro-Masedo S. Prevalence of General Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in the Spanish Adult Population (Aged 25-64 Years) 2014-2015: The ENPE Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:579-87. [PMID: 27133458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES According to the 2013 analysis of the Institute of Health Metrics, high body mass index values are the most important risk factor for disease in Spain. Consequently, we describe the prevalence of total obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population (25-64 years) for 2014-2015. METHODS The sample was taken from the ENPE study, a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population (n = 6800) carried out between May 2014 and May 2015. This analysis refers to the population between age 25 and 64 years (n = 3966). The anthropometric measurements were performed by trained observers at participants' homes according to standard international protocols. Body mass index ≥ 25 was defined as overweight and ≥ 30 as obesity. Abdominal obesity was classified as waist > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of overweight in the Spanish adult population (25-64 years) was 39.3% 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 35.7%-42.9%). The prevalence of general obesity was 21.6% (95%CI, 19.0%-24.2%) and, more specifically, was 22.8% (95%CI, 20.6%-25.0%) among men and 20.5% (95%CI, 18.5%-22.5%) among women, and rose with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was estimated at 33.4% (95%CI, 31.1%-35.7%) and was higher among women (43.3%; 95%CI, 41.1%-45.8%) than among men (23.3%; 95%CI, 20.9%-25.5%), and also rose with age. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in Spain is high, although the distribution differs according to autonomous community. A comparison with earlier data reveals a considerable increase in overweight, indicating the need for routine monitoring and comprehensive initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aranceta-Bartrina
- Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Sociedad Española de Nutrición Comunitaria (SENC), Barcelona, Spain; Fundación FIDEC, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea-Universidad del País Vasco, Basurto-Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; CiberOBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo
- Sociedad Española de Nutrición Comunitaria (SENC), Barcelona, Spain; Fundación FIDEC, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea-Universidad del País Vasco, Basurto-Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Goiuri Alberdi-Aresti
- Sociedad Española de Nutrición Comunitaria (SENC), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Visscher TLS, Heitmann BL, Rissanen A, Lahti-Koski M, Lissner L. A break in the obesity epidemic? Explained by biases or misinterpretation of the data? Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:189-98. [PMID: 24909829 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic papers are presenting prevalence data suggesting breaks and decreases in obesity rates. However, before concluding that the obesity epidemic is not increasing anymore, the validity of the presented data should be discussed more thoroughly. We had a closer look into the literature presented in recent reviews to address the major potential biases and distortions, and to develop insights about how to interpret the presented suggestions for a potential break in the obesity epidemic. Decreasing participation rates, the use of reported rather than measured data and small sample sizes, or lack of representativeness, did not seem to explain presented breaks in the obesity epidemic. Further, available evidence does not suggest that stabilization of obesity rates is seen in higher socioeconomic groups only, or that urbanization could explain a potential break in the obesity epidemic. However, follow-ups of short duration may, in part, explain the apparent break or decrease in the obesity epidemic. On the other hand, a single focus on body mass index (BMI) ⩾25 or ⩾30 kg m(-)(2) is likely to mask a real increase in the obesity epidemic. And, in both children and adults, trends in waist circumferences were generally suggesting an increase, and were stronger than those reported for trends in BMI. Studies concluding that there is a recent break in the obesity epidemic need to be interpreted with caution. Reported studies presenting a break were mostly of short duration. Further, focusing on trends in waist circumference rather than BMI leads to a less optimistic conclusion: the public health problem of obesity is still increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L S Visscher
- 1] Research Centre for the Prevention of Overweight (Zwolle), Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and VU University, Zwolle, The Netherlands [2] Institute of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [3] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK
| | - B L Heitmann
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Rissanen
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lahti-Koski
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Finnish Heart Association, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Lissner
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Magnusson M, Sørensen TIA, Olafsdottir S, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Holmen TL, Heitmann BL, Lissner L. Social Inequalities in Obesity Persist in the Nordic Region Despite Its Relative Affluence and Equity. Curr Obes Rep 2014; 3:1-15. [PMID: 24533235 PMCID: PMC3920028 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social inequalities in overweight and obesity (OWOB) have persisted in the affluent and reputedly egalitarian Nordic countries. In this review we examine associations between socioeconomic position (SEP) and OWOB, and secular trends in such associations. Determinants and possible causes of the relations are discussed together with opportunities to cope with OWOB as a public health problem. The findings show a persisting inverse social gradient. An interaction between SEP and gender is noted for adults in Denmark, Finland and Iceland and for children in Sweden. There are overall tendencies for increased inequality, however no consistent trend for an increased social gradient in OWOB. Reasons that increased inequality does not unequivocally mirror in a steepened social gradient in obesity may include methodological questions as well as societal efforts to counteract obesity. Multi-level efforts are needed to prevent OWOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magnusson
- />Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- />Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- />Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steingerdur Olafsdottir
- />Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Laroverksgatan 5, Box 320, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Lehtinen-Jacks
- />School of Health Sciences (HES) Medisiinarinkatu 3, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
- />Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turid Lingaas Holmen
- />HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Forskningsveien 2, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- />Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- />National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lauren Lissner
- />Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kahn HS, Bullard KM, Barker LE, Imperatore G. Differences between adiposity indicators for predicting all-cause mortality in a representative sample of United States non-elderly adults. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50428. [PMID: 23226283 PMCID: PMC3511554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiposity predicts health outcomes, but this relationship could depend on population characteristics and adiposity indicator employed. In a representative sample of 11,437 US adults (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, ages 18-64) we estimated associations with all-cause mortality for body mass index (BMI) and four abdominal adiposity indicators (waist circumference [WC], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], and waist-to-thigh ratio [WTR]). In a fasting subsample we considered the lipid accumulation product (LAP; [WC enlargement*triglycerides]). METHODS AND FINDINGS For each adiposity indicator we estimated linear and categorical mortality risks using sex-specific, proportional-hazards models adjusted for age, black ancestry, tobacco exposure, and socioeconomic position. There were 1,081 deaths through 2006. Using linear models we found little difference among indicators (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs] per SD increase 1.2-1.4 for men, 1.3-1.5 for women). Using categorical models, men in adiposity midrange (quartiles 2+3; compared to quartile 1) were not at significantly increased risk (aHRs<1.1) unless assessed by WTR (aHR 1.4 [95%CI 1.0-1.9]). Women in adiposity midrange, however, tended toward elevated risk (aHRs 1.2-1.5), except for black women assessed by BMI, WC or WHtR (aHRs 0.7-0.8). Men or women in adiposity quartile 4 (compared to midrange) were generally at risk (aHRs>1.1), especially black men assessed by WTR (aHR 1.9 [1.4-2.6]) and black women by LAP (aHR 2.2 [1.4-3.5]). Quartile 4 of WC or WHtR carried no significant risk for diabetic persons (aHRs 0.7-1.1), but elevated risks for those without diabetes (aHRs>1.5). For both sexes, quartile 4 of LAP carried increased risks for tobacco-exposed persons (aHRs>1.6) but not for non-exposed (aHRs<1.0). CONCLUSIONS Predictions of mortality risk associated with top-quartile adiposity vary with the indicator used, sex, ancestry, and other characteristics. Interpretations of adiposity should consider how variation in the physiology and expandability of regional adipose-tissue depots impacts health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Kahn
- Division of Diabetes Translation, U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Prättälä R, Sippola R, Lahti-Koski M, Laaksonen MT, Mäkinen T, Roos E. Twenty-five year trends in body mass index by education and income in Finland. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:936. [PMID: 23113905 PMCID: PMC3526569 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The socioeconomic gradient in obesity and overweight is amply documented. However, the contribution of different socioeconomic indicators on trends of body mass index (BMI) over time is less well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of education and income with (BMI) from the late 1970s to the early 2000s. Methods Data were derived from nationwide cross-sectional health behaviour surveys carried out among Finns annually since 1978. This study comprises data from a 25-year period (1978–2002) that included 25 339 men and 25 330 women aged 25–64 years. BMI was based on self-reported weight and height. Education in years was obtained from the questionnaire and household income from the national tax register. In order to improve the comparability of the socioeconomic position measures, education and income were divided into gender-specific tertiles separately for each study year. Linear regression analysis was applied. Results An increase in BMI was observed among men and women in all educational and income groups. In women, education and income were inversely associated with BMI. The magnitudes of the associations fluctuated but stayed statistically significant over time. Among the Finnish men, socioeconomic differences were more complicated. Educational differences were weaker than among the women and income differences varied according to educational level. At the turn of the century, the high income men in the lowest educational group had the highest BMI whereas the income pattern in the highest educational group was the opposite. Conclusion No overall change in the socio-economic differences of BMI was observed in Finland between 1978 and 2002. However, the trends of BMI diverged in sub-groups of the studied population: the most prominent increase in BMI took place in high income men with low education and in low income men with high education. The results encourage further research on the pathways between income, education, living conditions and the increasing BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Prättälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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