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Mallick S, Singh RP, Biswal JK, Mohapatra JK, Rout M, Samanta R, Khulape SA, Ranjan R. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O and development of a sandwich ELISA for virus antigen detection. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1915-1924. [PMID: 37222940 PMCID: PMC10206340 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India with a majority of outbreaks caused by FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O. In the present study a panel of eight (2F9, 2G10, 3B9, 3H5, 4C8, 4D6, 4G10 and 5B6) mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against FMDV serotype O Indian vaccine strain, O/IND/R2/75 via hybridoma systems. The MAbs generated were FMDV/O specific without cross-reactivity against FMDV type A and Asia 1. All the MAbs were identified as IgG1/kappa type. Out of eight, three MAbs (3B9, 3H5 and 4G10) demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. The reactivity of all MAbs increased with heat treated (@560C) serotype O antigen compared to untreated antigen in sandwich ELISA indicating that their binding epitopes are linear. Six MAbs (except 2F9 and 4D6) reacted with recombinant P1 protein of homologous virus in an indirect ELISA among which only MAb 3B9 bound to VP1. MAb profiling of 37 serotype O field viruses isolated between the years 1962 and 2021 demonstrated antigenic similarity between field isolates and reference vaccine strain. MAbs 5B6 and 4C8 consistently reacted with all 37 isolates. In indirect immunofluorescence assay MAb 5B6 bound well with FMDV/O antigen. Finally, a sandwich ELISA was successfully developed using rabbit polyclonal anti-FMDV/O serum and MAb 5B6 for detection of FMDV/O antigen in clinical samples (n = 649). The new assay exhibited 100% and 98.89% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity respectively compared to traditional polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA suggesting that the MAb-based ELISA developed here could be an effective method for detection of FMDV serotype O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrutirekha Mallick
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Reshma Samanta
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Sagar Ashok Khulape
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha 752050 India
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2
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Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Hossain KA, Anjume H, Alam KMM, Yeamin A, Akter S, Hossain MA, Sultana M. Emergence of a novel sublineage, MYMBD21 under SA-2018 lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9817. [PMID: 37330573 PMCID: PMC10276842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely impacted by the high mutation rate and subsequent frequent generation of newer genotypes of the causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The current study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh during 2019-21 to characterize the circulating FMDV strains based on the VP1 sequence analysis, the major antigenic recognition site providing serotype specificity and high variability of FMDV. This study detected the first emergence of the SA-2018 lineage in Bangladesh along with the predominance of Ind-2001e (or Ind-2001BD1) sublineage of ME-SA topotype under serotype O during 2019-21. The mutational spectrum, evolutionary divergence analysis and multidimensional plotting confirmed the isolates collected from Mymensingh districts, designated as MYMBD21 as a novel sublineage under the SA-2018 lineage. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed several changes in the G-H loop, B-C loop and C-terminal region of VP1, revealing a 12-13% divergence from the existing vaccine strains and a 95% VP1 protein homology, with most of the mutations potentially considerable as vaccine escape mutations, evidenced by three-dimensional structural analysis. This is the first report on the emergence of the SA-2018 lineage of ME-SA topotype of FMDV serotype O in Bangladesh, as well as a possible mutational trend towards the emergence of a distinct sublineage under SA-2018 lineage, which calls for in-depth genome-wide analysis and monitoring of the FMD situation in the country to implement a strategic vaccination and effective FMD control program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Humaira Anjume
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - K M Mazharul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Yeamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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4
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Mohapatra JK, Rout M, Joshi HR, Singh RP. Development of TaqMan Probe-Based One-Step RT-qPCR Assay Targeting 2B-NSP Coding Region for Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in India. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:245. [PMID: 37328626 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A one-step TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR assay in the duplex format simultaneously targeting FMD Virus (FMDV) 2B NSP-coding region and 18S rRNA housekeeping gene was developed and evaluated. The duplex RT-qPCR assay specifically detected FMDV genome in both infected cell culture suspensions and a variety of clinical samples such as FMD-affected tongue/feet epithelium, oral/nasal swabs, milk and oro-pharyngeal fluids. The RT-qPCR assay was found to be highly sensitive, since the assay was 105-fold more sensitive than the traditional FMDV detecting antigen-ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and 102-fold better sensitive than both virus isolation and agarose gel-based RT-multiplex PCR. In addition, the assay could detect up to 100 copies of FMDV genome per reaction. In the epithelial samples (n = 582) collected from the FMD-affected animals, the diagnostic sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 99-100%). Similarly, all the FMDV-negative samples (n = 65) tested were confirmed negative by the new RT-qPCR assay, corresponding to 100% diagnostic specificity (95% CI = 94-100%). Further, the duplex RT-qPCR assay proved to be robust, showing an inter-assay co-efficient of variations ranging from 1.4 to 3.56% for FMDV-2B gene target, and from 2 to 4.12% for 18S rRNA gene target. While analyzing FMDV-infected cell culture suspension, a fairly strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.85) was observed between 2B-based RT-qPCR and WOAH-approved 5'UTR RT-qPCR assays. Therefore, the one-step RT-qPCR assay developed here with an internal control could be used for rapid, effective, and reliable detection of FMDV in pan-serotypic manner, and has the potential for routine diagnosis of FMDV in high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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5
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Ranjitha HB, Dhanesh VV, Hosamani M, Sreenivasa BP, Jabeen U, Biswal JK, Saravanan P, Sanyal A, Bhanuprakash V, Basagoudanavar SH. Thermostable negative-marker foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O induces protective immunity in guinea pigs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1285-1297. [PMID: 36656322 PMCID: PMC9850340 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease of high economic importance, caused by FMD virus (FMDV), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, affecting cloven-hoofed animals. Preventive vaccination using inactivated virus is in practice to control the disease in many endemic countries. While the vaccination induces antibodies mainly to structural proteins, the presence of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) is suggestive of infection, a criterion for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Also, there is a growing demand for enhancing the stability of the FMD vaccine virus capsid antigen as the strength of the immune response is proportional to the amount of intact 146S particles in the vaccine. Considering the need for a DIVA compliant stable vaccine, here we report generation and rescue of a thermostable and negative marker virus FMDV serotype O (IND/R2/1975) containing a partial deletion in non-structural protein 3A, generated by reverse genetics approach. Immunization of guinea pigs with the inactivated thermostable-negative marker virus antigen induced 91% protective immune response. Additionally, a companion competitive ELISA (cELISA) targeting the deleted 3A region was developed, which showed 92.3% sensitivity and 97% specificity, at cut-off value of 36% percent inhibition. The novel thermostable-negative marker FMDV serotype O vaccine strain and the companion cELISA could be useful in FMDV serotype O enzootic countries to benefit the FMD control program. KEY POINTS: • Thermostable foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O with partial deletion in 3A. • Inactivated thermostable marker vaccine induced 91% protection in guinea pigs. • Companion cELISA based on deleted region in 3A could potentially facilitate DIVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huildore Bommanna Ranjitha
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Valiya Valappil Dhanesh
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Madhusudan Hosamani
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - B P Sreenivasa
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Uzma Jabeen
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, 752 050, India
| | - P Saravanan
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Suresh H Basagoudanavar
- FMD Vaccine Research Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, India.
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6
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Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sahoo NR, Sahoo AP, Dahiya SS, Rout M, Biswal JK, Ashok KS, Mallick S, Ranjan R, Jana C, Singh RP. Foot-and-mouth disease status in India during the second decade of the twenty-first century (2011-2020). Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1011-1022. [PMID: 36190601 PMCID: PMC9527732 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major disease of livestock in India and causes huge economic losses. The formal FMD control program started in 2003–04 in selected districts and was gradually expanded. The present study provides a descriptive review of the FMD outbreaks, prevalent serotypes, and genetic and antigenic features of the FMD virus (FMDV) that circulated in the country between 2011 and 2020. FMD outbreaks were regularly reported in cloven-hoofed domestic livestock and wildlife, with three serotypes including O, A, and Asia1. During the study period, a total of 2226 FMD outbreaks were documented and serotypes confirmed. FMDV serotype O dominated the outbreak scenario, accounting for about 92% of all outbreaks, followed by Asia1 (5% of all outbreaks) and A (3% of all outbreaks). Two major epidemics of FMD on an unprecedented scale during the years 2013 and 2018 by serotype O were recorded. The spatial distribution of FMD was characterized by a larger number of outbreaks in the southern region of the country. In an annual-scale analysis, 2020 was the year with the lowest outbreaks, and 2013 was the year with the highest. The month-scale analysis showed that outbreaks were reported throughout the year, with the highest numbers between October and March. The emergence of three major lineages (O/ME-SA/Ind2001d, O/ME-SA/Ind2001e, and O/ME-SA/Ind2018) of serotype O was observed during the period. In the cases of serotype A and Asia1, the appearance of at least one novel lineage/genetic group, including A/G-18/non-deletion/2019 and Asia1/Group-IX, was documented. While serotype A showed the advent of antigenic variants, serotypes O and Asia1 did not show any antigenic diversity. It was noticed during the course of an outbreak that animal movement contributes significantly to disease transmission. Except for 2018, when numerous FMD outbreaks were recorded, the number of annual outbreaks reported after 2016 has been lower than in the first half of the decade, probably due to mass vaccination and COVID-19 pandemic-linked movement restrictions. Even during outbreaks, disease symptoms in ruminant populations, including cattle, were found to be less severe. Regular six-monthly immunization certainly has a positive impact on the reduction of disease burden and should be followed without fail and delay, along with intensive disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Khulape Sagar Ashok
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Smrutirekha Mallick
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Chandrakanta Jana
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India.
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7
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Pezzoni G, Calzolari M, Foglia EA, Bregoli A, Nardo AD, Sghaier S, Madani H, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Relmy A, Bakkali Kassimi L, Brocchi E. Characterization of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2641-e2652. [PMID: 35686649 PMCID: PMC9796625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has been the main foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole-genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind-2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - M. Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - E. A. Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, PirbrightWokingSurreyUK
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de TunisieRue Djebel Lakhdhar – TunisTunisia
| | - H. Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El HarrachAlgerAlgeria
| | - C. Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Relmy
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - L. Bakkali Kassimi
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
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8
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Biswal JK, Jena BR, Ali SZ, Ranjan R, Mohapatra JK, Singh RP. One-step SYBR green-based real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in India. Virus Genes 2022; 58:113-121. [PMID: 34988898 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and reliable laboratory detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is essential for containing and controlling virus infection in any geographical area. In this report a SYBR green-based 3Dpol-specific one-step real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay was developed for the pan-serotype detection of FMDV in India. The detection limit of the SYBR green-based rRT-PCR was 10-2 TCID50/50 µl, which is 10 times more sensitive than the traditional agarose gel electrophoresis-based RT-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR). The standard curve exhibited a linear range across 8-log10 units of viral RNA dilution. The reproducibility and specificity of this assay were reasonably high suggesting that the 3Dpol-specific SYBR green rRT-PCR could detect FMDV genome specifically and with little run-to-run variation. The new 3Dpol-specific SYBR green rRT-PCR assay was evaluated alongside the established RT-mPCR using the archived FMDV isolates and clinical field samples from suspected FMD outbreaks. A perfect concordance was observed between the new rRT-PCR and the traditional RT-mPCR on viral RNA in the archived FMDV cell culture isolates tested. Furthermore, 73% of FMDV-suspected clinical samples were detected positive through the 3Dpol-specific SYBR green rRT-PCR, while the detection rate through the traditional RT-mPCR was 57%. Therefore, the SYBR green-based 3Dpol-specific one-step rRT-PCR could be considered as a valuable assay with higher diagnostic sensitivity to complement the routine assays that are being used for FMD virus diagnosis in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Biswal
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India.
| | - Biswa Ranjan Jena
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Syed Zeeshan Ali
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- International Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICAR-DFMD, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, India
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9
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Saravanan S, Guleria N, Ranjitha HB, Sreenivasa BP, Hosamani M, Prieto C, Umapathi V, Santosh HK, Behera S, Dhanesh VV, Krishna GS, Gopinath S, Kolte A, Bayry J, Sanyal A, Basagoudanavar SH. Induction of antiviral and cell mediated immune responses significantly reduce viral load in an acute foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle. Genomics 2021; 113:4254-4266. [PMID: 34757126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a severe infection in ruminant animals. Here we present an in-depth transcriptional analysis of soft-palate tissue from cattle experimentally infected with FMDV. The differentially expressed genes from two Indian cattle (Bos indicus) breeds (Malnad Gidda and Hallikar) and Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred calves, highlighted the activation of metabolic processes, mitochondrial functions and significant enrichment of innate antiviral immune response pathways in the indigenous calves. The results of RT-qPCR based validation of 12 genes was in alignment with the transcriptome data. The indigenous calves showing lesser virus load, elicited early neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ immune responses. This study revealed that induction of potent innate antiviral response and cell mediated immunity in indigenous cattle, especially Malnad Gidda, significantly restricted FMDV replication during acute infection. These data highlighting the molecular processes associated with host-pathogen interactions, could aid in the conception of novel strategies to prevent and control FMDV infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saravanan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Neha Guleria
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - H B Ranjitha
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - B P Sreenivasa
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - V Umapathi
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - H K Santosh
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Karnataka, India
| | - Subhasmita Behera
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - V V Dhanesh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Shreya Gopinath
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Atul Kolte
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
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Hopker A, Pandey N, Bartholomew R, Blanton A, Hopker S, Dhamorikar A, Goswami J, Marsland R, Metha P, Sargison N. Livestock vaccination programme participation among smallholder farmers on the outskirts of National Parks and Tiger Reserves in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Assam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256684. [PMID: 34449809 PMCID: PMC8396743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective livestock vaccination has the potential to raise prosperity and food security for the rural poor in low and middle income countries. To understand factors affecting access to vaccination services, and guide future policy, smallholder farmers in three locations in India were questioned about vaccination of their cattle and buffalo, with particular reference to foot and mouth disease (FMD), haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and blackquarter (BQ). In the three regions 51%, 50%, and 31% of respondents reported vaccinating their livestock; well below any threshold for effective population level disease control. However, within the third region, 65% of respondents in villages immediately surrounding the Kaziranga National Park reported vaccinating their cattle. The majority of respondents in all three regions were aware of FMD and HS, awareness of BQ was high in the Kanha and Bandhavgarh regions, but much lower in the Kaziranga region. The majority of respondents had positive attitudes to vaccination; understood vaccination protected their animals from specific diseases; and wished to immunise their livestock. There was no significant association between the age or gender of respondent and the immunisation of their livestock. Common barriers to immunisation were: negative attitudes to vaccination; lack of awareness of date and time of vaccination events; and difficulty presenting animals. Poor access to vaccination services was significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Fear of adverse reactions to vaccines was not significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Respondents who reported that vets or animal health workers (AHWs) were their main source of animal health knowledge were significantly more likely to have immunised their livestock in the last twelve months. Participants cited poor communication from vaccinators as problematic, both in publicising immunisation programmes, and explaining the purpose of vaccination. Where vaccinations were provided free of charge, farmers commonly displayed passive attitudes to accessing vaccination services, awaiting organised “immunisation drives” rather than seeking vaccination themselves. Based on these findings the following recommendations are made to improve participation and effectiveness of immunisation programmes. Programmes should be planned to integrate with annual cycles of: disease risk, agricultural activity, seasonal climate, social calendar of villages; and maximise efficiency for vaccinators. Dates and times of immunisation in each village must be well publicised, as respondents frequently reported missing the vaccinators. Relevant farmer education should precede immunisation programmes to mitigate against poor knowledge or negative attitudes. Immunisation drives must properly engage beneficiaries, particularly ensuring that services are accessible to female livestock keepers, and sharing some responsibilities with local farmers. Payment of a small monetary contribution by animal keepers could be considered to encourage responsibility for disease prevention, making vaccination an active process by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rosie Bartholomew
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Blanton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jadumoni Goswami
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rebecca Marsland
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Prakash Metha
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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HEGDE RAVEENDRA, GAUTHAM N, SHIVASHANKAR BP, MUNIYALLAPPA HK, BYREGOWDA SM, HOSAMANI MADHUSUDAN, SREENIVASA BP, PATEL BHM, SANYAL ANIKET. Potential transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from pigs to cattle in a mixed animal farming. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i10.111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, investigation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in a commercial pig farm located in the outskirts of Bengaluru in February 2018 was carried out. Disease with high morbidity and severity was noticed in the pig herd consisting of 500 animals. Clinically, the animals showed marked dullness, off feeding andlimping along with severe vesicular lesions and ulcers on snout and skin around the coronary bands of pigs. Theoutbreak was caused by FMDV type O as tested by sandwich ELISA of the samples collected from a dead piglet.Demonstration of high levels of antibodies to structural proteins specific to serotype O (as compared to two otherserotypes) in the presence of high titres of non-structural antibodies in the randomly collected samples 2 weeksafter the episode was suggestive of widespread infection on the farm in the absence of zoo-sanitary measures.Disease transmission in the vaccinated cattle was also evidenced as animals housed in close proximity developedthe disease. Vaccination of pigs in addition to large animals is important to avoid transmission of the disease toother animals as pigs may serve as source of active infection as observed in the present outbreak.
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12
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1263-1275. [PMID: 33755343 PMCID: PMC8294376 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological study of 376 cattle from 198 herds and a concurrent survey of farmers were undertaken in 53 villages in Khinjan, Doshi and Puli Khumri districts of Baghlan province, Afghanistan to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and to identify risk factors for seropositive herds. A total of 419 cases of FMD were reported by the farmers in the year preceding the survey. The animal-level population seroprevalence was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI, 37.0-47.2). The seroprevalence increased with age in the sampled cattle (<2 years - 30.4%, 2-6 years - 40.3% and >6 years - 52.2%). Herds were more likely to be seropositive if the farmers: had purchased cattle in the year prior to the survey (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.37-4.97); purchased ruminants from unknown (potentially risky) sources (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.03); and sold milk to the market (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63). Herds that had been vaccinated had a lower odds of being seropositive (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.68-0.66). This was the first epidemiological study of FMD in Baghlan province and the findings provide valuable direction for disease control on FMD in this and other provinces in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Ali MZ, Giasuddin M. Detection of an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018. Open Vet J 2020; 10:347-353. [PMID: 33282707 PMCID: PMC7703609 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals in Bangladesh and multiple outbreaks occur every year because of the FMD virus (FMDV). Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the molecular characterization of the VP1 coding region of FMDV serotype O outbreak in cattle. Methods: A total of four tongue epithelial specimens were collected from clinically FMD-positive cattle during June 2018 in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh. Results: All four isolates were recorded positive for FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two isolates were clustered within an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 under lineage Ind2001 of FMDV serotype O, which was identified during 2012–2016 in Bangladesh. One isolate was clustered within the lineage PanAsia of FMDV serotype O and was closely related to an isolate identified in Nepal in 2009. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all the four isolates belong to the Middle East–South Asia topotype. Conclusion: Therefore, multiple lineages of the FMDV serotype O are circulating among the cattle in the outbreak area, which make it more complex for the FMD control program in Bangladesh. A comprehensive study on the genetic characteristics of FMDV across the country is required for effective FMD prevention and control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.,Research on FMD and PPR in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
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14
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Bastianetto E, de Oliveira DAA, McManus C, Bagolin DDJ, Leite RC, de Melo CB. Genetic material from buffalo and cattle: crucial importance in the formalization of bilateral trade between India and Brazil. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200031. [PMID: 33791024 PMCID: PMC7995262 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade in live animals between India and Brazil dates from the late nineteenth century when European travellers traded animals of Indian origin for display in zoos. Considering the origin of coffee and sugar cane, as well as the expertise related to mineral evaluation, we need to consider that India was involved in important economic cycles of Brazil, even indirectly. This virtuous flow of trade has been maintained and intensified throughout modern history, especially after these two nations gained political independence from their colonisers, thereby becoming independent in mercantile affairs. This paper addresses the main points related to the use of animals of Indian origin in Brazil. We revisit some of the historical aspects of the process of colonisation of Brazil, as well as the importation of animals from India. The restrictions imposed on this process due to the occurrence of diseases in cattle and buffalo in India will be examined. At the end of the text, emphasis will be given to the risks of introducing exotic diseases into Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bastianetto
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Concepta McManus
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Hossen ML, Ahmed S, Khan MFR, Nazmul Hussain Nazir KHM, Saha S, Islam MA, Rahman MT, Sayem SM, Rahman MB. The emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage of Middle East-South Asian topotype in Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:360-366. [PMID: 32607369 PMCID: PMC7320810 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research work was conducted for the molecular characterization of the circulating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in Bangladesh and revealed out their serotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS The VP1 gene of six field isolates of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes (two serotypes O, two serotypes A, and two serotypes Asia 1) was subjected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed by using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 6, having the field nucleotide sequences of FMDV and related sequences available in the GenBank. RESULTS The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes of serotypes O, A, and Asia-1 of the isolates revealed that overall isolates were 91%-100% similar to the isolates reported from Bangladesh and other neighboring countries. Among the isolates reported from Bangladesh, serotype O had 98%-100% identity, serotype A had 91%-100% identity, and serotype Asia-1 had 94%-100% identity. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype. On the other hand, we identified genotype VII (18) of Asia topotype (serotype A) and lineage C (serotype Asia-1). CONCLUSION The FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the ME-SA topotype for the first time. The extensive cross-border animal movement from neighboring countries may act as the source of diversified FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Liakot Hossen
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Sirajganj Government Veterinary College, Belkuchi, Sirajganj, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ariful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Mohammad Sayem
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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JHA ANUNAYA, SINGH RASHMI, SINGH AJAYPRATAP, PATHAK KML. Public service delivery survey in reference to FMD-control programme in Mathura. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Public sector organizations or Government policies face common challenges in implementation of programme. Appropriate model for public service delivery should be chosen for the benefits of citizens. To control foot-andmouth disease, Government of India is running FMD-Control Programme throughout the country. To evaluate effectiveness of service delivery mechanism of FMD-CP in Uttar Pradesh, present study was undertaken. It involved development of a structured questionnaire for beneficiary as well as service provider. Livestock owners (n=222) and Veterinary Officers (n=26) from Mathura district participated in the survey. Data was processed and analyzed. The success of FMD-CP was compared to neighbouring states of Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab. The study concluded that majority livestock owners were aware about the disease and its control programme. Veterinary Officers were playing major role in dissemination of information. Vaccine was found to be safe and effective. FMD-CP was successful in states like Haryana and Punjab with good seroconversion in vaccinated animals and near zero occurrence of disease, but in UP seroconversion was poor and disease was reported regularly. Therefore, to improve FMD-CP in UP, it was concluded that design of the policy was optimum but there was a need for transformation in implementation practices of the policy. It included extensive information dissemination, release of adequate budget, timely intervention with sufficient staff for vaccination coverage, quality control of vaccine, issue of vaccination certificate and an independent audit system of implementation agency and screening agency.
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17
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Sharma A, Schuetze C, Phillips CJ. The Management of Cow Shelters (Gaushalas) in India, Including the Attitudes of Shelter Managers to Cow Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020211. [PMID: 32012807 PMCID: PMC7070297 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sheltering of old, unproductive and abandoned cows in traditional cow shelters (gaushalas) is an ancient practice in India. Cows are venerated as mother goddesses by the Hindu majority population of the country and their slaughter is illegal in most states. Shelters are funded by the public, businesses, including corporate philanthropy, charitable societies, temple trusts and government. The manager of the shelter provides an interface between visitors, workers and cattle and is best able to understand the challenges of running shelters. The objective of this study was to collect and analyze information about the routine operations of the shelters and elicit managers’ attitudes towards cows and cow welfare. We visited 54 shelters, which admitted cattle all year, vaccinated them against endemic diseases and dewormed them. Limited biosecurity measures and erratic waste disposal raise concerns about public health. All the managers felt that the welfare of cows in their respective shelters was important and should be improved, but they were less certain that their knowledge of animal welfare was adequate. There was more recognition of local community support than government support and both were acknowledged to be more moral than financial support. Engagement and training of shelter managers as vital stakeholders in welfare improvement processes will enhance the sustainability of these traditional institutions. Abstract Gaushala management is a specialized profession requiring particular skills relating to the management of cow shelters or gaushalas, which are traditional and ancient Indian institutions that shelter old, unproductive and abandoned cows, The 1800 registered cow shelters in India have managers who are important stakeholders in the management of cows in these unique institutions. It is important to survey the routine management of these shelters and attitudes of the managers towards cow welfare to identify the constraints and welfare issues. We visited 54 shelters in six states of India for a face-to-face structured interview of the managers. Quantitative data collection included questions on demographics, routine management operations, protocols followed in the shelters and attitudes of the managers towards cow welfare. All shelters except one were managed by males, half of them were in the age range of 45–65 years, were university graduates or post-graduates, with 5–15 years shelter management experience, and with the majority having lived in rural areas for most of their lives. Each shelter housed a median of 232 cattle were housed, out of which 13 were lactating cows. The majority of managers vaccinated their animals against endemic diseases like foot and mouth disease, haemorrhagic septicaemia and black quarter (gangraena emphysematosa) and administered endo-and ectoparasiticidal treatments, however, hardly any screened the cattle for brucellosis and tuberculosis. Only 17% of the shelters had in house veterinarians and most cows died of old age, with an annual mortality rate of 14%. The majority of the shelters allowed the cows to reproduce. Access to pasture was available in only 41% of the shelters, while most allowed some access to yards. Most (57%) had limited biosecurity measures, but 82% of the shelters disposed of the carcasses by deep burial on their own premises or through the municipality, with 18% disposing of them in open spaces or nearby creeks. About one half of the shelters maintained records of the protocols followed routinely. Charitable societies ran half of the shelters, mostly through public donations, with accounts audited regularly. Most managers thought that shelter cows’ welfare was important and that they should attempt to improve it. They were less in agreement that their knowledge of animal welfare was adequate. Local support, more moral than financial, was recognized more than government support. Managers perceived cow welfare as important from a religious perspective, citing the mother god and caring for abandoned animals as frequent themes in their definition of cow welfare. Caring for animals, mother and goddess were key elements in managers’ perception of animal welfare. The recommendations arising from this survey include that the shelter managers should be involved in the decision-making process for the welfare of cows in shelters, which is vital for the sustainability of these unique institutions. Welfare could be improved by strict compliance with biosecurity measures and disease surveillance protocols, avoidance of unrestricted reproduction in cows and separation of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus 4343, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-472-622-438
| | - Catherine Schuetze
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
| | - Clive J.C. Phillips
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus 4343, Australia;
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Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara WWMUK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Gray A, Adikari AMJB, Weebadde CK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. Transboundary movements of foot-and-mouth disease from India to Sri Lanka: A common pattern is shared by serotypes O and C. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227126. [PMID: 31891636 PMCID: PMC6938362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects the livestock industry in a transboundary manner. It is essential to understand the FMD phylodynamics to assist in the disease-eradication. FMD critically affects the Sri Lankan cattle industry causing substantial economic losses. Even though many studies have covered the serotyping and genotyping of FMD virus (FMDV) in Sri Lanka, there is a significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the FMDV phylodynamics in the country. In the present study, the VP1 genomic region of FMD viral isolates belonging to serotype C from Sri Lanka and other South Asian countries were sequenced. All the published VPI sequences of serotype C and most of the published VP1 sequences for lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d of serotype O from Sri Lanka, India, and other South Asian countries were retrieved. The datasets of serotype C and serotype O were separately analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and phylogenetic networking methods to infer the transboundary movements and evolutionary aspects of the FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka. A model-based approach was used to detect any possible recombination events of FMDV incursions. Our results revealed that the invasions of the topotype ASIA of serotype C and the lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d have a similar pattern of transboundary movement and evolution. The haplotype networks and phylogenies developed in the present study confirmed that FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka mainly originate from the Indian subcontinent, remain quiet after migration, and then cause outbreaks in a subsequent year. Since there are no recombination events detected among the different viral strains across serotypes and topotypes, we can assume that the incursions tend to show the independent evolution compared to the ancestral viral populations. Thus, we highlight the need for thorough surveillance of cattle/ruminants and associated product-movement into Sri Lanka from other regions to prevent the transboundary movement of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. W. M. U. K. Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. S. M. Jayarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. Gray
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. J. B. Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - C. K. Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Ali MZ, Islam E, Giasuddin M. Outbreak investigation, molecular detection, and characterization of foot and mouth disease virus in the Southern part of Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:346-354. [PMID: 31583231 PMCID: PMC6760506 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) outbreak in cattle in the Sarankhola Upazila under Bagerhat district of Bangladesh with isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of FMDV during April 2018. Materials and Methods: This Upazila is located at southern border of Bangladesh and surrounded by mangrove forest Sundarban. The outbreak investigation team collected epidemiological data from outbreak location. In addition, the team collected a total of 30 (15 calves, 15 adult) tongue epithelial tissue samples from a clinically FMD-affected cattle. The confirmation of FMDV and its three serotypes (A, O, and Asia-1) was performed by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). An amplified product of the VP1 region of FMDV genome was sequenced by Sanger sequencing method after cultivation and reconfirmation of FMDV into the BHK21 cell line. Genetic variability was studied by constructing a phylogenetic tree. Results: The investigation survey was carried out in overall 8,393 (8,393/15,580; 53.89%) cases including 3,050 (3,050/8,393; 36.34%) cases in calf and 5,343 (5,343/8,393; 59.77%) cases in adult cattle. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was recorded as 2.27% (354/15,580) with significantly highest CFR in the calf (71.46%; 253/354) compared to an adult. The collected all 30 samples found with FMDV positive and mixed infection of all samples with serotype Asia-1 and serotype O were observed. In BHK 21 cell line, the eight FMDV positive samples showed a typical cytopathic effect during the third passage. Finally, DNA sequence data of two isolates found closely related with the isolates of bordering country India and Myanmar. Conclusion: The investigation identified the risk factors involved in an outbreak of FMDV, namely, sharing the common paddy land after harvesting, no FMD vaccination, the interaction between cattle and wildlife, and cross bordering movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eusha Islam
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Research on FMD and PPR in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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20
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Bertram MR, Bravo de Rueda C, Garabed R, Dickmu Jumbo S, Moritz M, Pauszek S, Abdoulkadiri S, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Context of Transboundary Animal Movement in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:320. [PMID: 30619901 PMCID: PMC6301994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary movement of animals is an important mechanism for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) spread in endemic regions, such as Cameroon. Several transboundary animal trade routes cross the Far North Region of Cameroon, and cattle moved on foot along these routes often come in contact with native (sedentary and transhumant) herds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of transboundary trade cattle in the epidemiology of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon. A total of 582 oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples were collected from asymptomatic transboundary trade cattle at official border check points and 57 vesicle epithelial tissues were collected from clinically affected native cattle in the Far North Region of Cameroon during 2010-2014. Viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences were obtained from 6 OPF samples from transboundary cattle (4 serotype O, 2 serotype SAT2) and 19 epithelial tissue samples from native cattle (7 serotype O, 3 serotype SAT2, 9 serotype A). FMDV serotype O viruses belonged to two topotypes (East Africa-3 and West Africa), and phylogenetic analyses suggested a pattern of continuous transmission in the region. Serotype SAT2 viruses belonged to a single topotype (VII), and phylogenetic analysis suggested a pattern of repeated introductions of different SAT2 lineages in the region. Serotype A viruses belonged to topotype AFRICA/G-IV, and the pattern of transmission was unclear. Spearman rank correlation analysis of VP1 coding sequences obtained in this study from transboundary and native cattle showed a positive correlation between genetic distance and time for serotype O (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.003) and between genetic distance and geographic distance for serotype SAT2 (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.1). These data suggest that transboundary trade cattle participate in the transmission of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon, however the dynamics and direction of transmission could not be determined in this study. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of transboundary FMDV epidemiology in Central Africa and will help to inform control programs in Cameroon and in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carla Bravo de Rueda
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
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21
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Sahu TK, Pradhan D, Rao AR, Jena L. In silico site-directed mutagenesis of neutralizing mAb 4C4 and analysis of its interaction with G-H loop of VP1 to explore its therapeutic applications against FMD. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2641-2651. [PMID: 30051760 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1494631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the behaviour of bio-molecules through computational mutagenesis is gaining interest to facilitate the development of new therapeutic solutions for infectious diseases. The antigenetically variant genotypes of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and their subsequent infections are challenging to tackle with traditional vaccination. In such scenario, neutralizing antibodies might provide an alternate solution to manage the FMDV infection. Thus, we have analysed the interaction of the mAb 4C4 with a synthetic G-H loop of FMDV-VP1 through in silico mutagenesis and molecular modelling. Initially, a set of 25,434 mutants were designed and the mutants having better energetic stability than 4C4 were clustered based on sequence identity. The best mutant representing each cluster was selected and evaluated for its binding affinity with the antigen in terms of docking scores, interaction energy and binding energy. Six mutants have confirmed better binding affinities towards the antigen than 4C4. Further, interaction of these mutants with the natural G-H loop that is bound to mAb SD6 was also evaluated. One 4C4 variant having mutations at the positions 2034(N→L), 2096(N→C), 2098(D→Y), 2532(T→K) and 2599(A→G) has revealed better binding affinities towards both the synthetic and natural G-H loops than 4C4 and SD6, respectively. A molecular dynamic simulation for 50 ns was conducted for mutant and wild-type antibody structures which supported the pre-simulation results. Therefore, these mutations on mAb 4C4 are believed to provide a better antibody-based therapeutic option for FMD. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Kumar Sahu
- a Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics , ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- b Biomedical Informatics Centre , ICMR-National Institute of Pathology , New Delhi , Delhi , India.,c ICMR-Computational Genomics Centre , Indian Council of Medical Research , New Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Atmakuri Ramakrishna Rao
- a Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics , ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Lingaraj Jena
- d Bioinformatics Centre , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
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22
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Hopker A, Pandey N, Dhamorikar A, Hopker S, Gautam P, Pandey S, Kumar S, Rahangadale N, Mehta P, Marsland R, Sargison N. Delivery and evaluation of participatory education for animal keepers led by veterinarians and para-veterinarians around the Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200999. [PMID: 30071034 PMCID: PMC6071983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We aim to investigate local perceptions of animal health challenges; current animal health knowledge; and methods to provide effective, relevant education to animal keepers in the Kanha Tiger Reserve area. Materials and methods A farmer education programme was undertaken in the Kanha Tiger Reserve area. Local animal health priorities were investigated through participatory village meetings (n = 38), individual animal keeper questionnaires (n = 100) and a written survey of local paravets (n = 16). Educational interventions were: veterinary surgeon led education meeting (VE); paravet led education meeting (PVE); distribution of printed materials (PM). 230 village meetings were carried out across 181 villages, contacting 3791 animal keepers. 20 villages received printed materials. Information was gathered on perceptions of local animal health challenges and current remedies. Efficacy of knowledge transfer was assessed four to five months later using a purposeful sample of 38 villages. Results Group meetings identified ticks (35/38), foot and mouth disease (FMD) (31/38) and diarrhoea (30/38) as the greatest animal health challenges. Individual interviews identified haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) (87/100), blackquarter (BQ) (66/100) and plastic ingestion (31/100). Paravets identified FMD (7/16), BQ (6/16) and HS (6/16), and also indicated that animal husbandry and socio-economic factors were important. Current treatments were primarily home remedies and herbalism, but also included contacting a paravet, use of pharmaceuticals and faith healing. Animal treatment knowledge prior to intervention was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.868). Following intervention animal health knowledge was assessed: PVE performed better than controls (P = 0.001) and PM (P = 0.003); VE performed better than controls (P = 0.009). There was no significant difference between VE and PVE (P = 0.666) nor PM and controls (P = 0.060). Conclusions and recommendations Open access participatory village meetings are an effective way to provide animal health education. In this region distribution of posters and leaflets did not appear to be an effective way to contact animal keepers. Meetings led by paravets can be as effective as those led by veterinarians and paravets can rapidly and sustainably contact large numbers of animal keepers. Investigation of the local animal health situation is essential to ensure education is relevant and accessible to intended recipients. Interventions must be carefully planned to maximise engagement of all sections of the community, particularly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hopker
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aniruddha Dhamorikar
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sophie Hopker
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Gautam
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subash Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Kumar
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Rahangadale
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Mehta
- The Corbett Foundation, Baherakhar, near Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rebecca Marsland
- School of Social and Political Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sargison
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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23
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Abeyratne SAE, Amarasekera SSC, Ranaweera LT, Salpadoru TB, Thilakarathne SMNK, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Puvanendiran S, Kothalawala H, Jayathilake BK, Wijithasiri HA, Chandrasena MMPSK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 genomic region in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O isolates in Sri Lanka reveals the existence of 'Srl-97', a newly named endemic lineage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194077. [PMID: 29570746 PMCID: PMC5865751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has devastated the cattle industry in Sri Lanka many times in the past. Despite its seriousness, limited attempts have been made to understand the disease to ameliorate its effects–current recommendation for vaccines being based solely on immunological assessments rather than on molecular identification. The general belief is that the cattle population in Sri Lanka acquired the FMD virus (FMDV) strains via introductions from India. However, there could be endemic FMDV lineages circulating in Sri Lanka. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of the FMDV strains in the island, we sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the virus isolates collected during the 2014 outbreak together with a few reported cases in 2012 and 1997 and compared them to VP1 sequences from South Asia. The FMDV strains collected in the 2014 outbreak belonged to the lineage, Ind-2001d, of the topotype, ME-SA. The strains collected in 2012 and 1997 belonged to another lineage called 'unnamed' by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease (WRLFMD). Based on the present analysis, we designate the lineage 'unnamed' as Srl-97 which we found endemic to Sri Lanka. The evolutionary rates of Srl-97 and Ind-2001d in Sri Lanka were estimated to be 0.0004 and 0.0046 substitutions/site/year, respectively, suggesting that Srl-97 evolves slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. E. Abeyratne
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. S. C. Amarasekera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T. B. Salpadoru
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. M. N. K. Thilakarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - S. Puvanendiran
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. Kothalawala
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - B. K. Jayathilake
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. A. Wijithasiri
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
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24
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Siddique MA, Ali MR, Alam ASMRU, Ullah H, Rahman A, Chakrabarty RP, Amin MA, Hoque SA, Nandi SP, Sultana M, Hossain M. Emergence of two novel sublineages Ind2001BD1 and Ind2001BD2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1009-1023. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Siddique
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M. R. Ali
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - H. Ullah
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - A. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - M. A. Amin
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - S. A. Hoque
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - S. P. Nandi
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M. Sultana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M.A. Hossain
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
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25
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Brito BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, Rodriguez LL, Moore BR, Perez AM. Dynamics of widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia-1 in southern Asia: A Bayesian phylogenetic perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:696-710. [PMID: 29250910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is, arguably, the animal disease with the most devastating global economic impact owing in part, to the severe trade restrictions imposed upon affected countries and regions. South Asia is one of the regions where widespread lineages of the FMDV virus (FMDV) have emerged. Here, we performed an integrative phylogenetic analysis of all FMDV serotypes (A, O and Asia-1) circulating in southern Asia, including viral sequences collected until 2013. Our results describe the occurrence of FMD caused by different serotypes and lineages, focusing in the cycles where a specific lineage predominates within a region for a protracted period and then are rapidly or progressively replaced by an emergent or re-emergent strain that is introduced from an adjacent region. Transmission between the two main regions in southern Asia (the Indian subcontinent and the region comprised by Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) has been limited. Results of time divergence estimation of lineages that currently circulate in this region indicate that the most recent common ancestor of endemic lineages are: 1992 [1989-1995] for lineage O/PanAsia; 1997 [1995-1999] for PanAsia2; 2001 [1998-2004] for O/Ind2001; 2001 [2000-2002] for A/Iran-05; 1990 [1988-1991] for A/G-18 (G-VII); 2003 [2000-2006] for Asia-1 Sindh08 and 2002 [1999-2004] for Asia-1 G-VIII. We estimated the mean of the overall substitution rate of the VP1 coding region (substitution/site/year) for serotype O (5.95 × 10-3 ), serotype A (1.19 × 10-2 ) and serotype Asia-1 (3.08 × 10-3 ). The potential factors driving the lineage turnover are discussed. Our results provide insights into the ecological and evolutionary factors driving the emergence of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Brito
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J K Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Pattnaik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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26
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Hayer SS, VanderWaal K, Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Dash BB, Das B, Prusty BR, Sharma AK, Stenfeldt C, Perez A, Delgado AH, Sharma MK, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e404-e415. [PMID: 29205858 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease with substantial economic impacts. Although between-herd transmission of the disease has been well studied, studies focusing on within-herd transmission using farm-level outbreak data are rare. The aim of this study was to estimate parameters associated with within-herd transmission, host physiological factors and FMD virus (FMDV) persistence using data collected from an outbreak that occurred at a large, organized dairy farm in India. Of 1,836 regularly vaccinated, adult dairy cattle, 222 had clinical signs of FMD over a 39-day period. Assuming homogenous mixing, a frequency-dependent compartmental model of disease transmission was built. The transmission coefficient and basic reproductive number were estimated to be between 16.2-18.4 and 67-88, respectively. Non-pregnant animals were more likely to manifest clinical signs of FMD as compared to pregnant cattle. Based on oropharyngeal fluid (probang) sampling and FMDV-specific RT-PCR, four of 36 longitudinally sampled animals (14%) were persistently infected carriers 10.5 months post-outbreak. There was no statistical difference between subclinical and clinically infected animals in the duration of the carrier state. However, prevalence of NSP-ELISA antibodies differed significantly between subclinical and clinically infected animals 12 months after the outbreak with 83% seroprevalence amongst clinically infected cattle compared to 69% of subclinical animals. This study further elucidates within-herd FMD transmission dynamics during the acute-phase and characterizes duration of FMDV persistence and seroprevalence of FMD under natural conditions in an endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayer
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - K VanderWaal
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B R Prusty
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Stenfeldt
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - A Perez
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - A H Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M K Sharma
- ABIS Dairy, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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27
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Hayer SS, Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Dash BB, Das B, Prusty BR, Sharma AK, Stenfeldt C, Perez A, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, VanderWaal K, Arzt J. Quantitative characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease carrier state under natural conditions in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:253-260. [PMID: 28251837 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the properties and duration of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state and associated serological responses subsequent to vaccination and naturally occurring infection at two farms in northern India. Despite previous vaccination of cattle in these herds, clinical signs of FMD occurred in October 2013 within a subset of animals at the farms containing juvenile-yearling heifers and steers (Farm A) and adult dairy cattle (Farm B). Subsequent to the outbreak, FMD virus (FMDV) asymptomatic carriers were identified in both herds by seroreactivity to FMDV non-structural proteins and detection of FMDV genomic RNA in oropharyngeal fluid. Carriers' seroreactivity and FMDV genome detection status were subsequently monitored monthly for 23 months. The mean extinction time of the carrier state was 13.1 ± 0.2 months, with extinction having occurred significantly faster amongst adult dairy cattle at Farm B compared to younger animals at Farm A. The rate of decrease in the proportion of carrier animals was calculated to be 0.07 per month. Seroprevalence against FMDV non-structural proteins decreased over the course of the study period, but was found to increase transiently following repeated vaccinations. These data provide novel insights into viral and host factors associated with the FMDV carrier state under natural conditions. The findings reported herein may be relevant to field veterinarians and governmental regulatory entities engaged in FMD response and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayer
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B R Prusty
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A Perez
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - K VanderWaal
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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Rout M, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra J, Pattnaik B. Clinico-molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic investigation of foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminant population of India. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Evaluation of FTA ® card for the rescue of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus by chemical transfection of extracted RNA in cultured cells. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:225-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Chaubey KK, Rawat KD, Khandelwal N, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Chandel SS, Sharma S, Singh MK, Sharma DK, Singh SV, Tripathi BN. Complexities in Isolation and Purification of Multiple Viruses from Mixed Viral Infections: Viral Interference, Persistence and Exclusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156110. [PMID: 27227480 PMCID: PMC4881941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan K. Chaubey
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Surender S. Chandel
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh K. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Shoor V. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Saminathan M, Rana R, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Malik YS, Dhama K. Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18006/2016.4(3s).338.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Diagnostic application of recombinant non-structural protein 3A to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. Biologicals 2016; 44:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Das B, Mohapatra JK, Pande V, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid coding (P1) region on a timescale of three decades in an endemic context. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:36-46. [PMID: 27020544 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three decades-long (1977-2013) evolutionary trend of the capsid coding (P1) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A isolated in India was analysed. The exclusive presence of genotype 18 since 2001 and the dominance of the VP3(59)-deletion group of genotype 18 was evident in the recent years. Clade 18c was found to be currently the only active one among the three clades (18a, 18b and 18c) identified in the deletion group. The rate of evolution of the Indian isolates at the capsid region was found to be 4.96×10(-3)substitutions/site/year. The timescale analysis predicted the most recent common ancestor to have existed during 1962 for Indian FMDV serotype A and around 1998 for the deletion group. The evolutionary pattern of serotype A in India appears to be homogeneous as no spatial or temporal structure was observed. Bayesian skyline plots indicate a sharp decline in the effective number of infections after 2008, which might be a result of mass vaccination or inherent loss of virus fitness. Analyses of variability at 38 known antigenically critical positions in a countrywide longitudinal data set suggested that the substitutions neither followed any specific trend nor remained fixed for a long period since frequent reversions and convergence was noticed. A maximum of 6 different amino acid residues was seen in the gene pool at any antigenically critical site over the decades, suggesting a limited combination of residues being responsible for the observed antigenic variation. Evidence of positive selection at some of the antigenically critical residues and the structurally proximal positions suggest a possible role of pre-existing immunity in the host population in driving evolution. The VP1 C-terminus neither revealed variability nor positive selection, suggesting the possibility that this stretch does not contribute to the antigenic variation and adaptation under immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
| | - Veena Pande
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Misri J, Bambal RG, Pattnaik B. Herd Immunity Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Under Different Vaccination Practices in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1133-1147. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. K. Sharma
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - S. Mahajan
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - R. Matura
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - J. K. Biswal
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - R. Ranjan
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - S. Subramaniam
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
| | - J. Misri
- ICAR-Krishi Bhawan; New Delhi India
| | - R. G. Bambal
- Department of Animal Husbandry; Dairying and Fisheries; Government of India; Krishi Bhawan; New Delhi India
| | - B. Pattnaik
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease; Mukteswar Nainital India
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35
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Mohanty NN, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Sarangi LN, Bisht P, Pandey LK, Mohapatra JK, Panda HK. Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in ruminant population of Coastal Odisha, India. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Sharma GK, Misri J, Pattnaik B. Marker vaccine potential of foot-and-mouth disease virus with large deletion in the non-structural proteins 3A and 3B. Biologicals 2015; 43:504-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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37
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Single immunization with a recombinant multiple-epitope protein induced protection against FMDV type Asia 1 in cattle. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:960-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Engineering foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O IND R2/1975 for one-step purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Biologicals 2015; 43:390-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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39
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Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
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40
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Abubakar M, Khan EUH, Arshed MJ, Gonzales J, Ferrari G, Hussain M, Ali Q. An appraisal on the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes in cattle and buffaloes, Pakistan. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1561-4. [PMID: 25850759 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a livestock disease that has serious economic repercussions. Here, we report the laboratory results for samples from suspected outbreaks that were sent for confirmation of FMD in Pakistan. From January 2010 to December 2011, 132 suspected outbreaks were investigated, and samples from 58 out of the 76 outbreaks sent to the National Veterinary Laboratory (NVL) were positive. The highest proportion of positives were of serotype O (65.52 %), followed by serotype A (24.14 %) and serotype Asia-1 (10.35 %), whereas amongst the samples sent to the World Reference Laboratory, Pirbright, UK (WRL), samples from 48 out of 56 outbreaks were confirmed to be FMD positive, with the following serotypes identified: O (56.25 %), Asia-1 (37.50 %) and A (6.25 %). The outbreaks affected cattle, buffalo and mixed (cattle and buffalo) herds at rates of 91, 70 and 76 %, respectively. The trend of positive outbreaks was higher in the months of winter and late spring (November to April). Although the serotype O isolates and some of the serotype A isolates from the field samples resembled the vaccine strains (r-value ≥ 0.3), this was not the case for the Asia-1 isolates. These results help to improve our understanding of the occurrence and distribution of FMD in cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan and to provide baseline information for the FMD progressive control program in the country.
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41
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Madhanmohan M, Yuvaraj S, Manikumar K, Kumar R, Nagendrakumar SB, Rana SK, Srinivasan VA. Evaluation of the Flinders Technology Associates Cards for Storage and Temperature Challenges in Field Conditions for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:675-680. [PMID: 25598192 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for diagnosis and identification of FMDV pose a major problem in a tropical country like India, where wide fluctuation of temperature over a large geographical area is common. Inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of FMDV samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. Such samples are declared as non-typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the robustness of Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for storage and transportation of FMDV samples in different climatic conditions which will be useful for FMDV surveillance. Simulation transport studies were conducted using FTA impregnated FMDV samples during post-monsoon (September-October 2010) and summer season (May-June 2012). FMDV genome or serotype could be identified from the FTA cards after the simulation transport studies with varying temperature (22-45°C) and relative humidity (20-100%). The stability of the viral RNA, the absence of infectivity and ease of processing the sample for molecular methods make the FTA cards an useful option for transport of FMDV genome for identification and type determination. The method can be used routinely for FMDV research as it is economical and the cards can be transported easily in envelopes by regular courier/postal systems. The absence of live virus in FTA card can be viewed as an advantage as it restricts the risk of transmission of live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madhanmohan
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S Yuvaraj
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Manikumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - R Kumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S B Nagendrakumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S K Rana
- National Dairy Development Board, C/O Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - V A Srinivasan
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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42
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Hegde R, Gomes AR, Giridhar P, Kowalli S, Shivashankar BP, Sudharshana KJ, Nagaraj K, Sesharao R, Mallinath KC, Shankar BP, Nagaraj D, Seema CM, Khan TA, Nagaraj GV, Srikala K, Dharanesh NK, Venkatesha MD, Renukaprasad C. Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study. Virusdisease 2014; 25:504-9. [PMID: 25674631 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot and- mouth disease (FMD) in Karnataka, India between the years 1977 and 2012-13 based on the data collected through passive and active surveillance was undertaken. A total of 11,159 outbreaks with 0.271 million cases of FMD were recorded from 30 different revenue districts of Karnataka. There was a significant difference between the years for the annual incidence of FMD (P = <0.001, F = 19.10) and also between the months (P = <0.001, F = 4.22). Cattle and buffaloes were the predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. A significant correlation was observed between livestock density and the number of outbreaks reported (r = 0.70, p < 0.02), and number of cases (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) for all the agro-climatic zones. The Central dry zone (n = 2257, 19.89 %) reported the highest number of outbreaks followed by the Northern dry zone (n = 1881, 16.58 %) and the Southern transition zone (n = 1761, 15.52 %), and attack rates were concentrated in the North/Northeastern/Central dry and transition zones. A large majority of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O (64.04 %), followed by Asia 1 (19.87 %) and A (12.27 %). Serotype C was not reported since 1993 in the state. In recent years, serotype O has dominated (82.59 %), with the rest of the outbreaks being almost equally caused by A (9.01 %) and Asia 1 (8.40 %). The study highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Karnataka, India. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological data for further research to identify endemic and epidemic areas for the development of a sustainable programme for the progressive control of FMD in the state of Karnataka as well as other endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - Amitha R Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - P Giridhar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - Srikanth Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - B P Shivashankar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - K J Sudharshana
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - K Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - R Sesharao
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - K C Mallinath
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - B P Shankar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - D Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - C M Seema
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - G V Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - K Srikala
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - N K Dharanesh
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - M D Venkatesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
| | - C Renukaprasad
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Pattnaik B. Production and characterization of single-chain antibody (scFv) against 3ABC non-structural protein in Escherichia coli for sero-diagnosis of Foot and Mouth Disease virus. Biologicals 2014; 42:339-45. [PMID: 25439091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease infected from vaccinated animals is essential for effective implementation of vaccination based control programme. Detection of antibodies against 3ABC non-structural protein of FMD virus by immunodiagnostic assays provides reliable indication of FMD infection. Sero-monitoring of FMD in the large country like India is a big task where thousands of serum samples are annually screened. Currently, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are widely used in these immunodiagnostic assays. Considering the large population of livestock in the country, an economical and replenishable alternative of these antibodies was required. In this study, specific short chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against 3B region of 3ABC poly-protein was developed. High level of scFv expression in Escherichia coli system was obtained by careful optimization in four different strains. Two formats of enzyme immunoassays (sandwich and competitive ELISAs) were optimized using scFv with objective to differentiate FMD infected among the vaccinated population. The assays were statistically validated by testing 2150 serum samples. Diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of sandwich and competitive ELISAs were determined by ROC method as 92.2%/95.5% and 89.5%/93.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that scFv is a suitable alternate for immunodiagnosis of FMD on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B. Comparative evaluation of non-structural protein-antibody detecting ELISAs for foot-and-mouth disease sero-surveillance under intensive vaccination. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:22-8. [PMID: 24996132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease of livestock animals with transboundary and economical importance. Animals in the endemic settings are regularly vaccinated in addition to intensive surveillance for control of the disease. Under intensive vaccination, detection of infected animals among the vaccinated population is essential to monitor the infection and to track down the virus movement. Sero-surveillance and retrospective disease diagnosis is performed primarily by detecting antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus which are usually absent in the inactivated vaccine formulations. The study was conducted with an objective to compare simultaneously performance of six NSP ELISAs in detecting infected animals in the areas covered under intensive vaccination, and to assess their fit-for-purpose attribute for sero-surveillance of FMD in India. A panel of bovine serum samples consisting of samples collected from infected with FMDV, vaccinated and naive animals were constituted. In addition, samples collected at random from areas having varied FMD situation and vaccination coverage were tested simultaneously by the six NSP ELISAs to compare their performances. The four indigenous assays showed varying degrees of correlation with the two commercial kits. The study validated that, in all the groups of samples, the indigenous assays were equally sensitive and specific as the two commercial kits. Among all the six assays, PrioCheck and in-house 3ABC I-ELISAs showed maximum sensitivity for detection of infected animals, whereas 3AB3 I-ELISA and 3ABC C-ELISA showed maximum specificity. The study concluded that the in-house available assays are equally capable as the commercially available kits for differentiation of infected animals under intensive vaccination and identifies the 3AB3 I-ELISA with optimum sensitivity and specificity for the purpose of sero-surveillance in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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Madhanmohan M, Yuvaraj S, Nagendrakumar SB, Srinivasan VA, Gubbins S, Paton DJ, Parida S. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from experimentally infected Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to in-contact naïve and vaccinated Indian buffalo and cattle. Vaccine 2014; 32:5125-30. [PMID: 24837776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from experimentally infected Indian buffalo to in-contact naïve and vaccinated cattle and buffalo. In each of six rooms, two donor buffalo that had been inoculated with FMDV were housed for five days with four recipient animals, comprising one vaccinated buffalo, one vaccinated calf, one unvaccinated buffalo and one unvaccinated calf. Vaccination was carried out with current Indian vaccine strain (O/IND/R2/75) and challenged on 28 days post-vaccination with an antigenically similar strain (O/HAS/34/05). All 12 donor buffalo and the six unvaccinated cattle and six unvaccinated calves developed clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In contrast, all six vaccinated cattle (100%) and four out of six vaccinated buffalo (66.6%) were protected from disease but all became infected with FMDV. This confirms that buffalo have the potential to spread FMD by direct contact and that vaccination can block this spread. The numbers of animals in the study were too small to determine if the differences in clinical protection afforded by vaccination of cattle and buffalo are significant and warrant a different dose regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madhanmohan
- Foot-and-Mouth disease Virus laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 032, India
| | - S Yuvaraj
- Foot-and-Mouth disease Virus laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 032, India
| | - S B Nagendrakumar
- Foot-and-Mouth disease Virus laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 032, India
| | - V A Srinivasan
- Foot-and-Mouth disease Virus laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 032, India.
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David James Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Development and evaluation of a one step reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP) for rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus in India. Virusdisease 2014; 25:358-64. [PMID: 25674604 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive diagnostic assay for Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is required for deployment in the field. In this study, development of Reverse Transcription-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) assay based on the 3D polymerase gene for specific and rapid detection FMD virus (FMDV) was carried out. The assay was optimised with viral RNA extracted from serotype O, A and Asia 1 FMDV vaccine strains, which resulted a reliable amplification at 65 °C for 60 min. The amplified RT-LAMP products were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining or observation by naked eye for the presence of turbidity and colour change following the addition of hydroxyl naphthol blue (HNB). The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the absence of amplification of genome extracted from other viruses or cellular origin. With respect to analytical sensitivity the developed RT-LAMP assay was found more sensitive than routinely used multiplex PCR (mPCR). Further, the assay was evaluated with RNA extracted from cell cultured isolates (n = 50), tongue epithelial samples (n = 150) and semen samples from infected bulls (n = 13). In conclusion, RT-LAMP with HNB dye was shown to be simple, specific and sensitive assay for rapid diagnosis of FMDV infection. Further, the assay has the potential for field deployment and use for rapid FMDV surveillance in India.
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Bisht P, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Das B, Pande V, Biswal JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Ranjan R, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Efficient rescue of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cultured cells transfected with RNA extracted from clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2013; 196:65-70. [PMID: 24239633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an RNA transfection was used to rescue infectious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus from clinical samples in BHK-21 cell line for diagnosis of FMD. Tissue samples (n=190) were subjected to FMD virus isolation by conventional cell culture and also by RNA transfection. FMD virus was isolated from 62% of the clinical samples by RNA transfection, whereas virus was isolated only from 16% of the clinical samples in conventional cell culture method, suggesting better performance of the RNA transfection. Virus was rescued from 67% and 10% of ELISA negative but multiplex PCR positive samples by RNA transfection and conventional cell culture, respectively. The efficiency of transfection was studied on clinical samples subjected to temperature as high as 37°C and varying pH (pH 4-9). Except up to 1 week of storage at 4°C at pH 7.5, virus isolation was not possible by cell culture. Virus was rescued by transfection from samples stored at 4°C for any of the applied pH up to 4 weeks, and when stored at 37°C virus could be rescued up to 4 weeks at pH 7.5 suggesting the fitness of transfection to isolate virus from clinical samples stored under inappropriate conditions. The sequence data and antigenic relationships with the vaccine strains, between virus rescued by transfection and conventional cell culture, were comparable. The RNA transfection will help to increase the efficiency of virus isolation, diagnosis and molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Bisht
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bana B Dash
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
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Mahajan S, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik B. Truncated recombinant non-structural protein 2C-based indirect ELISA for FMD sero-surveillance. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:405-14. [PMID: 23850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. In India, systematic preventive vaccination using inactivated trivalent (O, A and Asia 1) vaccine is the strategy being adopted to control FMD. The use of non-structural protein (NSP)-contaminated inactivated vaccine raises concerns over differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) by NSP based immunoassays. However, 2C being a membrane associated protein usually remain absent in vaccine formulations and thus, anti-2C response is one of the most reliable indicator of the FMDV infection. In this study, 34 amino acids from N-terminus of 2C protein were removed to eliminate membrane-binding amphipathic helicase activity for the expression of recombinant protein in soluble form. Truncated 2C (2Ct) was utilized for development of an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) for bovine and the developed 2Ct I-ELISA was validated using a panel constituting of serum of naïve, vaccinated and infected animals. The assay was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA and the overall concordance was 85.31%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the 2Ct I-ELISA were 92.9% and 94.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of anti-2C antibodies for random bovine samples tested by the developed assay was 23.7%. The developed ELISA will help in augmenting the sensitivity of detection if used in combination with r3AB3 I-ELISA for sero-surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Uttarakhand, India
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