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Lole KS, Thorat NC, Bhukya PL, Ramdasi AY, Hundekar SL, Patil AR, Shelkande SD, Sapkal GN. Circulation of a single hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA with two distinct clusters in different states of India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 43:96-100. [PMID: 36481121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the changing hepatitis A epidemiology in India, focal viral outbreaks are being reported from different parts of the country. This study presents Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) strain characterization (period 2009-2020) from 18 states of India. For that, blood and stool samples (n = 280) were screened for HAV RNA and sequences for 5'non-coding and VP3 regions were generated from positive samples (n = 68). Presence of a single IIIA genotype in all samples indicated IIIA being the only HAV genotype currently circulating in India. Interestingly, it was evident that these strains form two distinct groups suggesting independent evolution of these two clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Lole
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Neeta C Thorat
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prudhvi Lal Bhukya
- Resource Centre and Virus Diagnostic Laboratory (RCVDL), ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwini Y Ramdasi
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Supriya L Hundekar
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha R Patil
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil D Shelkande
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Resource Centre and Virus Diagnostic Laboratory (RCVDL), ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko’o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Orlandi L, Del Giudice C, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1054. [PMID: 36673812 PMCID: PMC9859052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4−20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0−40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5−28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1−20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1−6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0−1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1−15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias (p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Orlandi
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Giudice
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ameen A, Sabeena S, Robin S, Sanjay R, Prasad V, Mevis FM, Bhatt P, Arunkumar G. Currently circulating genotypes of Hepatitis A virus in South West, East and North East India, 2017-2018. Med J Armed Forces India 2022; 78:185-191. [PMID: 35463543 PMCID: PMC9023536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was carried out to understand the circulating genotypes of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in South West, East and North East India during the period 2017-2018 as a part of acute febrile illness surveillance at the Manipal Institute of Virology. Methods Archived serum samples of 48 Hepatitis A confirmed cases were subjected to RNA extraction using QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The samples with molecular confirmation for HAV by reverse transcriptase real-Time PCR (Real Star® HAV RT-PCR Kit 2.0, Altona Diagnostics, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) were further subjected to nested conventional PCR targeting the 5' UTR region. The purified PCR products were sequenced using Big Dye Terminator Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA), in a 3500 XL genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The edited sequences by means of MEGA X (MEGA version 10.1) were compared with reference sequences in the NCBI nucleotide database. Results From states of Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Tripura, 139 Hepatitis A and 33 Hepatitis E cases were reported during the study period. The median age of the acute Hepatitis A cases was 19 years (IQR 12.8-24) and most of the affected individuals were students between 10 and 19 years (52.5%). In the present study, 14 samples from Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Odisha, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu were genotyped as genotype IIIA by nested conventional polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion The circulating HAV genotype in South West, North East and East India between 2017 and 2018 was IIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyusif Ameen
- Research Assistant (Clinical Virology), Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sasidharanpillai Sabeena
- Assistant Professor, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudandiradas Robin
- Additional Project Administrator, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramachandran Sanjay
- Biotechnologist, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Varamballi Prasad
- Senior Data Analyst, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Fernandes M. Mevis
- Research Staff (Clinical Virology), Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Puneet Bhatt
- Research Scholar, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Director, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Kuodi P, Patterson J, Silal S, Hussey GD, Kagina BM. Characterisation of the environmental presence of hepatitis A virus in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036407. [PMID: 32988941 PMCID: PMC7523219 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the environmental presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Clinical Key and Web of Science were searched. Grey literature was sourced by searching the following electronic databases: Open Grey, National Health Research Database and Mednar. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING STUDIES Cross-sectional and ecological studies reporting HAV environmental presence and conducted in LMICs between January 2005 and May 2019, irrespective of language of publication. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS Relevant data were extracted from articles meeting the inclusion criteria, and two reviewers independently assessed the studies for risk of bias. High heterogeneity of the extracted data led to the results being reported narratively. RESULTS A total of 2092 records were retrieved, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria. 21 studies were conducted in Tunisia, India and South Africa, and the rest were from Philippines, Pakistan, Morocco, Chad, Mozambique, Kenya and Uganda. In Tunisian raw sewage samples, the prevalence of HAV ranged from 12% to 68%, with an estimated average detection rate of 50% (95% CI 25 to 75), whereas HAV detection in treated sewage in Tunisia ranged from 23% to 65%, with an estimated average detection rate of 38% (95% CI 20 to 57). The prevalence of HAV detection in South African treated sewage and surface water samples ranged from 4% to 37% and from 16% to 76%, with an estimated average detection rates of 15% (95% CI 1 to 29) and 51% (95% CI 21 to 80), respectively. Over the review period, the estimated average detection rate of environmental HAV presence appeared to have declined by 10%. CONCLUSION The quality of included studies was fair, but sampling issues and paucity of data limited the strength of the review findings. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019119592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kuodi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jenna Patterson
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sheetal Silal
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory D Hussey
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benjamin M Kagina
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
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Malhotra B, Kanwar A, Reddy PVJ, Chauhan A, Tiwari J, Bhargava S, Verma HN. Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus from children hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in northwest India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:507-512. [PMID: 30082576 PMCID: PMC6094522 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1910_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of childhood hepatitis, prevalent worldwide. HAV is classified into seven genotypes I-VII; genotypes III and I are the most common among humans. The present work was carried out to identify the genotypes prevalent in children suspected to have acute viral hepatitis (AVH), hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in northwest India. Methods: A total of 1269 blood samples from children (0-15 yr of age) clinically suspected of viral hepatitis were screened for anti-HAV IgM. Acute phase serum was processed for RNA extraction and amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of representative samples. Results: Among the 1269 samples tested, 642 (50.59%) were positive for anti-HAV IgM; among the positive samples, 171 patients having a history of less than seven days were tested by PCR, of whom 141 (82.45%) were found to be PCR positive. Nucleotide sequencing of a representative 44 samples showed high homology; all the samples were found to be of genotype IIIA. Interpretation & conclusions: Hepatitis A was prevalent during July to September and in predominantly children less than five years age. Only genotype IIIA was detected in all the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Anu Kanwar
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - P V Janardhan Reddy
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Aradhana Chauhan
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Jitendra Tiwari
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Shipra Bhargava
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - H N Verma
- School of Life & Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
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Hepatitis A virus genotype distribution during a decade of universal vaccination of preadolescents. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6842-54. [PMID: 25815599 PMCID: PMC4424991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16046842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal vaccination program among preadolescents was implemented in Catalonia, Spain, during the period of 1999-2013 and its effectiveness has been clearly demonstrated by an overall significant attack rate reduction. However, reductions were not constant over time, and increases were again observed in 2002-2009 due to the occurrence of huge outbreaks. In the following years, in the absence of large outbreaks, the attack rate decreased again to very low levels. However, an increase of symptomatic cases in the <5 age group has recently been observed. This is an unexpected observation since children younger than 6 are mostly asymptomatic. Such a long vaccination campaign offers the opportunity to analyze not only the effectiveness of vaccination, but also the influence of the circulating genotypes on the incidence of hepatitis A among the different age groups. This study has revealed the emergence of genotype IC during a foodborne outbreak, the short-lived circulation of vaccine-escape variants isolated during an outbreak among the men-having-sex-with-men group, and the association of genotype IIIA with the increase of symptomatic cases among the very young. From a public health perspective, two conclusions may be drawn: vaccination is better at an early age, and the vaccination schedule must be complete and include all recommended vaccine doses.
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Joshi MS, Bhalla S, Kalrao VR, Dhongade RK, Chitambar SD. Exploring the concurrent presence of hepatitis A virus genome in serum, stool, saliva, and urine samples of hepatitis A patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:379-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:227-43. [PMID: 24200587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest viral cause of liver disease and presents an important public health problem worldwide. Several unique HAV properties and molecular mechanisms of its interaction with host were recently discovered and should aid in clarifying the pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Genetic characterization of HAV strains have resulted in the identification of different genotypes and subtypes, which exhibit a characteristic worldwide distribution. Shifts in HAV endemicity occurring in different parts of the world, introduction of genetically diverse strains from geographically distant regions, genotype displacement observed in some countries and population expansion detected in the last decades of the 20th century using phylogenetic analysis are important factors contributing to the complex dynamics of HAV infections worldwide. Strong selection pressures, some of which, like usage of deoptimized codons, are unique to HAV, limit genetic variability of the virus. Analysis of subgenomic regions has been proven useful for outbreak investigations. However, sharing short sequences among epidemiologically unrelated strains indicates that specific identification of HAV strains for molecular surveillance can be achieved only using whole-genome sequences. Here, we present up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution, and highlight the most relevant features of the HAV-host interactions.
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Mukomolov S, Kontio M, Zheleznova N, Jokinen S, Sinayskaya E, Stalevskaya A, Davidkin I. Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1528-34. [PMID: 22930498 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study, covering the period 2004-2009, is a part of long-term monitoring for hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in St Petersburg, Russia. The HAV RNA was isolated directly from the sera of hepatitis A patients and RT-PCR was carried out using primer pairs for VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions. PCR products were sequenced and 324 nucleotides from VP1/2A and 332 from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common circulating subtype during the follow-up period, as found in the previous study: almost 90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to the IA subtype. The large hepatitis A food-borne outbreak in St Petersburg in 2005 was caused by HAV IA. However, the proportion of HAV isolates belonging to subtype IIIA significantly increased in the period 2001-2009 (7.9%) compared to the period 1997-2000 (none found). The subtype IIIA was first found in St Petersburg in 2001 among a group of intravenous drug users. The increase in its circulation during the decade suggests that this previously unusual genotype has been permanently introduced into the general population of St Petersburg. These results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods for studying changes in the circulation of HAV strains.
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Belalov IS, Isaeva OV, Lukashev AN. Recombination in hepatitis A virus: evidence for reproductive isolation of genotypes. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:860-72. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Joshi MS, Cherian SS, Bhalla S, Chitambar SD. Longer duration of viremia and unique amino acid substitutions in a hepatitis A virus stain associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). J Med Virol 2010; 82:913-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kanda T, Imazeki F, Nakamoto S, Okitsu K, Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O. Internal ribosomal entry-site activities of clinical isolate-derived hepatitis A virus and inhibitory effects of amantadine. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:415-23. [PMID: 20561355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Little is known about specific naturally-occurring internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) activities of hepatitis A virus (HAV). We examined these activities using the bicistronic reporter assay and the effects of antiviral amantadine against their activities. METHODS Six HAV IRES clones from three patients with fulminant hepatitis and three with self-limited acute hepatitis were obtained. The activities of their IRES were analyzed using bicistronic reporter assay in hepatocyte- and non-hepatocyte-derived cell lines, and the potential efficaciousness of the amantadine was examined. RESULTS One clone from fulminant hepatitis had a deletion in domains III-IV of HAV IRES had higher IRES activities than HM175 in HLE and Huh-7 cells. In Huh-7 cells, amantadine is effective for inhibiting HAV IRES activities, and especially fulminant hepatitis-derived ones. CONCLUSION HAV IRES derived from clinical isolates have various activities. Bicistronic reporter assay using clinical isolates may be another useful tool for testing antiviral activities like those of amantadine and the new acridines and hydrazones recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Arankalle VA, Ramakrishnan J. Simian hepatitis A virus derived from a captive rhesus monkey in India is similar to the strain isolated from wild African green monkeys in Kenya. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16:214-8. [PMID: 19175880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A simian hepatitis A virus (HAV) was identified retrospectively in a faecal sample from a rhesus monkey in India, inoculated in 1995 with a faecal suspension from a suspected patient of non-A to E hepatitis. The monkey was in captivity for 2 years in one of the experimental primate facilities in western India before being moved to the National Institute of Virology, Pune for experimentation. Phylogenetic analysis based on a partial sequence of the 5' noncoding region placed this virus in genotype V, the only other member being the AGM-27 strain recovered in 1986 from African green monkeys in Kenya. The source of infection of the monkey remains unclear. The full genome was amplified in nine fragments and sequenced. The genome of the Indian simian HAV (IND-SHAV) is 7425 nucleotides long including the poly-A tail of 14 nucleotides at the 3' end. At the nucleotide and amino acid levels, IND-SHAV was 99.8 and 100% identical with AGM27, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Arankalle
- Hepatitis Division, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India.
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