1
|
Pilkington EJ, De Decker S, Skovola E, Cloquell Miro A, Gutierrez Quintana R, Faller KME, Aguilera Padros A, Goncalves R. Prevalence, clinical presentation, and etiology of myelopathies in 224 juvenile dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1598-1607. [PMID: 38483074 PMCID: PMC11099773 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc herniation is widely recognized as the most common cause of myelopathy in dogs older than 2 years; however, the prevalence of various causes of myelopathy in younger dogs has not been reported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence, clinical presentation, and etiology of myelopathy in dogs aged 18 months or less. Secondarily, to investigate which clinical features were associated with each of the most common etiologies. ANIMALS Two hundred twenty-four dogs aged 18 months or less with myelopathy were included in the study. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical records from 4 referral institutions. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed which clinical features were associated with each diagnosis. RESULTS French bulldogs (n = 51, 22.8%), pugs (n = 18, 8.0%), crossbreeds (n = 12, 5.4%), and English bulldogs (n = 11, 4.9%) were the most frequently affected breeds. Overall, 31 diagnoses were reached. The 5 most frequent diagnoses were vertebral malformation (VM; n = 42, 18.8%), spinal arachnoid diverticulum (SAD; n = 28, 12.5%), traumatic fracture of the vertebral column (n = 22, 9.8%), atlantoaxial instability (n = 18, 8.0%), and osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (n = 17, 7.6%). Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) accounted for 4.5% of cases (n = 10). A final diagnosis of VM was associated with younger, screw-tailed, and pug breeds with chronic signs of T3-L3 myelopathy. SAD was associated with screw-tailed and pug breeds with nonpainful clinical signs. Intervertebral disc extrusion was associated with older, screw-tailed, and pug breeds with shorter duration of clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prioritization of differential diagnoses for dogs presenting with signs of myelopathy when aged 18 months or less should differ to those for older dogs, with IVDE not the most common cause in the former.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ed J. Pilkington
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Skovola
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana Cloquell Miro
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez Quintana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Kiterie M. E. Faller
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Albert Aguilera Padros
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Rita Goncalves
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philips R, Chase D, Thompson D, Hardcastle M, Kiupel M. An extradural cyst in a French Bulldog. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:145-151. [PMID: 36735932 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2176937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 7-year-old, male neutered French Bulldog was referred to a specialist veterinary hospital for evaluation of progressive paraparesis of 6-months' duration. The owners reported both faecal and urinary incontinence at home. CLINICAL FINDINGS The dog presented with ambulatory paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia that was more pronounced in the right pelvic limb. The pelvic limb withdrawal response and sciatic myotatic response were reduced bilaterally. Postural reaction responses were delayed in both pelvic limbs, and this was more obvious in the right pelvic limb. The anal tone and perineal sensation were normal at the time of examination.An L4-S3 myelopathy was suspected. CT of the spine revealed a compressive, bilobed, extramedullary, cyst-like structure within the vertebral canal, between L7 and S3. Surgical removal of the cyst via a L7-S1 dorsal laminectomy was performed. Histopathological examination and additional immunohistochemistry of the excised structure indicated a probable ependymal cyst with a ciliated lining. The dog recovered well post-operatively, and at follow-up 3 weeks later had some improvement of his neurological signs. The paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia had improved; however, the remaining neurological examination was similar to the pre-surgical examination. DIAGNOSIS Extradural cyst. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Spinal cysts can contribute to clinical signs that resemble other common chronic spinal cord diseases, such as intervertebral disc disease. Therefore, this disease should be considered as a differential when dealing with cases of progressive paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia. This case report may potentially provide opportunities in the future for further understanding of the pathogenesis, behaviour, outcomes and subclassification of spinal cysts in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Philips
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Chase
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Thompson
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Hardcastle
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wachowiak IJ, Patterson JS, Winger KM, Smiler KL, Cole R, Moon R, Kluz M, Bartner LR. Thoracolumbar myelopathies in pug dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:618-625. [PMID: 36744714 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constrictive myelopathy (CM) involving a fibrous band around the spinal cord is a newly recognized disease in pug dogs. OBJECTIVES To identify the frequency of CM based on diagnostic imaging supplemented with necropsy; to determine whether a relationship exists between the sites of CM and other described T3-L3 myelopathies; and to determine the frequency of caudal articular process dysplasia (CAPD). ANIMALS Thirty-two client-owned pug dogs diagnosed with a chronic, progressive T3-L3 myelopathy based on neurological examination performed by a board-certified neurologist. METHODS This is a prospective study. All dogs underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reviewed by a board-certified radiologist. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were categorized into diseases; CM only, CM plus other non-CM condition(s), or non-CM condition. Sites of CAPD were reported on CT. Nineteen dogs underwent necropsy. RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging revealed 3 dogs with CM only, 17 with CM plus at least 1 other myelopathy, 11 dogs with non-CM myelopathies only, and 1 with no MRI abnormalities. Nineteen of 32 dogs had >1 myelopathy diagnosis on MRI whereas 15/32 had >1 site of spinal cord compression. All dogs had CAPD at >1 site in the T3-L3 vertebral column on CT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Constrictive myelopathy affected more than half of pug dogs presenting with chronic thoracolumbar myelopathies. Most had multilevel disease, concurrent myelopathies, or both. There was no apparent relationship between anatomic locations of CAPD and most severe myelopathy or myelopathy type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wachowiak
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jon S Patterson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn M Winger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathleen L Smiler
- ACLAM, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Kluz
- VCA Jackson, Michigan Animal Hospital, Jackson, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa R Bartner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Violini F, Shaw T. Subarachnoid‐peritoneal shunt to treat a diffuse thoracolumbar arachnoid diverticulum in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Violini
- Neurology and Neurosurgery ServiceWillows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service SolihullUK
| | - Thomas Shaw
- Neurology and Neurosurgery ServiceWillows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service SolihullUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gernone F, Uva A, Cavalera MA, Zatelli A. Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3233. [PMID: 36496754 PMCID: PMC9739254 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jones B, Behr S, Shaw T, Cappello R, Jeffery N, Liebel FX, Harcourt-Brown T. Surgical techniques used in the management of intra-arachnoid diverticula in dogs across four referral centres and their immediate outcome. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:520-525. [PMID: 35137433 PMCID: PMC9541676 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the surgical techniques being used to treat single focal spinal intra-arachnoid diverticula in dogs, their complications and immediate postoperative outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multi-centre case series across four referral centres. RESULTS Fifty-seven dogs were included in the study. The most common type of surgery was durectomy (28 dogs) followed by marsupialisation (11 dogs), durotomy alone (seven dogs), shunt placement (six dogs) and stabilisation (five dogs). A higher proportion of intra-arachnoid shunt dogs became unable to walk in the immediate postoperative period (24 hours postsurgery) (4/6, 66%) compared to all dogs five of 57, 9% (2/7 durotomy alone, 3/28 durectomy alone). Of the nine dogs with immediate postoperative deterioration, seven had improved, walking without assistance, by 3 to 5 weeks postoperatively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study does not identify an influence of surgical technique on short-term outcome. Dogs with a thoracolumbar intra-arachnoid diverticulum that undergo a shunt placement are likely to deteriorate neurologically in the immediate 24-hour postoperative period but appear to improve by 3 to 5 weeks after surgery. Further work is required to evaluate whether one surgical technique is superior for preventing or reducing long-term relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Jones
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - S Behr
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Services, Solihull, UK
| | - T Shaw
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Services, Solihull, UK
| | - R Cappello
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, RH1 4QP, UK
| | - N Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - F X Liebel
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T Harcourt-Brown
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taroni M, Saban C, Baldinger A, Blondel M, Marchal T, Viguier E, Cachon T, Carozzo C, Moissonnier P. Anatomical features of the canine C2-C3 spinal cord vascular environment. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:107-113. [PMID: 34890357 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interarcuate branch (IAB) is a vascular structure, particularly developed in C2-3 intervertebral space, forming a dorsal bridge that connects ventral venous plexi in the vertebral canal. While precisely described in the human, the precise anatomical features of IABs have not been reported in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this study is to describe the features and relations of IABs in the C2-3 vertebral canal. ANIMALS 10 dogs were enrolled; 5 dogs for necropsy and 5 dogs for histology. PROCEDURES The ventral venous plexi in the cervical spine of 5 dogs were injected with latex and underwent vertebral canal dissection for visual assessment of the IAB. Two out of 5 dogs were injected with the addition of barium sulfate and underwent a CT scan. The C2-3 regions of 5 small-breed dogs were harvested for histological examinations. RESULTS IABs arose from the ventral venous plexus at the level of the intervertebral vein; they originated from 2 separate branches located caudally and cranially to the intervertebral foramen, forming a ventrodorsal triangle surrounding the spinal nerve root. No dorsal anastomosis was observed on the CT scan nor at dissection but were observed histologically. A cervical fibrous sheath was observed all around the vertebral canal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE IABs are voluminous venous structures at the C2-3 intervertebral space in dogs and found within a split of the cervical fibrous sheath, which is adherent to the interarcuate ligament and the ligamentum flavum. This anatomical description is paramount when planning an approach to the C2-3 intervertebral space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Taroni
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Charles Saban
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Arnaud Baldinger
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Margaux Blondel
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Eric Viguier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Thibaut Cachon
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Claude Carozzo
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Pierre Moissonnier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France.,Department of Histopathology, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Unite ICE UPSP 2011-03-101, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lourinho F, Holdsworth A, McConnell JF, Gonçalves R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Morales C, Lowrie M, Trevail R, Carrera I. Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:545-554. [PMID: 32583954 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constrictive myelopathy has been described in pugs with paraparesis and is characterized by fibrous connective and granulation tissue within the dura mater causing spinal cord compression and focal gliosis. An association between constrictive myelopathy and caudal articular process (CAP) dysplasia is suspected; however, some studies have reported CAP dysplasia as an incidental finding. The imaging appearance of constrictive myelopathy is currently limited to a small number of cases. The aim of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to detail the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and to correlate these with clinical signs of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in pugs. Medical databases from five veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed to identify pugs with pelvic limb ataxia and paresis, that had a complete record of signalment, neurological examination, and MRI of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The exclusion criteria were pugs with other conditions, such as unequivocal subarachnoid diverticula, hemivertebrae causing vertebral canal stenosis, intervertebral disc extrusions/protrusions, and multifocal/diffuse lesions. Twenty-seven pugs met the inclusion criteria. All cases were ambulatory with paraparesis and ataxia. Nearly 60% were incontinent. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a focal myelopathy in all cases showing one or more of the following lesions: CAP dysplasia (25/27), focal subarachnoid space irregular margination (26/27) with circumferential or dorsal contrast enhancement (10/12), and a symmetric V-shaped ventral extradural lesion (23/27). This study describes specific MRI features of pugs with presumptive constrictive myelopathy, which authors hypothesize to be a consequence of chronic micro-motion. Our results may help in diagnosing and subsequently treating this condition, which may warrant vertebral stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Fraser McConnell
- Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rita Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Carles Morales
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Ars Veterinary Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, UK
| | | | - Ines Carrera
- Radiology Department, Willows Referral Centre, Solihull, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Driver CJ, Rose J, Tauro A, Fernandes R, Rusbridge C. Magnetic resonance image findings in pug dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy and concurrent caudal articular process dysplasia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:182. [PMID: 31151444 PMCID: PMC6544997 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective case series study was undertaken to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in Pug dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy and concurrent caudal articular process (CAP) dysplasia. Electronic clinical records were searched for Pug dogs who underwent MRI for the investigation of a T3-L3 spinal cord segment disease with subsequent confirmation of CAP dysplasia with computed tomography between January 2013 and June 2017. Clinical parameters age, gender, neuter status, body weight, urinary or faecal incontinence, severity and duration of clinical signs were recorded. MRI abnormalities were described. Univariable non-parametric tests investigated the association between the clinical parameters and evidence of extra- or intra-dural spinal cord compression on MRI. RESULTS 18 Pug dogs were included. The median age was 106 months with median duration of clinical signs 5 months. All presented with variable severity of spastic paraparesis and ataxia; 50% suffered urinary/faecal incontinence. In all cases, MRI revealed a focal increase in T2-weighted signal intensity within the spinal cord at an intervertebral level where bilateral CAP dysplasia was present; this was bilateral aplasia in all but one case, which had one aplastic and one severely hypoplastic CAP. MRI lesions were associated with spinal cord compression in all but one case; intervertebral disc protrusion resulted in extra-dural compression in 10 (56%) cases; intra-dural compression was associated with a suspected arachnoid diverticulum in 4 (22%) cases and suspected pia-arachnoid fibrosis in 3 cases (17%). There was no association between clinical parameters and a diagnosis of intra-dural vs extra-dural compression. CAP dysplasia occurred at multiple levels in the T10-13 region with bilateral aplasia at T11-12 most often associated with corresponding spinal cord lesions on MRI. CONCLUSIONS All Pugs dogs in this study were presented for chronic progressive ambulatory paraparesis; incontinence was commonly reported. Although intervertebral disc disease was the most common radiologic diagnosis, intra-dural compression associated with arachnoid diverticulae/fibrosis was also common. Bilateral CAP aplasia was present in all but one Pug dog at the level of MRI detectable spinal cord lesions. A causal relationship between CAP dysplasia and causes of thoracolumbar myelopathy is speculated but is not confirmed by this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Driver
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK. .,Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Selborne Road, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK.
| | - Jeremy Rose
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK.,Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Selborne Road, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - Anna Tauro
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK
| | | | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cine balanced fast field echo magnetic resonance imaging of canine spinal arachnoid diverticulae pulsation. Vet J 2019; 248:86-90. [PMID: 31113570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine spinal arachnoid diverticulae (SAD) are characterised by focal cerebrospinal fluid dilatations within the subarachnoid space, most commonly associated with nonpainful paresis and ataxia secondary to chronic compressive myelopathy. Numerous imaging techniques have been described for diagnosis of this condition, including myelography, computed tomography myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The present retrospective study investigated the utility of cine balanced fast field echo (cine bFFE) MRI sequences in measuring pulsatile flow in 12 dogs with SAD. The secondary aim was to determine the prevalence and location of syringes in relation to SAD, as the co-occurrence of these conditions has not been previously reported. The degree of SAD pulsation was calculated as the change in area per cardiac cycle on sagittal (n = 12/12) and transverse (n = 7/12) cardiac-gated cine bFFE MRI sequences. Pulsation was identified on all sequences, with a median ratio of change in SAD area of 0.14 (range, 0.10-0.27; n = 12) on sagittal cine bFFE and 0.23 (range, 0.05-0.53; n = 7) on transverse cine bFFE sequences. Significant differences between minimum and maximum SAD dimensions were identified on sagittal (P = 0.002) and transverse measurements (P = 0.018). A moderate prevalence of syringomyelia was identified (n = 6/12; 50%) on T2W sequences, occurring both cranial (n = 4/12; 33%) and caudal (n = 2/12; 17%) to the SAD. These results support the ability of cine bFFE sequences to identify dynamic pulsation of canine SAD. This technique is currently limited by banding artifacts and its inability to quantify flow velocity and abnormal flow jets.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alisauskaite N, Cizinauskas S, Jeserevics J, Rakauskas M, Cherubini GB, Anttila M, Steffen F. Short- and long-term outcome and magnetic resonance imaging findings after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula in 25 Pugs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1376-1383. [PMID: 30844093 PMCID: PMC6524397 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a successful outcome after surgical management of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in up to 82% of cases. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that Pugs have favorable short‐term and poor long‐term prognosis after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar SAD. The aim of the present investigation was to describe clinical findings, short‐ and long‐term outcomes, and follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in Pugs with thoracolumbar SAD. Animals Twenty‐five client owned Pugs with 12‐month follow‐up information after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar SAD. Methods Multicenter retrospective case series. All medical records were searched for Pugs diagnosed with SAD. Data regarding signalment, history, surgical procedure, outcome, histopathology, and follow‐up MRI results were extracted. Results Mean age at presentation was 7.32 (range 2‐11) years, 80% were males. Short‐term outcome was available in 25 dogs, and improvement was confirmed in 80% of dogs. Long‐term outcome was available in 21 dogs, and deterioration was confirmed in 86% of cases, with late‐onset recurrence of clinical signs after initial postsurgical improvement affecting 85% of Pugs. A moderate correlation (r = 0.50) was found between duration of clinical signs and outcome. In 8 dogs with deteriorating clinical signs, follow‐up MRI revealed regrowth of the SAD in 2 cases, new SAD formation in 2 cases, and intramedullary T2W hyperintensity/syringomyelia in 6 cases. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study suggests that Pugs with thoracolumbar SAD do not have a favorable long‐term prognosis after surgical treatment for reasons yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Alisauskaite
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Neurology Service, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals, Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank Steffen
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Neurology Service, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aikawa T, Shimatsu T, Miyazaki Y. Hemilaminectomy, Diverticular Marsupialization, and Vertebral Stabilization for Thoracolumbar Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula in Five Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:110-116. [PMID: 30776259 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Medical records (2004-2016) of five dogs with a thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) that was diagnosed with stress myelography in four dogs and magnetic resonance imaging in three, and who had hemilaminectomy, diverticular marsupialization, and vertebral stabilization, were reviewed. Data on previous treatment, pre- and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques, and outcomes was retrieved. Follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed immediately; ∼1, 2, and 6 mo postoperatively; and at annual follow-up examinations. The stress myelography demonstrated spinal cord dynamic compression in three of four dogs and change in size or shape of the SAD in all four. Two dogs who had SAD recurrences 4 and 13 mo after previous surgical dural fenestration, and one dog with no previous SAD treatment demonstrated long-term neurological improvement after vertebral stabilization (49, 77, and 126 mo). In two other dogs, recurrence of clinical signs was observed at the follow-up (8 and 12 mo). This case series suggested that repetitive spinal cord injury from the dynamic lesion appears to be one potential cause of thoracolumbar SADs. In cases with dynamic lesions confirmed by stress myelography, vertebral stabilization with conventional techniques is indicated to prevent SAD recurrence.
Collapse
|
13
|
Barker DA, Palus V, Eminaga S, Cherubini GB. Axis dorsal laminotomy in dogs: a retrospective analysis of 10 cases. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Anthony Barker
- SurgeryDick White ReferralsNewmarketUK
- Paragon Veterinary ReferralsWakefieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Viktor Palus
- Elpa Veterinary ClinicTrencinSlovakia
- NeurologyDick White ReferralsNewmarketUK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alcoverro E, McConnell JF, Sanchez-Masian D, De Risio L, De Decker S, Gonçalves R. Late-onset recurrence of neurological deficits after surgery for spinal arachnoid diverticula. Vet Rec 2018; 182:380. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emili Alcoverro
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - James Fraser McConnell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Masian
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; The Animal Health Trust; Suffolk UK
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hatfield UK
| | - Rita Gonçalves
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Nies KS, Edwards RA, Bergknut N, Beukers M, Meij BP. Caudal lumbar spinal cysts in two French Bulldogs. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:14. [PMID: 29490674 PMCID: PMC5831591 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cysts are rare findings in veterinary medicine, but they are increasingly recognized due to the availability of advanced imaging techniques. Extradural meningeal cysts in French Bulldogs have not been reported previously and arachnoid cysts (diverticula) have not been reported at the caudal lumbar (L6-L7) region in dogs. CASE PRESENTATION Two French Bulldogs, aged 5 and 8 years, were referred for evaluation of lower back pain and bilateral hind limb neurological deficits. Neurologic examination revealed ataxia and postural deficits in both dogs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cauda equina compression due to a cyst-like lesion at the level of L6-L7 in both cases. The dogs underwent dorsal laminectomy and the meningeal cyst was completely removed in one dog and in the other dog the spinal arachnoid diverticula was marsupialized. In Case 1, histopathology of the cysts was performed and MRI was repeated. Both dogs were pain free during follow-up evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Based on radiological, intra-operative and histopathological findings, the first case was diagnosed as a meningocele connected by a pedicle to the caudal tip of the dural sac forming a dural diverticulum categorized as an extradural spinal cyst type Ib, and Case 2 as a type III intradural arachnoid diverticula. It is concluded that spinal cysts should be included in the differential diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome and lower back pain in French Bulldogs. Results of these cases may be useful for diagnostic and treatment management.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rohdin C, Jäderlund KH, Ljungvall I, Lindblad-Toh K, Häggström J. High prevalence of gait abnormalities in pugs. Vet Rec 2018; 182:167. [PMID: 29437993 PMCID: PMC5870464 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of gait abnormalities in a cohort of Swedish pugs by using an owner-based questionnaire targeting signs of gait abnormality and video footage showing the dog’s gait. This study also evaluated associated conditions of abnormal gait, including other health disorders prevalent in the breed. Five hundred and fifty (550) pugs registered in the Swedish Kennel Club, of one, five and eight years of age, in 2015 and 2016, were included in the study. Gait abnormalities were reported in 30.7 per cent of the responses. In the majority of cases, the character of the described gait indicated a neurological cause for the gait abnormality. An association was observed between abnormal gait and age, with gait abnormalities being significantly more common in older pugs (P=0.004). An association was also found between abnormal gait and dyspnoea, with dyspnoea being significantly more common in pugs with gait abnormalities (P<0.0001). This study demonstrated that the prevalence of gait abnormalities was high in the Swedish pug breed and increased with age. Future studies on the mechanisms behind these gait abnormalities are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Anicura, Albano Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zang L, Oliveira M, Tagliari N, Fagundes N, Ferreira M, Alievi M. Cisto aracnoide medular em um cão: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O cisto aracnoide medular (CAM) é uma doença que pode ocorrer em humanos e animais, podendo causar sinais clínicos neurológicos. A origem dessa enfermidade ainda é desconhecida assim como sua patofisiologia. Acredita-se que pode ser congênita ou adquirida. Até o momento, não foi verificada predileção por raça, sexo ou idade. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de CAM lombar em um cão com 13 anos de idade, que causou paralisia dos membros pélvicos. Ao exame clínico, o paciente apresentava dor lombar na palpação epaxial, incontinência urinária e fecal, com paraplegia de membros pélvicos. A sintomatologia progrediu durante oito meses, com histórico de trauma. Na mielografia, foi identificado um CAM na região lombar (L1-L2) lateralizado para a esquerda. O tratamento instituído foi a laminectomia e a durectomia. A paciente apresentou melhora dos sinais clínicos após 11 dias da realização da cirurgia. O tratamento cirúrgico obteve bons resultados para essa enfermidade. O CAM pode ocorrer em cães geriátricos ou com paraplegia de membros, assim deve ser incluído na lista de diagnóstico diferencial das mielopatias lombares compressivas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zang
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - N. Fagundes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - M.M. Alievi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mauler DA, De Decker S, De Risio L, Volk HA, Dennis R, Gielen I, Van der Vekens E, Goethals K, Van Ham L. Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:849-853. [PMID: 28426173 PMCID: PMC5435043 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is reported about the role of medical management in the treatment of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in dogs. OBJECTIVES To describe the outcome of 96 dogs treated medically or surgically for SAD. ANIMALS Ninety-six dogs with SAD. METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for spinal arachnoid diverticula and all dogs with information on treatment were included. Outcome was assessed with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow-up time was 16 months (1-90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1-94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long-term follow-up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long-term follow-up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results of this study suggest that surgical treatment might be superior to medical treatment in the management of SAD in dogs. Further studies with standardized patient care are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Mauler
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - S De Decker
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - L De Risio
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R Dennis
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - I Gielen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Van der Vekens
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Goethals
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meren IL, Chavera JA, Alcott CJ, Barker AK, Jeffery ND. Shunt tube placement for amelioration of cerebrospinal fluid flow obstruction caused by spinal cord subarachnoid fibrosis in dogs. Vet Surg 2017; 46:289-296. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyssa L. Meren
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; 1600 South 16th Street Ames Iowa
| | - Jessica A. Chavera
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; 1600 South 16th Street Ames Iowa
| | - Cody J. Alcott
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; 1600 South 16th Street Ames Iowa
| | - Andrew K. Barker
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; 1600 South 16th Street Ames Iowa
| | - Nick D. Jeffery
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Iowa State University; 1600 South 16th Street Ames Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
da Costa RC, Cook LB. Cystic Abnormalities of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 46:277-93. [PMID: 26706913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic lesions of the vertebral column and spinal cord are important differential diagnoses in dogs with signs of spinal cord disease. Synovial cysts are commonly associated with degenerative joint disease and usually affect the cervical and lumbosacral regions. Arachnoid diverticulum (previously known as cyst) is seen in the cervical region of large breed dogs and thoracolumbar region of small breed dogs. This article reviews the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these and other, less common, cystic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA.
| | - Laurie B Cook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical findings. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:58. [PMID: 26407812 PMCID: PMC4583177 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns of canine cervical hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) have been described by a few reports, but the correlation between microsurgical and MRI features has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the MRI features of HNPE with microsurgical findings and cytological outcomes and also to investigate the anatomical and pathophysiological aspects of the disease. Methods A prospective clinical study was conducted in 36 dogs suffering from HNPE. The diagnosis was based on high-field MRI findings of ventral extradural lesions, adjacent to the dorsal aspect of intervertebral discs, characterised by high signal intensity in T2-weighted sequences and hypointensity in T1-weighted sequences. MRI images were analysed with regard to the intervertebral space involved, the grading of spinal cord compression, the signal intensity and distribution of the material, and the thickness and signal intensity of the involved discs. All patients underwent microsurgical decompression and direct observations were recorded and films of the surgical procedure analysed. Results The majority of patients had acute onset of clinical signs (78 %), the patient did not exhibit signs of pain in 75 % of dogs and neurological deficits varied from slight tetraparesis (33 %) to tetraplegia (28 %). The localization of the extruded disc material was ventral relative to the dorsal longitudinal ligament that was lifted dorsally and appeared intact at the site of compression. Direct microsurgical observations of the HNPE sites showed that extruded disc material was collected within the fibres of the dorsal longitudinal ligament. The consistency was gelatinous in 42 %, water-like in 33 %, and lumpy liquid in 25 % of cases. Cytological samples did not detect the presence of inflammation, bacteria, fungi, neoplastic cells or foreign material. Conclusions Microsurgical features of HNPE suggest that the extruded disc is collected within the fibres of the dorsal longitudinal ligament and this may explain the typical MRI appearance of this disease. Further pathophysiological studies are needed to investigate why the cervical nucleus pulposus extrusion appears to occur without obvious trauma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0151-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
22
|
Adams RJ, Garosi L, Matiasek K, Lowrie M. Acquired cervical spinal arachnoid diverticulum in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 56:285-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Adams
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion SG5 3HR
| | - L. Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion SG5 3HR
| | - K. Matiasek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Animal Pathology; D-80539 Munich Germany
| | - M. Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion SG5 3HR
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Original surgical treatment of thoracolumbar subarachnoid cysts in six chondrodystrophic dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:32. [PMID: 24884635 PMCID: PMC4041341 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid cysts are rare conditions in veterinary medicine, associated with spinal cord dysfunction. Most of the 100 cases of subarachnoid cysts described since the first report in 1968 were apparently not true cysts. Reported cysts are usually situated in the cervical area and occur in predisposed breeds such as the Rottweiler. The purpose of this retrospective study, from May 2003 to April 2012, was to describe the distinctive features of thoracolumbar spinal subarachnoid cysts, together with their surgical treatment and outcome in 6 chondrodystrophic dogs. RESULTS Five Pugs and 1 French Bulldog were examined. Images suggestive of a subarachnoid cyst were obtained by myelography (2/6) and computed tomography myelography (4/6), and associated disc herniation was observed in 3/6 dogs. A hemilaminectomy was performed. The protruding disc eventually found in 5/6 dogs was treated by lateral corpectomy. The ventral leptomeningeal adhesions observed in all dogs after durotomy were dissected. No or only mild post-operative neurological degradation was observed. Follow-up studies (7 months to 4 years) indicated good outcome and no recurrence. CONCLUSIONS All the thoracolumbar subarachnoid cysts described in these 6 chondrodystrophic dogs were associated with leptomeningeal adhesions. Good results seemed to be obtained by dissecting and removing these adhesions. A protruding disc, found here in 5/6 dogs, needs to be ruled out and can be treated by lateral corpectomy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lowrie ML, Platt SR, Garosi LS. Extramedullary spinal cysts in dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43:650-62. [PMID: 24798122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) synthesize the terminology used to classify extramedullary spinal cysts in dogs to clarify some of the commonly reported misconceptions, and (2) propose a classification scheme to limit confusion with terminology. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS An online bibliographic search was performed in January 2013 for articles relating to extramedullary spinal cysts in dogs using PubMed (http://www.pubmed.gov/) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/) databases. Only peer-reviewed clinical literature describing cystic lesions pertaining to the spinal cord and associated structures was included. RESULTS From 1962 to 2013, 42 articles were identified; 25 (95 dogs) reported meningeal cysts, 10 (24 dogs) described 60 extradural cysts, 3 reports (18 dogs) described discal cysts or acute compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusions (HNPE). Spinal cysts were categorized by location based on cross-sectional imaging as meningeal or extradural non-meningeal. Sub-classification was then performed based on surgical findings and pathology. Meningeal cysts included arachnoid diverticulae and Tarlov (perineural) cysts. Extradural non-meningeal cysts included intraspinal cysts of the vertebral joints, ligaments and discs. Discal cysts also fit this category and have been reported extensively in humans but appear rare in dogs. CONCLUSIONS Extramedullary spinal cysts should be first classified according to location with a sub-classification according to pathologic and surgical findings. Previous canine cases of discal cysts appear to represent a different disease entity and the term acute compressive HNPE is therefore preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, England
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rohdin C, Nyman HT, Wohlsein P, Hultin Jäderlund K. Cervical spinal intradural arachnoid cysts in related, young pugs. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 55:229-34. [PMID: 24372140 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Seven related young pugs were diagnosed with cervical spinal intradural arachnoid cysts by magnetic resonance imaging (n = 6) and myelography (n = 1). All dogs were presented with skin abrasions on their thoracic limbs and non-painful neurological deficits, indicating a C1-T2 myelopathy. In all six dogs examined by magnetic resonance imaging not only the spinal arachnoid cyst but also a concomitant, most likely secondary, syringohydromyelia was confirmed. Pedigree analysis suggested a genetic predisposition for spinal arachnoid cysts in this family of pugs. Generalised proprioceptive deficits more pronounced in the thoracic limbs suggesting a focal cervical spinal cord lesion, with concomitant skin abrasions on the dorsal aspect of the thoracic limbs in a young pug, should alert veterinarians to the possibility of cervical spinal arachnoid cysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21, 182 36, Danderyd, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mauler DA, De Decker S, De Risio L, Volk HA, Dennis R, Gielen I, Van der Vekens E, Goethals K, Van Ham L. Signalment, clinical presentation, and diagnostic findings in 122 dogs with spinal arachnoid diverticula. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:175-81. [PMID: 24428321 PMCID: PMC4895525 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most information about spinal arachnoid diverticula (SADs) in dogs has been retrieved from relatively small case series. The aim of this study was to describe this disease in a larger number of dogs. Objectives Description of the signalment, clinical presentation, and imaging findings of a large number of dogs with SADs. Animals One hundred and twenty‐two dogs with SADs. Methods Retrospective case series study. All medical records were searched for a diagnosis of SAD. The diagnosis was made based on myelography, computed tomography myelography (CT‐m), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results In the 122 dogs, 125 SADs were identified. Sixty‐five were located in the cervical region and 60 in the thoracolumbar region. A higher body weight was significantly associated with a cervical localization of the SAD (P < .001). Ninety‐five dogs were male and 27 dogs were female. Male dogs were significantly overrepresented (P < .0001). The most commonly affected breed was the Pug dog. Previous or concurrent spinal disorders, in the near proximity of the diagnosed SAD, were seen in 26 dogs. Eight of 13 French Bulldogs and 7 of 21 Pug dogs with SADs had a previous or concurrent spinal disease, whereas other spinal disorders occurred in only 1 of 17 Rottweilers with SADs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pug dogs and French Bulldogs might have a predisposition for SAD development. In a large percentage of these dogs, a concurrent spinal disorder, which might predispose to SAD formation, was diagnosed. The high prevalence in male dogs warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Mauler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
De Decker S, De Risio L, Lowrie M, Mauler D, Beltran E, Giedja A, Kenny P, Gielen I, Garosi L, Volk H. Cervical Vertebral Stenosis Associated with a Vertebral Arch Anomaly in the Basset Hound. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1374-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. De Decker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshed Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield; Hertfordshire; England
| | - L. De Risio
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket; Suffolk; England
| | - M. Lowrie
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion; Higham Gobion; Hertfordshire; England
| | - D. Mauler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - E. Beltran
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket; Suffolk; England
| | - A. Giedja
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London; England
| | - P.J. Kenny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshed Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield; Hertfordshire; England
| | - I. Gielen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - L. Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion; Higham Gobion; Hertfordshire; England
| | - H. Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshed Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield; Hertfordshire; England
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Seiler GS, Robertson ID, Mai W, Widmer WR, Suran J, Nemanic S, Lamb CR, Lang J, Johnson JL, Thrall DE. Usefulness of a half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo pulse sequence in identifying arachnoid diverticula in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:157-61. [PMID: 22734150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-shot turbo spin-echo sequences are heavily T2-weighted sequences that are exceptionally well suited to evaluate the subarachnoid space. In the T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences that are used routinely in spinal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the subarachnoid space is not well differentiated from the surrounding epidural fat, which could lead to decreased detection of lesions of the subarachnoid space such as arachnoid diverticula. Our purpose was to determine the added value of a single-shot turbo spin-echo sequence in identifying cystic lesions of the subarachnoid space in dogs. MR images of six dogs with a confirmed arachnoid diverticulum and 24 dogs with other spinal disease were included. Six observers were asked to interpret only T2-weighted images initially, and in a second session, T2-weighted and half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequences. The MR images were anonymized, and no signalment, history, or clinical information was provided. Without the HASTE sequences, 25% of arachnoid diverticula were identified. Adding the HASTE sequence increased the diagnosis of arachnoid diverticulum to 52.8%. The resulting difference, after adding the HASTE sequence, of 27.8% was statistically significant (P = 0.002). No false-positive diagnoses of arachnoid diverticulum were made with either sequence. Although sensitivity in this study was likely artificially low, the significantly increased detection rate of arachnoid diverticula when using HASTE imaging indicates that this sequence is a valuable addition to MR imaging protocols for the canine spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Seiler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oxley W, Pink J. Amelioration of caudal thoracic syringohydromyelia following surgical management of an adjacent arachnoid cyst. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 53:67-72. [PMID: 22122126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A nine-year-old male, neutered, pug was presented for investigation of progressive ambulatory paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia of three months' duration. Magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of caudal thoracic syringohydromyelia with an adjacent intradural arachnoid cyst. The cyst was marsupialised following dorsal laminectomy. Neurological status had improved 10 weeks following surgery when repeat magnetic resonance imaging revealed reduced spinal cord compression both as a result of resolution of the cyst and reduction in size of the syringohydromyelia. At 17 months following surgery, the dog showed further improvements in neurological status, exhibiting mild pelvic limb ataxia and proprioceptive deficits. Improved cerebrospinal fluid flow following surgery may have played a role in the improvement in both conditions. The presence of syringohydromyelia in this context does not preclude a favourable clinical outcome following surgical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Oxley
- Willows Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4NH
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Lee K, Yamada K, Tsuneda R, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Kobayashi Y, Furuoka H, Matsui T, Sasaki N, Ishii M, Inokuma H, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y. Clinical experience of using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 165:559-62. [PMID: 19897870 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.19.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To determine the clinical usefulness of multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle, images were obtained from 27 cattle, which were then subjected to postmortem and histopathological examinations. The cattle were divided into three categories of disorder: neurological (18 cases), skeletal (four cases) and other (five cases). In five cattle, which were suspected to have brain diseases, no abnormalities were identified by either CT or histopathological examination. Eight types of lesions were detected by CT in the cattle with neurological and vestibular disorders. The diseases diagnosed included hydrocephalus (three cases), intracranial arachnoid cysts (three cases), otitis media (five cases), cerebral abscess (one case), meningoencephalocele (one case), porencephaly (one case), bicephalus (one case) and rupture of the spinal cord (one case). Lesions were identified in all the cattle with skeletal disorders, including luxation (two cases), fracture (two cases), spondylosis (one case) and congenital disorders of the skeletal system (one case). Morphological disorders in the eyes (one case), nasal cavity (two cases), frontal sinuses (one case), thyroid glands (two cases), lung fields (two cases) and abdominal organs (two cases) were diagnosed by CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
A 5-year-old Birman cat presented with paraparesis associated with a fracture of the third thoracic vertebra and was managed conservatively. Voluntary function was regained over the next 6 months, but the cat was referred 4 years after the trauma because of recurrence of hindlimb paresis and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a spinal arachnoid cyst at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, which was treated surgically by dorsal laminectomy and durectomy, and hindlimb function subsequently recovered. The cat re-presented 4 years later for recurrent hindlimb paresis. Myelography and computed tomography-myelography (CT-M) showed dorsolateral pooling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the previous laminectomy site. The neurological signs after the second surgery improved, but not as much as after the first surgery and the cat remained ataxic with moderate paresis. Seven months later repeat CT-M revealed an atrophic spinal cord, but negligible pooling of CSF at the previous site of the arachnoid cyst. The cat could walk, but was being treated for self-induced trauma of the left hindlimb that was thought to be related to paraesthesia. The neurological signs gradually deteriorated over 3 months and the cat was euthanased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiyama
- Animal Referral Hospital, South Strathfield, New South Wales 2136, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Konar M, Lang J, Flühmann G, Forterre F. Ventral intraspinal cysts associated with the intervertebral disc: magnetic resonance imaging observations in seven dogs. Vet Surg 2008; 37:94-101. [PMID: 18199062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical and diagnostic imaging features, and outcome after surgical treatment of ventral intraspinal cysts in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Dogs (n=7) with ventral intraspinal cysts. METHODS Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and surgical findings of 7 dogs and histologic findings (1 dog) with intraspinal cysts associated with the intervertebral disc were reviewed. RESULTS Ventral intraspinal cyst is characterized by: (1) clinical signs indistinguishable from those of typical disc herniation; (2) an extradural, round to oval, mass lesion with low T1 and high T2 signal intensity on MRI, compatible with a liquid-containing cyst; (3) cyst is in close proximity to the intervertebral disc; and (4) MRI signs of disc degeneration. Although the exact cause is unknown, underlying minor disc injury may predispose to cyst formation. CONCLUSION Intraspinal cysts have clinical signs identical to those of disc herniation. Given the close proximity of the cyst to the corresponding disc and the similarity of MRI findings to discal cysts in humans, we propose the term "canine discal cyst" to describe this observation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Discal cysts should be considered in the differential choices for cystic extradural compressing lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Konar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
This chapter discusses the anatomy, functions, and biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF has four major functions: physical support of neural structures, excretion and “sink” action, intracerebral transport, and control of the chemical environment of the central nervous system. CSF provides a “water jacket” of physical support and buoyancy. The CSF is protective because its volume changes reciprocally with changes in the volume of intracranial contents, particularly blood. Thus, the CSF protects the brain from changes in arterial and central venous pressure associated with posture, respiration, and exertion. Acute or chronic pathological changes in intracranial contents can be accommodated, to a point, by changes in the CSF volume. The direct transfer of brain metabolites into the CSF provides excretory function. This capacity is important because the brain lacks a lymphatic system. The lymphatic function of the CSF is also manifested in the removal of large proteins and cells, such as bacteria or blood cells, by bulk CSF absorption. The “sink” action of the CSF arises from the restricted access of water-soluble substances to the CSF and the low concentration of these solutes in the CSF.
Collapse
|
37
|
Schmidt MJ, Schachenmayr W, Thiel C, Kramer M. Recurrent spinal arachnoid cyst in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9:509-13. [PMID: 17618156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal arachnoid cysts (SACs) are uncommon expanding lesions in the spinal canal. They are rarely diagnosed in dogs, and there are only four published cases in cats. We report a case of a 12-year-old cat with recurrent signs of intermittent urinary incontinence and hind limb ataxia 2 years after surgical marsupialisation of a spinal arachnoid cyst at T11/12. Recurrence of a cyst was diagnosed by myelography. Repeated marsupialisation after laminectomy was successful and the cat recovered satisfactorily although intensive physical therapy was necessary. SACs are very rare in cats and seem to occur mainly as a secondary lesion to spinal and meningeal trauma or irritation due to bony changes of the vertebrae.
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kara B Sessums
- Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center, 4444 Trinity Mills Rd, Ste 203, Dallas, TX 75287, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Ten rottweilers presenting with spinal arachnoid pseudocysts were investigated. In six dogs, the lesions were localised dorsally at C2-C3; in three dogs, dorsally and ventrally at C5-C6; and, in one dog, dorsally and ventrally at C6-C7. Clinical signs were consistent with focal compression of the affected spinal cord segments. The animals showed ataxia of all four limbs, with truncal ataxia and marked hypermetria in cases of C2-C3 involvement, or ambulatory tetraparesis in cases of C5-C6 or C6-C7 involvement. Other than signs indicative of spina bifida in one dog, no abnormalities could be detected on plain radiographs. Myelography was used to define the localisation and extent of the pseudocysts. Additional information was obtained using magnetic resonance imaging in five dogs. Five dogs underwent a dorsal laminectomy; in three cases, the pseudocyst was treated by marsupialisation and, in two, by durectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Jurina
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Grevel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Webb AA, Jeffery ND, Olby NJ, Muir GD. Behavioural analysis of the efficacy of treatments for injuries to the spinal cord in animals. Vet Rec 2004; 155:225-30. [PMID: 15384503 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.8.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
There have been very few clinical trials evaluating therapies for naturally occurring spinal cord injury in dogs and cats. This review describes the methods suitable for evaluating the behavioural recovery of animals with spinal cord injuries, in either a clinical or a laboratory setting. A list of commonly used methods for evaluating behavioural recovery in animals is provided, both in the clinical and laboratory setting; the tests, their limitations and benefits and specific recommendations for their use are also discussed in more depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Webb
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|