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Liu X, Peng Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Chen W, Kou X, Liang H, Ren W, Khan MZ, Wang C. Coloration in Equine: Overview of Candidate Genes Associated with Coat Color Phenotypes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1802. [PMID: 38929421 PMCID: PMC11200706 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Variation in coat color among equids has attracted significant interest in genetics and breeding research. The range of colors is primarily determined by the type, concentration, and distribution of melanin pigments, with the balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin influenced by numerous genetic factors. Advances in genomic and sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of several candidate genes that influence coat color, thereby clarifying the genetic basis of these diverse phenotypes. In this review, we concisely categorize coat coloration in horses and donkeys, focusing on the biosynthesis and types of melanin involved in pigmentation. Moreover, we highlight the regulatory roles of some key candidate genes, such as MC1R, TYR, MITF, ASIP, and KIT, in coat color variation. Moreover, the review explores how coat color relates to selective breeding and specific equine diseases, offering valuable insights for developing breeding strategies that enhance both the esthetic and health aspects of equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
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2
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Kortas A, Pomianowski A, Kolecka M, Rytel L. Sensorineural deafness in purebred white Devon Rex cats. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1120-1126. [PMID: 38332646 PMCID: PMC10937476 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) in client-owned, white Devon Rex cats is limited because most of the information on this disease comes from experiments on mixed-breed cats. OBJECTIVES Provide data on the occurrence of CSD in a population of client-owned purebred white Devon Rex cats. ANIMALS Forty client-owned, purebred, white Devon Rex cats examined at 2 different facilities. Median age of the examined cats was 19 weeks. METHODS Hearing status was defined by use of brainstem auditory evoked responses. RESULTS The occurrence of sensorineural deafness in the studied population of Devon Rex cats was estimated at 10%. Unilateral and bilateral deafness occurred equally often, with 2 individuals having each (ie, 5.0%). No association between the occurrence of CSD and sex could be found, χ2 (1, n = 40) = 0.001 (P > .99). No association between blue irises and deafness was noted in the studied population, χ2 (1, n = 40) < 0.01 (P > .99). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of CSD in a population of client-owned, white Devon Rex cats was found to be lower compared with data obtained in previously conducted studies of deafness in purebred cats. In the studied population of Devon Rex cats, no association between blue irises and CSD was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Kortas
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Warmia and MazuryOlsztynPoland
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Warmia and MazuryOlsztynPoland
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DepartmentSmall Animal Clinic KalbachFrankfurtGermany
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Warmia and MazuryOlsztynPoland
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3
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Seddon JM, Fortes M, Kelly-Smith M, Sommerlad SF, Hayward JJ, Burmeister L, De Risio L, Mellersh C, Freeman J, Strain GM. Deafness in Australian Cattle Dogs associated to QTL on chromosome 20 in genome-wide association study analyses. Anim Genet 2021; 52:694-702. [PMID: 34318504 DOI: 10.1111/age.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigment-associated deafness is a common hereditary condition in a range of dog breeds. The aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide association analysis to investigate the genetic architecture of deafness in Australian Cattle Dogs. Genotypes for 104 757 polymorphisms in 216 dogs were available for analyses after quality control. A genomic relationship matrix was used in the mixed model analyses to account for polygenic effects, as we tested each polymorphism for its association with deafness, in a case/control experimental design. Three approaches were used to code the genotypes and test for additive, recessive and dominant SNP effects. The genome-wide association study analyses identified a clear association peak on CFA20, with the most significant SNPs on this chromosome (1.29 × 10-4 ) in the vicinity of MITF. Variants in MITF have been associated with white pigmentation in dogs and with deafness in humans and other species, supporting the premise that canine deafness is associated with variants in or near this gene. A recessive inheritance for the peak in CFA20 is possible given the significant results in the recessive model; however, the estimated heritability was low (4.54 × 10-5 ). Further validation, identification of variants and testing in other dog breeds are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - M Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - M Kelly-Smith
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - S F Sommerlad
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - J J Hayward
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - L Burmeister
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - L De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - C Mellersh
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - J Freeman
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - G M Strain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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4
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Congenital sensorineural deafness in Australian Cattle dogs in the UK: Prevalence and association with phenotype. Vet J 2021; 274:105711. [PMID: 34182072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Australian Cattle dog (ACD) is one of many breeds predisposed to congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD). The objective of this study was to estimate CSD prevalence and investigate any association with phenotype in the ACD in the UK. The database of the authors' institution was searched for ACD puppies undergoing brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing for CSD screening (1999-2019). Inclusion criteria were BAER performed at 4-10 weeks of age, testing of complete litters and available phenotypic data. The age, sex, coat and iris colour, presence and location of face and body patches, hearing status and BAER- determined parental hearing status of each puppy were recorded. A multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to determine whether any of these variables were significantly associated with CSD, while adjusting for clustering at litter level. Inclusion criteria were met for 524 puppies. Hearing was bilaterally normal in 464 puppies (88.6%). The prevalence of unilateral and bilateral CSD was 9.7% and 1.7%, respectively. On the basis of multivariable analysis, the presence of a pigmented face patch was the only phenotypic variable significantly associated with CSD, and was linked to a reduced risk of the condition. The prevalence was similar to that reported in an Australian population of ACDs. The key findings from this study were that overall CSD prevalence in the ACD population in the UK was 11.4%, and puppies with a face patch were at reduced risk of the condition.
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5
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Teubenbacher U, Doss GA, Guevar J. Brainstem auditory-evoked response in healthy African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:49-54. [PMID: 33260270 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and describe brainstem auditory-evoked response measurements in healthy African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). MATERIALS AND METHODS Brainstem auditory-evoked response measurements were performed in 12 adult African pygmy hedgehogs (seven males, five females) under general anaesthesia. Waveform morphology was assessed and wave latencies, amplitudes and interpeak latencies calculated. RESULTS Brainstem auditory-evoked response measurements were successfully performed in both ears from all hedgehogs. Three distinct waves were reproducible in all patients in both ears using a stimulus with an intensity of 90 dB nHL (decibel above normal hearing level). Amplitudes of waves I and V, latencies of waves I, II-III and V and interpeak latencies of waves I-V were calculated at 90 dB for both ears of each animal. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study describes normal brainstem auditory-evoked response morphology and latencies for African pygmy hedgehogs. General anaesthesia is required to perform this neurodiagnostic, given the unique behaviour and anatomy of hedgehogs. This baseline data may be useful for investigating hearing abnormalities and central nervous system disorders in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Teubenbacher
- Division of Clinical Radiology (Teubenbacher), Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - G A Doss
- Departments of Surgical (Doss) and Medical (Guevar) Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - J Guevar
- Departments of Surgical (Doss) and Medical (Guevar) Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.,Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Marsh OJR, Freeman J, Van Dijk J, De Risio L. Congenital sensorineural deafness in English setters in the United Kingdom: prevalence and association with phenotype and sex. Vet Rec 2019; 186:e13. [PMID: 31662574 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English setter (ES) is predisposed to congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD). CSD prevalence and association with phenotype in the UK ES population are previously unreported. METHODS The database of the authors' institution was searched for ES puppies undergoing brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing for CSD screening (2000-2018). Inclusion criteria were BAER performed at 5-10 weeks of age, testing of complete litters and available phenotypic data. The age, sex, presence of patches at birth, coat colour, iris colour, hearing status and BAER-determined parental hearing status of each puppy were recorded. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to determine the significance of these variables as predictors for the likelihood of puppies being unilaterally or bilaterally deaf. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met for 447 puppies. Hearing was bilaterally normal in 427 (95.5 per cent) puppies. The prevalence of unilateral and bilateral CSD was 3.6 per cent and 0.9 per cent, respectively. Females were 3.3 times more likely to be deaf than males, and puppies with both parents of unknown hearing status were 4.6 times more likely to be deaf than those with at least one normal parent. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CSD was 4.5 per cent, with female puppies and those with two parents of unknown hearing status at greatest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Freeman
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | | | - Luisa De Risio
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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7
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Ballif BC, Ramirez CJ, Carl CR, Sundin K, Krug M, Zahand A, Shaffer LG, Flores-Smith H. The PMEL Gene and Merle in the Domestic Dog: A Continuum of Insertion Lengths Leads to a Spectrum of Coat Color Variations in Australian Shepherds and Related Breeds. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:22-34. [PMID: 30071510 DOI: 10.1159/000491408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Merle is a distinct coat color and pattern found in numerous species, including the domestic dog, characterized by patches of diluted eumelanin (black pigment) interspersed among areas of normal pigmentation. In dogs, this variegated pattern is caused by an insertion of a SINE element into the canine PMEL gene. Although variation in the length of the SINE insertion - due to a variable-length poly(A) tail - has been observed to be associated with variation in merle coat color and patterning, no systematic evaluation of this correlation has been conducted and published in the scientific literature. We performed high-resolution analysis of the SINE insertion lengths in 175 dogs (99 Australian shepherds, 45 miniature Australian shepherds, and 31 miniature American shepherds) and compared the genotypes with the coat phenotypes (when available). SINE insertion lengths varied from 201 to 277 bp, indicating that merle insertion variants can occur in virtually any size along the entire continuum. Genotype-phenotype correlation of 126 dogs with only a single SINE insertion (m/M) identified at least 4 major phenotypic clusters designated as "cryptic," "atypical," "classic," and "harlequin" merle. However, we found several phenotypic outliers that did not cluster within these major groupings, suggesting that insertion size is not the only factor responsible for merle phenotypic variability. In addition, we detected 25 dogs with 2 SINE insertions (M/M) and 24 dogs with more than 2 PMEL (merle) alleles, indicating mosaicism. Genotype-phenotype correlation of M/M dogs suggests that cryptic merle alleles often act like non-merle (m) alleles when combined with atypical, classic, and harlequin-sized alleles. The finding of mosaicism has important implications for the dog's phenotype and the ability to potentially transmit various alleles to its offspring. Furthermore, we identified examples of the SINE insertion poly(A)-tail expansion and contraction between generations, which also has important implications for breeding practices and determining mating pairs to avoid producing double merle dogs. These data demonstrate that there is a continuum of merle insertion lengths associated with a spectrum of coat color and patterns and that genotype-phenotype exceptions and overlap make it difficult to strictly assign certain insertion sizes with an expected coat color, although some generalizations are possible.
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8
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Plonek M, Nicpoń J, Kubiak K, Wrzosek M. A comparison of the brainstem auditory evoked response in healthy ears of unilaterally deaf dogs and bilaterally hearing dogs. Vet Res Commun 2017; 41:23-31. [PMID: 27896671 PMCID: PMC5306067 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Auditory plasticity in response to unilateral deafness has been reported in various animal species. Subcortical changes occurring in unilaterally deaf young dogs using the brainstem auditory evoked response have not been evaluated yet. The aim of this study was to assess the brainstem auditory evoked response findings in dogs with unilateral hearing loss, and compare them with recordings obtained from healthy dogs. METHODS Brainstem auditory evoked responses (amplitudes and latencies of waves I, II, III, V, the V/I wave amplitude ratio, wave I-V, I-III and III-V interpeak intervals) were studied retrospectively in forty-six privately owned dogs, which were either unilaterally deaf or had bilateral hearing. The data obtained from the hearing ears in unilaterally deaf dogs were compared to values obtained from their healthy littermates. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the amplitude of wave III and the V/I wave amplitude ratio at 75 dB nHL were found between the group of unilaterally deaf puppies and the control group. The recordings of dogs with single-sided deafness were compared, and the results showed no statistically significant differences in the latencies and amplitudes of the waves between left- (AL) and right-sided (AR) deafness. CONCLUSIONS The recordings of the brainstem auditory evoked response in canines with unilateral inborn deafness in this study varied compared to recordings from healthy dogs. Future studies looking into electrophysiological assessment of hearing in conjunction with imaging modalities to determine subcortical auditory plasticity and auditory lateralization in unilaterally deaf dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Plonek
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - J. Nicpoń
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
- Centre for Experimental Diagnostics and Biomedical Innovations, Grunwaldzki sq. 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K. Kubiak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
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9
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De Risio L, Freeman J, Lewis T. Prevalence, heritability and genetic correlations of congenital sensorineural deafness and coat pigmentation phenotype in the English bull terrier. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:146. [PMID: 27443656 PMCID: PMC4957289 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) is the most common type of deafness in dogs and it occurs in numerous canine breeds including the English bull terrier. This study estimates prevalence, heritability and genetic correlations of CSD and coat pigmentation phenotypes in the English bull terrier in England. Results Hearing status was assessed by brainstem auditory evoked response in 1060 English bull terrier puppies tested at 30–78 (mean 43.60) days of age as complete litters. Gender, coat and iris colour and parental hearing status were recorded. The prevalence of CSD in all 1060 puppies was 10.19 % with 8.21 % unilaterally deaf and 1.98 % bilaterally deaf. The coat was predominately coloured in 49.15 % puppies and white with or without a patch in 50.85 % puppies. The majority (96.29 %) of deaf puppies had a white coat (with or without a patch); 19.29 % of the puppies with a white coat (with or without a patch) were deaf. Heritability and genetic correlations were estimated using residual maximum likelihood. Heritability of hearing status as a trichotomous trait (bilaterally normal/unilaterally deaf/bilaterally deaf) was estimated at 0.15 to 0.16 and was significantly different to zero (P < 0.01). Heritability of coat pigmentation phenotype (all white/white with patches/coloured) was 0.49 (standard error 0.077). Genetic correlation of CSD with coat pigmentation phenotype was estimated at −0.36 to −0.37 (CSD associated with all white coat), but was not significantly larger than zero (P > 0.05). Analysis of CSD in all white and white patched puppies only estimated the heritability of CSD as 0.25 and was significantly greater than zero (P < 0.01), and the heritability of coat colour (all white/white with patches) as 0.20 (standard error 0.096). The genetic correlation was estimated at −0.53 to −0.54 (CSD associated with all white coat) but was just above the statistical threshold determining significant difference to zero (P = 0.06). Conclusions These results indicate that CSD occurs predominantly in white English bull terriers and there is genetic variation in CSD beyond that associated with coat colour. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0777-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa De Risio
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - Julia Freeman
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- The Kennel Club, Clarges Street, London, W1J 8AB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Abstract
Although deafness can be acquired throughout an animal's life from a variety of causes, hereditary deafness, especially congenital hereditary deafness, is a significant problem in several species. Extensive reviews exist of the genetics of deafness in humans and mice, but not for deafness in domestic animals. Hereditary deafness in many species and breeds is associated with loci for white pigmentation, where the cochlear pathology is cochleo-saccular. In other cases, there is no pigmentation association and the cochlear pathology is neuroepithelial. Late onset hereditary deafness has recently been identified in dogs and may be present but not yet recognized in other species. Few genes responsible for deafness have been identified in animals, but progress has been made for identifying genes responsible for the associated pigmentation phenotypes. Across species, the genes identified with deafness or white pigmentation patterns include MITF, PMEL, KIT, EDNRB, CDH23, TYR, and TRPM1 in dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, ferret, mink, camelid, and rabbit. Multiple causative genes are present in some species. Significant work remains in many cases to identify specific chromosomal deafness genes so that DNA testing can be used to identify carriers of the mutated genes and thereby reduce deafness prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Strain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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11
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Sommerlad SF, Morton JM, Johnstone I, O'Leary CA, Seddon JM. Consequences of a screening programme on the prevalence of congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness in the Australian Cattle Dog. Anim Genet 2014; 45:855-62. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Sommerlad
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld 4343 Australia
| | - J. M. Morton
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld 4343 Australia
| | - I. Johnstone
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld 4343 Australia
| | - C. A. O'Leary
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld 4343 Australia
| | - J. M. Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld 4343 Australia
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12
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Palumbo MIP, Resende LADL, Pantoja JCDF, Mayhew IG, Borges AS. Brainstem auditory-evoked potential in Boxer dogs. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) has been widely used for different purposes in veterinary practice and is commonly used to identify inherited deafness and presbycusis. In this study, 43 Boxer dogs were evaluated using the BAEP. Deafness was diagnosed in 3 dogs (2 bilateral and 1 unilateral) allowing the remaining 40 Boxers to be included for normative data analysis including an evaluation on the influence of age on the BAEP. The animals were divided into 2 groups of 20 Boxers each based on age. The mean age was 4.54 years (range, 1-8) in group I, and 9.83 years (range, 8.5-12) in group II. The mean latency for I, III, and V waves were 1.14 (±0.07), 2.64 (±0.11), and 3.48 (±0.10) ms in group I, and 1.20 (±0.12), 2.73 (±0.15), and 3.58 (±0.22) ms in group II, respectively. The mean inter-peak latencies for the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals were 1.50 (±0.15), 0.84 (±0.15), and 2.34 (±0.11) ms in group I, and 1.53 (±0.16), 0.85 (±0.15), and 2.38 (±0.19) ms in group II, respectively. Latencies of waves I and III were significant different between group I and II. For the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. As far as we know, this is the first normative study of BAEP obtained from Boxer dogs.
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13
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Piazza S, Huynh M, Cauzinille L. Brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) in client-owned pet ferrets with normal hearing. Vet Rec 2014; 174:581. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Piazza
- Department of Neurology; Veterinary Hospital FREGIS; 43 Avenue Aristide Briand Arcueil 94110 France
| | - M. Huynh
- Department of Exotics; Veterinary Hospital FREGIS; 43 Avenue Aristide Briand Arcueil 94110 France
| | - L. Cauzinille
- Department of Neurology; Veterinary Hospital FREGIS; 43 Avenue Aristide Briand Arcueil 94110 France
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14
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Schmutz SM. An analysis of the inheritance pattern of an adult-onset hearing loss in Border Collie dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 26401323 PMCID: PMC4574391 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During routine diagnostic BAER testing of dogs of various breeds for private owners at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine in Saskatoon, it became evident that some individual dogs developed hearing loss as adults. Although inherited congenital deafness has been widely reported in dogs, this type of deafness had not. Findings Special clinics were set up to screen working Border Collies at herding competitions. To determine the typical age that geriatric deafness might be expected, retired dogs were also recruited. Five of the 10 Border Collies 12 years of age or older had hearing loss (1 bilaterally deaf and 4 had reduced hearing). The adult onset deafness which exhibited in three families, did not usually occur until 5 years of age, too young to be geriatric deafness. This adult onset deafness fits an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Several of these dogs had been BAER tested at younger ages with no sign of deafness. The deaf dogs were not associated with either gender. A survey was developed which was completed by the dog owners, that indicated that the hearing loss was gradual, not sudden. In addition, some family studies were conducted. Conclusions Dogs at 5 years of age were often in the prime of their herding careers and then did not respond appropriately to distant commands. This type of deafness is important to dog owners but is also a potential medical model for some forms of hearing loss in humans. This report also suggests that geriatric hearing loss is common in dogs older than 12 years. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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Piazza S, Abitbol M, Gnirs K, Huynh M, Cauzinille L. Prevalence of deafness and association with coat variations in client-owned ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:1047-52. [PMID: 24739114 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.9.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) and its association with phenotypic markers in client-owned ferrets. DESIGN Epidemiological study. ANIMALS 152 healthy European pet ferrets. PROCEDURES Brainstem auditory evoked response tests were recorded in ferrets during general anesthesia. Phenotypic markers such as sex, coat color and pattern, coat length (Angora or not), and premature graying trait were assessed. RESULTS Overall, 44 of the 152 (29%) ferrets were affected by CSD; 10 (7%) were unilaterally deaf, and 34 (22%) were bilaterally deaf. There was no association between CSD and sex or Angora trait, but a strong association between CSD and white patterned coat or premature graying was identified. All panda, American panda, and blaze ferrets were deaf. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ferrets in this study had a high prevalence of CSD that was strictly associated with coat color patterns, specifically white markings and premature graying. This seemed to be an emerging congenital defect in pet ferrets because white-marked coats are a popular new coat color. Breeders should have a greater awareness and understanding of this defect to reduce its prevalence for the overall benefit of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Piazza
- Department of Neurology, Veterinary Hospital Center FREGIS, 43 ave Aristide Briand, 94110 Arcueil, France
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16
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Palumbo M, Resende L, Mayhew I, Borges A. Brainstem auditory evoked potential testing in Dalmatian dogs in Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-41625984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain stem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) is an electrophysiologic test that detects and records the electrical activity in the auditory system from cochlea to midbrain, generated after an acoustic stimulus applied to the external ear. The aim of this study is to obtain normative data for BAEP in Dalmatian dogs in order to apply this to the evaluation of deafness and other neurologic disorders. BAEP were recorded from 30 Dalmatian dogs for a normative Brazilian study. Mean latencies for waves I, III, and V were 1.14 (±0.09), 2.62 (±0.10), and 3.46 (±0.14) ms, respectively. Mean inter-peak latencies for I-III, III-V, and I-V intervals were 1.48 (±0.17), 0.84 (±0.12), and 2.31 (±0.18) ms, respectively. Unilateral abnormalities were found in 16.7% of animals and bilateral deafness was seen in one dog. The normative data obtained in this paper is compatible with other published data. As far as we know this is the first report of deafness occurrence in Dalmatian dogs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A.S. Borges
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho
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17
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O′Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90501. [PMID: 24594665 PMCID: PMC3942437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purebred dog health is thought to be compromised by an increasing occurence of inherited diseases but inadequate prevalence data on common disorders have hampered efforts to prioritise health reforms. Analysis of primary veterinary practice clinical data has been proposed for reliable estimation of disorder prevalence in dogs. Electronic patient record (EPR) data were collected on 148,741 dogs attending 93 clinics across central and south-eastern England. Analysis in detail of a random sample of EPRs relating to 3,884 dogs from 89 clinics identified the most frequently recorded disorders as otitis externa (prevalence 10.2%, 95% CI: 9.1-11.3), periodontal disease (9.3%, 95% CI: 8.3-10.3) and anal sac impaction (7.1%, 95% CI: 6.1-8.1). Using syndromic classification, the most prevalent body location affected was the head-and-neck (32.8%, 95% CI: 30.7-34.9), the most prevalent organ system affected was the integument (36.3%, 95% CI: 33.9-38.6) and the most prevalent pathophysiologic process diagnosed was inflammation (32.1%, 95% CI: 29.8-34.3). Among the twenty most-frequently recorded disorders, purebred dogs had a significantly higher prevalence compared with crossbreds for three: otitis externa (P = 0.001), obesity (P = 0.006) and skin mass lesion (P = 0.033), and popular breeds differed significantly from each other in their prevalence for five: periodontal disease (P = 0.002), overgrown nails (P = 0.004), degenerative joint disease (P = 0.005), obesity (P = 0.001) and lipoma (P = 0.003). These results fill a crucial data gap in disorder prevalence information and assist with disorder prioritisation. The results suggest that, for maximal impact, breeding reforms should target commonly-diagnosed complex disorders that are amenable to genetic improvement and should place special focus on at-risk breeds. Future studies evaluating disorder severity and duration will augment the usefulness of the disorder prevalence information reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G. O′Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Church
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. McGreevy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter C. Thomson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dave C. Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:576-86. [PMID: 23583561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator of disorders in pigment production and eye dysfunctions. Disorders related to coat colour-associated alleles also occur in the skin (melanoma), reproductive tract and immune system. Additionally, the coat colour phenotype of an individual influences its general behaviour and fitness. Mutations in the same genes often produce similar coat colours and pleiotropic effects in different species (e.g., KIT [reproductive disorders, lethality], EDNRB [megacolon] and LYST [CHS]). Whereas similar disorders and similar-looking coat colour phenotypes sometimes have a different genetic background (e.g., deafness [EDN3/EDNRB, MITF, PAX and SNAI2] and visual diseases [OCA2, RAB38, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TRPM1 and TYR]). The human predilection for fancy phenotypes that ignore disorders and genetic defects is a major driving force for the increase of pleiotropic effects in domestic species and laboratory subjects since domestication has commenced approximately 18,000 years ago.
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Key Words
- AS
- ASIP
- ATRN
- Agouti signalling protein
- Albino
- Angelman syndrome
- Attractin (mahogany)
- BLOC
- Biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex
- CCSD
- CHS
- CSD
- CSNB
- Canine congenital sensorineural deafness
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Coat colour gene
- Congenital sensorineural deafness
- Congenital stationary night blindness
- Disorder
- EDN3
- EDNRB
- Endothelin 3
- Endothelin receptor type B
- Epistasis
- Fitness
- GS
- Griscelli syndrome (type 1 or 2)
- HPS
- HSCR
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with different types
- Hirschsprung disease
- IPE
- Iris pigment epithelium
- KIT
- KIT ligand (steel factor)
- KITLG
- LFS
- LYST
- Lavender foal syndrome
- Lethal
- Leucism
- Lysosomal trafficking regulator
- MC1R
- MCOA
- MCOLN3
- MGRN1
- MITF
- MYO5A
- Mahogunin ring finger 1 (E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)
- Melanocortin 1 receptor
- Melanoma
- Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- Mucolipin 3 (TRPML3)
- Multiple congenital ocular anomalies
- Myosin VA (heavy chain 12, myoxin)
- OA
- OCA
- OCA2
- OLWS
- OSTM1
- Ocular albinism
- Oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog)
- Oculocutaneous albinism type 1–4
- Osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 (Grey lethal osteopetrosis)
- Overo lethal white syndrome
- PAX3
- PMEL
- PWS
- Paired box 3
- Pleiotropy
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- Premelanosome protein (Pmel17, SILV)
- RAB27A
- RAB27A member RAS oncogene family
- RAB38
- RAB38 member RAS oncogene family
- RPE
- Reproduction
- Retinal pigmented epithelium
- SLC24A5
- SLC2A9
- SLC45A2
- SNAI2
- STX17
- Snail homolog 2 (Drosophila), (SLUG), SOX10, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10
- Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 9
- Solute carrier family 24, member 5
- Solute carrier family 45, member 2, MATP
- Syntaxin 17
- TRPM1
- TYR
- Tameness
- Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (melastatin-1)
- Tyrosinase, TYRP1, Tyrosinase-related protein 1
- V-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
- WS
- Waardenburg syndrome (type 1, type 2 combined with Tietz syndrome type 3 Klein-Waardenburg syndrome, type 4 Waardenburg-Shah syndrome)
- alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- αMSH
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reissmann
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Sommerlad SF, Morton JM, Haile-Mariam M, Johnstone I, Seddon JM, O'Leary CA. Prevalence of congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness in Australian Cattle Dogs and associations with coat characteristics and sex. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:202. [PMID: 23107143 PMCID: PMC3489614 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness (CHSD) occurs in many dog breeds, including Australian Cattle Dogs. In some breeds, CHSD is associated with a lack of cochlear melanocytes in the stria vascularis, certain coat characteristics, and potentially, abnormalities in neuroepithelial pigment production. This study investigates phenotypic markers for CHSD in 899 Australian Cattle Dogs. Results Auditory function was tested in 899 Australian Cattle Dogs in family groups using brainstem auditory evoked response testing. Coat colour and patterns, facial and body markings, gender and parental hearing status were recorded. Deafness prevalence among all 899 dogs was 10.8% with 7.5% unilaterally deaf, and 3.3% bilaterally deaf, and amongst pups from completely tested litters (n = 696) was 11.1%, with 7.5% unilaterally deaf, and 3.6% bilaterally deaf. Univariable and multivariable analyses revealed a negative association between deafness and bilateral facial masks (odds ratio 0.2; P ≤ 0.001). Using multivariable logistic animal modelling, the risk of deafness was lower in dogs with pigmented body spots (odds ratio 0.4; P = 0.050). No significant associations were found between deafness and coat colour. Within unilaterally deaf dogs with unilateral facial masks, no association was observed between the side of deafness and side of mask. The side of unilateral deafness was not significantly clustered amongst unilaterally deaf dogs from the same litter. Females were at increased risk of deafness (odds ratio from a logistic animal model 1.9; P = 0.034) after adjusting for any confounding by mask type and pigmented body spots. Conclusions Australian Cattle Dogs suffer from CHSD, and this disease is more common in dogs with mask-free faces, and in those without pigmented body patches. In unilaterally deaf dogs with unilateral masks, the lack of observed association between side of deafness and side of mask suggests that if CHSD is due to defects in molecular pigment pathways, the molecular control of embryonic melanoblast migration from ectoderm to skin differs from control of migration from ectoderm to cochlea. In Australian Cattle Dogs, CHSD may be more common in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Sommerlad
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Conductive deafness, caused by outer or middle ear obstruction, may be corrected, whereas sensorineural deafness cannot. Most deafness in dogs is congenital sensorineural hereditary deafness, associated with the genes for white pigment: piebald or merle. The genetic cause has not yet been identified. Dogs with blue eyes have a greater likelihood of hereditary deafness than brown-eyed dogs. Other common forms of sensorineural deafness include presbycusis, ototoxicity, noise-induced hearing loss, otitis interna, and anesthesia. Definitive diagnosis of deafness requires brainstem auditory evoked response testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Strain
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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21
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Hannula S, Bloigu R, Majamaa K, Sorri M, Mäki-Torkko E. Ear diseases and other risk factors for hearing impairment among adults: an epidemiological study. Int J Audiol 2012; 51:833-40. [PMID: 22934931 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2012.707334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of ear diseases, other otological risk factors potentially affecting hearing, and noise exposure among adults. Furthermore, subject-related factors possibly associated with hearing impairment (HI), i.e. handedness, eye color, and susceptibility to sunburn, were studied. DESIGN A cross-sectional, unscreened, population-based, epidemiological study among adults. STUDY SAMPLE The subjects (n = 850), aged 54-66 years, were randomly sampled from the population register. A questionnaire survey, an otological examination, and pure-tone audiometry were performed. RESULTS Chronic middle-ear disease (both active and inactive) was the most common ear disease with a prevalence of 5.3%, while the prevalence of otosclerosis was 1.3%, and that of Ménière's disease, 0.7%. Noise exposure was reported by 46% of the subjects, and it had no effect on hearing among those with no ear disease or other otological risk factors for HI. Dark eye color and non-susceptibility to sunburn were associated with HI among noise-exposed subjects. CONCLUSIONS Common ear diseases and other otological risk factors constitute a major part of the etiologies of HI among adults. Contrary to previous studies, noise exposure turned out to have only marginal effect on hearing among those with no otological risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Hannula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Comito B, Knowles KE, Strain GM. Congenital deafness in Jack Russell terriers: prevalence and association with phenotype. Vet J 2012; 193:404-7. [PMID: 22456033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness is the most common form of deafness in dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine a reliable measure of the prevalence of deafness in Jack Russell terriers, an affected breed, and associations between deafness and phenotypic characteristics. Brainstem auditory evoked response recordings and phenotypic parameters (coat color, coat texture, sex, eye color, sire and dam hearing status) were recorded for 1009 Jack Russell terriers. The prevalence of unilateral and bilateral deafness was 3.57% and 0.50%, respectively, lower by a factor of three to four than in earlier reports based on smaller and closely related kindreds. Significant association with deafness was identified with white coat color and parental hearing status, but not with sex or coat type. Lack of significant sex or coat type associations and the significant association with white coat color are consistent with previous reports. In conclusion the prevalence of deafness in Jack Russell terriers is lower than initially reported. Deafness was associated with white coat color and parental hearing status. The association with parental hearing status supports this form of deafness being a heritable trait in the breed and the association with white coat color supports an inheritance linked to pigmentation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Comito
- Veterinary Neurological Center, 4202 E. Raymond St., Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
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23
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McBrearty A, Penderis J. Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Testing for Screening of Sensorineural Deafness in Puppies. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1366-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. McBrearty
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - J. Penderis
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
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24
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Strain G. White noise: Pigment-associated deafness. Vet J 2011; 188:247-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Prevalence, heritability and genetic correlations of congenital sensorineural deafness and pigmentation phenotypes in the Border Collie. Vet J 2011; 188:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Schemera B, Blumsack JT, Cellino AF, Quiller TD, Hess BA, Rynders PE. Evaluation of otoacoustic emissions in clinically normal alert puppies. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:295-301. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Sommerlad S, McRae AF, McDonald B, Johnstone I, Cuttell L, Seddon JM, O'Leary CA. Congenital sensorineural deafness in Australian stumpy-tail cattle dogs is an autosomal recessive trait that maps to CFA10. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13364. [PMID: 20967282 PMCID: PMC2953516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital sensorineural deafness is an inherited condition found in many dog breeds, including Australian Stumpy-tail Cattle Dogs (ASCD). This deafness is evident in young pups and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). The genetic locus/loci involved is unknown for all dog breeds. The aims of this study were to determine incidence, inheritance mechanism, and possible association of congenital sensorineural deafness with coat colour in ASCD and to identify the genetic locus underpinning this disease. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 315 ASCD were tested for sensorineural deafness using the brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER) test. Disease penetrance was estimated directly, using the ratio of unilaterally to bilaterally deaf dogs, and segregation analysis was performed using Mendel. A complete genome screen was undertaken using 325 microsatellites spread throughout the genome, on a pedigree of 50 BAER tested ASCD in which deafness was segregating. Fifty-six dogs (17.8%) were deaf, with 17 bilaterally and 39 unilaterally deaf. Unilaterally deaf dogs showed no significant left/right bias (p = 0.19) and no significant difference was observed in frequencies between the sexes (p = 0.18). Penetrance of deafness was estimated as 0.72. Testing the association of red/blue coat colour and deafness without accounting for pedigree structure showed that red dogs were 1.8 times more likely to be deaf (p = 0.045). The within family association between red/blue coat colour and deafness was strongly significant (p = 0.00036), with red coat colour segregating more frequently with deafness (COR = 0.48). The relationship between deafness and coat speckling approached significance (p = 0.07), with the lack of statistical significance possibly due to only four families co-segregating for both deafness and speckling. The deafness phenotype was mapped to CFA10 (maximum linkage peak on CFA10 −log10 p-value = 3.64), as was both coat colour and speckling. Fine mapping was then performed on 45 of these 50 dogs and a further 48 dogs (n = 93). Sequencing candidate gene Sox10 in 6 hearing ASCD, 2 unilaterally deaf ASCD and 2 bilaterally deaf ASCD did not reveal any disease-associated mutations. Conclusions Deafness in ASCD is an incompletely penetrant autosomal recessive inherited disease that maps to CFA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sommerlad
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brenda McDonald
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Isobel Johnstone
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leigh Cuttell
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline A. O'Leary
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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28
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Welfare epidemiology as a tool to assess the welfare impact of inherited defects on the pedigree dog population. Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect that breed standards and selective breeding practices have on the welfare of pedigree dogs has recently come under scrutiny from both the general public and scientific community. Recent research has suggested that breeding for particular aesthetic traits, such as tightly curled tails, highly domed skulls and short muzzles predisposes dogs with these traits to certain inherited defects, such as spina bifida, syringomyelia and brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome, respectively. Further to this, there is a very large number of inherited diseases that are not related to breed standards, which are thought to be prevalent, partly as a consequence of inbreeding and restricted breeding pools. Inherited diseases, whether linked to conformation or not, have varying impact on the individuals affected by them, and affect varying proportions of the pedigree dog population. Some diseases affect few breeds but are highly prevalent in predisposed breeds. Other diseases affect many breeds, but have low prevalence within each breed. In this paper, we discuss the use of risk analysis and severity diagrams as means of mapping the overall problem of inherited disorders in pedigree dogs and, more specifically, the welfare impact of specific diseases in particular breeds.
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29
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Magdesian KG, Williams DC, Aleman M, Lecouteur RA, Madigan JE. Evaluation of deafness in American Paint Horses by phenotype, brainstem auditory-evoked responses, and endothelin receptor B genotype. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 235:1204-11. [PMID: 19912043 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.10.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate deafness in American Paint Horses by phenotype, clinical findings, brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs), and endothelin B receptor (EDNBR) genotype. DESIGN Case series and case-control studies. ANIMALS 14 deaf American Paint Horses, 20 suspected-deaf American Paint Horses, and 13 nondeaf American Paint Horses and Pintos. PROCEDURES Horses were categorized on the basis of coat color pattern and eye color. Testing for the EDNBR gene mutation (associated with overo lethal white foal syndrome) and BAERs was performed. Additional clinical findings were obtained from medical records. RESULTS All 14 deaf horses had loss of all BAER waveforms consistent with complete deafness. Most horses had the splashed white or splashed white-frame blend coat pattern. Other patterns included frame overo and tovero. All of the deaf horses had extensive head and limb white markings, although the amount of white on the neck and trunk varied widely. All horses had at least 1 partially heterochromic iris, and most had 2 blue eyes. Ninety-one percent (31/34) of deaf and suspected-deaf horses had the EDNBR gene mutation. Deaf and suspected-deaf horses were used successfully for various performance events. All nondeaf horses had unremarkable BAER results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Veterinarians should be aware of deafness among American Paint Horses, particularly those with a splashed white or frame overo coat color pattern, blend of these patterns, or tovero pattern. Horses with extensive head and limb markings and those with blue eyes appeared to be at particular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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30
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Strain G, Clark L, Wahl J, Turner A, Murphy K. Prevalence of Deafness in Dogs Heterozygous or Homozygous for the Merle Allele. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:282-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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