1
|
Calomeno SS, Freitas Santi TD, Barbosa B, Weber SH, Oliveira TM, Machado GF, Michelotto PV. Influence of climatic changes on respiratory health in a teaching herd of outdoor-housed horses. Vet J 2024; 307:106198. [PMID: 39059695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Horses maintained outdoors may experience a lower-allergenic environment compared to their stabled counterparts. This study hypothesizes that climatic changes in southern Brazil can influence respiratory status. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the lower airways of 17 horses from a teaching herd in southern Brazil, maintained outdoors, during winter, spring, and summer. Except for one mare with a history of severe asthma, all horses were considered healthy and underwent a physical examination. Airway endoscopic evaluation included scoring for tracheal mucus (0-5) and bronchial septum thickness (1-5). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected at three time points, while bronchial septum biopsies were performed during spring and summer for airway epithelial investigation. Data analysis involved repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). Tracheal mucus score and septal thickness did not differ across investigation periods. In BALF cytology, the mean percentage of neutrophils was higher in spring than summer (7.9 ± 13.4 % vs. 4.5 ± 11.7 %, P = 0.037), and eosinophil count was higher in winter than spring (0.64 ± 1.29 % vs. 0.03 ± 0.13 %, P = 0.034) and summer (0.64 ± 1.29 % vs. 0.14 ± 0.60 %, P = 0.023). Histopathological observations showed no differences between time points, and no correlations were observed with BALF analyses (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates that, even in an outdoor environment, horses' airways exhibit cytological modifications associated with different seasons, indicating a need for deeper investigation; endobronchial biopsy did not contribute to the clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Strano Calomeno
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Thasla de Freitas Santi
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcelo Oliveira
- Internal Medicine Departament, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508270, Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araçatuba, R. Clóvis Pestana 793, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vicente Michelotto
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woodrow JS, Hopster K, Palmisano M, Payette F, Kulp J, Stefanovski D, Nolen‐Walston R. Time to resolution of airway inflammation caused by bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2776-2782. [PMID: 39198933 PMCID: PMC11423487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a common procedure for evaluation of the equine lower airways. Time to resolution of post-BAL inflammation has not been clearly defined. HYPOTHESIS Residual inflammation, evident by changes in immune cell populations and inflammatory cytokines, will resolve by 72 hours after BAL. ANIMALS Six adult, healthy, institution-owned horses. METHODS Randomized, complete cross-over design. Each horse underwent 3 paired BALs, including a baseline and then 48, 72, and 96 hours later, with a 7-day washout between paired BALs. Each sample underwent cytological evaluation and cytokine concentrations were determined by a commercially available multiplex bead immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression analysis. Data are reported as marginal means and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Neutrophil, eosinophil and mast cell percentages were not significantly different at any time points. Macrophage percentages were higher at 72 hours (45.0 [95% CI, 41.6-48.4]%) and 96 hours (45.3 [95% CI, 42.9-47.7]%) vs baseline (37.4 [95% CI, 33.5-41.4]%; P < .001 and P = .01, respectively), and at 72 hours and 96 hours vs 48 hours (31.9 [95% CI, 28.1-35.6]%; P < .001). Neutrophil percentage was not significantly increased at 48 hours (P = .11). Interleukin (IL)-6 concentration was increased at 72 hours (5.22 [95% CI, 3.44-6.99] pg/mL) vs 48 hours (4.38 [95% CI, 2.99-5.78] pg/mL; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Significant lung inflammation was not detected at 72 and 96 hours, suggesting that repeating BAL at 72 hours or more can be done without concern of residual inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane S. Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Megan Palmisano
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Flavie Payette
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeaneen Kulp
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rose Nolen‐Walston
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Immune Functions Alterations Due to Racing Stress in Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091203. [PMID: 35565629 PMCID: PMC9104563 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Racehorses are under constant stress when training and during competitions. It is known that high levels of cortisol, the hormone responsible for stress regulation, can impact the immune system. Hence, the importance of assessing the immune cells, blood components and cortisol during different times of athlete horses’ routines, including races. This research verified the impact of training and racing on the immune function of Thoroughbreds’ trough phagocytosis and oxidative neutrophil burst assays, serum cortisol determination, erythrocytes apoptosis, lymphoproliferation, and blood count analyses. Abstract Racehorses are constantly exposed to stress. Aiming to verify the state of blood components and cortisol alterations during their routine and after races, phagocytosis and oxidative neutrophil burst assays, serum cortisol determination, erythrocytes apoptosis evaluation, lymphoproliferation assays, and blood count tests were performed in thirty Thoroughbred racehorses, which were divided in two groups. The samples were taken right after races (moment 0 d), during rest periods (−11 d, +1 d, +3 d), and after training (−8, +2, +5). In both groups, the phagocytosis showed a decrease in percentage and intensity immediately after the race when comparing samples collected during rest or training periods. In the mean values of oxidative burst on samples collected immediately after the race, group I animals demonstrated a decrease (524.2 ± 248.9) when compared with those samples collected in other moments. No significant differences were found between the results of different moments regarding the apoptotic cells and lymphoproliferation assays. The mean values of serum cortisol levels were increased immediately after racing. There was an increase in the percentage of neutrophils found immediately after the race. It was possible to conclude that, although a transient reduction was found in the number of neutrophils, the horses’ adaptive function was not affected.
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu SD, Timur Y, Xu L, Meng WX, Sun B, Qiu DY. Inhibiting the ROCK Pathway Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury in Mice following Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:931-946. [PMID: 33655821 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1887887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of Y-27632, a selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK), in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Mice were randomized into Sham, I/R, and Y-27632 (10, 20 or 30 mg/kg) + I/R groups, and hemodynamics, infarcted area, the protein concentration, neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were assessed. Pathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; protein and gene expression were measured by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); and apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. ROCK1 and ROCK2 expression was up-regulated in lung tissues of I/R mice compared to sham mice. Y-27632 decreased the protein concentration and the neutrophils in BALF in I/R mice, improved hemodynamics and reduced infarct size (IS)/area at risk (AAR) ratio. In addition, pathological changes in lung tissues of Y-27632-treated mice were mitigated, and these alterations were accompanied by decreases in MDA levels in lung tissues and increases in SOD and GSH-Px levels. Moreover, in I/R group, the number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue was higher than that in sham group, and p53, Caspase-3 and Bax expression was up-regulated; however, following treatment with Y-27632 (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg), these changes were reversed. Inhibition of ROCK pathway by Y-27632 ameliorated ALI in myocardial I/R mice by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Dian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yagudin Timur
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Central Laboratory of Scientific Research, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Xin Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong-Yun Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lessa D, Alencar N, Torres Filho R, Costa M, Fernandes W, Saraiva E. Increased leishmanicidal activity of alveolar macrophages from mature horses with mild equine asthma. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are an essential part of defense mechanisms within the lungs and their phagocytic activity is important for organ homeostasis. The phagocytic ability of AMs obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage from 17 mature mixed-breed pleasure horses (8 healthy and 9 diagnosed with mild equine asthma) was studied through assays with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes, which enabled the calculation of a phagocytic index (PI) and a survival index (SI). Results indicate that phagocytic activity of AMs in asthma affected horses is similar to healthy horses, while leishmanicidal activity is significantly increased in horses with asthma.
Collapse
|
6
|
Almeida S, Bastos F, Barussi F, Lessa D, Alencar N, Michelotto P. Airway endoscopy and tracheal cytology of two-year-old Thoroughbred horses during the first year of race training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunological status of the respiratory tract is critical to racehorses’ performance. Respiratory diseases in young Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses are a major concern during their early athletic career. This study investigated the airway adaptations occurring in young TB race horses during their first year of race training. Eighteen animals were evaluated at five different time points over a one-year follow-up period. A physical examination was performed, followed by airway endoscopy, in which tracheal mucus (TM) and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) were observed. Differential cytology of the tracheal wash (TW) was also performed. The physical parameters in the five assessments and TM grade did not vary. The PLH grade was lower at time-points 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) than at the initial evaluation (T0) (P=0.028 and P=0.036, respectively). The cytological analysis revealed that neutrophil count decreased at T4 as compared with T0 (P=0.022). Epithelial cell count was increased, and macrophage count decreased, at T3 and T4, compared with T0 (P=0.004 and P=0.031, respectively). Haemosiderophage count was higher at T1 (P=0.020) and lower at T2 (P=0.003), compared to T0. A statistical correlation between mucus and all cell types was found, showing a non-specific immune response. In conclusion, young TB racehorses underwent airway modifications during the initial months of race training, and a thorough follow-up is needed during the initial period after stabling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.R.P. Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - F.Z. Bastos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - F.C.M. Barussi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - D.A.B. Lessa
- School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Vital Brasil, Niteroi, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - N.X. Alencar
- School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Vital Brasil, Niteroi, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - P.V. Michelotto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hostetter SJ, Clark SK, Gilbertie JM, Wiechert SA, Jones DE, Sponseller BA. Age-related variation in the cellular composition of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:344-353. [PMID: 28346682 PMCID: PMC10629498 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports reveal variation in the cellular composition of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the profiles of BALF from horses to assess age-related differences. Serial BALF samples were collected from the same individuals over a one-year period to identify changes in individual animals as they aged. METHODS Collection of BALF was performed on horses aged one week and one, 2, 6, and 12 months. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC), protein concentration, and cytology were assessed. Longitudinal analysis was performed and compared to healthy adults. RESULTS Foals at one week and 6 months of age had significantly higher TNCC than adults (medians: 320/μL, 285/μL, and 90/μL, respectively); no differences in total protein were found. Foals at one month had the highest proportion of macrophages (median: 87.3%), differing significantly from both yearlings and adults (medians: 45.5% and 48.7%, respectively). Foals aged one week and one month had significantly lower proportions of lymphocytes than yearlings and adults (medians: 3.2% and 4.7% vs 43.2% and 45.8%, respectively). Eosinophil percentage was lowest in foals aged one week, one month, and 2 months (median: 0.0%) and highest in foals aged 6 months (median: 2.2%). Mast cell percentages were highest in yearlings and adults (medians: 2.2% and 3.3%, respectively) and neutrophil percentage was highest in foals aged one week (13.7%). CONCLUSIONS Cytologic profiles of BALF from foals and adult horses differed considerably. Significant changes in TNCC and percentages of lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils occurred with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra K Clark
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jessica M Gilbertie
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sarah A Wiechert
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Doug E Jones
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mazan MR. Update on noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the lower airway. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:159-85. [PMID: 25770068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction are 2 nonseptic diseases of the equine respiratory system with a shared cause of exposure to particulate matter. They appear to occupy 2 ends of a spectrum of disease, but are differentiated by history, clinical signs, and response to treatment. Diagnosis can be made by sampling of respiratory fluids and lung function testing. Treatment consists of environmental modification and pharmacologic treatment with systemic or inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Mazan
- Large Animal Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE, Zimmerman NJ, Raskin RE. Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:918-24. [PMID: 24773603 PMCID: PMC4895475 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses is a widespread, performance‐limiting syndrome believed to develop in response to inhaled irritants in the barn environment. Objectives To evaluate changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and exposure to particulates, endotoxin, and ammonia during horses' first month in training. Animals Forty‐nine client‐owned 12‐ to 36‐month‐old Thoroughbred horses entering race training. Methods In this prospective cohort study, a convenience sample of horses was assigned to be fed hay from a net (n = 16), whereas the remaining horses were fed hay from the ground (n = 33). BALF was collected at enrollment and after 14 and 28 days in training. Respirable particulate, inhalable particulate, respirable endotoxin, and ammonia concentrations were measured at the breathing zone of each horse weekly. Results Median respirable particulates were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets than when fed hay from the ground (hay net 0.28 mg/m3, no hay net 0.055 mg/m3, P < .001). Likewise, inhalable particulate (hay net 8.3 mg/m3, no hay net 3.3 mg/m3, P = .0064) and respirable endotoxin (hay net 173.4 EU/m3, no hay net 59.2 EU/m3, P = .018) exposures were significantly higher when horses were fed from hay nets. Feeding hay from a net resulted in significantly higher BALF eosinophil proportions over time (P < .001). BALF eosinophils were significantly related to respirable particulate exposure (14 days in training rs = 0.37, P = .012, 28 days in training, rs = 0.38, P = .017). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation develops in response to respirable particulate exposure in young Thoroughbreds, indicating a potential hypersensitivity to inhaled particulate allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muehlmann LA, Michelotto PV, Nunes EA, Grando FCC, Silva FTD, Nishiyama A. PAF increases phagocytic capacity and superoxide anion production in equine alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:393-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Michelotto PV, Muehlmann LA, Zanatta AL, Bieberbach EWR, Kryczyk M, Fernandes LC, Nishiyama A. Pulmonary inflammation due to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred colts during race training. Vet J 2012; 190:e3-e6. [PMID: 22108190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the putative roles of inflammation and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Two-year-old Thoroughbred colts (n=37) were exercised on a racetrack for 5months before commencement of the study. Each colt was then exercised at 15-16m/s over 800-1000m and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 24h later. The colts were subsequently divided into two groups on the basis of BALF analysis; an EIPH-positive group (presence of haemosiderophages, n=23) and an EIPH-negative group (absence of haemosiderophages, n=14). BALF from the EIPH-positive group had a significantly higher protein concentration (0.39±0.28 vs. 0.19±0.12mg/mL, P=0.031), higher PAF bioactivity (0.18±0.12 vs. 0.043±0.05 340:380nm ratio, P=0.042) and a higher lipid hydroperoxide concentration compared to the EIPH-negative group. There was also a lower nitrite concentration and reduced production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by alveolar macrophages in the EIPH-positive group. There was evidence of pulmonary inflammation and a decreased innate immune response of alveolar macrophages in EIPH-positive colts compared with the EIPH-negative group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V Michelotto
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, PR 80242-980, Brazil.
| | - Luis A Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Ana L Zanatta
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Eloyse W R Bieberbach
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Kryczyk
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Luis C Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Anita Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|