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Huber L, Kuropka B, Doulidis PG, Baszler E, Martin L, Rosu A, Kulmer L, Frizzo Ramos C, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Burgener IA. Plasma proteome signature of canine acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297924. [PMID: 38330002 PMCID: PMC10852219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea is a common complaint in dogs. In addition to causes like intestinal parasites, dietary indiscretion, intestinal foreign bodies, canine parvovirus infection, or hypoadrenocorticism, acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS) is an important and sometimes life-threatening differential diagnosis. There is some evidence supporting the link between Clostridium perfringens toxins and AHDS. These toxins may be partially responsible for the epithelial cell injury, but the pathogenesis of AHDS is still not fully understood. Recent studies have suggested that severe damage to the intestinal mucosa and associated barrier dysfunction can trigger chronic gastrointestinal illnesses. Besides bloodwork and classical markers for AHDS such as protein loss and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, we focused mainly on the plasma-proteome to identify systemic pathological alterations during this disease and searched for potential biomarkers to improve the diagnosis. To accomplish the goals, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We compared the proteomic profiles of 20 dogs with AHDS to 20 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs. All dogs were examined, and several blood work parameters were determined and compared, including plasma biochemistry and cell counts. We identified and quantified (relative quantification) 207 plasmatic proteins, from which dozens showed significantly altered levels in AHDS. Serpina3, Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, several Ig-like domain-containing proteins, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and Serum amyloid A were more abundant in plasma from AHDS affected dogs. In contrast, other proteins such as Paraoxonase, Selenoprotein, Amine oxidases, and Apolipoprotein C-IV were significantly less abundant. Many of the identified and quantified proteins are known to be associated with inflammation. Other proteins like Serpina3 and RPLP1 have a relevant role in oncogenesis. Some proteins and their roles have not yet been described in dogs with diarrhoea. Our study opens new avenues that could contribute to the understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of AHDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Huber
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavlos G. Doulidis
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Baszler
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Martin
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anda Rosu
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Kulmer
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina Frizzo Ramos
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Scahill K, Jessen LR, Prior C, Singleton D, Foroutan F, Ferran AA, Arenas C, Bjørnvad CR, Lavy E, Allerton F, Weese JS, Allenspach K, Guardabassi L, Unterer S, Bodnárová T, Windahl U, Brennan ML, Werner M. Efficacy of antimicrobial and nutraceutical treatment for canine acute diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines. Vet J 2024; 303:106054. [PMID: 38049062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic antimicrobial treatments are commonly prescribed to dogs with acute diarrhoea, while nutraceuticals (prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics) are frequently administered as an alternative treatment. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobials and nutraceutical preparations for treatment of canine acute diarrhoea (CAD). The results of this study will be used to create evidence-based treatment guidelines. PICOs (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) were generated by a multidisciplinary expert panel taking into account opinions from stakeholders (general practitioners and dog owners). The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. The systematic search yielded six randomised controlled trials (RCT) for antimicrobial treatment and six RCTs for nutraceutical treatment meeting the eligibility criteria. Categories of disease severity (mild, moderate, and severe) were created based on the presence of systemic signs and response to fluid therapy. Outcomes included duration of diarrhoea, duration of hospitalization, progression of disease, mortality, and adverse effects. High certainty evidence showed that antimicrobial treatment did not have a clinically relevant effect on any outcome in dogs with mild or moderate disease. Certainty of evidence was low for dogs with severe disease. Nutraceutical products did not show a clinically significant effect in shortening the duration of diarrhoea (based on very low to moderate certainty evidence). No adverse effects were reported in any of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scahill
- University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset Kungens Kurva, Månskärarvägen 13, Kungens Kurva 14175, Sweden.
| | - L R Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Prior
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - D Singleton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - F Foroutan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMasters University, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - A A Ferran
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - C Arenas
- Internal Medicine Service, AniCura Valencia Sur Hospital Veterinario, Valencia 46460, Spain; VetCT Teleconsulting, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - E Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - F Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010, IA, USA
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Unterer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - T Bodnárová
- Veterinary Clinic Podebrady, Poděbrady 29001, Czech Republic
| | - U Windahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2QL, UK
| | - M Werner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Fins IS, Singleton DA, Radford AD, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Pinchbeck GL. A mixed-methods approach utilising electronic health records to examine antimicrobial prescription surrounding gastrointestinal clinical presentations in dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1166114. [PMID: 38149298 PMCID: PMC10749927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1166114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemically-administered antimicrobials are often prescribed in canine and feline gastrointestinal clinical presentations. Responsible use of antimicrobials, particularly those considered Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs) is vital to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Although practice-level prescription guidance is available, further strategies based on a greater understanding of antimicrobial prescription at the population-level are needed. Here, we used a mixed-methods approach, harnessing veterinary electronic health records (EHRs) to characterise the use of antimicrobials in canine and feline gastrointestinal presentations, and to explore justification and reasoning around antimicrobial prescribing, particularly of HPCIAs. Methods This observational study used 23,337 EHRs complemented with veterinary practitioner-completed questionnaires, from canine and feline gastrointestinal consultations from 225 volunteer UK veterinary practices between April 2014 and September 2018. Results A total of 83.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 82.6-84.3) gastrointestinal presentations were reported as mild, with non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea and vomiting the most frequently reported clinical signs. Systemically-administered antimicrobials occurred in 28.6% of canine (95% CI 26.9-30.3) and 22.4% of feline (95% CI 20.4-24.4) gastrointestinal consultations, with HPCIA prescription occurring more frequently in cats. Results of multivariable analysis showed the presence of non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea (canine Odds Ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.9-2.3; feline OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1), haemorrhagic diarrhoea (canine OR 4.2, 95% CI 3.8-4.7; feline OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.4-3.8), and moderate/severe presentations (canine OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.8; feline OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7-2.5) were positively associated with receiving a systemically-administered antimicrobial. Thematic analysis of clinical narrative content of 516 gastrointestinal consultations where HPCIAs were prescribed allowed the identification of ten factors underpinning reasoning or decision-making for HPCIA prescription: perceived animal/owner compliance; owner's expectations; perceived risk of infection; clinical signs; recent clinical history; perceived positive previous response to antimicrobial therapy; geriatric patients and euthanasia; concomitant conditions; diagnostic testing and the behavioral trend to trial antimicrobial therapy empirically in gastrointestinal cases. No explicit justification for HPCIA prescription was recorded in 77% of cases. Discussion Improving recorded justification represents a clear target for stewardship programmes. By utilising a complementary mixed-methods approach to EHRs, this study unlocks previously untapped data recorded within EHRs. These results can help inform targeted interventions, contributing towards enhanced antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S. Fins
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Singleton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gina L. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Yang J, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Li C, Luo R, Liu H, Fu H, Zhong Z, Shen L, Cao S, Luo Y, Li D, Peng G. Protective Effects of Bacillus subtilis HH2 against Oral Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Beagles. Vet Sci 2023; 10:432. [PMID: 37505837 PMCID: PMC10384286 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effect of Bacillus subtilis HH2 on beagles orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). We assessed the physiological parameters and the severity of diarrhea, as well as the changes in three serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), plasma diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate (D-LA), and the fecal microbiome. Feeding B. subtilis HH2 significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05) and increased serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM (p < 0.01). B. subtilis HH2 administration also reduced serum levels of DAO at 48 h after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05), but no significant changes were observed in D-LA (p > 0.05). Oral ETEC challenge significantly reduced the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in beagles not pre-fed with B. subtilis HH2 (p < 0.05), while B. subtilis HH2 feeding and oral ETEC challenge significantly altered the gut microbiota structure of beagles (p < 0.01). Moreover, 14 days of B. subtilis HH2 feeding reduced the relative abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus in feces. This study reveals that B. subtilis HH2 alleviates diarrhea caused by ETEC, enhances non-specific immunity, reduces ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal mucosa, and regulates gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Run Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Scarborough RO, Sri AE, Browning GF, Hardefeldt LY, Bailey KE. ‘Brave Enough’: A Qualitative Study of Veterinary Decisions to Withhold or Delay Antimicrobial Treatment in Pets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030540. [PMID: 36978407 PMCID: PMC10044613 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians sometimes prescribe antimicrobials even when they know or suspect that they are unnecessary. The drivers of this behaviour must be understood to design effective antimicrobial stewardship interventions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 veterinarians who treated companion animals in Australia. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to organise interview themes, focusing on a decision to withhold antimicrobial therapy in the absence of a clear indication. Many background factors influenced antimicrobial-withholding decisions, including the veterinarian’s communication skills, general attitudes towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR), habits and energy levels. Client awareness of AMR and the veterinarian–client relationship were also important. Beliefs about the consequences of withholding antimicrobials (behavioural beliefs) were dominated by fears of the animal’s condition deteriorating and of failing to meet client expectations. These fears, weighed against the seemingly distant consequences of AMR, were major barriers to withholding antimicrobials. Normative beliefs were primarily focused on the expected approval (or disapproval) of the client and of other veterinarians. Control beliefs about the difficulty of withholding antimicrobials centred around client factors, most importantly, their capacity to adequately monitor their animal, to pay for further investigations, or to undertake non-antimicrobial management, such as wound care, at home. The use of antimicrobials by companion animal veterinarians in the absence of a clear indication is often powerfully driven by behavioural beliefs, chiefly, fears of clinical deterioration and of failing to meet client expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri O. Scarborough
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna E. Sri
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Glenn F. Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura Y. Hardefeldt
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kirsten E. Bailey
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Jugan MC, KuKanich K, Freilich L. Clinical response in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome following randomized probiotic treatment or fecal microbiota transplant. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1050538. [PMID: 36816181 PMCID: PMC9932283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) are two microbiome-targeted therapies that have been investigated for use in gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysbiosis. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an oral multi-strain probiotic and enema-administered FMTs on clinical signs and serum lipopolysaccharide in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). A total of 18 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of AHDS were enrolled in a randomized, blinded study at the time of hospital admission. The dogs were randomized into two groups: the probiotic group received a daily oral probiotic (200 × 109 CFU/10kg q 24 h) for 14 days and a single sham enema; the FMT group received a single FMT via retention enema (10 mL/kg) and placebo oral capsule for 14 days. All dogs received concurrent standard-of-care therapy, including intravenous fluids and anti-emetics; no dogs received antimicrobials. The fecal score, disease severity scores, and serum lipopolysaccharide were measured on days 0, 3, and 14. Fourteen of eighteen enrolled dogs completed the study (n = 9 probiotics; n = 5 FMT). Lipopolysaccharide decreased on days 3 and 14 from baseline and correlated with fecal and disease severity scores. There was no difference in the duration or severity of clinical signs in dogs with AHDS following an enema-administered FMT compared to probiotic treatment. Further evaluation of serum lipopolysaccharide as a marker of disease severity and recovery is warranted.
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Holzmann B, Werner M, Unterer S, Dörfelt R. Utility of diagnostic tests in vomiting dogs presented to an internal medicine emergency service. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1063080. [PMID: 36816199 PMCID: PMC9933778 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1063080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vomiting is a common sign in dogs presenting to emergency services. It can be self-limiting, a sign of a life-threatening extraintestinal, or intestinal disorder. Reasonable diagnostics should be performed to determine the underlying cause. This study aimed to assess the utility of diagnostic tests in vomiting dogs, and its correlation with patient history, and physical examination results. Additionally, parameters to differentiate uncomplicated vomiting from complicated vomiting were investigated. Methods In this prospective, observational, clinical study, data from 99 client-owned dogs with vomiting, presenting as first opinion cases, were evaluated. History, physical examination, duration of clinical signs, overall number of episodes of vomiting, appetite, and additional clinical signs were recorded. The standardized diagnostic evaluation of all patients included venous blood gas analysis, complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, canine pancreatic lipase, abdominal radiographs, ultrasound, and urinalysis. Follow-up was performed 4-5 days later. Based on severity of disease and clinical course, dogs were categorized to "uncomplicated vomiting" (UN), or "complicated vomiting" (COM). The utility of each test for diagnosing the cause of vomiting was evaluated. Spearman correlation coefficient, Chi-squared-, unpaired t-, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results Out of the 99 dogs, 34 had uncomplicated courses of disease (UN). In 60/99 cases, a diagnosis was obtained, and in 39/99 cases, the cause for vomiting remained unknown. Longer duration of clinical signs, and reduced appetite were associated with higher utility of abdominal ultrasound. A poor mentation was associated with a higher utility of blood examinations and abdominal radiographs. Dogs presenting with an impaired mentation or with additional clinical signs other than diarrhea, were more likely to be in the COM group. Discussion Based on this investigation, general recommendations concerning the diagnostic approach for patients with vomiting could not be provided. For dogs who have exclusively vomiting as a clinical sign, and present in good mentation, further investigations might not be beneficial, and these dogs may recover with symptomatic treatment alone. Additional diagnostics could be indicated in dogs with additional clinical signs other than diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Holzmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Dörfelt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: René Dörfelt ✉
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Sänger F, Unterer S, Werner M, Dörfelt R. C-reactive protein as a tool for monitoring response to treatment in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1019700. [PMID: 36713872 PMCID: PMC9874157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1019700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives C-reactive protein (CRP) is an established marker for systemic inflammation in dogs that is especially elevated in dogs with sepsis. Some dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) develop bacterial translocation and consequent sepsis during hospitalization. This study aimed to evaluate the course of CRP plasma concentrations during hospitalization and its correlation with clinical and other laboratory variables in dogs with AHDS. Methods In this prospective, observational study, CRP was evaluated on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 in 27 client-owned dogs who presented with AHDS. Clinical examination data, blood pressure, acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) full and APPLE fast scores, and canine hemorrhagic diarrhea severity (CHDS) index were measured on the same days to evaluate the severity of the disease. Results Twenty-five of the 27 dogs were discharged from hospital. Nineteen dogs received antimicrobial treatment due to sepsis or neutropenia. CRP values were mildly elevated on day 0 (median 27.3 mg/L; 1.0-125.8 mg/L) and markedly elevated on day 1 (median 88.9 mg/L; 1.4-192.7 mg/L). CRP concentrations decreased gradually over the following days. Moreover, CRP concentrations correlated moderately with albumin, leucocyte count, neutrophil count, and APPLE full and fast scores, but not with antimicrobial treatment. Conclusion and relevance CRP concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with AHDS. In this study population, CRP did not help in detecting the requirement of antimicrobial treatment in dogs with AHDS. Nevertheless, as CRP can monitor the response to treatment, regular analysis can guide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sänger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Florian Sänger ✉
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Werner
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Dörfelt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bollig ER, Granick JL, Webb TL, Ward C, Beaudoin AL. A quarterly Survey of antibiotic prescribing in small animal and equine practices-Minnesota and North Dakota, 2020. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:864-874. [PMID: 35643964 PMCID: PMC9796041 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are critical for medicine, but the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effectiveness of these valuable drugs. In USA, there are no national- or state-level programs or policies in place to track antibiotic use (AU) in dogs, cats, and horses, despite acknowledgement of this sector's importance to both the AMR problem and its solution. AU measurement is a key part of antibiotic stewardship and AMR prevention. This study aimed to fill existing gaps in the veterinary professions' knowledge of antibiotic prescribing in small animals and horses. To address this aim, medical record data were collected on a single day per quarter for 1 year from 19 Minnesota and North Dakota small animal and equine practices, totaling 1,899 veterinarian consults of dogs, cats, and horses. Overall, 25.8% of all canine, feline, and equine consults involved an antibiotic prescription. Third-generation cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed systemic antibiotic drug class, and the long-acting injectable drug, cefovecin, was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for cats (34.5%). Topical antibiotic preparations were prescribed frequently, especially in dogs (42.5% of canine prescriptions), though systemic antibiotics were often prescribed concurrently. Common general indications, based on problem or diagnosis recorded in the medical record, for antibiotics in all species combined were skin conditions (24.4%), otitis (22.1%), ophthalmic (9.4%), gastrointestinal (8.3%), respiratory (8.3%), and urinary tract (7.6%) diseases. While 44.2% of patients for which antibiotics were prescribed had cytology performed, only 3.9% had bacterial culture and susceptibility performed. In a pre-study survey, veterinarians' recommendations for AU differed from actual prescribing, suggesting collection of AU data provides more accurate assessments of veterinary prescribing behaviour than surveys. This study shows feasibility of AU measurement in small animals and horses. The data collection tool and standard operating procedures described prove suitable for national AU data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Bollig
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Teckla L. Webb
- College of Health ProfessionsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Christie Ward
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Wen TF, Cho YC, Li CY. Faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in two dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Neumann S, Steingräber L, Herold L. Investigation of procalcitonin and beta-defensin2 in the serum and feces of dogs with acute diarrhea. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 50 Suppl 1:55-62. [PMID: 35040162 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea is a common clinical condition where clinical parameters are used to assess disease severity, course, and prognosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate procalcitonin (PCT) and beta-defensin2 (Bdef2) as biomarkers for disease severity, course, and prognosis of dogs with acute diarrhea. METHODS Dogs with acute diarrhea (enteritis group [EG], n = 35) were compared with 30 healthy controls. The dogs in the EG were scored using the Canine Acute Diarrhea Severity (CADS) index and grouped by bacterial fecal culture results. Procalcitonin and Bdef2 were analyzed in serum and feces. RESULTS Dogs with acute diarrhea showed higher serum PCT concentrations (P < 0.0001) and lower fecal Bdef2 concentrations (P = 0.0001) than unaffected dogs. Serum PCT was moderately and positively related to the extent of disease classified by the CADS score. Dogs with Clostridium perfringens or hemolyzing Escherichia coli as predominant pathogen had increased serum Bdef2 concentrations (P < 0.01). Differentiation between uncomplicated (≤3 days) and complicated (>3 days) disease courses, determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, resulted in a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.69 for serum PCT at a cutoff of 3.9 ng/mL. The serum PCT and fecal Bdef2 quotient resulted in a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.92, with a cutoff of 80.5. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that PCT and Bdef2 are potential biomarkers that can provide information on the severity, course, and prognosis of acute diarrhea in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Neumann
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lilith Steingräber
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Herold
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Werner M, Unterer S. [Use of antimicrobials in acute canine diarrhea - overview of potential risks, indications and alternatives]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:110-120. [PMID: 33902119 DOI: 10.1055/a-1395-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, antibiotics are frequently used in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders such as acute diarrhea. In line with global efforts to limit antibiotic use, this literature review aims to provide a guideline for the rational and judicious use of antibiotics in acute canine diarrhea. Antibiotics can lead to gastrointestinal side effects and may exert a negative influence on the intestinal microbiota in addition to increasing the occurrence of resistant bacteria. There is also evidence that chronic immunological diseases may be triggered by the administration of antibiotics. Therefore, these should not be administered in uncomplicated acute diarrhea without signs of sepsis or systemic inflammatory reaction. In addition, enteropathogenic bacteria usually do not play a role in the etiology of acute diarrhea. For select clinical entities such as acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, antibiotic therapy should only be recommended in cases displaying signs of bacterial translocation with subsequent sepsis. In the case of parvovirosis, on the other hand, the administration of antibiotics is unavoidable due to the immunological incompetence of the dog caused by the accompanying severe neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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13
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Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Dogs and Cats by Colombian Veterinarians in the City of Medellin. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8050073. [PMID: 33925855 PMCID: PMC8145059 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study surveyed the prescribing behavior of Colombian companion animal veterinarians and compared the responses to the current guidelines of the International Society for Companion Animals on Infectious Diseases (ISCAID). A convenience sample of 100 primary-care veterinary practitioners was selected from the city of Medellin. A questionnaire was designed to present hypothetical clinical scenarios regarding prescription choices for systemic antimicrobials. The numbers of veterinarians empirically prescribing a course of systemic antimicrobials for each scenario were-perioperative elective surgeries (86%), superficial pyoderma (90%), lower urinary tract disease (52%), acute hemorrhagic diarrhea (50%), and kennel cough (46%). For urinary tract disease, cultures and susceptibility testing were only performed by half of the respondents, suggesting lower diagnostic standards. In superficial pyoderma cases, cytology was performed in the following percent of cases-0% (24), 20% (30), 40% (17), 60% (11), 80% (8), and 100% (10). Antimicrobials were over-prescribed relative to emerging standard for elective surgeries (86%), kennel cough (46%), and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea (50%). Critically important antimicrobials, such as fluoroquinolones, were applied commonly for superficial pyoderma (18%), kennel cough (12%), and lower urinary tract disease in dogs (20%) and cats (26%). In conclusion, antimicrobial prescribing behavior was inconsistent with current guidelines, and antimicrobial use could be improved by appropriate diagnostic steps allowing choice of an optimal antimicrobial drug. Overall, we documented the widespread use of antimicrobials for the treatment of these four common disease conditions.
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14
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Gal A, Barko PC, Biggs PJ, Gedye KR, Midwinter AC, Williams DA, Burchell RK, Pazzi P. One dog's waste is another dog's wealth: A pilot study of fecal microbiota transplantation in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250344. [PMID: 33872339 PMCID: PMC8055013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) has been associated in some studies with Clostridioides perfringens overgrowth and toxin-mediated necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. We aimed to determine the effect of a single fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on clinical scores and fecal microbiomes of 1 and 7 dogs with AHDS from New Zealand and South Africa. We hypothesized that FMT would improve AHDS clinical scores and increase microbiota alpha-diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbial communities’ abundances in dogs with AHDS after FMT. We sequenced the V3-V4 region of the 16S-rRNA gene in the feces of AHDS FMT-recipients and sham-treated control dogs, and their healthy donors at admission, discharge, and 30 days post-discharge. There were no significant differences in median AHDS clinical scores between FMT-recipients and sham-treated controls at admission or discharge (P = 0.22, P = 0.41). At admission, the Shannon diversity index (SDI) was lower in AHDS dogs than healthy donors (P = 0.002). The SDI did not change from admission to 30 days in sham-treated dogs yet increased in FMT-recipients from admission to discharge (P = 0.04) to levels not different than donors (P = 0.33) but significantly higher than sham-treated controls (P = 0.002). At 30 days, the SDI did not differ between FMT recipients, sham-treated controls, and donors (P = 0.88). Principal coordinate analysis of the Bray-Curtis index separated post-FMT and donor dogs from pre-FMT and sham-treated dogs (P = 0.009) because of increased SCFA-producing genera’s abundances after FMT. A single co-abundance subnetwork contained many of the same OTUs found to be differentially abundant in FMT-recipients, and the abundance of this module was increased in FMT-recipients at discharge and 30 days, compared to sham-treated controls. We conclude in this small pilot study FMT did not have any clinical benefit. A single FMT procedure has the potential to increase bacterial communities of SCFA-producing genera important for intestinal health up to 30 days post-FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick C. Barko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Group, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kristene R. Gedye
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C. Midwinter
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Burchell
- North Coast Veterinary and Referral Centre, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Allen-Deal A, Lewis D. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin and enterotoxin in the faeces of dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:373-378. [PMID: 33723885 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin encoding gene and C. perfringens enterotoxin encoding gene in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study looking at the prevalence of C. perfringens alpha toxin and C. perfringens enterotoxin in the faeces of three groups of dogs - those with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (n = 16), those with haemorrhagic diarrhoea from another cause (n = 17) and those without haemorrhagic diarrhoea (n = 10). Correlation between the presence of C. perfringens alpha toxin and/or C. perfringens enterotoxin and Acute Patient Physiological and Laboratory Evaluationfast scores, acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea index scores and length of hospitalisation in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome was assessed. RESULTS Prevalence of C. perfringens alpha toxin was not higher in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (43.75%) than dogs with haemorrhagic diarrhoea from another cause (58.82%) (difference in prevalence 15.07%; 95% CI -37% to 32%) or in dogs without haemorrhagic diarrhoea (60%) (difference in prevalence 16.25%; 95% CI -4% to 36%). Dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome did not have a significantly higher prevalence of C. perfringens enterotoxin (18.75%) compared to dogs without haemorrhagic diarrhoea (11.76%) (difference in prevalence 6.99%; 95% CI -18% to 32%). Prevalence of C. perfringens enterotoxin was similar in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome and dogs without haemorrhagic diarrhoea (20%) (difference in prevalence 1.25% 95% CI -33% to 30%). The presence of C. perfringens alpha toxin did not correlate with increased Acute Patient Physiological and Laboratory Evaluationfast scores, acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea index scores or length of hospitalisation in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study does not demonstrate increased prevalence of C. perfringens alpha toxin or C. perfringens enterotoxin in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome compared to dogs with haemorrhagic diarrhoea from another cause or dogs without haemorrhagic diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allen-Deal
- Emergency and Critical Care Intern, Hospital for Small Animals, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D Lewis
- American, European Board of Veterinary Specialisation & Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Recognised Specialist in Emergency & Critical Care, National Emergency and Critical Care (ECC) Lead, Vets-Now, Referral Clinician in ECC, Vets-Now Glasgow, G3 7DA, UK
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16
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Dupont N, Jessen LR, Moberg F, Zyskind N, Lorentzen C, Bjørnvad CR. A retrospective study of 237 dogs hospitalized with suspected acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome: Disease severity, treatment, and outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:867-877. [PMID: 33638574 PMCID: PMC7995406 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated management and outcome in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS), and there is a paucity of data on dogs with concurrent signs of sepsis. OBJECTIVES To report outcome in dogs with suspected AHDS according to disease severity and antimicrobial treatment, and to evaluate effect of fluid resuscitation on clinical criteria. ANIMALS Two hundred thirty-seven dogs hospitalized with suspected AHDS. METHODS Retrospective study based on medical records. Disease severity was evaluated using AHDS index, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) according to 3 treatment groups: No, 1, or 2 antimicrobials. RESULTS Sixty-two percent received no antimicrobials, 31% received 1 antimicrobial, predominantly aminopenicillins, and 7% received 2 antimicrobials. At admission, median AHDS index was 13 (interquartile range, 11-15), which decreased significantly after the first day's hospitalization (P < .001) for all groups. Compared with no antimicrobials (7%), more dogs had ≥2 SIRS criteria in the antimicrobial groups (15% and 36%, respectively). C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated positively with AHDS index at hospitalization (P < .001). Across treatment groups, rehydration markedly reduced number of clinical SIRS criteria. Survival to discharge was 96%, lower for dogs receiving 2 antimicrobials (77%, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The majority of dogs hospitalized with suspected AHDS improve rapidly with symptomatic treatment only, despite signs of systemic disease on initial presentation. The often-used SIRS criteria might be a poor proxy for identifying dogs with AHDS in need of antimicrobial treatment, in particular when hypovolemic. The role of CRP in clinical decision-making or prognostication warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Dupont
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Rem Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida Moberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathali Zyskind
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Lorentzen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Cartwright JA, Pérez-Accino J, Timothy C, Simpson KW, Salavati Schmitz S. Acute Ulcerative Enterocolitis With Severe Protein Loss Due to Mucosal Invasion With Enterococcus spp. in a Dog With Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:577642. [PMID: 33195581 PMCID: PMC7644445 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.577642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an unusual case of severe acute protein-losing enteropathy in a dog, which presented with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This dog's condition could not be categorized as any well-known canine intestinal condition. Instead, components of several enteropathies like acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS), chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE), and ulcerative and granulomatous colitis were present. Thorough investigations identified concurrent exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and hypocobalaminemia. On histopathology, marked diffuse chronic-active ileitis and ulcerative colitis with fibroplasia and neovascularization were present. Intestinal biopsy cultures identified E.coli and multiresistant Enterococcus spp. The latter was identified as mucosally invasive using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Protracted clinical signs following the acute presentation required intensive care including enteral and parenteral feeding for a successful outcome, but eventually stabilized with antibiotics and immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids. This case highlights a potentially previously unrecognized condition, suspected to be a form of CIE manifesting acutely after bacterial mucosal invasion. In this case, this might have been facilitated by EPI-induced dysbiosis. The use of FISH and mucosal culture in this context provided important clinical information and should be considered more frequently in CIE and non-responsive AHDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Cartwright
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Pérez-Accino
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Timothy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Simpson Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Silke Salavati Schmitz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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18
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Alessandri G, Argentini C, Milani C, Turroni F, Cristina Ossiprandi M, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Catching a glimpse of the bacterial gut community of companion animals: a canine and feline perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1708-1732. [PMID: 32864871 PMCID: PMC7533323 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have gained a special position in human society by becoming our principal companion animals. In this context, efforts to ensure their health and welfare have increased exponentially, with in recent times a growing interest in assessing the impact of the gut microbiota on canine and feline health. Recent technological advances have generated new tools to not only examine the intestinal microbial composition of dogs and cats, but also to scrutinize the genetic repertoire and associated metabolic functions of this microbial community. The application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to canine and feline faecal samples revealed similarities in their bacterial composition, with Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most prevalent and abundant phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Although key bacterial members were consistently present in their gut microbiota, the taxonomic composition and the metabolic repertoire of the intestinal microbial population may be influenced by several factors, including diet, age and anthropogenic aspects, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multitude of factors which play a role in the modulation of the canine and feline gut microbiota and that of their human owners with whom they share the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience InstituteNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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19
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Abstract
Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome is defined as sudden onset of severe bloody diarrhea frequently associated with vomiting, which results in severe, sometimes life-threatening dehydration. Although there is strong evidence that clostridial overgrowth and toxin release is responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease, the diagnosis is still based on exclusion of other causes for acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. With early and appropriate treatment, mainly based on fluid therapy, the prognosis is good and complications such as sepsis or severe hypoalbuminemia rarely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, München 80539, Germany
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20
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Lehner C, Hubbuch A, Schmitt K, Schuepbach-Regula G, Willi B, Mevissen M, Peter R, Muentener CR, Naegeli H, Schuller S. Effect of antimicrobial stewardship on antimicrobial prescriptions for selected diseases of dogs in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2418-2431. [PMID: 33112451 PMCID: PMC7694852 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are important tools to foster prudent antimicrobial use. OBJECTIVE To evaluate antimicrobial prescriptions by Swiss veterinarians before and after introduction of the online ASP AntibioticScout.ch in December 2016. ANIMALS Dogs presented to 2 university hospitals and 14 private practices in 2016 or 2018 for acute diarrhea (AD; n = 779), urinary tract infection (UTI; n = 505), respiratory tract infection (RTI; n = 580), or wound infection (WI; n = 341). METHODS Retrospective study. Prescriptions of antimicrobials in 2016 and 2018 were compared and their appropriateness assessed by a justification score. RESULTS The proportion of dogs prescribed antimicrobials decreased significantly between 2016 and 2018 (74% vs 59%; P < .001). The proportion of prescriptions in complete agreement with guidelines increased significantly (48% vs 60%; P < .001) and those in complete disagreement significantly decreased (38% vs 24%; P < .001) during this time. Antimicrobial prescriptions for dogs with AD were significantly correlated with the presence of hemorrhagic diarrhea in both years, but a significantly lower proportion of dogs with hemorrhagic diarrhea were unnecessarily prescribed antimicrobials in 2018 (65% vs 36%; P < .001). In private practices, in 2018 a bacterial etiology of UTI was confirmed in 16% of dogs. Prescriptions for fluoroquinolones significantly decreased (29% vs 14%; P = .002). Prescriptions for antimicrobials decreased significantly in private practices for RTI (54% vs 31%; P < .001). CONCLUSION Antimicrobials were used more prudently for the examined indications in 2018 compared to 2016. The study highlights the continued need for ASPs in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lehner
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Hubbuch
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kira Schmitt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Peter
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric R Muentener
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Pilla R, Gaschen FP, Barr JW, Olson E, Honneffer J, Guard BC, Blake AB, Villanueva D, Khattab MR, AlShawaqfeh MK, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1853-1866. [PMID: 32856349 PMCID: PMC7517498 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metronidazole has a substantial impact on the gut microbiome. However, the recovery of the microbiome after discontinuation of administration, and the metabolic consequences of such alterations have not been investigated to date. Objectives To describe the impact of 14‐day metronidazole administration, alone or in combination with a hydrolyzed protein diet, on fecal microbiome, metabolome, bile acids (BAs), and lactate production, and on serum metabolome in healthy dogs. Animals Twenty‐four healthy pet dogs. Methods Prospective, nonrandomized controlled study. Dogs fed various commercial diets were divided in 3 groups: control group (no intervention, G1); group receiving hydrolyzed protein diet, followed by metronidazole administration (G2); and group receiving metronidazole only (G3). Microbiome composition was evaluated with sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)‐based dysbiosis index. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of fecal and serum samples was performed, followed by targeted assays for fecal BAs and lactate. Results No changes were observed in G1, or G2 during diet change. Metronidazole significantly changed microbiome composition in G2 and G3, including decreases in richness (P < .001) and in key bacteria such as Fusobacteria (q < 0.001) that did not fully resolve 4 weeks after metronidazole discontinuation. Fecal dysbiosis index was significantly increased (P < .001). Those changes were accompanied by increased fecal total lactate (P < .001), and decreased secondary BAs deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid (P < .001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our results indicate a minimum 4‐week effect of metronidazole on fecal microbiome and metabolome, supporting a cautious approach to prescription of metronidazole in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Frederic P Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - James W Barr
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin Olson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julia Honneffer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Blake C Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda B Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dean Villanueva
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad R Khattab
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa K AlShawaqfeh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German-Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Candellone A, Cerquetella M, Girolami F, Badino P, Odore R. Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080725. [PMID: 32784917 PMCID: PMC7465157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is one of the most common reasons why pet owners seek veterinary care for their canine companions. In many cases, signs resolve spontaneously or with symptomatic therapy without a specific cause being discovered. However, life-threatening cases can occur. The etiology is complex, including infectious diseases (endoparasites, virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungal agents) by both zoonotic and non-zoonotic pathogens, dietary indiscretion, endocrine diseases, and stress (e.g., travel or environmental changes). In the last years, the role played by oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies, independently from the initial noxa, has been highlighted by many researches in both humans and animals. As a result, a series of dietary antioxidant compounds have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of intestinal inflammation. This review summarizes the traditional therapeutic and nutritional options to manage canine acute diarrhea, highlighting the need to explore the role of oxidative stress and potential antioxidant supplementation, especially polyphenols, during acute diarrheic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Candellone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy;
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (R.O.)
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Rosangela Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.G.); (R.O.)
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23
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Werner M, Suchodolski JS, Straubinger RK, Wolf G, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Neuerer F, Hartmann K, Unterer S. Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1166-1176. [PMID: 32324947 PMCID: PMC7255678 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite limited evidence of efficacy, antibiotic treatment is still frequently prescribed in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea (AD). Objective To assess whether amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid has a clinical benefit, an effect on the fecal microbiome, and the proportion of amoxicillin‐resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with AD. Animals Sixteen dogs with AD of <3 days duration. Methods Prospective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded study. Clinical scores were compared between client‐owned dogs randomly assigned to an antibiotic (AG) or a placebo (PG) group. The intestinal microbiome was analyzed using quantitative PCR assays. Amoxicillin‐resistant fecal E. coli were assessed semiquantitatively with microbiological methods. Results There was no difference in clinical recovery between treated dogs or controls (CADS index day 10: AG group median: 2 (range: 1‐3; CI [1.4; 2.6]); PG group median: 1.6 (range: 1‐3; CI [1.1; 2.4]); P > .99). All dogs gained normal clinical scores (CADS index ≤3) after 1 to 6 days (median 2 days) after presentation. There was no significant difference in the fecal dysbiosis index (during treatment: AG mean −2.6 (SD 3.0; CI [−5.1; 0.0]); PG mean −0.8 (SD 4.0; CI [−4.2; 2.5]; P > .99) or its bacterial taxa. The proportion of resistant fecal E. coli increased (to median: 100%; range: 35%‐100%) during treatment with amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid and was still increased (median: 10%; range 2%‐67%) 3 weeks after treatment, both of which were significantly higher proportions than in the placebo group for both time points (during treatment AG median 100% versus PG median 0.2% (P < .001); after treatment AG median 10% versus PG median 0.0% (P = .002)). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our study suggests that treatment with amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid confers no clinical benefit to dogs with AD, but predisposes the development of amoxicillin‐resistant E. coli, which persist for as long as 3 weeks after treatment. These findings support international guideline recommendations that dogs with diarrhea should not be treated with antimicrobials unless there are signs of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Felix Neuerer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine Ismaning, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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24
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Lutz B, Lehner C, Schmitt K, Willi B, Schüpbach G, Mevissen M, Peter R, Müntener C, Naegeli H, Schuller S. Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in 2016. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000370. [PMID: 32201578 PMCID: PMC7064144 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem in human and veterinary medicine and is closely linked to the use of antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to describe antimicrobial prescriptions for selected canine diseases in Switzerland during 2016. Methods Dogs presented to two university hospitals and 14 private practices for acute diarrhoea (AD; n=371), suspected or confirmed urinary tract infections (UTIs; n=245), respiratory tract infections (RTIs; n=274) or wound infections (WIs; n=175) were included. Clinical history, diagnostic work-up and antimicrobial prescription (class, dosage and duration) were retrospectively assessed. A justification score was applied to evaluate appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy based on available national and international consensus guidelines. Results Antimicrobials were prescribed in 65 per cent of dogs with AD, 88 per cent with UTI, 62 per cent with RTI and 90 per cent with WI. The most prescribed antimicrobial classes (monotherapy and combination therapy) were potentiated aminopenicillins (59 per cent), nitroimidazoles (22 per cent), non-potentiated aminopenicillins (16 per cent) and fluoroquinolones (13 per cent). Overall, 38 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.35 to 0.41) of the prescriptions were in accordance with consensus guidelines. In dogs with AD, antimicrobial therapy was associated with the presence of haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0.05) and complied in 32 per cent with consensus guidelines, which recommend antimicrobial treatment only when sepsis is suspected. A bacterial aetiology was confirmed via culture and/or sediment examination in 36 per cent of dogs with suspected UTI. Conclusions Overall, adherence to consensus guidelines was poor both, at university hospitals and private practices. Antimicrobial stewardship measures are therefore needed to improve prudent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Lutz
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lehner
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kira Schmitt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Peter
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Müntener
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Department Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Robbins SN, Goggs R, Lhermie G, Lalonde-Paul DF, Menard J. Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:110. [PMID: 32258067 PMCID: PMC7093014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial use contributes to emergence of antimicrobial resistance. It was hypothesized that antimicrobial prescribing behavior varies between the emergency (ER) and critical care (CC) services in a veterinary teaching hospital. This study aimed to: (i) describe antimicrobial prescribing patterns in the ER and CC services; (ii) assess adherence to stewardship principles; (iii) evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Methods: Institution electronic medical records were queried for all antimicrobial prescriptions from the ER and CC services between 1/1/2017 and 12/31/2017. Prescriptions were manually reviewed, and the following data recorded: drug, dosage, duration, diagnosis, outcome, hospitalization duration, culture submission, and susceptibility results. Results: There were 5,091 ER visits, of which 3,125 were not transferred to another service. Of these emergency visits, 516 (16.5%) resulted in 613 antimicrobial drug prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed drugs for the ER were amoxicillin/clavulanate (n = 243, 39.6%), metronidazole (n = 146, 23.8%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 55, 9.0%). The most common reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were skin disease (n = 227, 37.0%), gastrointestinal disease (n = 173, 28.2%), and respiratory disease (n = 50, 8.2%). For ER patients 18 cultures were submitted, equivalent to a 3.5% submission rate. The CC service managed 311 case visits for 822 patient days. Of these, 133 case visits (42.7%) resulted in 340 prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed drugs for the CC service were ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 103, 30.3%), enrofloxacin (n = 75, 22.1%), and metronidazole (n = 59, 17.4%). The most common reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were gastrointestinal disease (n = 106, 31.2%), respiratory disease (n = 71, 20.9%), and sepsis (n = 61, 17.9%). On the CC service, 46 patients had ≥1 culture submitted, equivalent to a 34.6% submission rate. Of patients prescribed antimicrobials, 13/38 (34%) with urinary tract disease, 2/28 (7%) with pneumonia, 1/11 (9%) with canine infectious respiratory disease complex and 2/8 (25%) with feline upper respiratory infection were compliant with published guidelines. Conclusions: Antimicrobial prescription was common in both ER and CC services and followed similar patterns. Adherence to published guidelines for urinary and respiratory infections was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Denise F Lalonde-Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Julie Menard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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26
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Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:498. [PMID: 31993446 PMCID: PMC6971114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome contributes to host metabolism, protects against pathogens, educates the immune system, and, through these basic functions, affects directly or indirectly most physiologic functions of its host. Molecular techniques have allowed us to expand our knowledge by unveiling a wide range of unculturable bacteria that were previously unknown. Most bacterial sequences identified in the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract fall into five phyla: Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. While there are variations in the microbiome composition along the GI tract, most clinical studies concentrate on fecal microbiota. Age, diet, and many other environmental factors may play a significant role in the maintenance of a healthy microbiome, however, the alterations they cause pale in comparison with the alterations found in diseased animals. GI dysfunctions are the most obvious association with gut dysbiosis. In dogs, intestinal inflammation, whether chronic or acute, is associated with significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Gut dysbiosis happens when such alterations result in functional changes in the microbial transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome. Commonly affected metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, and amino acids, including tryptophan and its catabolites. A recently developed PCR-based algorithm termed “Dysbiosis Index” is a tool that allows veterinarians to quantify gut dysbiosis and can be used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Alterations or imbalances in the microbiota affect immune function, and strategies to manipulate the gut microbiome may be useful for GI related diseases. Antibiotic usage induces a rapid and significant drop in taxonomic richness, diversity, and evenness. For that reason, a renewed interest has been put on probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although probiotics are typically unable to colonize the gut, the metabolites they produce during their transit through the GI tract can ameliorate clinical signs and modify microbiome composition. Another interesting development is FMT, which may be a promising tool to aid recovery from dysbiosis, but further studies are needed to evaluate its potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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27
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Singleton DA, Noble PJM, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Dawson S, Pinchbeck GL, Williams NJ, Radford AD, Jones PH. Pharmaceutical Prescription in Canine Acute Diarrhoea: A Longitudinal Electronic Health Record Analysis of First Opinion Veterinary Practices. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:218. [PMID: 31334254 PMCID: PMC6615257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine acute diarrhoea is frequently observed in first opinion practice, though little is known about commonly used diagnostic or therapeutic management plans, including use of antimicrobials. This retrospective observational study utilised electronic health records augmented with practitioner-completed questionnaires from 3,189 cases (3,159 dogs) collected from 179 volunteer veterinary practices between April 2014 and January 2017. We used multivariable analysis to explore factors potentially associated with pharmaceutical agent prescription, and resolution of clinical signs by 10 days post-initial presentation. Use of bacteriological and/or parasitological diagnostic tests were uncommon (3.2% of cases, 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.4–4.0), though systemic antimicrobials were the most commonly prescribed pharmaceutical agents (49.7% of cases, 95% CI 46.1–53.2). Such prescription was associated with haemorrhagic diarrhoea (odds ratio, OR, 4.1; 95% CI 3.4–5.0), body temperature in excess of 39.0°C, or moderate/severe cases (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.7). Gastrointestinal agents (e.g., antacids) were prescribed to 37.7% of cases (95% CI 35.4–39.9), and were most frequently prescribed to vomiting dogs regardless of presence (OR 46.4, 95% CI 19.4–110.8) or absence of blood (OR 17.1, 95% CI 13.4–21.9). Endoparasiticides/endectocides were prescribed to 7.8% of cases (95% CI 6.8–9.0), such prescription being less frequent for moderate/severe cases (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4–0.7), though more frequent when weight loss was recorded (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3–9.0). Gastrointestinal nutraceuticals (e.g., probiotics) were dispensed to 60.8% of cases (95% CI 57.1–64.6), these cases less frequently presenting with moderate/severe clinical signs (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5–0.8). Nearly a quarter of cases were judged lost to follow-up (n=754). Insured (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9); neutered (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5), or vaccinated dogs (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.3–0.4) were less commonly lost to follow-up. Of remaining dogs, clinical signs were deemed resolved in 95.4% of cases (95% CI 94.6–96.2). Provision of dietary modification advice and gastrointestinal nutraceuticals alone were positively associated with resolution (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3–6.1); no such associations were found for pharmaceutical agents, including antimicrobials. Hence, this study supports the view that antimicrobials are largely unnecessary for acute diarrhoea cases; this being of particular importance when considering the global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Singleton
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - P J M Noble
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Radford
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Philip H Jones
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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28
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Shmalberg J, Montalbano C, Morelli G, Buckley GJ. A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Probiotic or Metronidazole for Acute Canine Diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:163. [PMID: 31275948 PMCID: PMC6593266 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is a common, often self-limiting, cause of presentation for veterinary care, yet there is a paucity of data on frequently-prescribed treatments. The purpose of this randomized, double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial was to compare two anecdotally-recommended treatments: a probiotic combination and metronidazole. Sixty dogs without concurrent comorbidities were randomized into three treatment groups. The time to resolution of diarrheal signs was evaluated using owner surveys and fecal scoring charts. Dogs presenting with acute diarrhea achieved acceptable fecal consistency after 3.5 ± 2.2 days when receiving probiotic, 4.6 ± 2.4 days with oral metronidazole, and 4.8 ± 2.9 days with placebo; statistically significant differences were not identified between treatment groups (p = 0.17). These findings failed to provide evidence for the common use of metronidazole in this cohort of dogs with acute canine diarrhea, and a larger study population would be required to identify a statistically significant effect of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christina Montalbano
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Gareth J Buckley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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29
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Nixon SL, Rose L, Muller AT. Efficacy of an orally administered anti-diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro-Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical study. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1286-1294. [PMID: 30882953 PMCID: PMC6524086 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea is a common clinical presentation of dogs. The effect of specific anti-diarrheal probiotic pastes (ADPPs) in the management of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs is unknown. HYPOTHESIS Administration of an ADPP containing Enterococcus faecium 4b1707 will improve the clinical outcome of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs compared to placebo. ANIMALS One hundred forty-eight client-owned dogs with acute diarrhea as the main clinical sign. METHODS Double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, blocked, multicenter clinical field study conducted at 14 primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom and Ireland. RESULTS The ADPP was associated with better clinical outcome compared to placebo in dogs with acute, uncomplicated diarrhea. Dogs in the ADPP group had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea (ADPP: median, 32 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2-118; n = 51; Placebo: median, 47 hours; 95% CI, 4-167; n = 58; P = .008) and the rate of resolution of diarrhea was 1.60 times faster in the ADPP group than in the Placebo group (ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08-2.44; P = .02). Fewer dogs required additional medical intervention (AMI) for non-improvement or worsening in the ADPP group compared to the Placebo group (3.5% of dogs and 14.8% of dogs, respectively), with a relative risk of 0.88 (P = .04; AMI, ADPP, 3.5%, 2/57 dogs; Placebo, 14.8%, 9/61 dogs; relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The ADPP may accelerate resolution of acute diarrhea in dogs and decrease the requirement for AMI.
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30
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Xu H, Huang W, Hou Q, Kwok LY, Laga W, Wang Y, Ma H, Sun Z, Zhang H. Oral Administration of Compound Probiotics Improved Canine Feed Intake, Weight Gain, Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota. Front Immunol 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 31001271 PMCID: PMC6454072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been used successfully to promote human and animal health, but only limited studies have focused on using probiotics to improve the health of hosts of different age. Canine microbiome studies may be predictive of results in humans because of the high structural and functional similarity between dog and human microbiomes. A total of 90 dogs were divided into three groups based on dog age (elderly group, n = 30; young group, n = 24; and training group, n = 36). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups, with and without receiving daily probiotic feed additive. The probiotic feed additive contained three different bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus casei Zhang, Lactobacillus plantarum P-8, and Bifdobacterium animalis subsp. lactis V9. Serum and fecal samples were collected and analyzed at four different time points, i.e., days 0, 30, and 60 of probiotic treatment, and 15 days after ceasing probiotic treatment. The results demonstrated that probiotics significantly promoted the average daily feed intake of the elderly dogs (P < 0.01) and the average daily weight gain of all dogs (P < 0.05), enhanced the level of serum IgG (P < 0.001), IFN-α (P < 0.05), and fecal SIgA (P < 0.001), while reduced the TNF-α (P < 0.05). Additionally, probiotics could change the gut microbial structure of elderly dogs and significantly increased beneficial bacteria (including some Lactobacillus species and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and decreased potentially harmful bacteria (including Escherichia coli and Sutterella stercoricanisin), and the elderly dogs showed the strongest response to the probiotics; the relative abundance of some of these species correlated with certain immune factors and physiological parameters, suggesting that the probiotic treatment improved the host health and enhanced the host immunity by stimulating antibody and cytokine secretion through regulating canine gut microbiota. Furthermore, the gut microbiota of the elderly dogs shifted toward a younger-like composition at day 60 of probiotic treatment. Our findings suggested that the probiotic treatment effects on canine health and immunity were age-related and have provided interesting insights into future development of probiotic-based strategies to improve animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiangchuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wuri Laga
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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31
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Abstract
Optimization of antimicrobial treatment is a cornerstone in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Various national and international authorities and professional veterinary and farming associations have released generic guidelines on prudent antimicrobial use in animals. However, these generic guidelines need to be translated into a set of animal species- and disease-specific practice recommendations. This article focuses on prevention of antimicrobial resistance and its complex relationship with treatment efficacy, highlighting key situations where the current antimicrobial drug products, treatment recommendations, and practices may be insufficient to minimize antimicrobial selection. The authors address this topic using a multidisciplinary approach involving microbiology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and animal husbandry. In the first part of the article, we define four key targets for implementing the concept of optimal antimicrobial treatment in veterinary practice: (i) reduction of overall antimicrobial consumption, (ii) improved use of diagnostic testing, (iii) prudent use of second-line, critically important antimicrobials, and (iv) optimization of dosage regimens. In the second part, we provided practice recommendations for achieving these four targets, with reference to specific conditions that account for most antimicrobial use in pigs (intestinal and respiratory disease), cattle (respiratory disease and mastitis), dogs and cats (skin, intestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory disease), and horses (upper respiratory disease, neonatal foal care, and surgical infections). Lastly, we present perspectives on the education and research needs for improving antimicrobial use in the future.
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Sindern N, Suchodolski JS, Leutenegger CM, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Prescott JF, Proksch AL, Mueller RS, Busch K, Unterer S. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens netE and netF toxin genes in the feces of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:100-105. [PMID: 30499621 PMCID: PMC6335515 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, novel pore-forming toxin genes designated netE and netF were identified in a Clostridium perfringens type A strain isolated from a dog with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. OBJECTIVES Pore-forming toxins could play an important role in the disease pattern of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) in dogs. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of C. perfringens genes encoding for netE and netF in the feces of dogs with AHDS and to evaluate any association between selected clinical variables and the presence of these toxin genes. ANIMALS In total, 174 dogs were included in the study. METHODS Fecal samples of all dogs were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction for netE and netF genes. Time to recovery, hospitalization time, and selected laboratory variables were compared between dogs with AHDS that were positive or negative for the toxin genes. RESULTS A significant difference was found among the 3 groups in the prevalence of the pore-forming toxin genes netE and netF: dogs with AHDS: 26 of 54 (48.1%); dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV) infection: 0 of 54 (0%); and healthy dogs: 8 of 66 (12.1%; P < .001). In dogs with AHDS, no significant difference was detected in any variables evaluated between netE-positive and netF-positive and netE-negative and netF-negative dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of C. perfringens encoding for netE and netF is significantly higher in dogs with AHDS compared to control dogs. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether these toxins are an inciting cause for AHDS in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sindern
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | | | - John F Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna-Lena Proksch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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33
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Effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204691. [PMID: 30261077 PMCID: PMC6160196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of probiotics on dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) has not been evaluated so far. The study aim was to assess the effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in dogs with AHDS in a prospective, placebo-controlled, blinded trial. METHODS Twenty-five dogs with AHDS with no signs of sepsis were randomly divided into a probiotic (PRO; Visbiome, ExeGi Pharma) and placebo group (PLAC). Treatment was administered for 21 days without antibiotics. Clinical signs were evaluated daily from day 0 to day 8. Key bacterial taxa, C. perfringens encoding NetF toxin and enterotoxin were assessed on days 0, 7, 21. RESULTS Both groups showed a rapid clinical improvement. In PRO a significant clinical recovery was observed on day 3 (p = 0.008), while in PLAC it was observed on day 4 (p = 0.002) compared to day 0. Abundance of Blautia (p<0.001) and Faecalibacterium (p = 0.035) was significantly higher in PRO on day 7 compared to day 0, while in PLAC the abundance of Faecalibacterium was not significantly higher on any study day and Blautia (p = 0.016) was only significantly higher on day 21 compared to day 0. Abundance of C. perfringens was significantly lower on day 7 (p = 0.011) compared to day 0 in PRO but not in PLAC. Enterotoxin genes were significantly lower in PRO on day 21 (p = 0.028) compared to PLAC. Fecal samples of 57% of all dogs were positive for netF toxin genes on day 0 and the abundance was significantly lower on day 7 compared to day 0 in PRO (p = 0.016) and PLAC (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION The probiotic treatment was associated with an accelerated normalization of the intestinal microbiome. Dogs with aseptic AHDS showed a rapid decrease of netF toxin genes and fast clinical recovery in both groups under symptomatic treatment without antibiotics.
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34
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Jeffery N. CRAG rocks. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:383-384. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Jeffery
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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35
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Ortiz V, Klein L, Channell S, Simpson B, Wright B, Edwards C, Gilbert R, Day R, Caddy SL. Evaluating the effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin-clavulanateversusamoxicillin-clavulanate alone in canine haemorrhagic diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial in primary care practice. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:398-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Ortiz
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - L. Klein
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - S. Channell
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - B. Simpson
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - B. Wright
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - C. Edwards
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - R. Gilbert
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - R. Day
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
| | - S. L. Caddy
- Cromwell Veterinary Group; Huntingdon Cambridgeshire PE29 3DG UK
- Magdalene College; Cambridge CB3 0AG UK
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36
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Yang SI, Kim JH, Jeong SW, Han HJ. Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome associated with contaminated foreign bodies (used feminine hygiene products) in a Golden Retriever dog. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:629-633. [PMID: 29459505 PMCID: PMC5938191 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-year-old male Golden Retriever presented with acute onset of vomiting and
hemorrhagic diarrhea since 2 days. The dog was depressed, showing abdominal pain, 12%
dehydration, tachycardia, and a bounding pulse. Diagnostic imaging showed severe
dilatation and fluid retention of the entire gastrointestinal tract with decreased
motility. A foreign body was found in the gastroduodenal region, but there was no
obstruction or plication. The dog was tentatively diagnosed with acute hemorrhagic
diarrhea syndrome and rapidly recovered after supportive treatment. However, on the
morning of day 4, anorexia and vomiting recurred, and diagnostic imaging revealed
intestinal plication with free peritoneal fluid, not found on the previous image. An
emergency laparotomy revealed the foreign body to be two used feminine hygiene products.
These contaminated products were suspected to induce acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome,
and led to subsequent complication in this large dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Yang
- Department of Veterinary Emergency Medcine, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Wuk Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Department of Veterinary Emergency Medcine, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dunowska
- LW(vet), PhD, IVABS, Tennent Drive, Massey University, New Zealand 4442, e-mail:
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38
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Heilmann RM, Guard MM, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Unterer S. Fecal markers of inflammation, protein loss, and microbial changes in dogs with the acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:586-589. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; LMU Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 DE-80539 Munich BY Germany
| | - Melissa M. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; LMU Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 DE-80539 Munich BY Germany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; LMU Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 DE-80539 Munich BY Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; LMU Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 DE-80539 Munich BY Germany
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; LMU Munich; Veterinärstrasse 13 DE-80539 Munich BY Germany
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39
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Priya AK, Balagangatharathilagar M, Chandrasekaran D, Parthiban M, Prathaban S. Prevalence of enteropathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in puppies with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Vet World 2017; 10:859-863. [PMID: 28919674 PMCID: PMC5591469 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.859-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) ranging from mild to severe forms is commonly encountered in puppies. The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of common enteropathogens and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in puppies reported with HGE. MATERIALS AND METHODS The canine HGE activity index, with little modification, was adopted to identify Grade III/severely affected puppies below 6 months of age. Fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed to screen and compare the enteropathogens in puppies with hemorrhagic diarrhea and healthy control. RESULTS Canine parvovirus 2b was identified in 90.3% of the diarrheic and 10% of the non-diarrheic healthy puppies. Clostridium difficile was identified in all the diarrheic puppies and in 80% of the healthy puppies. Among the diarrheic puppies, 17.7% were positive for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, 9.7% were positive for C. perfringens alpha toxin, 6.4% were positive for Escherichia coli shiga toxin, 6.4% were positive for E. coli enterotoxin (LT), and 3.2% were positive for canine distemper virus. Whereas, none of the healthy puppies were positive for these bacteria and toxins. Fecal antibiotic sensitivity test pattern revealed gentamicin to be sensitive in 95% of the cases, azithromycin in 50%, enrofloxacin in 25%, cefotaxime in 20%, and tetracycline in 5% of the cases. CONCLUSION Parvoviral enteritis is predominant among puppies. Yet, bacteria and their toxins also play an important role in HGE. Gentamicin has higher sensitivity against the enteropathogens associated with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kokila Priya
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Balagangatharathilagar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Chandrasekaran
- Department of Clinics, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Prathaban
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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40
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Anderson A, Hartmann K, Leutenegger CM, Proksch AL, Mueller RS, Unterer S. Role of canine circovirus in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Vet Rec 2017; 180:542. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Anderson
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - K. Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - C. M. Leutenegger
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.; 2825 KOVR Drive West Sacramento California 95605 USA
| | - A. L. Proksch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - R. S. Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - S. Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
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41
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Guard BC, Suchodolski JS. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Canine intestinal microbiology and metagenomics: From phylogeny to function. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2247-61. [PMID: 27285902 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular studies have revealed a complex microbiota in the dog intestine. Convincing evidence has been reported linking changes in microbial communities to acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, especially in canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most common microbial changes observed in intestinal inflammation are decreases in the bacterial phyla Firmicutes (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and ) and Bacteroidetes, with concurrent increases in Proteobacteria (i.e., ). Due to the important role of microbial-derived metabolites for host health, it is important to elucidate the metabolic consequences of gastrointestinal dysbiosis and physiological pathways implicated in specific disease phenotypes. Metagenomic studies have used shotgun sequencing of DNA as well as phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) to characterize functional changes in the bacterial metagenome in gastrointestinal disease. Furthermore, wide-scale and untargeted measurements of metabolic products derived by the host and the microbiota in intestinal samples allow a better understanding of the functional alterations that occur in gastrointestinal disease. For example, changes in bile acid metabolism and tryptophan catabolism recently have been reported in humans and dogs. Also, metabolites associated with the pentose phosphate pathway were significantly altered in chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and indicate the presence of oxidative stress in dogs with IBD. This review focuses on the advancements made in canine metagenomics and metabolomics and their implications in understanding gastrointestinal disease as well as the development of better treatment approaches.
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42
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Krentz T, Allen S. Bacterial translocation in critical illness. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:191-198. [PMID: 28186322 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation involves the passage of intestinal bacteria to extraintestinal sites and has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in critical illness. This review outlines the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation, host defence mechanisms, and reviews the evidence for the clinical management of critically ill patients in order to minimise the negative outcomes associated with bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krentz
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - S Allen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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43
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Reineke EL, Walton K, Otto CM. Evaluation of an oral electrolyte solution for treatment of mild to moderate dehydration in dogs with hemorrhagic diarrhea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 243:851-7. [PMID: 24004233 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of an electrolyte solution for oral administration (OES) for the correction of mild to moderate dehydration associated with hemorrhagic diarrhea in dogs. DESIGN Nonrandomized, noncontrolled clinical trial. ANIMALS 20 dogs that had hemorrhagic diarrhea with < 3 episodes of vomiting. PROCEDURES All dogs underwent testing for parvovirus infection, were given maropitant citrate to control emesis, and were offered an OES. Intravenous crystalloid fluid administration was performed when dogs refused the OES or had vomiting, a 5% increase in PCV, 5% decrease in body weight, serum creatinine or BUN concentration higher than at admission, or clinically important alterations in blood electrolyte or serum glucose concentrations. RESULTS 13 (65%) dogs voluntarily consumed the OES; 7 (35%) dogs refused the OES and received a balanced electrolyte solution IV instead. All 13 dogs in the OES group consumed the solution ≤ 5 hours after hospital admission. Eight and 16 hours after admission, PCV and serum total protein and BUN concentrations were significantly lower than at hospital admission in the OES group, whereas no significant changes were identified in venous blood pH, base excess, and concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, ionized magnesium, and lactate. The cost of treatment was significantly less for the OES group than for the IV treated group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rehydration therapy with an OES was effective and safe in dogs with mild to moderate dehydration associated with hemorrhagic diarrhea. Potential benefits of this treatment approach for gastroenteritis in dogs, compared with traditional IV fluid administration, include lower owner-related veterinary costs and decreased staff time associated with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Reineke
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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Mortier F, Strohmeyer K, Hartmann K, Unterer S. Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs: 108 cases. Vet Rec 2015; 176:627. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mortier
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - K. Strohmeyer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - K. Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - S. Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
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45
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Allenspach K. Bacteria involved in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec 2015; 176:251-2. [PMID: 25748188 DOI: 10.1136/vr.h986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
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46
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Busch K, Suchodolski JS, Kühner KA, Minamoto Y, Steiner JM, Mueller RS, Hartmann K, Unterer S. Clostridium perfringens
enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile
toxin A/B do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec 2015; 176:253. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Busch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - J. S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - K. A. Kühner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - Y. Minamoto
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - J. M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - R. S. Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - K. Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - S. Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
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47
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Unterer S, Lechner E, Mueller RS, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Schulz BS, Hartmann K. Prospective study of bacteraemia in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec 2015; 176:309. [PMID: 25568184 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS), a serious loss of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity occurs. However, the incidence of bacterial translocation in dogs with idiopathic AHDS is not known. Thus, the objectives of this prospective study were to identify the incidence of bacteraemia, to evaluate the frequency of septic events and the influence of bacteraemia on various clinical and laboratory parameters, duration of hospitalisation and survival of dogs with idiopathic AHDS. The study included 87 dogs with idiopathic AHDS. Twenty-one healthy dogs served as control group. To evaluate clinical significance of bacterial translocation, blood culture results were compared between patients and controls. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between patients with positive and negative blood cultures. There was no significant difference in either incidence of bacteraemia between patients with idiopathic AHDS (11 per cent) and controls (14 per cent) or in severity of clinical signs, laboratory parameters, duration of hospitalisation or mortality between blood culture-positive and culture-negative dogs with idiopathic AHDS. The results of this study suggest that the incidence of bacteraemia in dogs with idiopathic AHDS is low and not different from that of healthy control dogs. Bacteraemia does not influence the clinical course or survival and thus antibiotic treatment is not indicated to prevent sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Unterer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - E Lechner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - R S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - B S Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
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48
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Boysen SR. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. SMALL ANIMAL CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7152172 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0306-7.00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jones PH, Dawson S, Gaskell RM, Coyne KP, Tierney A, Setzkorn C, Radford AD, Noble PJM. Surveillance of diarrhoea in small animal practice through the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET). Vet J 2014; 201:412-8. [PMID: 25011707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET), a national small animal disease-surveillance scheme, information on gastrointestinal disease was collected for a total of 76 days between 10 May 2010 and 8 August 2011 from 16,223 consultations (including data from 9115 individual dogs and 3462 individual cats) from 42 premises belonging to 19 UK veterinary practices. During that period, 7% of dogs and 3% of cats presented with diarrhoea. Adult dogs had a higher proportional morbidity of diarrhoea (PMD) than adult cats (P <0.001). This difference was not observed in animals <1 year old. Younger animals in both species had higher PMDs than adult animals (P < 0.001). Neutering was associated with reduced PMD in young male dogs. In adult dogs, miniature Schnauzers had the highest PMD. Most animals with diarrhoea (51%) presented having been ill for 2-4 days, but a history of vomiting or haemorrhagic diarrhoea was associated with a shorter time to presentation. The most common treatments employed were dietary modification (66% of dogs; 63% of cats) and antibacterials (63% of dogs; 49% of cats). There was variability in PMD between different practices. The SAVNET methodology facilitates rapid collection of cross-sectional data regarding diarrhoea, a recognised sentinel for infectious disease, and characterises data that could benchmark clinical practice and support the development of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Jones
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R M Gaskell
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - K P Coyne
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A Tierney
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C Setzkorn
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A D Radford
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - P-J M Noble
- University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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Gladwin NE, Penninck DG, Webster CRL. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:349-53. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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