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Didier C, Faucher S, Sarra Ferrer M, Lapouge M, Junot S, Jourdan G. Postoperative opioid-free analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: a feasibility study. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1394366. [PMID: 39036794 PMCID: PMC11257878 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1394366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of an opioid-free anesthesia protocol and describe the quality of recovery and management of postoperative analgesia in dogs after a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Methods In total, 20 dogs presented for TPLO were included. After premedication with intravenous (IV) medetomidine (0.005-0.007 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), the dogs were anesthetized using ketamine (2 mg/kg) and propofol and maintained with isoflurane and ketamine CRI (0.6 mg/kg/h). Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with bupivacaine 0.5% (0.087 +/- 0.01 and 0.09 +/- 0.02 mL/kg, respectively). Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IV) was administered intraoperatively, after osteotomy. Fentanyl (0.002 mg/kg IV) was administered intraoperatively, as rescue analgesia in the case of sustained increase in cardiorespiratory variables. Two pain scores (French 4A-VET and Glasgow short form) were performed at conscious sternal recumbency and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 h after extubation and compared to baseline using a Friedman test followed by a Nemenyi post-hoc test. The time taken for the first food intake and urination was reported. Results Intraoperative opioid-free anesthesia was feasible in 11 dogs, whereas 9 dogs received fentanyl once during arthrotomy. No opioid postoperative rescue analgesia was required. Food intake occurred within 6 h, and all dogs were discharged after 24 h without any complication. Conclusion Total opioid-free postoperative analgesia was achieved in all dogs, with adequate recoveries. Although opioid-free anesthesia was feasible in 55% of the population, a single dose of fentanyl was necessary in 45% of the dogs during arthrotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Didier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Faucher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marti Sarra Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stéphane Junot
- Department of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Géraldine Jourdan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- RESTORE Research Center, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Ziaei Darounkolaei N, Mousavi Kiasary SMS, Behzadi A, Nabavi Mosavi N, Ferdowsi SM. Instrument shank-assisted ovariohysterectomy: a randomized clinical trial of surgical and pain alleviation efficiency of a single-person modified technique. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1210089. [PMID: 37915948 PMCID: PMC10616265 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1210089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate a modified ovariohysterectomy (OHE) technique performed by a single person and compare it with the conventional method based on time efficiency, trauma, and postoperative pain. Methods In a prospective, randomized, experimental study, 18 healthy, large, deep-chested, mixed-breed intact female dogs were randomly allocated to conventional (n = 9) and instrument shank-assisted (n = 9) groups. On the basis of video recordings, the various surgical step durations were analyzed: total surgery time (TST), pedicle intervention time (PIT), suspensory release time (SRT), shanking time (ShT), clamping time (ClpT), ligating time (LigT), and closure time (CT). The Glasgow composite pain scale short-form (GCMPS-SF), university of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS), and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were used to measure pain. C-reactive protein (CRP) fluctuation was also investigated. These evaluations were completed before and 6, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. Results Instrument shank-assisted OHE was less time-consuming than conventional OHE (p = 0.005), improved PIT by 30.7% (6.44 min for both pedicles, p = 0.014), and correlated strongly with TST (ρ = 0.862, p = 0.003 and ρ = 0.955, p = 0.000, respectively). The two method's surgical step durations were also TST = 47.40 ± 9.9 vs. 34.70 ± 6.7 min, PIT = 20.96 ± 5.78 vs. 14.52 ± 3.73 min, SRT = 78.97 ± 69.10 vs. ShT = 20.39 ± 8.18 s (p = 0.035), ClpT = 50.66 ± 45.04 vs. 63.55 ± 37.15 s (p = 0.662), LigT = 12.82 ± 3.37 vs. 8.02 ± 3.11 min (p = 0.005), and CT = 16.40 ± 4.5 vs. 11.60 ± 2.5 min (p = 0.013), respectively. While both techniques inflicted pain on the animals, the novel approach resulted in a reduction of pain at T6 (GCMPS-SF, p = 0.015 and VAS, p = 0.002), T24 (UMPS, p = 0.003), and T48 (GCMPS-SF, p = 0.015 and UMPS, p = 0.050). Both methods exhibited a peak in CRP level after 24 h, which subsequently returned to baseline after 48 h. However, the shank-assisted method demonstrated a significantly lower reduction in CRP level at the 48-h compared to the other group (p = 0.032). Conclusion Instrument shank-assisted technique permitted ovarian removal without an assistant, less damage to animals and reducing its time when compared to a conventional technique, and resulting in an alternative that causes less surgical stress and fatigue. Further research with a larger population size is required to determine the serum CRP levels as an alternative pain biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Ziaei Darounkolaei
- Babol Branch, Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Mousavi Kiasary
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, Cancer Electronics Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Behzadi
- Babol Branch, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Niki Nabavi Mosavi
- Babol Branch, Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
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Pouzot-Nevoret C, Junot S, Goffette L, Bonnet-Garin JM, Allaouchiche B, Magnin M. Use of pupillometry for the evaluation of analgesia in dogs hospitalized in intensive care: A prospective study. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:96-105. [PMID: 36965258 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
A prospective study was performed on hospitalized conscious dogs. The objectives were: 1) to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of portable infrared pupillometry using a measure of photo light reflexes, 2) to identify parameters influencing measures, and 3) to compare parameters before and after the administration of analgesia. Twenty-nine dogs were included. Pupillometry was feasible by a single person. There was an excellent reliability for the evaluation of pupil diameter. There was poor to good reliability for the other parameters. There was an association between weight and mean pupil diameter (estimate = 0.1 mm, CI95 = [0.0; 0.1], P = 0.02), mean diameter variation (estimate = 0.2%, CI95 = [0.0; 0.4], P = 0.01), and mean velocity (estimate = 0.08 ms, CI95 = [0.03; 0.13], P = 0.002). Male dogs had a significantly larger mean pupil diameter than females (estimate = 1.3 mm, CI95 = [0.1; 2.5], P = 0.03). Independently of weight and sex, there was an association between mean pupil diameter and pain score: the higher the pain score, the lower the mean pupil diameter. There was a correlation between mean pupil diameter and morphine dose (ρ = -0.78, P = 0.0004). There was no significant difference in pupil diameter, velocity, and latency before and after analgesic administration. In conclusion, results do not support the use of PLR measurement by pupillometry as a pain assessment technique in hospitalized conscious dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Soins Intensifs Anesthésie et Médecine d'Urgence (SIAMU), 1 avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Stéphane Junot
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anesthésiologie, 1 avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Léa Goffette
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Jeanne-Marie Bonnet-Garin
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Unité de Physiologie, Pharmacodynamie et Thérapeutique, 1 avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Réanimation Médicale, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet F-69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Mathieu Magnin
- Université de Lyon, UR APCSe Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, UP 2021.A101, VetAgro Sup, 1 Avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Unité de Physiologie, Pharmacodynamie et Thérapeutique, 1 avenue Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Stigall AR, Farr BD, Ramos MT, Otto CM. A Formalized Method to Acclimate Dogs to Voluntary Treadmill Locomotion at Various Speeds and Inclines. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:567. [PMID: 35268136 PMCID: PMC8908820 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The land treadmill is a multipurpose tool with a unique set of behavioral and physical benefits for training and assessing active dogs. Habituation to voluntary treadmill locomotion is crucial for training a dog or accurately assessing a dog's fitness on a treadmill. Therefore, a treadmill acclimation program was developed and evaluated with working dogs in training or working dogs performing detection research. Seven of eight naive dogs became acclimated to the treadmill using the protocol developed. Two previously experienced dogs successfully conducted an acclimation assessment to test for habituation to the treadmill. A muscle soreness protocol was created to evaluate the soreness developed during the acclimation program. This detailed protocol was successful in acclimating dogs to the treadmill at various safe speeds and inclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Stigall
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; (M.T.R.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Brian D. Farr
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; (M.T.R.); (C.M.O.)
- Army Medical Department Student Detachment, 187th Medical Battalion, 32nd Medical Brigade, Joint Base San Antonio—Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Meghan T. Ramos
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; (M.T.R.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; (M.T.R.); (C.M.O.)
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Investigating the effect of anxiety on pain scores in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 49:135-142. [PMID: 34876383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between anxiety and pain scores using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form (CMPS-SF) in dogs. STUDY Prospective observational study. ANIMALS A group of 18 dogs undergoing surgical management of stifle disease. METHODS Preoperatively dogs were scored using the CMPS-SF, the anxiety behaviour-based Reactivity Evaluation Form (REF), a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for anxiety and a sedation score. Assessments of pain, anxiety and sedation were repeated approximately 2-6 hours postoperatively. Dogs were divided into groups based on preoperative REF ('Low REF' and 'High REF'), and VAS scores ('Low VAS' and 'High VAS'). Scores (CMPS-SF, REF, VAS and sedation) were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney U tests. Preoperative and postoperative CMPS-SF, REF and VAS scores were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Relationships between anxiety and CMPS-SF scores were assessed using a Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Scores are presented as median (range). A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS When divided based on REF, CMPS-SF scores did not differ between groups preoperatively [Low REF: 2 (0-3), High REF: 2 (1-3); p = 0.509] or postoperatively [Low REF: 3 (2-5), High REF: 3 (2-5); p = 0.624]. When divided based on VAS, CMPS-SF scores did not differ between groups preoperatively [Low VAS: 2 (0-2), High VAS: 2 (1-3); p = 0.215] or postoperatively [Low VAS: 3 (2-5), High VAS: 3 (2-5); p = 1]. Postoperative REF [pre: 4.5 (2-8), post: 5 (4-10); p = 0.0105] and CMPS-SF scores [pre: 2 (0-3), post: 3 (2-5); p = 0.0318] increased significantly compared with preoperative scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No apparent relationship exists between baseline anxiety levels and CMPS-SF scores. Understanding the influence of anxiety when using the CMPS-SF is important when assessing pain in dogs. Anxiety and pain may increase postoperatively in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery.
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Varjão NM, Araújo IBDO, Hlavac N, Nunes TL, Varjão BM, de Pinho FA, Barrouin-Melo SM. Histopathological Parameters of Canine Bone Marrow in Cell-Block Preparations. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100552. [PMID: 34126227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies using the cell-block technique for bone marrow (BM) analysis are limited in the veterinary literature. This work assessed whether the histopathological analysis of canine BM was feasible using cell-block cytoinclusions prepared from fine-needle sternal aspirate samples. Eight clinically healthy young-to-middle-aged dogs underwent both fine-needle sternal aspiration for BM cell-block (BM-Cb) processing and iliac-crest BM core biopsy (BM-B). Histopathologic parameters were compared between the 2 methods. There were no statistically significant histopathological differences between hematopoietic tissue areas (P = .6294) in the BM-Cb and BM-B sections, and they had similar microscopic characteristics and microarchitecture. Cellularity and reticulin-fiber staining were equivalent in the BM-Cb and BM-B preparations in 87.5% (7/8) and 100% (8/8) of the sections, respectively. However, the quantitative results of the megakaryocytic series differed between BM-Cb and BM-B in 37.5% (3/8) of the sections, and the myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratios differed between the 2 methods in 25% (2/8). These preliminary data indicate that cell-block preparations made from sternal fine-needle aspiration samples warrant continued evaluation in a larger number of animals, including those with various diseases affecting the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Milen Varjão
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Nicole Hlavac
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Talyta Lins Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Milen Varjão
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Pereira FS, Perotto AB, Pizzinatto FD, Sônego DA, Gomes LG, Ribeiro AP, Guimarães LD. Postoperative evaluation of analgesia promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine as an intramuscular pre-anesthetic medication in bitches submitted for ovariohysterectomy. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v22e-68826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and when associated with morphine in patients under general inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH). Twenty healthy bitches were selected via physical and laboratory examinations. Prior to the study, they underwent a 24-h period of adaptation to the environment and observers. They were then randomly divided into two groups: the dexmedetomidine group receiving a dose of 10 μg/kg, and dexmedetomidine group (10 μg/kg) associated with morphine receiving a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, administered via the intramuscular route. Thereafter, patients were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer. To verify postoperative analgesia, pain assessments were performed using the modified Glasgow (EGM) and Melbourne (EM) scales. For sedation assessment, the Dobbins scale was used at different times: before the administration of pre-anesthetic medication (T0) and at another six times in the postoperative period, 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T3), 8 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 (T6) h after orotracheal extubation. No statistical differences were observed between groups in the scales according to Dunn’s Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test, and between the times a statistical difference was noticed by the Friedman test (p<0.05) for the EGM and EM scale scores, but there was no need for analgesic rescue. Therefore, we found that isolated dexmedetomidine and morphine produced adequate analgesic effects in the postoperative period of bitches submitted for OH.
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Woods GA, Simpson M, Boag A, Paris J, Piccinelli C, Breheny C. Complications associated with bone marrow sampling in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:209-215. [PMID: 33274762 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of complications during bone marrow sampling and associated patient and procedural factors in dogs and cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study, records were evaluated to identify dogs and cats that had bone marrow sampling between 2012 and 2019. Data including signalment, the presence of specific clinicopathological findings, anatomical site of bone marrow sampling, number of attempts, diagnostic quality of sampling, analgesia protocol and complications postprocedure were recorded. RESULTS A total of 131 dogs and 29 cats were included in the study. Complications were recorded in 22 of 160 (14%) of cases. Pain was the most common complication of bone marrow sampling in 20 of 22 (91%) of cases with bruising reported in the remaining patients. A local anaesthetic block was used in 98 of 160 (61%) of patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Excluding pain, complications associated with bone marrow sampling were rare and no clear association were detected between patient or procedural variables. Haemorrhage and infection are rare complications in dogs and cats when thrombocytopenia and neutropenia are present. Peri-procedure analgesia is strongly recommended to minimise complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Woods
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M Simpson
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A Boag
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4T, UK
| | - J Paris
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Piccinelli
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Breheny
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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The effect of neuraxial morphine on postoperative pain in dogs after extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:111-118. [PMID: 31718938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the analgesic effect of epidural morphine after surgical extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) attenuation. STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 20 dogs with a congenital EHPSS. METHODS Dogs were randomly allocated to be given either a single epidural dose of 0.2 mg kg-1 preservative-free morphine (group M) or not (group C) before surgery. All dogs were administered 0.3 mg kg-1 methadone intravenously (IV) as preanaesthetic medication. Pain scores were determined every 2 hours for the first 24 hours postoperatively using the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (GCMPS-SF). Dogs with a GCMPS-SF pain score >4/20 or >5/24 received 0.1 mg kg-1 methadone IV as rescue analgesia and were reassessed 30 minutes later. If more than three doses of methadone were administered in a 2 hour period, alternative pain relief was provided and a treatment failure recorded. The GCMPS-SF pain scores and number of rescue analgesia injections were analysed over 24 hours. The last observation carried forward method was applied in case of treatment failure. Food consumption and time to first urination were recorded. Data were analysed using a Mann-Whitney U test and presented as median (minimum-maximum range), with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Group M showed lower GCMPS-SF pain scores [15 (11-41) versus 31 (11-86); p = 0.023] and lower postoperative methadone requirements [0 (0-0.2) versus 0.25 (0-0.5) mg kg-1; p = 0.029] than group C. There were three treatment failures in group C only. Food consumption and time to first urination did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epidural morphine reduced the requirement for postoperative analgesia in this study population.
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Hofmeister EH, Barletta M, Shepard M, Brainard BM, Trim CM, Quandt J. Agreement among anesthesiologists regarding postoperative pain assessment in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:695-702. [PMID: 30078533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish evidence for the validity and reliability of three commonly used pain scales in dogs when assessed by video by specialists in anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN Mixed-method test-retest observational study. SUBJECTS A group of six American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia board-certified specialists and 31 postoperative dogs. METHODS The evaluators scored 31 dogs using a visual analogue scale (VAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), and Glasgow pain scale (GPS). The evaluators individually scored the dogs using all three scales together and subsequently, at 3 month intervals, using each of the scales apart. Then, all evaluators in one room reviewed 23 of the videos. A camera was positioned for video and audio recording of discussion about the videos. Intra- and interobserver reliability was determined using a two-way random model intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Linear regression indicated a strong correlation among all scales when assigned together (VAS versus NRS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.93; VAS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.59; and NRS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.61) and apart (VAS versus NRS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.68; VAS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.40; and NRS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.47). Posture, appearance, vocalization, stiffness, interaction between the animal and a person and response to palpation were identified as important variables for assessing pain. Intra-observer reliability produced average ICC values of 0.90 for VAS, 0.89 for NRS and 0.85 for GPS. Interobserver reliability produced average ICC values when scores were assigned together (VAS: 0.93, NRS: 0.93 and GPS: 0.93) and when done separately (VAS: 0.91, NRS: 0.93 and GPS: 0.95). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The preferred use of the VAS and NRS over the use of the GPS should be cautiously considered for research applications when experts are observers. Revisions of the GPS to clarify descriptors and remove or modify items that may not be associated with pain in dogs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia M Trim
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jane Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Albright JD, Seddighi RM, Ng Z, Sun X, Rezac DJ. Effect of environmental noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in dogs. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3659. [PMID: 28785527 PMCID: PMC5541919 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in human patients suggest depth of sedation may be affected by environmental noise or music; however, related data in domestic animals is limited. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced (DM- 10 µg/kg, IM) sedation in 10 dogs. Methods In a crossover design, post-DM injection dogs were immediately subjected to recorded human voices at either 55–60 decibel (dB) (Noise 1) or 80–85 dB (Noise 2); classical music at 45–50 dB (Music); or background noise of 40–45 dB (Control+). Control− included IM saline injection and exposure to 40–45 dB background noise. Sedation was assessed via monitoring spontaneous behavior and accelerometry (delta-g) throughout three 20-min evaluation periods: baseline, noise exposure, and post-treatment. Sedation was further assessed during two restraint tests at 30 min (R1) and 40 min (R2) post-injection. A mixed model for crossover design was used to determine the effect of noise exposure and time on either spontaneous behavior scores or delta-g. The restraint scores were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results Spontaneous behavior scores indicated less sedation during Noise 2 compared to Control+ (P = 0.05). R2 restraint scores for all DM treatments except Noise 2 indicated significantly higher sedation than Control− [C+ (P = 0.003), M (P = 0.014) and N1 (P = 0.044)]. Discussion Results suggest that the quality of sedation is negatively impacted by high-intensity noise conditions (80–85 dB), but exposure to music did not improve sedation in this population of research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Albright
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Reza M Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Zenithson Ng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - D J Rezac
- Veterinary & Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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Viall AK, McLeland SM, McQuinn ER, Ho‐Eckart LK, Johannes CM. Haemophagocytic syndrome in a dog with granulomatous splenitis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin K Viall
- Veterinary PathologyIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Shannon M McLeland
- Veterinary PathologyIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Erin R McQuinn
- Veterinary PathologyIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Louisa K Ho‐Eckart
- Veterinary PathologyIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Veterinary PathologyIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
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Barletta M, Young CN, Quandt JE, Hofmeister EH. Agreement between veterinary students and anesthesiologists regarding postoperative pain assessment in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 43:91-8. [PMID: 25920011 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of agreement among first- and second-year veterinary students and experienced anesthesiologists in assessing postoperative pain in dogs from video-recordings. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Twenty-seven veterinary students, five anesthesiologists and 13 canine clinical patients. METHODS Prior to their enrolment in a core anesthesia course, veterinary students volunteered to watch 13 90 second videos of dogs. Dogs were hospitalized in an intensive care unit after a variety of surgical procedures. Students were asked to score the level of the dogs' pain using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale and the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite-Measure Pain Scale. The same videotapes were scored by five board-certified anesthesiologists. The differences and agreement between the ratings of anesthesiologists and students, and first- and second-year students were determined with Mann-Whitney U-tests and Fleiss' or Cohen's kappa, respectively. RESULTS Pain scores assigned by students and anesthesiologists differed significantly (p < 0.01). Students assigned higher pain scores to dogs that were given low pain scores by anesthesiologists, and lower pain scores to dogs deemed to be in more pain by anesthesiologists. On average, students assigned higher scores on both scales. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Veterinary students early in their training assigned pain scores to dogs that differed from scores assigned by experienced anesthesiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Courtni N Young
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jane E Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Epstein M, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G, Kadrlik J, Petty M, Robertson S, Simpson W. 2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015; 51:67-84. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Epstein ME, Rodanm I, Griffenhagen G, Kadrlik J, Petty MC, Robertson SA, Simpson W. 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:251-72. [PMID: 25701863 PMCID: PMC11148887 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15572062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The robust advances in pain management for companion animals underlie the decision of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) to expand on the information provided in the 2007 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines. The 2015 Guidelines summarize and offer a discriminating review of much of this new knowledge. RELEVANCE Pain management is central to veterinary practice, alleviating pain, improving patient outcomes, and enhancing both quality of life and the veterinarian-client-patient relationship. These Guidelines support veterinarians in incorporating pain management into practice, improving patient care. APPROACHES The management of pain requires a continuum of care that includes anticipation, early intervention, and evaluation of response on an individual patient basis. A team-oriented approach, including the owner, is essential for maximizing the recognition, prevention and treatment of pain in animals. EVIDENCE BASE The Guidelines include both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic modalities to manage pain; they are evidence-based insofar as possible and otherwise represent a consensus of expert opinion. Behavioral changes are currently the principal indicator of pain and its course of improvement or progression, and the basis for recently validated pain scores. Post-surgical pain is eminently predictable but a strong body of evidence exists supporting strategies to mitigate adaptive as well as maladaptive forms. Chronic pain is dominated by degenerative joint disease (DJD), which is one of the most significant and under-diagnosed diseases of cats and dogs. DJD is ubiquitous, found in pets of all ages, and inevitably progresses over time; evidence-based strategies for management are established in dogs, and emerging in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Epstein
- TotalBond Veterinary Hospitals PC, 3200 Union Road, Gastonia, NC 28056, USA
| | - Ilona Rodanm
- Cat Care Clinic and Feline-Friendly Consultations, 322 Junction Road, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Gregg Griffenhagen
- Colorado State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jamie Kadrlik
- Pet Crossing Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic, 10861 Bloomington Ferry Road, Bloomington, MN 55438, USA
| | - Michael C Petty
- Arbor Pointe Veterinary Hospital/Animal Pain Center, 42043 Ford Road, Canton, MI 48187, USA
| | - Sheilah A Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wendy Simpson
- Morrisville Cat Hospital, 100 Keybridge Drive, Suite A, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
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Grandemange E, Fournel S, Woehrle F. Reply to letter. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:653-4. [PMID: 25470418 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12302_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Borin-Crivellenti S, Crivellenti L, Carvalho M, Santana A. Bone marrow cytological evaluation in dogs with chronic kidney disease. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-7739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since anemia is indicated as an important compromising factor for the quality of life of dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), bone marrow cytological analysis may provide more information on the hematological profile these dogs and, therefore, allow clinicians to not only choose the most adequate treatment but also monitor the response to therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility with sternal bone marrow puncture in chronic kidney disease (CKD) using only local anesthesia and check if the cytological analysis is helpful to determine the hematological status. We found that erythroid hypoplasia occurred only in terminal CKD patients, and that the bone marrows of dogs with CKD stages 2 and 3 were quantitatively similar to those of elderly dogs. All dogs tolerated the bone marrow puncture using only local anesthesia with lidocaine and bone marrow cytological evaluation may be a useful tool for hematopoietic evaluation of anemic dogs with CKD.
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Gauthier O, Holopherne-Doran D, Gendarme T, Chebroux A, Thorin C, Tainturier D, Bencharif D. Assessment of Postoperative Pain in Cats After Ovariectomy by Laparoscopy, Median Celiotomy, or Flank Laparotomy. Vet Surg 2014; 44 Suppl 1:23-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gauthier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Delphine Holopherne-Doran
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Thalia Gendarme
- Department of Reproductive Pathology; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Alexandre Chebroux
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Chantal Thorin
- Department of Management and Statistics; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Daniel Tainturier
- Department of Reproductive Pathology; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
| | - Djemil Bencharif
- Department of Reproductive Pathology; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes France
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Defarges A, Abrams-Ogg A, Foster RA, Bienzle D. Comparison of sternal, iliac, and humeral bone marrow aspiration in Beagle dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:170-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Defarges
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Guelph; Guelph; ON; Canada
| | - Anthony Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Guelph; Guelph; ON; Canada
| | - Robert A. Foster
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph; ON; Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph; ON; Canada
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Rialland P, Authier S, Guillot M, del Castillo JRE, Veilleux-Lemieux D, Frank D, Gauvin D, Troncy E. Validation of orthopedic postoperative pain assessment methods for dogs: a prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49480. [PMID: 23166681 PMCID: PMC3500314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of translational research, there is growing interest in studying surgical orthopedic pain management approaches that are common to humans and dogs. The validity of postoperative pain assessment methods is uncertain with regards to responsiveness and the potential interference of analgesia. The hypothesis was that video analysis (as a reference), electrodermal activity, and two subjective pain scales (VAS and 4A-VET) would detect different levels of pain intensity in dogs after a standardized trochleoplasty procedure. In this prospective, blinded, randomized study, postoperative pain was assessed in 25 healthy dogs during a 48-hour time frame (T). Pain was managed with placebo (Group 1, n = 10), preemptive and multimodal analgesia (Group 2, n = 5), or preemptive analgesia consisting in oral tramadol (Group 3, n = 10). Changes over time among groups were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Multivariate regression tested the significance of relationships between pain scales and video analysis. Video analysis identified that one orthopedic behavior, namely ‘Walking with full weight bearing’ of the operated leg, decreased more in Group 1 at T24 (indicative of pain), whereas three behaviors indicative of sedation decreased in Group 2 at T24 (all p<0.004). Electrodermal activity was higher in Group 1 than in Groups 2 and 3 until T1 (p<0.0003). The VAS was not responsive. 4A-VET showed divergent results as its orthopedic component (4A-VETleg) detected lower pain in Group 2 until T12 (p<0.0009), but its interactive component (4A-VETbeh) was increased in Group 2 from T12 to T48 (p<0.001). Concurrent validity established that 4A-VETleg scores the painful orthopedic condition accurately and that pain assessment through 4A-VETbeh and VAS was severely biased by the sedative side-effect of the analgesics. Finally, the video analysis offered a concise template for assessment in dogs with acute orthopedic pain. However, subjective pain quantification methods and electrodermal activity need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Rialland
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Authier
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- CiToxLAB North America, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guillot
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme R. E. del Castillo
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daphnée Veilleux-Lemieux
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Gauvin
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mitek A. Re: Pain induced by a minor medical procedure (bone marrow aspiration) in dogs: comparison of pain scales in a pilot study. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:445; author reply 446-7. [PMID: 22551320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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