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Harkin C, Stewart AJA. Differential outcomes of novel plant-herbivore associations between an invading planthopper and native and invasive Spartina cordgrass species. Oecologia 2021; 195:983-994. [PMID: 33786707 PMCID: PMC8052223 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-native plants may benefit, briefly or permanently, from natural enemy release in their invaded range, or may form novel interactions with native enemy species. Likewise, newly arrived herbivores may develop novel associations with native plants or, where their hosts have arrived ahead of them, re-establish interactions that existed previously in their ancestral ranges. Predicting outcomes from this diversity of novel and re-established interactions between plants and their herbivores presents a major challenge for invasion biology. We report on interactions between the recently arrived invasive planthopper Prokelisia marginata, and the multi-ploidy Spartina complex of four native and introduced species in Britain, each representing a different level of shared evolutionary history with the herbivore. As predicted, S. alterniflora, the ancestral host, was least impacted by planthopper herbivory, with the previously unexposed native S. maritima, a nationally threatened species, suffering the greatest impacts on leaf length gain, new leaf growth and relative water content. Contrary to expectations, glasshouse trials showed P. marginata to preferentially oviposit on the invasive allododecaploid S. anglica, on which it achieved earlier egg hatch, faster nymphal development, larger female body size and greatest final population size. We suggest P. marginata is in the process of rapid adaptation to maximise its performance on what is now the most abundant and widespread host in Britain. The diversity of novel and re-established interactions of the herbivore with this multi-ploidy complex makes this a highly valuable system for the study of the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions and their influence on invasion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Harkin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Alan J A Stewart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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Gaynor ML, Lim-Hing S, Mason CM. Impact of genome duplication on secondary metabolite composition in non-cultivated species: a systematic meta-analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:363-376. [PMID: 32504537 PMCID: PMC7424755 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-genome duplication is known to influence ecological interactions and plant physiology; however, despite abundant case studies, much is still unknown about the typical impact of genome duplication on plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). In this study, we assessed the impact of polyploidy events on PSM characteristics in non-cultivated plants. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare composition and concentration of PSMs among closely related plant species or species complexes differing in ploidy level. KEY RESULTS We assessed 53 studies that focus on PSMs among multiple cytotypes, of which only 14 studies compared concentration quantitatively among cytotypes. We found that whole-genome duplication can have a significant effect on PSM concentration; however, these effects are highly inconsistent. CONCLUSION Overall, there was no consistent effect of whole-genome duplication on PSM concentrations or profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gaynor
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Lim-Hing
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Decanter L, Colling G, Elvinger N, Heiðmarsson S, Matthies D. Ecological niche differences between two polyploid cytotypes of Saxifraga rosacea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:423-435. [PMID: 32067225 PMCID: PMC7216898 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Different cytotypes of a species may differ in their morphology, phenology, physiology, and their tolerance of extreme environments. We studied the ecological niches of two subspecies of Saxifraga rosacea with different ploidy levels: the hexaploid Central European endemic subspecies sponhemica and the more widely distributed octoploid subspecies rosacea. METHODS For both cytotypes, we recorded local environmental conditions and mean plant trait values in populations across their areas of distribution, analyzed their distributions by niche modeling, studied their performance at two transplant sites with contrasting conditions, and experimentally tested their cold resistance. RESULTS Mean annual temperature was higher in hexaploid than in octoploid populations and experiments indicated that frost tolerance of the hexaploid is lower than that of the octoploid. Reproduction of octoploids from Central Europe was higher than that of hexaploids at a transplant site in subarctic Iceland, whereas the opposite was true in temperate Luxembourg, indicating adaptation of the octoploids to colder conditions. Temperature variables were also most important in niche models predicting the distribution of the two cytotypes. Genetic differences in survival among populations were larger for the octoploids than for the hexaploids in both field gardens, suggesting that greater genetic variability may contribute to the octoploid's larger distributional range. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypotheses that different cytotypes may have different niches leading to spatial segregation, and that higher ploidy levels can result in a broader ecological niche and greater tolerance of more extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Decanter
- Fondation Faune‐Flore c/o Musée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MünsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
- Unit of Plant EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 8D‐35043MarburgGermany
| | - Guy Colling
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Nora Elvinger
- Population Biology and EvolutionMusée national d'histoire naturelle25 rue MunsterL‐2160LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Starri Heiðmarsson
- The Icelandic Institute of Natural HistoryBorgir vid Nordurslod600AkureyriIceland
| | - Diethart Matthies
- Unit of Plant EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 8D‐35043MarburgGermany
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Walczyk AM, Hersch-Green EI. Impacts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels on cytotype performance of the circumboreal herb Chamerion angustifolium: implications for polyploid establishment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:906-921. [PMID: 31283844 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Although polyploidy commonly occurs in angiosperms, not all polyploidization events lead to successful lineages, and environmental conditions could influence cytotype dynamics and polyploid success. Low soil nitrogen and/or phosphorus concentrations often limit ecosystem primary productivity, and changes in these nutrients might differentially favor some cytotypes over others, thereby influencing polyploid establishment. METHODS We grew diploid, established tetraploid, and neotetraploid Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed) in a greenhouse under low and high soil nitrogen and phosphorus conditions and different competition treatments and measured plant performance (height, biomass, flower production, and root bud production) and insect damage responses. By comparing neotetraploids to established tetraploids, we were able to examine traits and responses that might directly arise from polyploidization before they are modified by natural selection and/or genetic drift. RESULTS We found that (1) neopolyploids were the least likely to survive and flower and experienced the most herbivore damage, regardless of nutrient conditions; (2) both neo- and established tetraploids had greater biomass and root bud production under nutrient-enriched conditions, whereas diploid biomass and root bud production was not significantly affected by nutrients; and (3) intra-cytotype competition more negatively affected diploids and established tetraploids than it did neotetraploids. CONCLUSIONS Following polyploidization, biomass and clonal growth might be more immediately affected by environmental nutrient availabilities than plant survival, flowering, and/or responses to herbivory, which could influence competitive dynamics. Specifically, polyploids might have competitive and colonizing advantages over diploids under nutrient-enriched conditions favoring their establishment, although establishment may also depend upon the density and occurrences of other related cytotypes in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Walczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
| | - Erika I Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
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Guignard MS, Crawley MJ, Kovalenko D, Nichols RA, Trimmer M, Leitch AR, Leitch IJ. Interactions between plant genome size, nutrients and herbivory by rabbits, molluscs and insects on a temperate grassland. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182619. [PMID: 30890100 PMCID: PMC6452068 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm genome sizes (GS) vary ca 2400-fold. Recent research has shown that GS influences plant abundance, and plant competition. There are also tantalizing reports that herbivores may select plants as food dependent on their GS. To test the hypothesis that GS plays a role in shaping plant communities under herbivore pressure, we exploit a grassland experiment that has experimentally excluded herbivores and applied nutrient over 8 years. Using phylogenetically informed statistical models and path analyses, we show that under rabbit grazing, plant species with small GS generated the most biomass. By contrast, on mollusc and insect-grazed plots, it was the plant species with larger GS that increased in biomass. GS was also shown to influence plant community properties (e.g. competitive strategy, total biomass) although the impact varied between different herbivore guilds (i.e. rabbits versus invertebrates) and nutrient inputs. Overall, we demonstrate that GS plays a role in influencing plant-herbivore interactions, and suggest potential reasons for this response, which include the impact of GS on a plant's response to different herbivore guilds, and on a plant's nutrient quality. The inclusion of GS in ecological models has the potential to expand our understanding of plant productivity and community ecology under nutrient and herbivore stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté S. Guignard
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Michael J. Crawley
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Dasha Kovalenko
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Richard A. Nichols
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mark Trimmer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andrew R. Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ilia J. Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
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Mairal M, Šurinová M, Castro S, Münzbergová Z. Unmasking cryptic biodiversity in polyploids: origin and diversification of Aster amellus aggregate. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1047-1059. [PMID: 30107389 PMCID: PMC6266133 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The origin of different cytotypes by autopolyploidy may be an important mechanism in plant diversification. Although cryptic autopolyploids probably comprise the largest fraction of overlooked plant diversity, our knowledge of their origin and evolution is still rather limited. Here we study the presumed autopolyploid aggregate of Aster amellus, which encompasses diploid and hexaploid cytotypes. Although the cytotypes of A. amellus are not morphologically distinguishable, previous studies showed spatial segregation and limited gene flow between them, which could result in different evolutionary trajectories for each cytotype. METHODS We combine macroevolutionary, microevolutionary and niche modelling tools to disentangle the origin and the demographic history of the cytotypes, using chloroplast and nuclear markers in a dense population sampling in central Europe. KEY RESULTS Our results revealed a segregation between diploid and hexaploid cytotypes in the nuclear genome, where each cytotype represents a monophyletic lineage probably homogenized by concerted evolution. In contrast, the chloroplast genome showed intermixed connections between the cytotypes, which may correspond to shared ancestral relationships. Phylogeny, demographic analyses and ecological niche modelling supported an ongoing differentiation of the cytotypes, where the hexaploid cytotype is experiencing a demographic expansion and niche differentiation with respect to its diploid relative. CONCLUSIONS The two cytotypes may be considered as two different lineages at the onset of their evolutionary diversification. Polyploidization led to the occurrence of hexaploids, which expanded and changed their ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mairal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Mária Šurinová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences of the University of Coimbra and Botanic Garden of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Muñoz-Pajares AJ, Perfectti F, Loureiro J, Abdelaziz M, Biella P, Castro M, Castro S, Gómez JM. Niche differences may explain the geographic distribution of cytotypes in Erysimum mediohispanicum. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:139-147. [PMID: 28741843 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidisation has played an important role in plant diversification, and variation in ploidy level may be found not only between species of the same genus, but also within a single species. Although establishing the adaptive significance of polyploidy to explain the geographic distribution of cytotypes is challenging, the occurrence of different cytotypes in different ecological niches may suggest an adaptive role of genome duplication. We studied the adaptive significance of the geographic distribution of cytotypes across the entire distribution range of the endemic Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). For that, we have used climate variables, population elevation and soil properties to model ecological niches for the different cytotypes. In addition, we analysed the effect that ploidy level has on the floral phenotype. We found a clear geographic pattern in the distribution of cytotypes, with diploid individuals occurring in the southernmost part of the distribution range, while tetraploids were found in the northern area. A contact (mosaic) zone between both cytotypes was identified, but diploids and tetraploids occur in sympatry in only one population (although in a highly unbalanced proportion). Gene flow between different cytotypes seems to be negligible, as evident from an almost complete absence of triploids and other minority cytotypes. Niches occupied by both cytotypes showed subtle, but significant differences, even in the contact zone. Precipitation was higher in regions occupied by tetraploid individuals, which present wider corolla tubes and thinner but taller stalks than diploids. Our findings highlight the potential role of polyploidy in the ecological adaptation of E. mediohispanicum to both abiotic factors and biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Muñoz-Pajares
- Plant Biology, CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F Perfectti
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Abdelaziz
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Biella
- Departamento de Ecologıa, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - M Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J M Gómez
- Departamento de Ecologıa, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
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Pavlíková Z, Holá D, Vlasáková B, Procházka T, Münzbergová Z. Physiological and fitness differences between cytotypes vary with stress in a grassland perennial herb. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188795. [PMID: 29190749 PMCID: PMC5708818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding the consequences of polyploidization is a major step towards assessing the importance of this mode of speciation. Most previous studies comparing different cytotypes, however, did so only within a single environment and considered only one group of traits. To take a step further, we need to explore multiple environments and a wide range of traits. The aim of this study was to assess response of diploid and autotetraploid individuals of Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae) to two stress conditions, shade or drought. METHODS We studied eleven photosynthetic, morphological and fitness parameters of the plants over three years in a common garden under ambient conditions and two types of stress. KEY RESULTS The results indicate strong differences in performance and physiology between cytotypes in ambient conditions. Interestingly, higher fitness in diploids contrasted with more efficient photosynthesis in tetraploids in ambient conditions. However, stress, especially drought, strongly reduced fitness and disrupted function of the photosystems in both cytotypes reducing the between cytotype differences. The results indicate that drought stress reduced function of the photosynthetic processes in both cytotypes but particularly in tetraploids, while fitness reduction was stronger in diploids. CONCLUSIONS The photosynthesis related traits show higher plasticity in polyploids as theoretically expected, while the fitness related traits show higher plasticity in diploids especially in response to drought. This suggests that between cytotype comparisons need to consider multiple traits and multiple environments to understand the breath of possible responses of different cytotypes to stress. They also show that integrating results based on different traits is not straightforward and call for better mechanistic understanding of the relationships between species photosynthetic activity and fitness. Still, considering multiple environments and multiple species traits is crucial for understanding the drivers of niche differentiation between cytotypes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pavlíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Holá
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Vlasáková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Procházka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Münzbergová Z. Colchicine application significantly affects plant performance in the second generation of synthetic polyploids and its effects vary between populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:329-339. [PMID: 28633349 PMCID: PMC5737759 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Understanding the direct consequences of polyploidization is necessary for assessing the evolutionary significance of this mode of speciation. Previous studies have not studied the degree of between-population variation that occurs due to these effects. Although it is assumed that the effects of the substances that create synthetic polyploids disappear in second-generation synthetic polyploids, this has not been tested. Methods The direct consequences of polyploidization were assessed and separated from the effects of subsequent evolution in Vicia cracca , a naturally occurring species with diploid and autotetraploid cytotypes. Synthetic tetraploids were created from diploids of four mixed-ploidy populations. Performance of natural diploids and tetraploids was compared with that of synthetic tetraploids. Diploid offspring of the synthetic tetraploid mothers were also included in the comparison. In this way, the effects of colchicine application in the maternal generation on offspring performance could be compared independently of the effects of polyploidization. Key Results The sizes of seeds and stomata were primarily affected by cytotype, while plant performance differed between natural and synthetic polyploids. Most performance traits were also determined by colchicine application to the mothers, and most of these results were largely population specific. Conclusions Because the consequences of colchicine application are still apparent in the second generation of the plants, at least the third-generation polyploids should be considered in future comparisons. The specificities of the colchicine-treated plants may also be caused by strong selection pressures during the creation of synthetic polyploids. This could be tested by comparing the initial sizes of plants that survived the colchicine treatments with those of plants that did not. High variation between populations also suggests that different polyploids follow different evolutionary trajectories, and this should be considered when studying the effects of polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Segraves KA. The effects of genome duplications in a community context. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:57-69. [PMID: 28418074 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 57 I. 57 II. 59 III. 59 IV. 63 V. 64 VI. 64 VII. 66 66 References 66 SUMMARY: Whole-genome duplication (WGD), or polyploidy, has important effects on the genotype and phenotype of plants, potentially altering ecological interactions with other organisms. Even though the connections between polyploidy and species interactions have been recognized for some time, we are only just beginning to test whether WGD affects community context. Here I review the sparse information on polyploidy and community context and then present a set of hypotheses for future work. Thus far, community-level studies of polyploids suggest an array of outcomes, from no changes in community context to shifts in the abundance and composition of interacting species. I propose a number of mechanisms for how WGD could alter community context and how the emergence of polyploids in populations could also alter the community context of parental diploids and other plant species. Resolving how and when these changes are expected to occur will require a deeper understanding of the connections among WGD, phenotypic changes, and the direct and indirect effects of species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
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McIntyre PJ, Strauss S. An experimental test of local adaptation among cytotypes within a polyploid complex. Evolution 2017; 71:1960-1969. [PMID: 28598499 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The geographic distributions of polyploids suggest they can have distinct and sometimes broader niches compared to diploids. However, relatively few field experiments have investigated whether range differences are associated with local adaptation or reflect other processes, such as dispersal limitation. In three years of transplants across the elevational ranges of five cytotypes in the Claytonia perfoliata complex, we found evidence for local adaptation. In at least one study year germination was higher within the natural range for each cytotype, and four of the five cytotypes attained larger biomass within their natural range. Fitness within and beyond range varied across years, with two instances of cytotypes showing higher fitness beyond the range, highlighting a potential role of temporal variability in cytotype differentiation. Polyploids as a group did not outperform diploids, but the cytotype with highest fitness across environments was a hexaploid reported to be invasive. Our results suggest that differences in geographic ranges within the C. perfoliata complex reflect local adaptation of cytotypes. Although we did not find a general polyploid advantage, our findings support the idea that occasional polyploid cytotypes exhibit high fitness relative to other cytotypes, and contribute to growing evidence supporting ecological differentiation of cytotypes within polyploid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McIntyre
- Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616.,Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616.,Current Address: Biogeographic Data Branch, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1416 9th Street, Suite 1266, Sacramento, California, 95814
| | - Sharon Strauss
- Section of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616.,Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
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Plant-herbivore interactions along elevational gradient: Comparison of field and common garden data. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Powell AF, Doyle JJ. Enhanced rhizobial symbiotic capacity in an allopolyploid species of Glycine (Leguminosae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1771-1782. [PMID: 27562208 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Previous studies have shown that polyploidy can alter biotic interactions, and it has been suggested that these effects may contribute to the increased ability for colonization of new habitats shown by many allopolyploids. Little is known, however, about the effects of allopolyploidy, which combines hybridity and genome doubling, on symbiotic interactions with rhizobial bacteria. METHODS We examined interactions of the allopolyploid Glycine dolichocarpa (designated T2) with novel rhizobial partners, such as might occur in a context of colonization, and compared these with the responses of its diploid progenitors, G. tomentella (D3) and G. syndetika (D4). We assessed root hair response, nodule formation, nodule mass, nodule number, and plant biomass. KEY RESULTS The allopolyploid (T2) showed a greater root hair deformation response when exposed to rhizobia, compared with either diploid. T2 had a greater probability of forming nodules with NGR234 compared with diploid D4, and greater total nodule mass per nodulated plant compared with diploid D3. T2 also had greater plant biomass responses to nitrogen and when exposed to NGR234. CONCLUSIONS The allopolyploid is characterized by transgressive responses to rhizobia for some variables, while also combining certain parental diploid responses such that its capacity for interactions with rhizobia appears to be greater than for either diploid progenitor. This overall enhanced nodulation capacity and the ability to make greater gains from exposure to both rhizobia and additional nitrogen indicate a greater potential of the allopolyploid to benefit from these factors both generally and in a context of colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Powell
- Cornell University, Section of Plant Biology, 412 Mann Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- Cornell University, Section of Plant Biology, 412 Mann Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
- Cornell University, Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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14
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Stutz S, Hinz HL, Konowalik K, Müller‐Schärer H, Oberprieler C, Schaffner U. Ploidy level in the genus
L
eucanthemum
correlates with resistance to a specialist herbivore. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stutz
- CABI Rue des Grillons 1 2800 Delémont Switzerland
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution Department of Biology University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | | | - Kamil Konowalik
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Institute of Biology Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Kożuchowska 5b 51‐631 Wrocław Poland
| | - Heinz Müller‐Schärer
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution Department of Biology University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christoph Oberprieler
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group Institute of Plant Sciences University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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15
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Segraves KA, Anneberg TJ. Species interactions and plant polyploidy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1326-1335. [PMID: 27370313 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is a common mode of speciation that can have far-reaching consequences for plant ecology and evolution. Because polyploidy can induce an array of phenotypic changes, there can be cascading effects on interactions with other species. These interactions, in turn, can have reciprocal effects on polyploid plants, potentially impacting their establishment and persistence. Although there is a wealth of information on the genetic and phenotypic effects of polyploidy, the study of species interactions in polyploid plants remains a comparatively young field. Here we reviewed the available evidence for how polyploidy may impact many types of species interactions that range from mutualism to antagonism. Specifically, we focused on three main questions: (1) Does polyploidy directly cause the formation of novel interactions not experienced by diploids, or does it create an opportunity for natural selection to then form novel interactions? (2) Does polyploidy cause consistent, predictable changes in species interactions vs. the evolution of idiosyncratic differences? (3) Does polyploidy lead to greater evolvability in species interactions? From the scarce evidence available, we found that novel interactions are rare but that polyploidy can induce changes in pollinator, herbivore, and pathogen interactions. Although further tests are needed, it is likely that selection following whole-genome duplication is important in all types of species interaction and that there are circumstances in which polyploidy can enhance the evolvability of interactions with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244 USA
| | - Thomas J Anneberg
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244 USA
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16
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Meyerson LA, Cronin JT, Bhattarai GP, Brix H, Lambertini C, Lučanová M, Rinehart S, Suda J, Pyšek P. Do ploidy level and nuclear genome size and latitude of origin modify the expression of Phragmites australis traits and interactions with herbivores? Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Stutz S, Štajerová K, Hinz HL, Müller-Schärer H, Schaffner U. Can enemy release explain the invasion success of the diploid Leucanthemum vulgare in North America? Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Enemy release is a commonly accepted mechanism to explain plant invasions. Both the diploid Leucanthemum vulgare and the morphologically very similar tetraploid Leucanthemum ircutianum have been introduced into North America. To verify which species is more prevalent in North America we sampled 98 Leucanthemum populations and determined their ploidy level. Although polyploidy has repeatedly been proposed to be associated with increased invasiveness in plants, only two of the populations surveyed in North America were the tetraploid L. ircutianum. We tested the enemy release hypothesis by first comparing 20 populations of L. vulgare and 27 populations of L. ircutianum in their native range in Europe, and then comparing the European L. vulgare populations with 31 L. vulgare populations sampled in North America. Characteristics of the site and associated vegetation, plant performance and invertebrate herbivory were recorded. In Europe, plant height and density of the two species were similar but L. vulgare produced more flower heads than L. ircutianum. Leucanthemum vulgare in North America was 17 % taller, produced twice as many flower heads and grew much denser compared to L. vulgare in Europe. Attack rates by root- and leaf-feeding herbivores on L. vulgare in Europe (34 and 75 %) was comparable to that on L. ircutianum (26 and 71 %) but higher than that on L. vulgare in North America (10 and 3 %). However, herbivore load and leaf damage were low in Europe. Cover and height of the co-occurring vegetation was higher in L. vulgare populations in the native than in the introduced range, suggesting that a shift in plant competition may more easily explain the invasion success of L. vulgare than escape from herbivory.
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18
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König MAE, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J. Butterfly oviposition preference is not related to larval performance on a polyploid herb. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2781-9. [PMID: 27217940 PMCID: PMC4863005 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The preference–performance hypothesis predicts that female insects maximize their fitness by utilizing host plants which are associated with high larval performance. Still, studies with several insect species have failed to find a positive correlation between oviposition preference and larval performance. In the present study, we experimentally investigated the relationship between oviposition preferences and larval performance in the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines. Preferences were assessed using both cage experiments and field data on the proportion of host plant individuals utilized in natural populations. Larval performance was experimentally investigated using larvae descending from 419 oviposition events by 21 females on plants from 51 populations of two ploidy types of the perennial herb Cardamine pratensis. Neither ploidy type nor population identity influenced egg survival or larval development, but increased plant inflorescence size resulted in a larger final larval size. There was no correlation between female oviposition preference and egg survival or larval development under controlled conditions. Moreover, variation in larval performance among populations under controlled conditions was not correlated with the proportion of host plants utilized in the field. Lastly, first instar larvae added to plants rejected for oviposition by butterfly females during the preference experiment performed equally well as larvae growing on plants chosen for oviposition. The lack of a correlation between larval performance and oviposition preference for A. cardamines under both experimental and natural settings suggests that female host choice does not maximize the fitness of the individual offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin A E König
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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19
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Münzbergová Z, Skuhrovec J, Maršík P. Large differences in the composition of herbivore communities and seed damage in diploid and autotetraploid plant species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agrosystems; Crop Research Institute; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maršík
- Institute of Experimental Botany; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Praha Czech Republic
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20
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Ramsey J, Ramsey TS. Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130352. [PMID: 24958925 PMCID: PMC4071525 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions-as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits-but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910 s-1930 s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930 s-1950 s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940 s and 1950 s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se. The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s-1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990 s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy--regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication--is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ramsey
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Tara S Ramsey
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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21
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Eliášová A, Münzbergová Z. Higher seed size and germination rate may favour autotetraploids ofVicia craccaL. (Fabaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Eliášová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 CZ-128 01 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 CZ-128 01 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Zámek 1 CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
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22
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Leitch AR, Leitch IJ, Trimmer M, Guignard MS, Woodward G. Impact of genomic diversity in river ecosystems. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:361-366. [PMID: 24447819 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose that genomic diversity in aquatic macrophytes of rivers, driven by the underlying genomic processes of interspecific hybridization and polyploidy (whole-genome duplication), play a significant role in ecosystem functioning. These genomic processes generate individuals which might differ in their demands for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This is significant because (i) N and/or P are frequently limiting nutrients in freshwater ecosystems, and (ii) nucleic acids are demanding in N and P. We suggest that N and P availability will provide a selection pressure for genetic variants in macrophytes which will, in turn, influence the nutritional quality of plant biomass, and hence their consumption by herbivores and detritivores as well as the energy flux of their biomass through the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Mark Trimmer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maité S Guignard
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
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23
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Von Euler T, Agren J, Ehrlén J. Environmental context influences both the intensity of seed predation and plant demographic sensitivity to attack. Ecology 2014; 95:495-504. [PMID: 24669742 DOI: 10.1890/13-0528.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions are important sources of variation in population dynamics and natural selection. Environmental heterogeneity can influence the outcome of interactions by affecting the intensity of interactions, but also by affecting the demography of the populations involved. However, little is known about the relative importance of environmental effects on interaction intensities and demographic sensitivity for variation in population growth rates. We investigated how soil depth, soil moisture, soil nutrient composition, and vegetation height influenced the intensity of seed predation as well as host plant demography and sensitivity to seed predation in the perennial herb Primula farinosa. Intensity of seed predation ranged from 0% to 80% of seeds damaged among the 24 study populations and was related to soil moisture in two of four years. The effect of seed predation on plant population growth rate (lambda) ranged from negligible to a reduction in lambda by 0.70. Sensitivity of population growth rate to predation explained as much of the variation in the reductions in population growth rate due to seed predation as did predation intensity. Plant population growth rate in the absence of seed predation and sensitivity to predation were negatively related to soil depth and soil moisture. Both intensity of predation and sensitivity to predation were positively correlated with potential population growth rate and, as a result, there was no significant relationship between predation intensity and realized population growth rate. We conclude that in our study system environmental context influences the effects of seed predation on plant fitness and population dynamics in two important ways: through variation in interaction intensity and through sensitivity to the effects of this interaction. Moreover, our results show that a given abiotic factor can influence population growth rate in different directions through effects on potential growth rate, intensity of biotic interactions, and the sensitivity of population growth rate to interactions.
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24
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Context-dependent resistance against butterfly herbivory in a polyploid herb. Oecologia 2014; 174:1265-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Těšitelová T, Jersáková J, Roy M, Kubátová B, Těšitel J, Urfus T, Trávníček P, Suda J. Ploidy-specific symbiotic interactions: divergence of mycorrhizal fungi between cytotypes of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:1022-1033. [PMID: 23731358 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants, yet little is known about its effects on interactions with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the most common plant symbionts and play an important role in plant nutrient supply. It remains to be understood whether mycorrhizal associations of ploidy-variable plants can be ploidy-specific. We examined mycorrhizal associations in three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae), involving G. conopsea s.s. and G. densiflora, at different spatial scales and during different ontogenetic stages. We analysed: adults from mixed- and single-ploidy populations at a regional scale; closely spaced adults within a mixed-ploidy site; and mycorrhizal seedlings. All Gymnadenia cytotypes associated mainly with saprotrophic Tulasnellaceae (Basidiomycota). Nonetheless, both adults and seedlings of diploids and their autotetraploid derivatives significantly differed in the identity of their mycorrhizal symbionts. Interploidy segregation of mycorrhizal symbionts was most pronounced within a site with closely spaced adults. This study provides the first evidence that polyploidization of a plant species can be associated with a shift in mycorrhizal symbionts. This divergence may contribute to niche partitioning and facilitate establishment and co-existence of different cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Mélanie Roy
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université de Toulouse, 3 Paul Sabatier, ENFA, CNRS, UMR 5174, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
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26
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te Beest M, Le Roux JJ, Richardson DM, Brysting AK, Suda J, Kubesová M, Pysek P. The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:19-45. [PMID: 22040744 PMCID: PMC3241594 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological invasions are a major ecological and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. Despite an explosion of research in recent decades, much remains to be understood about why some species become invasive whereas others do not. Recently, polyploidy (whole genome duplication) has been proposed as an important determinant of invasiveness in plants. Genome duplication has played a major role in plant evolution and can drastically alter a plant's genetic make-up, morphology, physiology and ecology within only one or a few generations. This may allow some polyploids to succeed in strongly fluctuating environments and/or effectively colonize new habitats and, thus, increase their potential to be invasive. SCOPE We synthesize current knowledge on the importance of polyploidy for the invasion (i.e. spread) of introduced plants. We first aim to elucidate general mechanisms that are involved in the success of polyploid plants and translate this to that of plant invaders. Secondly, we provide an overview of ploidal levels in selected invasive alien plants and explain how ploidy might have contributed to their success. CONCLUSIONS Polyploidy can be an important factor in species invasion success through a combination of (1) 'pre-adaptation', whereby polyploid lineages are predisposed to conditions in the new range and, therefore, have higher survival rates and fitness in the earliest establishment phase; and (2) the possibility for subsequent adaptation due to a larger genetic diversity that may assist the 'evolution of invasiveness'. Alternatively, polyploidization may play an important role by (3) restoring sexual reproduction following hybridization or, conversely, (4) asexual reproduction in the absence of suitable mates. We, therefore, encourage invasion biologists to incorporate assessments of ploidy in their studies of invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska te Beest
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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27
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Richardson ML, Hanks LM. Differences in spatial distribution, morphology, and communities of herbivorous insects among three cytotypes of Solidago altissima (Asteraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1595-1601. [PMID: 21926306 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy in plants can result in genetic isolation, ecological differences among cytotypes, and, ultimately, speciation. Cytotypes should be sympatric only if they are segregated in an ecological niche or through prezygotic isolation. We tested whether sympatric diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid ramets of Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae) differ in their ecological niche. METHODS We measured how cytotypes were distributed within habitats, their morphology, and the composition of their communities of herbivorous insects at 10 natural field sites. We also conducted a common garden experiment to confirm whether observed differences in morphology or communities of herbivores were due to cytotype or environmental effects. KEY RESULTS Diploid ramets often grew in open areas, relatively far from woody plants, and were associated with a high species richness of herbaceous plants, especially grasses. Hexaploids often grew in heavy shading under woody plants where grasses were scarce. Finally, tetraploids usually grew in transition areas between diploids and hexaploids. Hexaploid ramets also were taller than ramets of the other cytotypes and had larger leaves. Two species of insects, the leaf-galling fly Asteromyia carbonifera and the phloem-tapping aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum, were more abundant on hexaploid ramets than on ramets of other cytotypes in the field. When grown in a common garden, however, cytotypes were similar in morphology and communities of herbivores. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cytotypes of S. altissima differ in their spatial distribution within habitats and that spatial variation in environmental factors influence plant morphology and communities of herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Richardson
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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28
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Trávníček P, Dočkalová Z, Rosenbaumová R, Kubátová B, Szeląg Z, Chrtek J. Bridging global and microregional scales: ploidy distribution in Pilosella echioides (Asteraceae) in central Europe. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:443-54. [PMID: 21208933 PMCID: PMC3043935 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A detailed knowledge of cytotype distribution can provide important insights into the evolutionary history of polyploid systems. This study aims to explore the spatial distribution of different cytotypes in Pilosella echioides at various spatial scales (from the whole distributional range to the population level) and to outline possible evolutionary scenarios for the observed geographic pattern. METHODS DNA-ploidy levels were estimated using DAPI flow cytometry in 4410 individuals of P. echioides from 46 populations spread over the entire distribution range in central Europe. Special attention was paid to the cytotype structure in the most ploidy-diverse population in south-west Moravia. KEY RESULTS Five different cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x and 6x) were found, the last being recorded for the first time. Although ploidy-uniform (di- or tetraploid) sites clearly prevailed, nearly one-quarter of the populations investigated harboured more (up to all five) cytotypes. Whereas penta- and hexaploids constituted only a minority of the samples, a striking predominance of the triploid cytotype was observed in several populations. CONCLUSIONS The representative sampling confirmed previous data on cytotype distribution, i.e. the spatial aggregation of mixed-ploidy populations in south-west Moravia and Lower Austria and the predominance of ploidy-uniform populations in other parts of the area investigated. Recurrent origin of polyploids from diploid progenitors via unreduced gametes and their successful establishment are considered the key factors promoting intrapopulational ploidy mixture ('primary hybrid zones'). As an alternative to the generally accepted theory of cytotype co-existence based on the development of different means of inter-ploidy reproductive isolation, it is suggested that a long-term ploidy mixture can also be maintained in free-mating populations provided that the polyploids originate with a sufficient frequency. In addition, the prevalence (or subdominance) of the triploid cytotype in several mixed-ploidy populations represents the first evidence of such a phenomenon in plant systems with exclusively sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Dočkalová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Rosenbaumová
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, National Museum, CZ-193 00 Prague - Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zbigniew Szeląg
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 31, PL-315 01 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Sudová R, Rydlová J, Münzbergová Z, Suda J. Ploidy-specific interactions of three host plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Does genome copy number matter? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:1798-1807. [PMID: 21616819 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has been shown to affect different plant traits and modulate interactions between plants and other organisms, such as pollinators and herbivores. However, no information is available on whether it can also shape the functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. • METHODS The mycorrhizal growth response was assessed for three angiosperms with intraspecific ploidy variation. Different cytotypes of Aster amellus, Campanula gentilis, and Pimpinella saxifraga were either left uninoculated or were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a pot experiment. After 3 mo of cultivation in a greenhouse, plant growth, phosphorus concentration in the shoot biomass, and development of the AM symbiosis were evaluated. • KEY RESULTS No significant ploidy-specific differences in AM development were recorded. The inoculation led to consistently greater phosphorus uptake; however, the effect on plant growth differed considerably among plant species, populations, ploidy levels, and AM species. A salient ploidy-specific response was observed in A. amellus. Whereas diploid plants benefited from AM inoculation, the hexaploids consistently showed negative or no-growth responses (depending on the AM species). In contrast to A. amellus, no interactions between inoculation and ploidy were observed in C. gentilis and P. saxifraga. • CONCLUSIONS The first evidence is provided of a ploidy-specific response of a mycotrophic plant to AM fungi. Our results demonstrate the complexity of interaction between plants and associated AM fungi, with the ploidy level of the host plant being one component that may modulate the functioning of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Why only tetraploid Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) became invasive: a common garden comparison of ploidy levels. Oecologia 2010; 163:661-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sõber V, Teder T, Moora M. Contrasting effects of plant population size on florivory and pollination. Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hull-Sanders HM, Johnson RH, Owen HA, Meyer GA. Influence of polyploidy on insect herbivores of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:893-5. [PMID: 19938375 PMCID: PMC2802799 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores are sensitive to the genetic structure of plant populations, as genetics underlies plant phenotype and host quality. Polyploidy is a widespread feature of angiosperm genomes, yet few studies have examined how polyploidy influences herbivores. Introduction to new ranges, with consequent changes in selective regimes, can lead to evolution of changes in plant defensive characteristics and also affect herbivores. Here, we examine how insect herbivores respond to polyploidy in Solidago gigantea, using plants derived from both the native range (USA) and introduced range (Europe). S. gigantea has 3 cytotypes in the US, with 2 of these present in Europe. We performed bioassays with generalist (Spodoptera exigua) and specialist (Trirhabda virgata) leaf-feeding insects. Insects were reared on detached leaves (Spodoptera) or potted host plants (Trirhabda) and mortality and mass were measured. Trirhabda larvae showed little variation in survival or pupal mass attributable to either cytotype or plant origin. Spodoptera larvae were more sensitive to both cytotype and plant origin: they grew best on European tetraploids and poorly on US diploids (high mortality) and US tetraploids (low larval mass). These results show that both cytotype and plant origin influence insect herbivores, but that generalist and specialist insects may respond differently.
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Raabová J, Fischer M, Münzbergová Z. Niche differentiation between diploid and hexaploid Aster amellus. Oecologia 2008; 158:463-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thompson JN, Merg KF. EVOLUTION OF POLYPLOIDY AND THE DIVERSIFICATION OF PLANT–POLLINATOR INTERACTIONS. Ecology 2008; 89:2197-206. [DOI: 10.1890/07-1432.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Münzbergová Z. Population dynamics of diploid and hexaploid populations of a perennial herb. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 100:1259-70. [PMID: 17881342 PMCID: PMC2759246 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the recent enormous increase in the number of studies on polyploid species, no studies to date have explored the population dynamics of these taxa. It is thus not known whether the commonly reported differences in single life-history traits between taxa of different ploidy levels result in differences in population dynamics. METHODS This study explores differences in single life-history traits and in the complete life cycle between populations of different ploidy levels and compares these differences with differences observed between different habitat types and years. Diploid and hexaploid populations of a perennial herb, Aster amellus, are used as the study system. Transition matrix models were used to describe the dynamics of the populations, and population growth rates, elasticity values and life-table response experiments were used to compare the dynamics between populations and years. KEY RESULTS The results indicate that between-year variation in population dynamics is much larger than variation between different ploidy levels and different habitat conditions. Significant differences exist, however, in the structure of the transition matrices, indicating that the dynamics of the different ploidy levels are different. Strong differences in probability of extinction of local populations were also found, with hexaploid populations having higher probability than diploid populations, indicating strong potential differences in persistence of these populations. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study on complete population dynamics of plants of different ploidy levels. This knowledge will help to understand the ability of new ploidy levels to spread into new areas and persist there, and the interactions of different ploidy levels in secondary contact zones. This knowledge will also contribute to understanding of interactions of different ploidy levels with other plant species or other interacting organisms such as pollinators or herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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Differential attack on diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Solidago altissima L. by five insect gallmakers. Oecologia 2007; 154:755-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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MÜNZBERGOVÁ ZUZANA. No effect of ploidy level in plant response to competition in a common garden experiment. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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