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Miglio A, Rocconi F, Cremonini V, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Maslanka M, Lacroix IS, Tiscar G, Di Tommaso M, Antognoni MT. Effect of leukoreduction on the metabolism of equine packed red blood cells during refrigerated storage. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1185-1195. [PMID: 38406982 PMCID: PMC10937500 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of the biochemical and morphological lesions associated with storage of equine blood is limited. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the temporal sequences of lipid and metabolic profiles of equine fresh and stored (up to 42 days) and leukoreduced packed red blood cells (LR-pRBC) and non-leukoreduced packed RBC (nLR-pRBC). ANIMALS Packed RBC units were obtained from 6 healthy blood donor horses enrolled in 2 blood banks. METHODS Observational study. Whole blood was collected from each donor using transfusion bags with a LR filter. Leukoreduction pRBC and nLR-pRBC units were obtained and stored at 4°C for up 42 days. Sterile weekly sampling was performed from each unit for analyses. RESULTS Red blood cells and supernatants progressively accumulated lactate products while high-energy phosphate compounds (adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate) declined. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, and free fatty acids accumulated in stored RBC and supernatants. These lesions were exacerbated in non-LR-pRBC. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Leukoreduction has a beneficial effect on RBC energy and redox metabolism of equine pRBC and the onset and severity of the metabolic storage lesions RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Francesca Rocconi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary University Hospital, University of TeramoTeramoItaly
| | | | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Mark Maslanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Ian S. Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Giorgio Tiscar
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary University Hospital, University of TeramoTeramoItaly
| | - Morena Di Tommaso
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary University Hospital, University of TeramoTeramoItaly
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KAKOI H, KIKUCHI M, ISHIGE T, HIROSAWA Y, TANAKA S, NAGATA SI. Monitoring the positive conversion of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in blood transfusion donor horses. J Equine Sci 2023; 34:47-49. [PMID: 37405070 PMCID: PMC10315640 DOI: 10.1294/jes.34.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To confirm the positive conversion of antibodies against erythrocyte antigens in horses, possible blood transfusion donor horses selected from draft horse populations were periodically monitored with an indirect antiglobulin (Coombs) test for approximately 3 years. In this study, 19 horses (16 females and 3 males) were investigated, and five mares showed alloantibodies during the monitoring period. Four mares were typically pregnant when positive conversion was detected, whereas no particular cause of conversion could be observed for one mare based on its clinical records. In the analyzed horses, most positive conversions were possibly due to pregnancy, as conversion occurred more often during this period than after parturition. Pregnancy is considered a key event for positive conversion. Additionally, in cases in which unknown causative sensitization is confirmed, continuous monitoring with a test to detect antibodies should be performed, even if the possible donor is selected and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mio KIKUCHI
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi
320-0851, Japan
| | | | - Yuko HIROSAWA
- National Livestock Breeding Center Tokachi
Station, Hokkaido 080-0572, Japan
| | - Shoko TANAKA
- National Livestock Breeding Center Tokachi
Station, Hokkaido 080-0572, Japan
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Jamieson CA, Baillie SL, Johnson JP. Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172162. [PMID: 36077883 PMCID: PMC9454663 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transfusion medicine is an accessible, technically simple, and often lifesaving tool that can be used in both field and hospital settings, in cases of significant bleeding or anemia. A thorough understanding of the indications, methodology and complications of blood transfusion allows the practitioner to identify cases where administration of whole blood is necessary, and how to safely perform the transfusion. This review collects the current literature surrounding blood transfusion into one readily accessible document to allow clinicians a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of equine blood transfusion, while serving as a reference for performing these procedures. Abstract Transfusion medicine is a crucial part of equine intensive and critical care. Blood transfusions can save lives in both acute and chronic cases of anemia, hemorrhage, and hemolysis. It is vital to have a comprehensive theoretical and practical understanding of the techniques, implications, risks, and complications. This review covers the physiology and pathophysiology of conditions requiring transfusion, as well as step by step guidance for practitioners of all experience levels. This review is designed to serve as a practical reference for those who are treating horses in either the field or hospital setting. It aims to provide both theoretical background and easy to locate formulae with guidance that is easy to refer to in a critical situation. When risks and benefits are well understood, these techniques can be confidently employed in critical situations to improve outcomes and save lives.
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Dohrmann J, Hildebrand F, Straub J, Wadephul R, Pusterla N, Freise F, Venner M. Equine proliferative enteropathy in weanling foals on a German breeding farm: clinical course, treatment and long-term outcome. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Crabtree NE, Epstein KL. Current Concepts in Fluid Therapy in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648774. [PMID: 33855057 PMCID: PMC8039297 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the frequent inclusion of fluid therapy in the treatment of many conditions in horses, there are limited studies available to provide evidenced-based, species-specific recommendations. Thus, equine fluid therapy is based on the application of physiology and extrapolation from evidence in other veterinary species and human medicine. The physiologic principles that underly the use of fluids in medicine are, at first glance, straightforward and simple to understand. However, in the past 20 years, multiple studies in human medicine have shown that creating recommendations based on theory in combination with experimental and/or small clinical studies does not consistently result in best practice. As a result, there are ongoing controversies in human medicine over fluid types, volumes, and routes of administration. For example, the use of 0.9% NaCl as the replacement fluid of choice is being questioned, and the theoretical benefits of colloids have not translated to clinical cases and negative effects are greater than predicted. In this review, the current body of equine research in fluid therapy will be reviewed, connections to the controversies in human medicine and other veterinary species will be explored and, where appropriate, recommendations for fluid therapy in the adult horse will be made based on the available evidence. This review is focused on the decisions surrounding developing a fluid plan involving crystalloids, synthetic colloids, and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Crabtree
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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Holovina KM, Bobrova OM, Kovalenko SY, Hovorova YS, Nardid OA. Effect of ozonation on resistance of ovine and human erythrocytes to hypothermic storage. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term hypothermic storage of animal blood can lead to the loss of its quality and can cause complications in recipient animals after transfusion, so the search for new methods of increasing the preservation of erythrocytes after hypothermic storage continues. The article presents the data of the ozonation effect on the preservation rate of ovine and human erythrocytes during hypothermic storage with Alsever’s solution and mannitol medium. Hemolysis, osmotic fragility and distribution density of ovine and human erythrocytes by the sphericity index were determined at different stages of hypothermic storage. The ovine erythrocytes in the control had a lower osmotic resistance compared to human erythrocytes; however, their osmotic fragility did not change significantly after hypothermic storage for 8 weeks, and for human erythrocytes, it significantly increased. Storage of ovine and human erythrocytes longer than 8 weeks led to a sharp hemolysis, while the level of hemolysis of ovine erythrocytes was lower than that of human erythrocytes. Preservation of ozonated erythrocytes is higher than non-ozonated ones during prolonged hypothermic storage. The effect of ozonation on the preservation rate of red blood cells depended on the composition of the preservation media. Hypothermal storage of human erythrocytes in Alsever’s solution for up to 8 weeks led to a shift in the density of distribution according to the sphericity index towards spheroidization of cells; in a medium with mannitol, the number of flattened cell forms increased. After 8 weeks of hypothermic storage of ovine erythrocytes, most of the cells had high sphericity indices. Pretreatment of human and sheep erythrocytes with ozone allows the distribution of cells to be kept closer to the control during long-term storage, which is especially pronounced in mannitol medium. Ovine erythrocytes retained the ability to form rosettes with human T-lymphocytes after hypothermic storage for up to 12 weeks. Thus, ozone pretreatment and the use of mannitol as part of hypothermic storage medium could be an approach to improve the quality of preserved ovine erythrocytes.
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Worsman FCF, Barakzai SZ, de Bont MP, Turner S, Rubio‐Martínez LM. Treatment of haemoperitoneum secondary to ruptured granulosa cell tumours in two mares. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. C. F. Worsman
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
| | - S. Z. Barakzai
- Chine House Veterinary Hospital Sileby Leicestershire UK
| | - M. P. de Bont
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
| | - S. Turner
- Chine House Veterinary Hospital Sileby Leicestershire UK
| | - L. M. Rubio‐Martínez
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
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Bozorgmanesh R, Sutton-Burges JW, Tablin F. Comparison of equine platelet function and survival in whole blood collected in acid-citrate-dextrose solution or citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine solution. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:262-268. [PMID: 28411369 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine whole blood collection and storage methods have been evaluated to assess red blood cell viability; however, platelet (PLT) viability has not been comprehensively assessed. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to compare viability of PLTs collected in whole blood into 2 different anticoagulants. METHODS Whole blood from 6 healthy adult Thoroughbred horses was collected into citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA) or acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD). Platelet count, pH, and concentrations of glucose, lactate, carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured within 10 minutes of collection and then again one hour later at which time PLT aggregometry was performed to assess PLT function. RESULTS Aggregometry mean amplitudes were significantly higher in CPDA compared to ACD. Blood glucose, pH, bicarbonate, sodium, and lactate concentrations were significantly higher in CPDA compared to ACD. Lactate concentration was higher following one hour in either anticoagulant. Potassium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly higher in ACD compared to CPDA at collection. CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregometry results suggest that CPDA is superior to ACD for maintaining PLT viability following whole blood collection. This may be associated with the higher, more neutral pH as well as an increase in glucose available for metabolism. Although lactate was increased in the CPDA samples it was not high enough to decrease pH and therefore may not have been high enough to cause morphologic lesions and loss of PLT viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Bozorgmanesh
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julie W Sutton-Burges
- Blood Bank, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Tomlinson JE, Taberner E, Boston RC, Owens SD, Nolen-Walston RD. Survival Time of Cross-Match Incompatible Red Blood Cells in Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1683-8. [PMID: 26478135 PMCID: PMC4895677 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a markedly reduced half‐life of transfused RBCs when donor and recipient cats or humans are cross‐match incompatible. Only 10–20% of horses have naturally occurring alloantibodies. Therefore, cross‐match testing before blood transfusion is not always performed. Hypothesis Cross‐match incompatibility predicts shortened RBC survival time as compared to that of compatible or autologous blood. Animals Twenty healthy adult horses. Methods Prospective trial. Blood type, anti‐RBC antibody screen (before and 1 month after transfusion) and major and minor cross‐match determined 10 donor‐recipient pairs. Two pairs were cross‐match compatible, the remainder incompatible. Donor blood (4 L) was collected into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine‐1, labeled with NHS‐biotin, and transfused into recipients. Samples were collected at 1 hour and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transfusion, and biotinylated RBCs were detected by flow cytometry. Horses were monitored for transfusion reaction during transfusion and daily for 5 days. Results Cross‐match incompatibility was significantly associated with decreased RBC survival time (P < .001). The half‐life of transfused incompatible (cross‐match >1+) allogenic equine RBCs was 4.7 (95% CI, 3.2–6.2) days versus 33.5 (24–43) days for compatible pairings. Cross‐match incompatibility was associated with acute febrile transfusion reaction (P = .0083). At day 30, only 1 horse had developed novel anti‐RBC antibodies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cross‐match incompatibility was predictive of febrile transfusion reaction and shortened transfused RBC survival, but did not result in production of anti‐RBC antibodies at 30 days. Cross‐match testing before transfusion is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - E Taberner
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - S D Owens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - R D Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Thompson KR, Rioja E, Bardell D, Dugdale A. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution in a Clydesdale gelding prior to partial resection of the left ventral concha under general anaesthesia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Thompson
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Wirral UK
| | - E. Rioja
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Wirral UK
| | - D. Bardell
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Wirral UK
| | - A. Dugdale
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Wirral UK
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Escodro P, Bernardo J, Roveri E, Escodro L, Oliveira C, Fonseca L, Lopes C, Tonholo J, Nascimento TGD. Padronização da técnica de plasmaférese automatizada em equinos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente artigo objetivou estudar a viabilidade da técnica de plasmaférese automatizada e padronizá-la em cinco equinos hígidos, bem como apresentar as complicações durante o procedimento, as adequações em relação aos procedimentos em humanos e avaliar a recuperação de volume globular e proteínas plasmáticas totais nos doadores. Os procedimentos foram realizados com o equipamento Fresenius AS104, com duração média de 1h46min, processamento de 5758mL de sangue total e colheita média de 3133mL de plasma. Não foram observadas alterações significativas do volume globular após a plasmaférese automatizada. A recuperação dos níveis plasmáticos de proteínas foi de 91,4% em 96 horas após o procedimento. A plasmaférese automatizada apresentou-se viável para a espécie equina, diminuindo o tempo de recuperação hematimétrica nos doadores.
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Harris M, Nolen-Walston R, Ashton W, May M, Jackson K, Boston R. Effect of sample storage on blood crossmatching in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:662-7. [PMID: 22458345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood samples banked for up to 1 month are typically used to perform pretransfusion testing in humans and small animals, but this has not been validated using blood from horses. HYPOTHESIS Compatibility of equine blood samples is repeatable using fresh samples, and reproducible using donor blood samples stored for up to 4 weeks. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Randomized, blinded experimental study. Immunologic compatibility of the blood of all horses was assessed using a major and minor saline agglutination and hemolysin crossmatch using blood samples refrigerated for 0-4 weeks and fresh blood from the same horses. Crossmatch results were scored and then compared to identify changes of compatibility in each of the 4 tests. In addition, repeatability of the crossmatch technique itself was assessed by performing 6 iterations of this procedure in immediate succession with fresh blood from 3 horses. RESULTS No significant difference in crossmatch results was found using fresh blood (P = .39-1.00). Reproducibility was poor using blood stored for 1-4 weeks, especially in tests using stored erythrocytes (major antigen crossmatches), with significant differences from baseline at all weeks (P < .05); 13 of these differences were positive, indicating poorer compatibility. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Equine blood crossmatching is repeatable using fresh blood, although decreased apparent compatibility after storage makes exclusion of compatible donors more likely than mistaken administration of incompatible blood. These data suggest that fresh samples should be collected from potential donors before crossmatching equine blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Wilson E, Holcombe S, Lamar A, Hauptman J, Brooks M. Incidence of Transfusion Reactions and Retention of Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Factor Activities in Equine Plasma. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:323-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hurcombe SD, Mudge MC, Hinchcliff KW. Clinical and clinicopathologic variables in adult horses receiving blood transfusions: 31 cases (1999–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:267-74. [PMID: 17630896 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in horses administered a blood transfusion and evaluate effects of blood transfusion on these variables. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 31 adult horses that received > or = 1 blood transfusion. Procedures-Medical records of horses receiving a blood transfusion were reviewed to obtain clinical findings, laboratory test results before and after transfusion, adjunctive treatments, transfusion type and volume, response to transfusion, results of donor-recipient compatibility testing, adverse reactions, and outcome. RESULTS 31 horses received 44 transfusions for hemorrhagic anemia (HG; n = 18 horses), hemolytic anemia (HL; 8), or anemia attributable to erythropoietic failure (EF; 5). Tachycardia and tachypnea were detected in 31 of 31 (100%) and 22 of 31 (71%) horses, respectively, before transfusion. The PCV and hemoglobin concentration were less than the reference range in 11 of 18 horses with HG, 8 of 8 horses with HL, and 5 of 5 horses with EF. Hyperlactatemia was detected in 16 of 17 recorded values before transfusion. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and PCV improved after transfusion, with differences among the types of anemia. Seventeen (54%) horses were discharged, 9 (29%) were euthanized, and 5 (16%) died of natural causes. Adverse reactions were evident during 7 of 44 (16%) transfusions, varying from urticarial reactions to anaphylactic shock. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Abnormalities in clinical and clinicopathologic variables differed depending on the type of anemia. Colic, cold extremities, signs of depression, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, low PCV, low hemoglobin concentration, and hyperlactatemia were commonly detected before transfusion and resolved after transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Hurcombe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Magdesian KG, Fielding CL, Rhodes DM, Ruby RE. Changes in central venous pressure and blood lactate concentration in response to acute blood loss in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1458-62. [PMID: 17078809 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.9.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate selected hemodynamic, blood gas, and biochemical responses to mild to moderate acute blood loss in standing, awake horses. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 7 healthy mares. PROCEDURES Each horse was restrained in standing stocks, and its head was maintained in a neutral position; sedatives and tranquilizers were not administered. During a 1-hour period, blood was collected into collection bags by use of a suction pump. The rate of blood collection was approximately 16 mL/kg/h (7.3 mL/lb/h). Thirty minutes after blood collection, the blood was readministered at the same rate. Central venous pressure (CVP), central venous blood gas, blood lactate concentration, and heart rate were measured at baseline (after placement of catheters), after removal of blood, and after readministration of blood. RESULTS In response to blood loss, CVP decreased and blood lactate concentration increased significantly, compared with baseline values; heart rate and results of central venous blood gas analysis did not change significantly. After readministration of blood, CVP returned to baseline value and blood lactate concentration approached baseline value. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in CVP and blood lactate concentration appear to be early indicators of hypovolemia in horses, which may represent acute blood loss in trauma patients; these variables should be monitored to assess the potential need for blood transfusions. These variables can be used to monitor responses of horses to blood transfusions when whole blood is administered as the replacement fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mudge MC, Macdonald MH, Owens SD, Tablin F. Comparison of 4 blood storage methods in a protocol for equine pre-operative autologous donation. Vet Surg 2004; 33:475-86. [PMID: 15362986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare viability of equine whole blood stored by 4 different methods, and to establish optimal storage protocols for an equine autologous blood donation program. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study of stored equine whole blood. Animals- Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Blood from each horse was collected into 4 different containers: glass bottles containing acid-citrate-dextrose solution (ACD), plastic bags containing ACD, citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), and CPD with supplemental adenine (CPDA-1). Blood was stored for 5 weeks and sampled at 2-day intervals. Standard hematologic and biochemical variables were evaluated, and adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured and normalized to total hemoglobin content. RESULTS Plasma hemoglobin, % hemolysis, lactate, potassium, ammonia, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, whereas glucose concentration and pH decreased in all stored blood over 5 weeks. There was a temporal increase in hemolysis with all storage methods, but the increase was greatest in glass bottles. Lactate and ammonia were highest in CPD and CPDA-1 samples, indicating more active red blood cell (RBC) metabolism. 2,3-DPG concentrations decreased during storage, but were optimally preserved with CPDA-1. ATP concentrations were significantly higher for blood stored in CPDA-1, and were lowest in glass bottles. CONCLUSIONS Hematologic and biochemical values measured for blood stored in CPDA-1 are suggestive of improved RBC viability compared with other storage methods. With the exception of ATP, results from stored equine blood were similar to those reported for other species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Commercial CPDA-1 bags appear to be the optimal storage method for equine whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Mudge
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Boyle AG, Higgins JC, Durando MM, Galuppo LD, Werner JA, Decock HEV. Management of hemodynamic changes associated with removal of a large abdominal myofibroblastic tumor in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225:1079-83, 1049. [PMID: 15515987 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old female Welsh-cross pony was evaluated because of intermittent colic, signs of depression, pyrexia, anorexia, muscle wasting with abdominal distention, and weight gain over the preceding 12 months. A large abdominal mass was detected and surgically removed; the hemodynamic alterations and complications caused by the dramatic fluid losses and shifts that can occur in association with removal of a large abdominal mass required extensive postoperative management. Monitoring of clinical and hematologic variables such as attitude, heart rate, mucous membrane color, mean arterial blood pressure, PCV, and plasma total protein concentration provided useful information for successful management of the patient after surgery. On removal, the tumor weighed 19% of the pony's body weight and was characterized as a myofibroblastic tumor. Myofibroblastic tumors should be considered as a differential for large internal abdominal masses in horses, and surgical removal may be feasible and life extending with appropriate postoperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Boyle
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Feige K, Ehrat FB, Kästner SBR, Schwarzwald CC. Automated plasmapheresis compared with other plasma collection methods in the horse. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:185-9. [PMID: 12948154 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasmapheresis as a method for plasma extraction in comparison with centrifugation or gravity sedimentation. The study was designed as a cross over trial with six Freiberger horses undergoing plasma donation by plasmapheresis followed by whole-blood donation and subsequent plasma production 4 weeks later. Automated plasmapheresis and whole-blood donation were well tolerated in all horses. The plasmapheresis method achieved an almost complete removal of erythrocytes and leucocytes from plasma at all flow rates. After blood bag centrifugation, significantly more erythrocytes (P < 0.01) and leucocytes (P < 0.01) were present in the prepared plasma compared with plasmapheresis plasma. Plasma prepared by gravity sedimentation contained significantly more erythrocytes and leucocytes than plasma prepared with the other techniques (P < 0.01), and platelet aggregation was observed. The coagulation proteins and the total protein content of plasma prepared after plasmapheresis and blood bag centrifugation did not differ significantly from values measured prior to collection (P > 0.05). However, the activity of factor VIII was significantly lower 24 h after gravity sedimentation of blood than activity prior to blood collection (P < 0.01). In conclusion, automated plasmapheresis is the method of choice for the production of high quality equine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Feige
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wilson DV, Rondenay Y, Shance PU. The cardiopulmonary effects of severe blood loss in anesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003; 30:80-86. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2001] [Accepted: 05/02/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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