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Chen X, Huang Y, Gao P, Wu F, Han Y, Zhang C, Hu Z, Zhao F, Shcherbakov DN, Pan W, Niu X, Li X, Liu S, Xu W. Engineering of novel hemagglutinin biosensors for rapid detection and drug screening of Influenza A H7N9 virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129126. [PMID: 38163504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
New pathogenic influenza virus strains are constantly emerging, posing a serious risk to both human health and economic growth. To effectively control the spread of this virus, there is an urgent need for early, rapid, sensitive, simple, and cost-effective detection technologies, as well as new and effective antiviral drugs. In this study, we have successfully achieved a significant milestone by successfully fusing the H7N9 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein with the nano-luciferase component, resulting in the development of a novel set of biosensors. This remarkable achievement marks the first instance of utilizing this biosensor technology for influenza antibody detection. Our biosensor technology also has the potential to facilitate the development of antiviral drugs targeting specific epitopes of the HA protein, providing a promising avenue for the treatment of H7N9 influenza virus infections. Furthermore, our biosensors have broad applications beyond H7N9 influenza virus detection, as they can be expanded for the detection of other pathogens and drug screening applications in the future. By providing a novel and effective solution to the detection and treatment of influenza viruses, our biosensors have the potential to revolutionize the field of infectious disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Peixuan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yongyue Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chuwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhuowen Hu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dmitry N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo 630559, Russia; Department of Physical-Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510070, China.
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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McLean AK, Falt T, Abdelfattah EM, Middlebrooks B, Gretler S, Spier S, Turoff D, Navas Gonzalez FJ, Knych HK. Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine as a Pain Relief in Donkeys: A Pharmacokinetics Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:776. [PMID: 37512483 PMCID: PMC10383245 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent approval of transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) (Banamine®) in cattle has opened the door for the drug's potential application in other species. Transdermal FM could provide a safe and effective form of pain relief in donkeys. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and effects of FM on anti-inflammatory biomarkers in donkeys, a three-way crossover study design was employed. In total, 6 healthy donkeys were administered transdermal (TD) FM at a dosage of 3.3 mg/kg, and oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) doses of 1.1 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected over 96 h to determine the concentration of flunixin, 5OH flunixin, and eicosanoids (TXB2 and PGF2 alpha) using LC-MS/MS. The results indicated that both flunixin and 5OH flunixin were detectable in blood samples collected during TD. The elimination of the drug was slower following the TD route compared to PO and IV. TD administration significantly decreased TXB2 levels in non-stimulated serum from 1 to 96 h post-administration, while IV and PO resulted in TXB2 reduction for 1 to 8 h. A significant reduction in PGF2 alpha was observed in PO and IV 1 h after administration, while TD resulted in a gradual decline from 4 to 72 h. The study concluded that the off-label use of transdermal FM at 3.3 mg/kg could be effective in controlling inflammation in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- World Donkey Breeds Project, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Equitarian Initiative, Stillwater, MN 55028, USA
| | - Tara Falt
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Essam M Abdelfattah
- Department of Animal Hygiene, and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany Middlebrooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sophie Gretler
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Spier
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Turoff
- Equitarian Initiative, Stillwater, MN 55028, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Navas Gonzalez
- World Donkey Breeds Project, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mactaggart AG, Phillips CJC. Validating a Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Index through Horse Behaviour and Trainers' Reports of Welfare Issues in Their Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020282. [PMID: 36670822 PMCID: PMC9855126 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We validated a Thoroughbred racehorse welfare index, developed initially from expert opinion, by relating it to horse behaviour recorded in a range of training stables and surveying trainers to investigate the environment and management systems for Thoroughbred racehorses. Relationships between the index scores and horse behaviour were observed. Then, an Australia-wide survey of racing industry stakeholders was conducted to identify which parameters are important for welfare in a training stable. Trainers performed well on horsemanship and health/disease aspects. Provisions for ventilation, transportation and nutrition were also scored at high levels. However, provisions for weaning, wastage, assisting horses in coping with heat stress, stabling and the education of racehorses were not as well covered, indicating a need for improvement in these welfare issues. We concluded that our Thoroughbred Racehorse welfare index is able to discriminate between trainers offering differing levels of welfare for the major issues in racehorse training stables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Glen Mactaggart
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Clive Julian Christie Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Curtin University Sustainable Policy (CUSP) Institute, Kent St., Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-754654912
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Waller P, Lomnicka I, Lucas C, Johnson S, Dirikolu L. The medication violations in racehorses at Louisiana racetracks from 2016 to 2020. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:553-560. [PMID: 34989156 PMCID: PMC8959255 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Background The number of publications for most common drug violations in racehorses is limited. This study reports the most common medication violations in racehorses at four major racetracks in Louisiana between 2016 and 2020. Methods During this 5‐year period, 27,237 blood samples and 25,672 urine samples collected during the course of normal race meeting activities were analysed by initial screening procedure utilizing Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Following initial screening, suspect samples were subject to quantitative or semi‐ quantitative confirmation analysis by LC‐MS/MS. Results The total number of violations reported was 534 (1.01% of the total number of specimens analysed). The total number of violations reported in Thoroughbred horses was 210 while the total number of violations reported in Quarter Horses was 324. The percentage of total violations was %0.59 for all the specimens analysed in Thoroughbred horses while this percentage was %1.9 for all the specimens analysed in Quarter Horses during this 5‐year period. The most frequent violations included the overages (concentrations of permitted medications equal to or exceeding the set threshold) of clenbuterol (165 violations), non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as phenylbutazone (73 violations), combination of phenylbutazone with flunixin (45 violations) and muscle relaxant methocarbamol (40 violations). Discussion/Conclusions The total number of violations were relatively low during 5‐year period, but wide varieties of medications with different pharmacological actions were confirmed in performance horses in Louisiana. The most frequently reported violations in Louisiana were for permitted therapeutic medications (clenbuterol, phenylbutazone, flunixin methocarbamol) with established threshold and/or withdrawal guidelines in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Waller
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Izabela Lomnicka
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cam Lucas
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sara Johnson
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Liu W, Zhang L, Sun S, Tang LS, He SM, Chen AQ, Yao LN, Ren DL. Cordycepin inhibits inflammatory responses through suppression of ERK activation in zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104178. [PMID: 34157317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a natural extract, cordycepin has been shown to play important regulatory roles in many life activities. In the study, the effects of cordycepin on inflammatory responses and the underlying mechanisms was explored using a zebrafish model. In the model of LPS-induced inflammation, cordycepin was found to significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, and il-8. Using in vivo imaging model, cordycepin significantly inhibited fluorescent-labeled neutrophils migrating towards injury sites. Furthermore, results showed that the phosphorylation level of ERK protein dramatically decreased after cordycepin treatment. Meanwhile, the ERK inhibitor, PD0325901, significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced inflammatory model and neutrophils migration in the caudal fin injury model. This study indicated the important roles of cordycepin in inhibiting LPS and injury-induced inflammation and preliminarily explained the role of ERK protein in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Long-Sheng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shi-Min He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li-Na Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Da-Long Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Biondi V, Licata P, Cuzzocrea S, Passantino A. Protective Effect of Silibinin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Equine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, an In Vitro Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112022. [PMID: 33153060 PMCID: PMC7692186 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural compounds are often an important source of biologically active molecules, which can find important applications in the treatment or pharmacological prevention of several pathologies. Silibinin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid that is extracted from plant milk thistle, Silybum marianum. Silibinin has been reported to have antioxidant and immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. In horses, in particular, inflammation secondary to bacterial infection or translocation is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to test the effect of silibinin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taken together, our results showed an interesting prospective in therapeutic use of silibinin in equine inflammatory disease. Furthermore, the results from this study support the evidence of use equine PBMCs as an in vitro model to study inflammatory and immune response and for drug screening into the target specie. Abstract Although inflammation is an important physiological response, it plays a prominent role in several diseases across the mammalian species. In horses, in particular, inflammation secondary to bacterial infection or translocation is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality. Research in new molecules with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory proprieties and safe use profile is constantly an active field; natural compounds are an important source of molecules with peculiar properties such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating. Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, extracted from plant milk thistle, Silybum marianum, has been reported to have actions such as antioxidant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to test the effect of silibinin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our results showed the protective effect of silibinin 10 μM and 50 μM in equine PBMCs stimulated with LPS. Silibilinin was able to prevent the LPS induced increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. The results from this study on LPS-stimulated equine PBMCs showed that silibinin could be a useful pharmacological approach in treatment or prevention of several inflammatory conditions in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Patrizia Licata
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (A.P.)
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Bauquier J, Tudor E, Bailey S. Effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor doramapimod on the systemic inflammatory response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2109-2116. [PMID: 32700419 PMCID: PMC7517855 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doramapimod, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent anti‐inflammatory drug that decreases inflammatory cytokine production in equine whole blood in vitro. It may have benefits for treating systemic inflammation in horses. Objective To determine whether doramapimod is well tolerated when administered IV to horses, and whether it has anti‐inflammatory effects in horses in a low‐dose endotoxemia model. Animals Six Standardbred horses. Methods Tolerability study, followed by a blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Horses were given doramapimod, and clinical and clinicopathological variables were monitored for 24 hours. Horses then were treated with doramapimod or placebo, followed by a low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical variables (heart rate, rectal temperature, noninvasive blood pressure), leukocyte count and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) concentrations were measured at multiple time points until 6 hours post‐LPS infusion. Results No adverse effects or clinicopathological changes were seen in the safety study. When treated with doramapimod as compared to placebo, horses had significantly lower heart rates (P = .03), rectal temperatures (P = .03), and cytokine concentrations (P = .03 for TNF‐α and IL‐1β), and a significantly higher white blood cell count (P = .03) after LPS infusion. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Doramapimod has clinically relevant anti‐inflammatory effects in horses, likely mediated by a decrease in leukocyte activation and decrease in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. To evaluate its potential as a novel treatment for systemic inflammatory response syndrome in horses, clinical trials will be necessary to determine its efficacy in naturally occurring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bauquier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Tudor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Simon Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Machin J, Brewer K, Catignani M, Shults T, Fenger C, Maylin G, Tobin T. An interim screening limit of detection for naproxen in equine plasma: a review and analysis. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Starting in August 2015 Thoroughbred racing in Charles Town, West Virginia experienced a sequence of intermittent low concentration Naproxen identifications from 6.3 to 161 ng/ml of plasma (27.3 to 699 nM). These identifications were ongoing, indicating the horsemen were unaware of their origins. Naproxen is administered orally to horses at substantial doses and is chemically stable in the environment. These identifications are therefore most likely associated with exposure of these horses to environmental traces of Naproxen. Given the low concentrations of these identifications, we were asked to identify a Screening Limit of Detection (SLOD) below which these trace level Naproxen identifications would not be reported. Review of the data set suggested an SLOD of 200 ng/ml, while outlier analysis suggested an ‘extreme’ outlier level at 247 ng/ml, which figure was rounded up to 250 ng/ml Naproxen or 1.09 uM. This proposed SLOD is in good agreement with other US regulatory thresholds for therapeutic medications and this Interim Screening Limit of Detection was presented for review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Machin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - K. Brewer
- 1711 Lakefield North Court, Wellington, FL 33414, USA
| | - M. Catignani
- Charles Town HBPA, 835 E. Washington Street 106, Charles Town, WV 25414, USA
| | - T.F. Shults
- American Association of Medical Review Officers, 17 Running Brook Ct. Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - C. Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, PLC, 4904 Ironworks Rd., Georgetown, KY 40324, USA
| | - G.A. Maylin
- New York Drug Testing and Research Program, 777 Warren Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - T. Tobin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Borges RS, Palheta IC, Ota SSB, Morais RB, Barros VA, Ramos RS, Silva RC, Costa JDS, Silva CHTP, Campos JM, Santos CBR. Toward of Safer Phenylbutazone Derivatives by Exploration of Toxicity Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010143. [PMID: 30609687 PMCID: PMC6337259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug design for safer phenylbutazone was been explored by reactivity and docking studies involving single electron transfer mechanism, as well as toxicological predictions. Several approaches about its structural properties were performed through quantum chemistry calculations at the B3LYP level of theory, together with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular orbital and ionization potential were associated to electron donation capacity. The spin densities contribution showed a preferential hydroxylation at the para-positions of phenyl ring when compared to other positions. In addition, on electron abstractions the aromatic hydroxylation has more impact than alkyl hydroxylation. Docking studies indicate that six structures 1, 7, 8 and 13–15 have potential for inhibiting human as well as murine COX-2, due to regions showing similar intermolecular interactions to the observed for the control compounds (indomethacin and refecoxib). Toxicity can be related to aromatic hydroxylation. In accordance to our calculations, the derivatives here proposed are potentially more active as well safer than phenylbutazone and only structures 8 and 13–15 were the most promising. Such results can explain the biological properties of phenylbutazone and support the design of potentially safer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosivaldo S Borges
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ivanete C Palheta
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Sirlene S B Ota
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Roberto B Morais
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Valéria A Barros
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ryan S Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Rai C Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Josivan da S Costa
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos H T P Silva
- Laboratório Computacional de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joaquín M Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Cleydson B R Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
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Knych HK, Arthur RM, McKemie DS, Seminoff K, Hamamoto‐Hardman B, Kass PH. Phenylbutazone blood and urine concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and effects on biomarkers of inflammation in horses following intravenous and oral administration of clinical doses. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:792-803. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
| | - Dan S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
| | - Kelsey Seminoff
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
| | - Briana Hamamoto‐Hardman
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California Davis CA USA
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11
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Worboys M, Toon E. Phenylbutazone (Bute, PBZ, EPZ): one drug across two species. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 40:27. [PMID: 29582183 PMCID: PMC5869886 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-018-0191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this article we explore the different trajectories of this one drug, phenylbutazone, across two species, humans and horses in the period 1950-2000. The essay begins by following the introduction of the drug into human medicine in the early 1950s. It promised to be a less costly alternative to cortisone, one of the "wonder drugs" of the era, in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. Both drugs appeared to offer symptomatic relief rather than a cure, and did so with the risk of side effects, which with phenylbutazone were potentially so severe that it was eventually banned from human use, for all but a few diseases, in the early 1980s. Phenylbutazone had been used with other animals for many years without the same issues, but in the 1980s its uses in veterinary medicine, especially in horses, came under increased scrutiny, but for quite different reasons. The focus was primarily the equity, economics, and ethics of competition in equine sports, with differences in cross-species biology and medicine playing a secondary role. The story of phenylbutazone, a single drug, shows how the different biologies and social roles of its human/animal subjects resulted in very different and changing uses. While the drug had a seemingly common impact on pain and inflammation, there were inter-species differences in the drug's metabolism, the conditions treated, dosages, and, crucially, in intended clinical outcomes and perceptions of its benefits and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worboys
- Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine
(CHSTM), University of Manchester, Simon Building, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Elizabeth Toon
- Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine
(CHSTM), University of Manchester, Simon Building, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
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12
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Hund A, Wittek T. Abomasal and Third Compartment Ulcers in Ruminants and South American Camelids. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2017; 34:35-54. [PMID: 29276097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers are frequent incidental findings in necropsies of domestic ruminants and South American Camelids (SAC) or in slaughter animals and are a frequent cause of death in the most affected group of cattle, veal calves. Their true prevalence and significance is unknown owing to limitations in diagnosing the condition in live animals. This article discusses types of ulcers, possible causes of ulceration, and the clinical consequences, symptoms, and differential diagnoses, as well as further diagnostics in cattle, small ruminants and SAC. The limited treatment options and possibilities for prevention are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hund
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Jinks MR, Fontenot RL, Wills RW, Betbeze CM. The effects of subconjunctival bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine on corneal sensitivity in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:498-506. [PMID: 29232029 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and duration of effect of three local anesthetics on corneal sensitivity when administered subconjunctivally in horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Eight healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE A randomized, masked, crossover study design was used, with a two-week washout period between trials. The subconjunctival space of the randomly selected eye was injected with 0.2 mLs of bupivacaine (0.5%), lidocaine (2%), mepivacaine (2%), or saline. All horses received each medication once. The contralateral eye served as a control. The corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in both eyes with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer prior to sedation with xylazine, after sedation, and at 10-min intervals after subconjunctival injection until corneal sensitivity returned to baseline. The total time of decreased CTT and the maximum decrease in CTT were compared for each medication using a general linear mixed model (P < 0.05). RESULTS Total time of decreased CTT was 105.0 min for bupivacaine, 103.8 min for lidocaine, 138.8 min for mepivacaine, and 7.5 min for saline. All local anesthetics decreased CTT longer than saline (P < 0.001) and mepivacaine decreased CTT longer than lidocaine (P = 0.04). The mean minimum CTT was 1.67 cm for bupivacaine, 1.42 cm for lidocaine, and 0.73 cm for mepivacaine, which were all significantly less (P < 0.001) than saline (4.73 cm). No evidence of corneal toxicity was noted with any treatment. CONCLUSION Subconjunctival injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine effectively and safely reduce corneal sensitivity in eyes of healthy horses for 1.5-2 h, and may be useful for providing perioperative analgesia for equine corneal procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie R Jinks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robin L Fontenot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Caroline M Betbeze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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14
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Guedes AGP, Aristizabal F, Sole A, Adedeji A, Brosnan R, Knych H, Yang J, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Pharmacokinetics and antinociceptive effects of the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor t-TUCB in horses with experimentally induced radiocarpal synovitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:230-238. [PMID: 29067696 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the pharmacokinetics, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor t-TUCB (trans-4-{4-[3-(4-Trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzoic acid) in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced radiocarpal synovitis. A total of seven adult healthy mares (n = 4-6/treatment) were administered 3 μg LPS into one radiocarpal joint and t-TUCB intravenously (i.v.) at 0 (control), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg in a blinded, randomized, crossover design with at least 3 weeks washout between. Two investigators independently assigned pain scores (at rest, walk and trot) and lameness scores before and up to 48 hr after t-TUCB/LPS. Responses to touching the joint skin to assess tactile allodynia, plasma, and synovial fluid (SF) t-TUCB concentrations were determined before and up to 48 hr after t-TUCB/LPS. Blood and SF were collected for clinical laboratory evaluations before and up to 48 hr after t-TUCB/LPS. Areas under the curves of pain and lameness scores were calculated and compared between control and treatments. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with Dunnett or Bonferroni post-test. p < .05 was considered significant. Data are mean ± SEM. Compared to control, pain, lameness, and tactile allodynia were significantly lower with 1 mg/kg t-TUCB, but not the other doses. For 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg t-TUCB treatments, plasma terminal half-lives were 13 ± 3, 13 ± 0.5, and 24 ± 5 hr, and clearances were 68 ± 15, 48 ± 5, and 14 ± 1 ml hr-1 kg-1 . The 1 mg/kg t-TUCB reached the SF at high concentrations. There were no important anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, sEH inhibition with t-TUCB may provide analgesia in horses with inflammatory joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G P Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - F Aristizabal
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Sole
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Adedeji
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - H Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S-H Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Merey HA, Abd-Elmonem MS, Nazlawy HN, Zaazaa HE. Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Oxytetracycline HCl and Flunixin Meglumine in Their Veterinary Pharmaceutical Formulation. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:2321572. [PMID: 28811956 PMCID: PMC5546081 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2321572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four precise, accurate, selective, and sensitive UV-spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a binary mixture of Oxytetracycline HCl (OXY) and Flunixin Meglumine (FLU). The first method, dual wavelength (DW), depends on measuring the difference in absorbance (ΔA 273.4-327 nm) for the determination of OXY where FLU is zero while FLU is determined at ΔA 251.7-275.7 nm. The second method, first-derivative spectrophotometric method (1D), depends on measuring the peak amplitude of the first derivative selectively at 377 and 266.7 nm for the determination of OXY and FLU, respectively. The third method, ratio difference method, depends on the difference in amplitudes of the ratio spectra at ΔP 286.5-324.8 nm and ΔP 249.6-286.3 nm for the determination of OXY and FLU, respectively. The fourth method, first derivative of ratio spectra method (1DD), depends on measuring the amplitude peak to peak of the first derivative of ratio spectra at 296.7 to 369 nm and 259.1 to 304.7 nm for the determination of OXY and FLU, respectively. Different factors affecting the applied spectrophotometric methods were studied. The proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. Satisfactory results were obtained for determination of both drugs in laboratory prepared mixture and pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed methods are compared favourably with the official ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A. Merey
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mahmmoud S. Abd-Elmonem
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 6 Abu Hazem Street, Pyramids Ave., P.O. Box 29, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hagar N. Nazlawy
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 6 Abu Hazem Street, Pyramids Ave., P.O. Box 29, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala E. Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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16
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Poźniak B, Motykiewicz-Pers K, Grabowski T, Świtała M. The influence of rapid growth on sodium salicylate pharmacokinetics in male turkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:163-165. [PMID: 28664587 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of growth on the pharmacokinetics of sodium salicylate (SS) in male turkeys. SS was administered intravenously at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Plasma drug concentrations were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. As the age increased from 6 to 13 weeks (body weight increase from 2.35 to 9.43 kg), median body clearance decreased from 1.34 to 0.87 ml/min/kg. This caused a significant increase in the median mean residence time from 3.42 to 4.44 hr. Elimination phase proved to be biphasic and two elimination half-lives (T1/2el ) were distinguished. Whereas T1/2el1 was found to increase with age by 128%, T1/2el2 represented a later but faster and less age-dependent phase of elimination (increase by 56% in the respective groups). Volume of distribution decreased with age. These effects may lead to different therapeutic response to SS in turkeys of different age and body weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poźniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Motykiewicz-Pers
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - M Świtała
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Lopez-Luna J, Al-Jubouri Q, Al-Nuaimy W, Sneddon LU. Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Research has recently demonstrated that larval zebrafish show similar molecular responses to nociception to those of adults. Our study explored whether unprotected larval zebrafish exhibited altered behaviour after exposure to noxious chemicals and screened a range of analgesic drugs to determine their efficacy to reduce these responses. This approach aimed to validate larval zebrafish as a reliable replacement for adults as well as providing a high-throughput means of analysing behavioural responses. Zebrafish at 5 days post-fertilization were exposed to known noxious stimuli: acetic acid (0.01%, 0.1% and 0.25%) and citric acid (0.1%, 1% and 5%). The behavioural response of each was recorded and analysed using novel tracking software that measures time spent active in 25 larvae at one time. Subsequently, the efficacy of aspirin, lidocaine, morphine and flunixin as analgesics after exposure to 0.1% acetic acid was tested. Larvae exposed to 0.1% and 0.25% acetic acid spent less time active, whereas those exposed to 0.01% acetic acid and 0.1–5% citric acid showed an increase in swimming activity. Administration of 2.5 mg l−1 aspirin, 5 mg l−1 lidocaine and 48 mg l−1 morphine prevented the behavioural changes induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that larvae respond to a noxious challenge in a similar way to adult zebrafish and other vertebrates and that the effect of nociception on activity can be ameliorated by using analgesics. Therefore, adopting larval zebrafish could represent a direct replacement of a protected adult fish with a non-protected form in pain- and nociception-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lopez-Luna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Qussay Al-Jubouri
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Waleed Al-Nuaimy
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Lynne U. Sneddon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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18
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Hund A, Wittek T. [Abomasal ulcers in cattle]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:121-128. [PMID: 28352924 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers lead to several problems. They cause pain resulting in a decrease in productivity and even the possible loss of the animal. Because they are frequently difficult to diagnose, information on their prevalence is variable. Additionally, therapeutic options are limited. Abomasal ulcers are graded as type 1 through 4, type 1 being a superficial defect and type 2 an ulcer where a large blood vessel has been eroded, leading to substantial blood loss. Types 3 and 4 are perforated abomasal ulcers leading to local and diffuse peritonitis, respectively. Causes of abomasal ulcers are multifactorial, for example, mistakes in feeding that lead to gastrointestinal disturbances or other diseases that induce stress. Ulcers can also result from side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In principal, the pathophysiological cause is the disturbance of the balance between protective and aggressive mechanisms at the abomasal mucosa due to stress. Clinical symptoms vary and are mostly non-specific. Fecal occult blood tests, hematology and blood chemistry as well as ultrasonographic examination and abdominocentesis can help to establish the diagnosis. Ulcers can be treated symptomatically, surgically and medically. To prevent abomasal ulcers, animals should be kept healthy by providing adequate nutrition and housing as well as early and effective medical care. Stressful management practices, including transport and commingling, should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hund
- Dr. Alexandra Hund, Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Österreich, E-Mail:
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19
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Scherrer NM, Lassaline M, Richardson DW, Stefanovski D. Interval prevalence of and factors associated with colic in horses hospitalized for ocular or orthopedic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:90-5. [PMID: 27308887 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine interval (1-year) prevalence of and factors associated with colic in horses hospitalized for ocular or orthopedic disease. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 105 horses with ocular disease and 197 horses with orthopedic disease admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital between July 1, 2011, and June 30, 2012. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to determine whether colic (abnormal behavior prompting abdominal palpation per rectum or nasogastric intubation) was observed during hospitalization. Data were collected on putative risk factors for colic, including reason for admission, signalment, and medical or surgical interventions received. RESULTS No significant difference in interval prevalence of colic was identified between horses with ocular disease (8/105 [8%]) or orthopedic disease (9/197 [5%]). However, horses with ocular disease differed significantly from other horses in median age (10 vs 3 years, respectively); proportions of sexually intact males (3% vs 30%), Thoroughbreds (28% vs 62%), and those receiving general anesthesia (65% vs 80%); and median duration of hospitalization (3 vs 2 days). For every 1 mg/kg increase in daily NSAID dose, the odds of colic increased by 98%. No difference between groups was identified in median duration of colic (1 day), hospitalization (7 vs 3 days), or systemic NSAID administration (7 vs 5 days). Colic in both groups resolved with medical management for all but 1 horse with ocular disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses hospitalized for ocular disease were at no greater odds for colic than were horses hospitalized for orthopedic disease. Medical management of colic appeared adequate for most horses.
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20
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The role of serratiopeptidase in the resolution of inflammation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:209-215. [PMID: 32104332 PMCID: PMC7032259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation remains a key event during most of the diseases and physiological imbalance. Acute inflammation is an essential physiological event by immune system for a protective measure to remove cause of inflammation and failure of resolution lead to chronic inflammation. Over a period of time, a number of drugs mostly chemical have been deployed to combat acute and chronic inflammation. Recently, enzyme based anti-inflammatory drugs became popular over conventional chemical based drugs. Serratiopeptidase, a proteolytic enzyme from trypsin family, possesses tremendous scope in combating inflammation. Serine protease possesses a higher affinity for cyclooxygenase (COX-I and COX-II), a key enzyme associated with production of different inflammatory mediators including interleukins (IL), prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TXs) etc. Currently, arthritis, sinusitis, bronchitis, fibrocystic breast disease, and carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. are the leading inflammatory disorders that affected the entire the globe. In order to conquer inflammation, both acute and chronic world, physician mostly relies on conventional drugs. The most common drugs to combat acute inflammation are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone and or in combination with other drugs. However, during chronic inflammation, NSAIDs are often used with steroidal drugs such as autoimmune disorders. These drugs possess several limitations such as side effects, ADR, etc. In order to overcome these limitations and complications, enzyme based drugs (anti-inflammatory) emerged, and aim for a new high since the last decade. Serine protease, the largest proteolytic family has been reported for several therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory. Serratiopeptidase is a leading enzyme which has a very long history in medical as an effective anti-inflammatory drug. Current study emphasizes present scenario and future prospect of serratiopeptidase as an anti-inflammatory drug. The study also illustrates a comparative analysis of conventional drugs and enzyme based therapeutic to combat inflammation.
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Key Words
- ADR, adverse drug reaction
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- Cyclooxygenase
- EC, enzyme commission
- Enzyme therapeutics
- IL, interleukins
- Inflammation
- LOX, lipoxygenase
- NSAIDs
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PGs, prostaglandins
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SPMs, specialized pro-resolvins mediators
- Serratiopeptidase
- Steroids
- TXs, thromboxane
- t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator
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21
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Ludwig EK, Brandon Wiese R, Graham MR, Tyler AJ, Settlage JM, Werre SR, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Kanevsky-Mullarky I, Dahlgren LA. Serum and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A Response in Equine Models of Synovitis and Septic Arthritis. Vet Surg 2016; 45:859-867. [PMID: 27580707 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum and synovial fluid serum amyloid A (SAA) response in equine models of synovitis and septic arthritis and to compare handheld and validated immunoturbidometric assays for SAA quantification. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, experimental study. ANIMALS Healthy adult horses (n = 9). METHODS Synovitis (n = 4) and septic arthritis (n = 5) were induced using lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and serial serum and synovial fluid samples were collected. Serial synovial fluid cytology was performed for both models and synovial fluid from the septic arthritis model was submitted for bacterial culture. Serum and synovial fluid SAA were quantified by handheld test and immunoturbidometric assay. Cytologic and SAA data were compared within and between models (mixed model ANOVA) and results of SAA assays were compared using category-by-category analysis (weighted kappa coefficient). RESULTS Synovial fluid total nucleated cell counts and total protein increased significantly following induction of both models. Serum and synovial fluid SAA remained normal in synovitis horses and increased significantly in septic arthritis horses. Serum SAA increased more rapidly than synovial fluid SAA. Agreement was 98% when SAA concentrations were low (<50 μg/mL) but the assays diverged when concentrations were greater than ∼100 μg/mL. Overall, there was good category-by-category agreement between SAA assays (weighted kappa = 0.824). CONCLUSION Serum and synovial fluid SAA may be useful adjuncts in diagnosing septic arthritis in horses. SAA concentrations for the assays diverged and examination using a larger sample size is needed before direct numeric comparisons between the assays can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa K Ludwig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - R Brandon Wiese
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Megan R Graham
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Amelia J Tyler
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Julie M Settlage
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Isis Kanevsky-Mullarky
- Department of Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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22
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Riesberg LA, Weed SA, McDonald TL, Eckerson JM, Drescher KM. Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:31-42. [PMID: 26778152 PMCID: PMC4915971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is widely used by both elite and recreational athletes as an ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic exercise performance. Older individuals also use creatine to prevent sarcopenia and, accordingly, may have therapeutic benefits for muscle wasting diseases. Although the effect of creatine on the musculoskeletal system has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to its potential effects on other physiological systems. Because there is a significant pool of creatine in the brain, the utility of creatine supplementation has been examined in vitro as well as in vivo in both animal models of neurological disorders and in humans. While the data are preliminary, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with certain neurological conditions may benefit from exogenous creatine supplementation if treatment protocols can be optimized. A small number of studies that have examined the impact of creatine on the immune system have shown an alteration in soluble mediator production and the expression of molecules involved in recognizing infections, specifically toll-like receptors. Future investigations evaluating the total impact of creatine supplementation are required to better understand the benefits and risks of creatine use, particularly since there is increasing evidence that creatine may have a regulatory impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Riesberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephanie A Weed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Thomas L McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Joan M Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Tangeti VS, Siva Prasad GV, Panda J, Varma KR. One-pot multicomponent diastereoselective synthesis of novel dihydro-1H-furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1174781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Comparison of a new metamizole formulation and carprofen for extended post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet J 2015; 204:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Knych HK, Arthur RM, McKemie DS, Chapman N. Pharmacokinetics and effects on thromboxane B2
production following intravenous administration of flunixin meglumine to exercised thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:313-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - D. S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - N. Chapman
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Naproxen in the horse: pharmacokinetics and side effects in the elderly. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:147-52. [PMID: 24388762 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that old animals show physiologic and/or pathologic variation that could modify the pharmacokinetics of drugs and the related pharmacodynamic response. In order to define the most appropriate therapeutic protocol in old horses, pharmacokinetic profile and safety of naproxen were investigated in horses aged over 18 years after oral administration for 5 days at the dose of 10 mg/kg b.w./day. After the first administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax 44.21 ± 9.21 μg/mL) was reached at 2.5 ± 0.58 h post-treatment, the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 6.96 ± 1.73 h, AUC0-24h was 459.71 ± 69.95 h μg/mL, MRT was 7.44 ± 0.74 h and protein binding was 98.47 ± 2.72%. No drug accumulation occurred with repeated administrations. No clinical and laboratory changes were detected after administration of naproxen. Gastric endoscopies performed after the treatment did not show pathological changes of the gastric mucosa.
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Abutarbush SM, Alfaqeeh SM, Mustafa G, Qura'n L, Al-Majali AM. Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1404-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lees P, Toutain PL. Phenylbutazone in horses and man: Properties relevant to safety of humans consuming horse meat containing phenylbutazone and its metabolites. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Lees
- Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield; UK
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Pairis-Garcia MD, Karriker LA, Johnson AK, Kukanich B, Wulf L, Sander S, Millman ST, Stalder KJ, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:165. [PMID: 23941181 PMCID: PMC3751365 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) FM PK in mature swine. Appropriate pain management for lameness in swine is a critical control point for veterinarians and producers, but science-based guidance on optimal housing, management and treatment of lameness is deficient. Six mature swine (121–168 kg) were administered an IV, IM, or PO dose of flunixin meglumine at a target dose of 2.2 mg/kg in a cross-over design with a 10 day washout period between treatments. Plasma samples collected up to 48 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Results No adverse effects were observed with flunixin meglumine administration for all routes. Flunixin meglumine was administered at an actual mean dose of 2.21 mg/kg (range: 2.05-2.48 mg/kg) IV, IM and PO. A mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) for IM and PO administration was 3748 ng/ml (range: 2749–6004 ng/ml) and 946 ng/ml (range: 554–1593 ng/ml), respectively. TMAX was recorded at 1.00 hour (range: 0.50-2.00 hours) and 0.61 hours (range: 0.17-2.00 hours) after PO and IM administration. Half-life (T ½ λz) for IV, IM and PO administration was 6.29 hours (range: 4.84-8.34 hours), 7.49 hours (range: 5.55-12.98 hours) and 7.08 hours (range: 5.29-9.15 hours) respectively. In comparison, bioavailability (F) for PO administration was 22% (range: 11-44%) compared to IM F at 76% (range: 54-92%). Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that FM oral administration is not the most effective administration route for mature swine when compared to IV and IM. Lower F and Cmax of PO-FM in comparison to IM-FM suggest that PO-FM is less likely to be an effective therapeutic administration route.
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Poźniak B, Świtała M, Jaworski K, Okoniewski P, Niewiński P. Comparative pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate in chickens and turkeys. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:538-44. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.809403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Poźniak B, Switała M, Bobrek K, Graczyk S, Dzimira S. Adverse effects associated with high-dose acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatment in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:777-83. [PMID: 23398422 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.745929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium salicylate (SS) are considered safe for poultry and often used in avian medicine. However, information on tolerance and specific side effects of these drugs in birds is lacking. 2. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 14 d administration of high doses (200 or 400 mg/kg) of either ASA or SS on body weight gain, blood biochemistry, white and red blood cell counts and pathology in broilers. In addition, minimal plasma salicylate concentrations were determined on the 1st, 5th, 10th and 14th d of treatment. 3. The results showed that the dose of 400 mg/kg of either ASA or SS decreased weight gain and induced gizzard ulceration. Kidney to body weight ratio was increased in a dose-dependent manner, but serum concentrations of creatinine and uric acid were not affected. A time-dependent decrease in the minimal plasma salicylate concentration was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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Lees P, Toutain PL. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, metabolism, toxicology and residues of phenylbutazone in humans and horses. Vet J 2013; 196:294-303. [PMID: 23721873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of horse meat in food products destined for human consumption and labelled as beef has raised several concerns of public interest. This review deals solely with one aspect of these concerns; samples of equine tissue from horses destined for the human food chain have tested positive for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, phenylbutazone. The safety of some or all such foods for human consumers is a major concern, because it was shown many years ago that phenylbutazone therapy in humans can be associated with life threatening blood dyscrasias. As an initial basis for assessing the potential toxicity of foods containing phenylbutazone and its metabolites, this article reviews (1) the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, metabolic and toxicological profiles of phenylbutazone, with particular reference to horses and humans; (2) toxicity data in laboratory animals; (3) phenylbutazone residues in food producing species, and (4) as a preliminary assessment, the potential hazard associated with the consumption of horse meat containing phenylbutazone and its metabolites. Since phenylbutazone cannot be classified as a carcinogenic substance in humans, and noting that blood dyscrasias in humans are likely to be dose and treatment duration-dependent, the illegal and erratic presence of trace amount residues of phenylbutazone in horse meat is not a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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Azevedo MS, De La Côrte FD, Brass KE, Dalmora SL, Machado FT, Pompermayer E, Dau SL, Santa'Ana LA. Bioavailability and Tolerability of Topical and Oral Diclofenac Sodium Administration in Healthy Ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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COMMUNICATION. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb16603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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36
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Kreuder AJ, Coetzee JF, Wulf LW, Schleining JA, KuKanich B, Layman LL, Plummer PJ. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:85. [PMID: 22720782 PMCID: PMC3476427 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background South American camelids in the United States have rapidly developed into an important agricultural industry in need of veterinary services. Pain management is challenging in camelids because there are no drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in these species. Dosage regimens used for many therapeutic drugs have been extrapolated from other ruminants; however, the pharmacokinetics, in camelids, may differ from those of other species. Studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in camelids are deficient in the published literature. Six adult llamas (121- 168 kg) were administered either a 1 mg/kg dose of oral or a 0.5 mg/kg dose of IV meloxicam in a randomized cross-over design with an 11 day washout period between treatments. Plasma samples collected up to 96 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Results A mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) of 1.314 μg/mL (Range: 0.826 – 1.776 μg/mL) was recorded at 21.4 hours (Range: 12.0 – 24.0 hours) with a half-life (T ½ λz) of 22.7 hours (Range: 18.0 – 30.8 hours) after oral meloxicam administration. In comparison, a half-life (T ½ λz) of 17.4 hours (Range: 16.2 – 20.7 hours) was demonstrated with IV meloxicam administration. The oral bioavailability (F) of meloxicam (dose normalized) was 76% (Range: 48 – 92%). No adverse effects associated with either treatment modality were observed in the llamas. Conclusions The mean bioavailability (F) of oral meloxicam was 76% indicating a high degree of gastrointestinal absorption. Plasma meloxicam concentrations >0.2 μg/mL were maintained for up to 72 h after oral administration; >0.2 μg/mL is considered to be the concentration of meloxicam required for analgesic effects in other species such as the horse. These data suggest that a single dosage of oral meloxicam at 1 mg/kg could potentially maintain therapeutic concentrations in plasma for up to 3 days in adult llamas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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37
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Lees P, Cheng Z, Keefe TJ, Weich E, Bryd J, Cedergren R, Cozzi E. Bioequivalence in dogs of a meloxicam formulation administered as a transmucosal oral mist with an orally administered pioneer suspension product. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:78-84. [PMID: 22533512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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Cuniberti B, Odore R, Barbero R, Cagnardi P, Badino P, Girardi C, Re G. In vitro and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine whole blood. Vet J 2012; 191:327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Cagnardi P, Gallo M, Zonca A, Carli S, Villa R. Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Alkalization During Oral and Intravenous Administration of Naproxen in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kallings P, Persson SGB, Essén-Gustavsson B. Effects of flunixin on cardiorespiratory, plasma lactate and stride length responses to intense treadmill exercise in Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 2011:618-23. [PMID: 21059070 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Since nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as flunixin, on account of their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, are used in both racing and equestrian sport horses, the question has been raised as to whether these drugs affect the physiological responses to exercise and thus performance potential. OBJECTIVES The aims of this investigation were to study the effects of flunixin on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and locomotor parameters in horses during intense treadmill exercise. METHODS Six Standardbred trotters underwent an incremental treadmill exercise test to fatigue, without drug and then after administration of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg bwt i.m.). Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake and stride length were measured and venous blood samples drawn repeatedly during the test. RESULTS Heart rates were found to be significantly higher at submaximal speeds, while the velocity causing a HR of 200 beats/min was significantly decreased after treatment with flunixin. Maximal HR and plasma lactate concentration 5 min after exercise were unchanged after medication. Flunixin caused higher plasma lactate concentrations at all speeds and the lactate threshold was decreased, compared with baseline values. Oxygen uptake levelled off at the highest velocities and did not change after flunixin treatment. Stride length was increased after treatment, although not at the highest velocities. CONCLUSION The increased HR and lactate responses to exercise after flunixin treatment indicate that it does influence physiological responses, but does not improve the performance potential of clinically healthy horses. However, the lengthened stride during submaximal exercise after medication could imply undetected subclinical lameness, masked in some of the horses, i.e. they have performed with a longer stride at the cost of a higher heart rate and an increased lactate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kallings
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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De BOEVER S, NEIRINCKX EA, MEYER E, De BAERE S, BEYAERT R, De BACKER P, CROUBELS S. Pharmacodynamics of tepoxalin, sodium-salicylate and ketoprofen in an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in broiler chickens. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:564-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The biggest challenge to the use of analgesic agents in animals is the determination of the efficacy of these agents. In humans, the verbal communication of the alleviation of pain is fundamental to the effective use of analgesics. In animals, the lack of verbal communication not only confounds the diagnosis and characterisation of the experience of pain, but also challenges the evaluation of the analgesic therapy. As animals possess the same neuronal pathways and neurotransmitter receptors as humans, it seems reasonable to expect that their perceptions of painful stimuli will be similar, and this is a basis for the use of laboratory animals for screening of analgesics for human use. However, as the evaluation in the laboratory animal tests is based mainly on behavioural responses, and although some physiological responses do occur, it is often difficult to separate these from stress responses. The use of behavioural responses to evaluate analgesics in a range of species is complicated by the fact that different species show different behaviours to a similar pain stimulus, and different pain stimuli produce different pain responses in the same species. Thus behaviours may be species- and pain-specific and this can complicate analgesic evaluation. As most animals possess similar neuronal mechanisms to humans for pain perception, it is not surprising that the standard human pain control strategies can be applied to animals. For instance, local anaesthetics, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as other analgesics used in humans are all found to be effective for animal use. Differences in metabolism and distribution between various species, as well as financial considerations in larger animals can affect efficacy and thus limit their use. In addition, the use of any drug in a species that may be intended for human consumption will be limited by residue considerations. The treatment of pain in animals presents many challenges, but the increasing public concerns regarding animal welfare will ensure that studies into the nature and control of animal pain will continue to have a high profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Livingston
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada.
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SCHLEINING JA, McCLURE SR, EVANS RB, HYDE WG, WULF LW, KIND AJ. Liposome-based diclofenac for the treatment of inflammation in an acute synovitis model in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:554-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pharmacokinetics of orally administered phenylbutazone in African and Asian elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2008; 39:188-200. [PMID: 18634209 DOI: 10.1638/2007-0139r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of phenylbutazone were determined in 18 elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) after single-dose oral administration of 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg phenylbutazone, as well as multiple-dose administrations with a 4-wk washout period between trials. After administration of 2 mg/kg phenylbutazone, mean serum concentrations peaked in approximately 7.5 hr at 4.3 +/- 2.02 microg/ml and 9.7 hr at 7.1 +/- 2.36 microg/ml for African and Asian elephants, respectively, while 3 mg/kg dosages resulted in peak serum concentrations of 7.2 +/- 4.06 microg/ml in 8.4 hr and 12.1 +/- 3.13 microg/ml in 14 hr. The harmonic mean half-life was long, ranging between 13 and 15 hr and 39 and 45 hr for African and Asian elephants, respectively. There was evidence of enterohepatic cycling of phenylbutazone in Asian elephants. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) in pharmacokinetic values occurred between African and Asian elephants for clearance (27.9 and 7.6 ml/hr/kg, respectively), terminal half-life (15.0 and 38.7 hr, respectively), and mean residence time (22.5 and 55.5 hr, respectively) using 2-mg/kg dosages as an example. This suggests that different treatment regimens for Asian and African elephants should be used. There were no apparent gender differences in these parameters for either elephant species.
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Keegan KG, Messer NT, Reed SK, Wilson DA, Kramer J. Effectiveness of administration of phenylbutazone alone or concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine to alleviate lameness in horses. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:167-73. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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FOREMAN JH, BARANGE A, LAWRENCE LM, HUNGERFORD LL. Effects of single-dose intravenous phenylbutazone on experimentally induced, reversible lameness in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 31:39-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Villa R, Cagnardi P, Belloli C, Zonca A, Zizzadoro C, Ferro E, Carli S. Oral and intravenous administration of nimesulide in the horse: rational dosage regimen from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. Equine Vet J 2007; 39:136-42. [PMID: 17378442 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x159123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The selective COX-2-inhibitor nimesulide is used extra-label in equine veterinary practice as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, there are no data on which to base the rational use of the drug in this species. OBJECTIVES To determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of nimesulide in the horse after oral administration (1 mg/kg bwt), and oral and i.v. administration (1.5 mg/kg bwt) were investigated, effects of feeding status on bioavailability determined, and plasma protein binding of the drug and its principal metabolites measured. Compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed. The plasma concentration-time profile was used, together with in vitro literature data on nimesulide inhibition of COX isoforms, to determine the effective COX selectivity of nimesulide in the horse, and suggest a suitable dosing schedule. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 1.5 mg/kg bwt may produce adequate clinical effects, and the dosing interval should be 12-24 h depending on condition severity. However, at that dose, the concentration in the animal exceeds the in vitro IC50 for both isoforms, so that COX-1/COX-2 selectivity is lost and side-effects due to COX-1 inhibition are a possibility. Nimesulide should therefore be used with caution in equine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Fradette ME, Céleste C, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism in horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:128-33. [PMID: 17269876 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on serum and synovial fluid biomarkers of skeletal matrix metabolism in horses. ANIMALS 11 adult female horses without clinical or radiographic evidence of joint disease. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups. Phenylbutazone was administered orally twice daily at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg for 3 days to the treatment group and subsequently at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg for 7 days. Serum and radiocarpal synovial fluid samples were obtained at baseline and thereafter at regular intervals for 4 weeks. Biomarkers of cartilage aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate 846) and type II collagen synthesis (procollagen type II C-propeptide) and degradation (collagen type II cleavage) were assayed. Biomarkers of bone synthesis (osteocalcin) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were also measured. RESULTS No significant differences were found between control and treatment groups or temporally for the biomarkers chondroitin sulfate 846, procollagen type II C-propeptide, collagen type II cleavage, and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in serum or synovial fluid. A significant increase in osteocalcin concentration occurred in synovial fluid during treatment in the treated group. No treatment effect was detected for serum osteocalcin concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that continuous phenylbutazone administration at recommended doses altered some biomarkers in healthy equine joints after short periods of administration. Increased osteocalcin concentration may indicate an undetermined anabolic effect of phenylbutazone administration on periarticular bone or transient induction of osteogenesis in articular chondrocytes or a mesenchymal subpopulation of synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Fradette
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
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Radi ZA, Khan NK. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the gastrointestinal tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 58:163-73. [PMID: 16859903 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid, an essential fatty acid present in cell membrane phospholipids and liberated by phospholipase, into prostaglandins (PGs) and prostanoids. COX has two distinct membrane-anchored isoenzymes; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is a constitutively expressed and found in most normal body tissues; COX-2 is expressed in normal tissues at low levels and is highly induced by pro-inflammatory mediators in the setting of inflammation, injury, and pain. Inhibitors of COX activity include: (1) conventional non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ns-NSAIDs); (2) selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs); and (3) COX-1 inhibitors. Non-selective NSAIDs, at therapeutic doses, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. The anti-inflammatory benefits of these drugs are primarily derived from COX-2 inhibition, while inhibition of COX-1 often elicits gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Therefore, COXIBs were developed to provide a selective COX-2 agent, i.e., one, that at fully therapeutic doses demonstrated comparable therapeutic benefit to non-selective NSAIDs, without the attendant COX-1-mediated GI toxicities. In this review, we evaluate available literature describing the pathophysiologic role of cyclooxygenases and the effects of their inhibition in GI system in experimental and domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Michigan Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Building 35-1A/5, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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