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A Carnitine-Containing Product Improves Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery in Adult Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040657. [PMID: 36830444 PMCID: PMC9951645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can cause tissue damage, leading to an extended recovery period. To counteract delayed post-exercise recovery, a commercial product containing L-carnitine (AID) was tested in adult horses performing consecutive exercise tests to exhaustion. Fit Thoroughbreds were administered an oral bolus of placebo (CON) or AID prior to performing an exercise test to exhaustion (D1). The heart rate (HR) and fetlock kinematics were captured throughout the exercise test. Blood was collected before, 10 min and 1, 4 and 6 h relative to exercise for the quantification of cytokine (IL1β, IL8, IL10, TNFa) gene expression and lactate concentration. Horses performed a second exercise test 48 h later (D2), with all biochemical and physiological measures repeated. The results demonstrate that the horses receiving AID retained a greater (p < 0.05) amount of flexion in the front fetlock on D2 than the horses given CON. The horses presented a reduced (p < 0.05) rate of HR decline on D2 compared to that on D1. The expression of IL1β, IL8 and IL10 increased at 1 h post-exercise on D1 and returned to baseline by 6 h; the cytokine expression pattern was not duplicated on D2. These results provide evidence of disrupted cytokine expression, HR recovery and joint mobility in response to consecutive bouts of exhaustive exercise. Importantly, AID may accelerate recovery through an undetermined mechanism.
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Saitua A, Castejón-Riber C, Requena F, Argüelles D, Calle-González N, de Medina AS, Muñoz A. Previous Exercise on a Water Treadmill at Different Depths Affects the Accelerometric Pattern Recorded on a Track in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223086. [PMID: 36428314 PMCID: PMC9686957 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During a water treadmill (WT) exercise, horses change their accelerometric patterns. We aimed to analyze if these changes persist during terrestrial locomotion. Six horses were randomly subjected to 40 min duration WT exercises, without water (WW), at the depth of fetlock (FET), carpus (CAR) and stifle (STF), with a day off between them. Before and after 30 min after WT, horses were evaluated at walk and at trot on a track with a triaxial accelerometer fixed on the pectoral (PECT) and sacrum (SML) regions. The percent of change from baseline (before WT and after each exercise session) were calculated. Total, dorsoventral, longitudinal and mediolateral accelerometric activities and dorsoventral displacement increased with the accelerometer in PECT but decreased after WT at STF. Velocity increased with the accelerometer in PECT but decreased with the accelerometer in SML, particularly after WT at STF. A reduction in stride frequency was found with the accelerometer in PECT. SL increased with the accelerometer in SML but decreased with WT at STF. Some accelerometric changes that happened on WT remained shortly in terrestrial locomotion. The reduction in some parameters after WT at STF depth seems to indicate fatigue. This should be considered in training or rehabilitation programs for unfit animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Saitua
- Equine Sport Medicine Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Requena
- Equine Sport Medicine Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Argüelles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Natalie Calle-González
- Equine Sport Medicine Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonia Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Equine Sport Medicine Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-21-86-59
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Ertelt A, Merle R, Stumpff F, Bollinger L, Liertz S, Weber C, Gehlen H. Evaluation of Different Blood Parameters From Endurance Horses Competing at 160 km. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103687. [PMID: 34416987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess a change in different blood parameters before and after a 160 km endurance race and to evaluate differences in cardiac biomarkers between horses that completed the race and horses that did not. The study population consisted of 52 healthy endurance horses. Horses participating in the study were assigned to three groups: horses that successfully completed the race ("finishers"), horses that failed to qualify at the veterinary check for primarily metabolic reasons ("metabolic") and horses that failed to qualify at the veterinary check for primarily gait related reasons ("gait related"). The latter two groups were combined to form a final group of "non-finishers" that were excluded for either "gait related" or "metabolic" disorders. Venous blood samples were taken before and after the endurance race. Serum and EDTA-plasma were analyzed for cardiac troponin I (cTNI), heart fatty acid binding protein (HFABP), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Lactate dehydrogenase (P = .001), SDMA (P= .001) and ADMA (P= .002) increased significantly after the endurance race in the finisher group. A significant increase in cTNI and α-HBDH concentration after the endurance race compared to the values before the endurance race was detected in the finisher (P= .001, P= .001) and gait related group (P= .002, P= .007). The longer the distance completed, the more these five blood parameters increased. No differences between the groups could be found and none of the measured blood parameters showed significant differences among groups before or after racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ertelt
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Bollinger
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Liertz
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Weber
- Laboklin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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A comparison of haematological and biochemical blood indices between the Žemaitukai and Arabian horses participating in endurance competitions. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted on 30 clinically healthy Arabian horses and 28 Žemaitukai horses that competed in endurance race over the same distance (40 km). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the exercise. The environmental conditions during the competitions varied, with a mean temperature of 22.5 °C and a mean relative humidity of 73.20%. The Žemaitukai horses showed lower haematological values and increased muscle catabolism after exercise. Arabian horses have higher aerobic capacity compared to the Žemaitukai horses which probably contributes to their superior low- to moderate-intensity exercise performance. Serum activity of muscle enzymes suggested that the muscle tissue of the Arabian horses has higher tolerance for exercise-induced muscle catabolism and lower muscle catabolism than that of muscle tissue of the Žemaitukai horses. Further studies need to be carried out to identify the diferences in muscle tissue of both breeds.
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Muñoz A, Ayala I. Changes in saliva biomarkers during a standardized increasing intensity field exercise test in endurance horses. Animal 2021; 15:100236. [PMID: 34030029 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers could be useful to evaluate stress, fitness level, and skeletal muscle damage associated to exercise in horses in an easy and non-painful way. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate if cortisol in saliva (sCor), salivary alpha-amylase (sAMY) and butyrylcholinesterase (sBChE) and lactate (sLA) and creatine kinase (sCK) in saliva of horses can show changes during a standardized exercise test, and if they are related to heart rate variability (HRV) parameters related to sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, fitness level or skeletal muscle damage. For this purpose, ten endurance horses were submitted to a standardized exercise test in field conditions. Saliva and blood were obtained at basal time (TB), after the seven bouts of velocity (T + 01 to T + 07), and 5, 15, 30, and 45 min later (T + 5, T + 15, T + 30, and T + 45). Five endurance horses in resting condition (control group) were also enrolled. HRV and fitness level parameters, and plasma CK as a marker of muscle damage were also evaluated. Salivaryalpha-amylase increased at T + 30 (P = 0.03), sBChE at T + 5 (P = 008), and sCK at T + 07 (P = 0.009) after the exercise test, with significant differences between the exercise and control groups' results. The sCor did not show significant changes during the exercise test in the exercise group but higher concentration compared to the control horses (P < 0.001) were observed. sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed a positive correlation (r values between 0.47 and 0.64) with the sympathetic tone and a negative correlation (r values between -0.37 and -0.56) with the parasympathetic tone. In conclusion, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed significant increases in ten endurance horses after an increasing intensity velocity exercise. Values of sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK were associated with HRV, which is used to evaluate stress, and therefore, they could be potentially used to assess the exercise-related stress after a physical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Department of Animal Medicine & Surgery, Veterinary School, Campus Univ Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Ayala
- Department of Animal Medicine & Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Otto S, Michler JK, Dhein S, Mülling CKW. Development of a constant pressure perfused ex vivo model of the equine larynx. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251530. [PMID: 34014952 PMCID: PMC8136745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal axonopathy is seen in a broad range of species including equine patients. In horses, this degenerative disorder of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is described as recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). The dysfunctional innervation of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (CAD) leads to a loss of performance in affected horses. In general, ex vivo models of the larynx are rare and for equine patients, just one short report is available. To allow for testing new therapy approaches in an isolated organ model, we examined equine larynges in a constant pressure perfused setup. In order to check the vitality and functionality of the isolated larynx, the vessels´ reaction to norepinephrine (NE) and sodium nitroprusside (NP) as vasoactive agents was tested. Additionally, the contractility of the CAD was checked via electrical stimulation. To determine the extent of hypoxic alterations, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lactate were measured and an immunofluorescent analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), a key transcription factor in hypoxia, was performed. For this, a hypoxia-induced cell culture for HIF-1α was developed. The application of NE led to an expected vasoconstriction while NP caused the expected vasodilation. During a perfusion period of 352 ±20.78 min, LDH values were in the reference range and lactate values slightly exceeded the reference range at the end of the perfusion. HIF-1α nuclear translocation could reliably be detected in the hypoxia-induced cell cultures, but not in sections of the perfused CAD. With the approach presented here, a solid basis for perfusing equine larynges was established and may serve as a tool for further investigations of equine larynx disorders as well as a transferrable model for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Otto
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Jule K. Michler
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Christoph K. W. Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
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Variability of Stress Indicators in Jumping Horses in Parkour Due to Horse Age and Competitive Season. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aiming to determine the variability in stress indicators due to horse age and competitive season (May, July, September) in jumping horses in parkour, research was performed on 14 studs (7 younger, and 7 older) trained and bred in the same conditions. The stress indicators (heartbeats, cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in saliva) were measured or sampled before, during and at the end of the training - parkour jumping. The significance of the differences in stress indicators between the horse age classes regarding the competitive season was tested by Tukey’s test. Based on determined results it could be concluded that all stress indicators, during the entire competitive season, were higher in younger (less experienced) than in older (more experienced) horses. Furthermore, all stress indicators, with the exception of heartbeats, were highest in the peak of competitive season (July), while the lowest values of all stress indicators were determined at the end of competitive season (September). Monitoring of stress indicators, especially heartbeats, could be used for routine evaluation of horse preparedness for a particular activity.
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Abstract
Abstract
During intensive physical activity horses are exposed to thermolysis, electrolyte loss and rising amounts of catabolic products, which results in alterations of biochemical blood parameters due to the horse’s adaptation to metabolic stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intensive physical activity on serum biochemical parameters in horses competing in 40 and 80 km endurance races. Blood samples were taken from 28 horses before and after the race over four competitions, with a total of 53 samples analyzed. Biochemical parameters studied included creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The extent of change in pre- and post-race values was compared between categories of age, gender, breed, distance and average speed of horses. Creatine kinase and blood glucose values prior to the race were higher than the reference values. Values of renal parameters and parameters of muscle damage increased after the races, and the degree of change was more pronounced at longer racing lengths, as well as at lower average speed. Electrolyte loss was more prominent during longer races. This study demonstrated that endurance races cause evident changes in serum electrolyte concentrations, renal parameters and markers of muscle damage in horses. These changes are observable in horses at both short and long duration endurance races.
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9
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Medica P, Cravana C, Bruschetta G, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Breeding season and transport interactions on the pituitary-adrenocortical and biochemical responses of horses. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Assenza A, Casella S, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Tosto F, Piccione G. Iron profile in Thoroughbreds during a standard training program. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:60-3. [PMID: 26914950 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the modifications of some haematological parameters and iron profile during an 80-day training program and their relationship with athletic performance of performance horses. METHODS During the training period, 20 Thoroughbreds were subjected to a standardised exercise test, previously standardised for gallopers to evaluate athletic performance. The test was performed immediately before the beginning of the training program (T0) and after 30 days (T30), 60 days (T60) and 90 days (T90). For each horse, their velocities at blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol/L (V2 and V4) and a heart rate of 200 beats/min (V200) were calculated to assess the effect of the training program on athletic performance. Blood samples were collected at 20-day intervals over a period of 80 days from the beginning of the training program. RESULTS One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of days of training (time) on iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS The results showed the influence of the intensity and duration of exercise on iron metabolism. These findings may be useful for evaluating the athletic status of horses during training and to assess the degree of training adaptability, providing an opportunity to modify the training schedule to achieve the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Casella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - C Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Tosto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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11
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Gundasheva D. Biochemical response to physical exercise in show-jumping horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The information on the biochemical response of horses submitted to physical exercise by jumping over obstacles is limited and controversial. The purpose of the present study was to monitor the change in activity of muscle enzymes creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the serum concentrations of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and creatinine in performance horses. Correlations between study parameters were also estimated. Six healthy Hanoverian geldings were submitted to physical exercise similar to a competition consisting of jumping over barriers over four consecutive days. The applied exercise induced increases of biochemical parameters CK, AST, ALT, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and creatinine within the reference ranges. The changes in these parameters reflected the changes in skeletal muscle and kidney functions as well as alterations in the type of used energy. Negative correlations were established between CK and ALT at 2 hours, and between triacylglycerols and total cholesterol during the entire period of the study. Also, a positive association was established between СK and AST at 24 hours and between total cholesterol and creatinine before exercise, and at 0 and 2 hours post-exercise. The data from the present study could be utilised as guidelines for prevention and early detection of metabolic disturbances in show jumping horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gundasheva
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Student's Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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12
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Luck MM, Le Moyec L, Barrey E, Triba MN, Bouchemal N, Savarin P, Robert C. Energetics of endurance exercise in young horses determined by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. Front Physiol 2015; 6:198. [PMID: 26347654 PMCID: PMC4544308 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term endurance exercise severely affects metabolism in both human and animal athletes resulting in serious risk of metabolic disorders during or after competition. Young horses (up to 6 years old) can compete in races up to 90 km despite limited scientific knowledge of energetic metabolism responses to long distance exercise in these animals. The hypothesis of this study was that there would be a strong effect of endurance exercise on the metabolomic profiles of young horses and that the energetic metabolism response in young horses would be different from that of more experienced horses. Metabolomic profiling is a powerful method that combines Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry with supervised Orthogonal Projection on Latent Structure (OPLS) statistical analysis. 1H-NMR spectra were obtained from plasma samples drawn from young horses (before and after competition). The spectra obtained before and after the race from the same horse (92 samples) were compared using OPLS. The statistical parameters showed the robustness of the model (R2Y = 0.947, Q2Y = 0.856 and cros-validated ANOVA p < 0.001). For confirmation of the predictive value of the model, a test set of 104 sample spectra were projected by the model, which provided perfect predictions as the area under the receiving-operator curve was 1. The metabolomic profile determined with the OPLS model showed that glycemia after the race was lower than glycemia before the race, despite the involvement of lipid and protein catabolism. An OPLS model was calculated to compare spectra obtained on plasma taken after the race from 6-year-old horses and from experienced horses (cross-validated ANOVA p < 0.001). The comparison of metabolomic profiles in young horses to those from experienced horses showed that experienced horses maintained their glycemia with higher levels of lactate and a decrease of plasma lipids after the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux M Luck
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative et Adaptation à l'Exercice EA 7362, Université d'Evry Val D'Essonne Evry, France
| | - Laurence Le Moyec
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative et Adaptation à l'Exercice EA 7362, Université d'Evry Val D'Essonne Evry, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative et Adaptation à l'Exercice EA 7362, Université d'Evry Val D'Essonne Evry, France ; Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, UMR1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohamed N Triba
- Chimie Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7244 Bobigny, France
| | - Nadia Bouchemal
- Chimie Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7244 Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Savarin
- Chimie Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7244 Bobigny, France
| | - Céline Robert
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, UMR1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Jouy-en-Josas, France ; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris Est Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Comparison of some biochemical and mineral indices among Norik breed Muráň Plain type and Hucul breed mares. ACTA VET BRNO 2015. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201584020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical analysis in horses is an important aid for determining correct clinical diagnosis of general, infectious, and some parasitic diseases. This work studied the biochemical and mineral indices in mares of two breeds: the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul breed. A total of 34 mares of the Norik breed Muráň Plain type (aged 15.18 ± 5.99 years) and 28 Hucul mares (aged 9.03 ± 5.50 years) were used. Blood serum was analysed using the biochemical analyser Cobas c111 (Roche, Switzerland). Significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul mares in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; significant difference (P < 0.01) was found in urea values; and highly significant difference (P < 0.001) was found in glucose values. The mineral profile elements showed a highly significant differences (P < 0.001) between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul mares in phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chloride, potassium, and sodium concentrations. The results confirmed that there are significant differences between horse breeds in some biochemical indices. Therefore, it is appropriate to determine reference values for other horse breeds, as well. To our knowledge, this is the first report that compares biochemical and mineral indices between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul breed.
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14
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Allen KJ, van Erck-Westergren E, Franklin SH. Exercise testing in the equine athlete. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Allen
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | | | - S. H. Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia Australia
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15
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Zakari FO, Ayo JO, Rekwot PI, Kawu MU. Effect of age, sex, physical activity and meteorological factors on haematological parameters of donkeys ( Equus asinus). COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 25:1265-1272. [PMID: 27818622 PMCID: PMC5069348 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-2026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The review examines the role of blood in homeostasis, diagnosis and treatment of disease as influenced by meteorological stress factors, age, sex and physical activity of the donkeys. Haematological parameters play a crucial role in clinical diagnosis of infectious and parasitic diseases, in assessing the responses of donkeys to treatment and in prevention of diseases. The changes in blood values are important in evaluating the responses of the animals to various physiologic conditions. In conclusion, haematological values of donkeys are largely influenced by age, sex, physical factors of the environment and physical activity, and consideration of the factors will aid accurate diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of equine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday Ocheja Zakari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Peter Ibrahim Rekwot
- National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1096, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Umar Kawu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
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Munsters CCBM, van Iwaarden A, van Weeren R, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Exercise testing in Warmblood sport horses under field conditions. Vet J 2014; 202:11-9. [PMID: 25172838 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise testing in Warmblood sport horses may, as in racing, potentially help to characterise fitness indices in different disciplines and at various competition levels and assist in understanding when a horse is 'fit to compete'. In this review an overview is given of the current state of the art of exercise testing in the Olympic disciplines of eventing, show jumping and dressage, and areas for further development are defined. In event horses, a simple four-step incremental exercise test measuring heart rate (HR), lactate concentration (LA) and velocity (V) is most often used. In dressage and riding horses, a wide variety of exercise tests have been developed, including incremental exercise tests, indoor riding tests and lunging tests. In show jumping, the use of a five-step incremental exercise test and exercise tests evaluating technical skills and fatigue of the horse has been reported. The velocity at a plasma LA of 4 mmol/L (VLA4) and HR recovery during submaximal exercise intensity have been shown to be the best parameters in event horses for predicting performance and impending injuries. In riding horses, the fitness level of horses is also an important determinant of injuries. Implementation of regular exercise testing and monitoring of training sessions may have important added value in the assessment of performance ability and potential future injuries in Warmblood sport horses. However, there is an urgent need to standardise methodologies and outcome parameters in order to make results comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien C B M Munsters
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, Utrecht NL 3584 CM, The Netherlands; Moxie Sport Analysis and Coaching, Raam 107, Uden 5403 TH, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandra van Iwaarden
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, Utrecht NL 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, Utrecht NL 3584 CM, The Netherlands
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17
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Soares OAB, D'Angelis FHDF, Feringer Júnior WH, Nardi KB, Trigo P, Almeida FQD, Miranda CT, Queiroz- Neto A, Ferraz GDC. Serum activity of creatine kinase and aminotransferase aspartate enzymes of horses submitted to muscle biopsy and incremental jump test. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402013000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate serum activity of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which are leakage enzymes responsive to muscle injury, of athletic horses that underwent muscle biopsy and incremental jump test (IJT) involving incremental jumps. The animals were grouped as follows: the first group, horses with history of superior performance (SP); the second, with a history of inferior performance (IP); and lastly, a control group (CG). All groups underwent biopsy of the gluteus medius muscle, while groups SP and IP were also submitted to the incremental jump test (IJT) 24 hours after biopsy. The IJT consisted of three stages with 40 jumps each, where jump height increased progressively, from 40 to 60 and last, 80cm. Blood samples were drawn before biopsy, and 6 and 24 hours after the exercise as well. The levels of CK serum activity increased 6 hours after exercise and decreased 24 hours later in all groups, including CG. AST activity did not increase after biopsy and exercise. There was no increase of both enzyme activities that could be attributed to the exercise, possibly due to exercise short duration and/or low intensity. We conclude that the muscle biopsy was able to show that there was enough stimulus to cause CK enzyme leakage into the plasma, and consequent detection of increased serum activity, while the incremental jump test did not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Trigo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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18
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Genetic analysis of haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in the Spanish purebred horse exercised on a treadmill. Animal 2013; 7:1414-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Muñoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Castejón F. Age- and gender-related variations in hematology, clinical biochemistry, and hormones in Spanish fillies and colts. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:943-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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ROBERT C, GOACHET AG, FRAIPONT A, VOTION DM, Van ERCK E, LECLERC JL. Hydration and electrolyte balance in horses during an endurance season. Equine Vet J 2010:98-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Teixeira-Neto A, Ferraz GC, Moscardini ARC, Balsamão GM, Souza JCF, Queiroz-Neto A. Alterations in muscular enzymes of horses competing long-distance endurance rides under tropical climate. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tried to monitor the alterations of muscle enzymes activity - creatinokinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - in a group of horses that participated of 70 and 100km distance rides in five competitions of an annual endurance championship under tropical climate. Pre ride levels (U/l) were 245.13±9.84 for CK, 496.61±14.76 for LDH, and 328.95±8.65 for AST. When compared to these levels, the results revealed a significant decrease in all enzymes activities in the first moment of the rides. Peak levels, significantly different, were reached, immediately after rides by CK (413.591±50.75); 24 hours post rides by LDH (628.61±33.30); and 48 hours after rides by AST (389.89±16.96). Monitoring of recovery period revealed different behavior among enzymes activities with CK values returning to pre ride values (279.61±23.05) 24 hours post rides, while LDH and AST values returned to pre ride values (505.25±33.78 and 359.35±24.90, respectively) 72 hours post rides. These data revealed different alterations in concentration of muscular enzymes in endurance horses directly related to the duration of the effort.
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Hittel DS, Kraus WE, Tanner CJ, Houmard JA, Hoffman EP. Exercise training increases electron and substrate shuttling proteins in muscle of overweight men and women with the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:168-79. [PMID: 15347626 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic conditioned muscle shows increased oxidative metabolism or glucose relative to untrained muscle at a given absolute exercise intensity. The studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise (STRRIDE) study is an aerobic exercise intervention in men and women with features of metabolic syndrome (Kraus WE, Torgan CE, Duscha BD, Norris J, Brown SA, Cobb FR, Bales CW, Annex BH, Samsa GP, Houmard JA, and Slentz CA, Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 1774–1784, 2001), with four muscle biopsies taken during training and detraining time points. Here, we expanded a previous study (Hittel DS, Kraus WE, and Hoffman EP, J Physiol 548: 401–410, 2003) and used mRNA profiling to investigate gene transcripts associated with energy and substrate metabolism in STRRIDE participants. We found coordinate regulation of key metabolic enzymes with aerobic training in metabolic syndrome (aspartate aminotransferase 1, lactate dehydrogenase B, and pyruvate dehydrogenase-α1). All were also quickly downregulated by detraining, although the induction was not an acute response to activity. Protein and enzymatic assays were used to validate mRNA induction with aerobic training and loss with detraining (96 h to 2 wk) in 10 male and 10 female STRRIDE subjects. We propose that training coordinately increases the levels of aspartate aminotransferase 1, lactate dehydrogenase B, and pyruvate dehydrogenase-α1subunit, increasing glucose metabolism in muscle by liberating pyruvate for oxidative metabolism and, therefore, limiting lactate efflux. Serial measurement of fasting plasma lactate from 62 subjects from the same exercise group demonstrated a significant decrease of circulating lactate with training. We also found evidence for sex-specific molecular remodeling of muscle with ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II, a component of mitochondrial respiratory complex III, which showed an increase after training that was specific to women. These biochemical adaptations complement existing molecular models for improved glucose tolerance with exercise intervention in prediabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Hittel
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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