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Davis MS, Bayly WM, Hansen CM, Barrett MR, Blake CA. Effects of hyperthermia and acidosis on mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R725-R734. [PMID: 37811714 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00177.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is associated with the development of oxidative stress, but the specific source and mechanism of production of pro-oxidant chemicals during exercise has not been confirmed. We used equine skeletal muscle mitochondria to test the hypothesis that hyperthermia and acidosis affect mitochondrial oxygen consumption and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, after an acute episode of fatiguing exercise, and after a 9-wk conditioning program to increase aerobic fitness. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ROS production were measured simultaneously using high-resolution respirometry. Both hyperthermia and acidosis increased nonphosphorylating (LEAK) respiration (5.8× and 3.0×, respectively, P < 0.001) and decreased efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. The combined effects of hyperthermia and acidosis resulted in large decreases in phosphorylating respiration, further decreasing oxidative phosphorylation efficiency from 97% to 86% (P < 0.01). Increased aerobic fitness reduced the effects of acidosis on LEAK respiration. Hyperthermia increased and acidosis decreased ROS production (2× and 0.23×, respectively, P < 0.001). There was no effect of acute exercise, but an aerobic conditioning program was associated with increased ROS production during both nonphosphorylating and phosphorylating respiration. Hyperthermia increased the ratio of ROS production to O2 consumption during phosphorylating respiration, suggesting that high-temperature impaired transfer of energy through the electron transfer system despite relatively low mitochondrial membrane potential. These data support the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of exercise-induced oxidative stress, particularly during forms of exercise that result in prolonged hyperthermia without acidosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study provide evidence for the role of mitochondria-derived ROS in the development of systemic oxidative stress during exercise as well as skeletal muscle diseases such as exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Warwick M Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Cristina M Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - Montana R Barrett
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Cara A Blake
- Central Hospital for Veterinary Medicine, North Haven, Connecticut, United States
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H, Laher I, Knechtle B, Zouhal H. Exercise and mitochondrial mechanisms in patients with sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040381. [PMID: 36561214 PMCID: PMC9767441 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a severe loss of muscle mass and functional decline during aging that can lead to reduced quality of life, limited patient independence, and increased risk of falls. The causes of sarcopenia include inactivity, oxidant production, reduction of antioxidant defense, disruption of mitochondrial activity, disruption of mitophagy, and change in mitochondrial biogenesis. There is evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important cause of sarcopenia. Oxidative stress and reduction of antioxidant defenses in mitochondria form a vicious cycle that leads to the intensification of mitochondrial separation, suppression of mitochondrial fusion/fission, inhibition of electron transport chain, reduction of ATP production, an increase of mitochondrial DNA damage, and mitochondrial biogenesis disorder. On the other hand, exercise adds to the healthy mitochondrial network by increasing markers of mitochondrial fusion and fission, and transforms defective mitochondria into efficient mitochondria. Sarcopenia also leads to a decrease in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy markers, and mitochondrial network efficiency by increasing the level of ROS and apoptosis. In contrast, exercise increases mitochondrial biogenesis by activating genes affected by PGC1-ɑ (such as CaMK, AMPK, MAPKs) and altering cellular calcium, ATP-AMP ratio, and cellular stress. Activation of PGC1-ɑ also regulates transcription factors (such as TFAM, MEFs, and NRFs) and leads to the formation of new mitochondrial networks. Hence, moderate-intensity exercise can be used as a non-invasive treatment for sarcopenia by activating pathways that regulate the mitochondrial network in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani
- Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Medbase St Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S) UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Charles Tillon, France,Institut International des Sciences Du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, France,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
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Dzięgielewska A, Dunislawska A. Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Potential Molecular Markers in Sport Horses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158655. [PMID: 35955789 PMCID: PMC9369138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are an essential part of most eukaryotic cells. The crucial role of these organelles is the production of metabolic energy, which is converted into ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. They are also involved in and constitute apoptosis, the site of many metabolic processes. Some of the factors that negatively affect mitochondria are stress, excessive exercise, disease, and the aging process. Exercise can cause the release of large amounts of free radicals, inflammation, injury, and stress. All of these factors can contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can consistently lead to inflammatory responses, tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and a host of diseases. The functions of the mitochondria and the consequences of their disturbance can be of great importance in the breeding and use of horses. The paper reviews mitochondrial disorders in horses and, based on the literature, indicates genetic markers strongly related to this issue.
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Latham CM, Guy CP, Wesolowski LT, White-Springer SH. Fueling equine performance: importance of mitochondrial phenotype in equine athletes. Anim Front 2022; 12:6-14. [PMID: 35711513 PMCID: PMC9197311 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chloey P Guy
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lauren T Wesolowski
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
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de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Leybaert L, de Maré L, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718866. [PMID: 34733900 PMCID: PMC8558477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut-muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d'Argenteuil
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorie de Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Davis MS, Barrett MR. Effect of conditioning and physiological hyperthermia on canine skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1317-1325. [PMID: 33661725 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00969.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise often causes skeletal muscle hyperthermia, likely resulting in decreased efficiency of mitochondrial respiration. We hypothesized that athletic conditioning would improve mitochondrial tolerance to hyperthermia. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from six Alaskan sled dogs under light general anesthesia before and after a full season of conditioning and racing, and respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers was measured at 38, 40, 42, and 44°C. There was no effect of temperature on phosphorylating respiration, and athletic conditioning increased maximal phosphorylating respiration by 19%. Leak respiration increased and calculated efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation decreased with increasing incubation temperature, and athletic conditioning resulted in higher leak respiration and lower calculated oxidative phosphorylation efficiency at all temperatures. Conditioning increased skeletal muscle expression of putative mitochondrial leak pathways adenine nucleotide transporter 1 and uncoupling protein 3, both of which were correlated with the magnitude of leak respiration. We conclude that athletic conditioning in elite canine endurance athletes results in increased capacity for mitochondrial proton leak that potentially reduces maximal mitochondrial membrane potential during periods of high oxidative phosphorylation. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for previously reported decreases in exercise-induced muscle damage in well-conditioned subjects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Athletic conditioning is expected to increase exercise capacity through improved function of cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal tissues. Our finding of decreased calculated efficiency of skeletal muscle mitochondria in one of the premier mammalian athletes suggests that this mandate for improved function may take the form of sacrificing capacity for maximal oxidative phosphorylation to minimize exercise-induced muscle damage caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Montana R Barrett
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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7
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Davis M, Fulton M, Popken A. Effect of hyperthermia and acidosis on equine skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle of exercising horses develops pronounced hyperthermia and acidosis during strenuous or prolonged exercise, with very high tissue temperature and low pH associated with muscle fatigue or damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual effects of physiologically relevant hyperthermia and acidosis on equine skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, using ex vivo measurement of oxygen consumption to assess the function of different mitochondrial elements. Fresh triceps muscle biopsies from 6 healthy unfit Thoroughbred geldings were permeabilised to permit diffusion of small molecular weight substrates through the sarcolemma and analysed in a high resolution respirometer at 38, 40, 42, and 44 °C, and pH=7.1, 6.5, and 6.1. Oxygen consumption was measured under conditions of non-phosphorylating (leak) respiration and phosphorylating respiration through Complex I and Complex II. Data were analysed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Leak respiration was ~3-fold higher at 44 °C compared to 38 °C regardless of electron source (Complex I: 22.88±3.05 vs 8.08±1.92 pmol O2/mg/s), P=0.002; Complex II: 79.14±23.72 vs 21.43±11.08 pmol O2/mg/s, P=0.022), resulting in a decrease in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Acidosis had minimal effect on mitochondrial respiration at pH=6.5, but pH=6.1 resulted in a 50% decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption. These results suggest that skeletal muscle hyperthermia decreases the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation through increased leak respiration, thus providing a specific biochemical basis for hyperthermia-induced muscle fatigue. The effect of myocellular acidosis on mitochondrial respiration was minimal under typical levels of acidosis, but atypically severe acidosis can lead to impairment of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - M.R. Fulton
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - A. Popken
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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8
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Webb HJ, Weston JF, Norman EJ, Cogger N, Bolwell CF, Rogers CW. A Descriptive Study of Training Methods for Fédération Equestre Internationale Endurance Horses in New Zealand. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103155. [PMID: 32797783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Training measures, particularly those that examine the interactions between training volume, speed, and recovery, can improve understanding of training practices that contribute to success and avoid adverse horse welfare outcomes in endurance competitions. This study describes the training of Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) 100-160 km level horses in New Zealand. A convenience sample of 16 participants and 25 horses were surveyed before commencement of training. Participants then reported daily data for an entire nine-month season of training and competition. Participants began their season with predetermined goals and individual training plans for each horse. They intended to use competitions for training. Competitions contributed a median of 44% [IQR, 36%-49%] of total accumulated distance (in training and competition) for each horse for the season, despite being only 11% (207/1,933) of all days worked. Most starts (80%) were in domestic-level (CEN) competition ≤80 km. Speed ranged from 2-18 km/hour on home training days to 6-18.5 km/hour in CEN competitions and 10.9-16.9 km/hour in FEI competitions. Horses were worked 34% [IQR, 21-38] of days in training, ranging from 12% to 55% for individual horses. The most common horse health problem was lameness, affecting 12/25 horses, for a median of 9 (range, 1-78) days. This study highlights the potential for CEN data as a resource to improve understanding of training and competition load, speed, and recovery and therefore reduce adverse horse welfare outcomes in FEI competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Webb
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Naomi Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte F Bolwell
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris W Rogers
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Le Moyec L, Robert C, Triba MN, Bouchemal N, Mach N, Rivière J, Zalachas-Rebours E, Barrey E. A First Step Toward Unraveling the Energy Metabolism in Endurance Horses: Comparison of Plasma Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Profiles Before and After Different Endurance Race Distances. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:45. [PMID: 31245385 PMCID: PMC6581711 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance racing places high demands on energy metabolism pathways. Metabolomics can be used to investigate biochemical responses to endurance exercise in humans, laboratory animals, and horses. Although endurance horses have previously been assessed in the field (i.e., during races) using broad-window Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics, these studies included several different race locations, race distances, age classes, and race statuses (finisher or elimination). The present NMR metabolomics study focused on 40 endurance horses racing in three race categories over 90, 120, or 160 km. The three races took place in the same location. Given that energy metabolism is closely related to exercise intensity and duration (and therefore distance covered), the study's objective was to determine whether the metabolic pathways recruited during the race varied as a function of the total ride distance. For each horse, a plasma sample was collected the day before the race, and another was collected at the end of the race. Sixteen, 15, and 9 horses raced over 90, 120, and 160 km, respectively. Proton NMR spectra (500 MHz) were acquired for these 80 plasma samples. After processing, the spectra were divided into bins representing the NMR variables and then classified using orthogonal projection on latent structure models supervised by the sampling time (pre- or post-race) or the distance covered. The models revealed that the post-race metabolomic profiles are associated to the total ride distance groups. By combining biochemical assay results and NMR data in multiblock models, we further showed that enzymatic activities and metabolites are significantly associated to the race category. In the highest race category (160 km), there appears to be a metabolic switch from carbohydrate consumption to lipid consumption in order to maintain glycaemia. Furthermore, signs of protein breakdown were more apparent in the longest race category. The metabolic shift seen in the different racing categories could be related to a mixture of three important factors that are the ride distance, the training status and the inherited endurance capacity of the various horses competing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Le Moyec
- UBIAE EA 7362, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Céline Robert
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (GABI - UMR1313), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mohamed N. Triba
- CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadia Bouchemal
- CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Núria Mach
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (GABI - UMR1313), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (GABI - UMR1313), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Zalachas-Rebours
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (GABI - UMR1313), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (GABI - UMR1313), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Trewin AJ, Parker L, Shaw CS, Hiam DS, Garnham A, Levinger I, McConell GK, Stepto NK. Acute HIIE elicits similar changes in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 release, respiration, and cell signaling as endurance exercise even with less work. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1003-R1016. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00096.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) elicits distinct molecular responses to traditional endurance exercise relative to the total work performed. We aimed to investigate the influence of exercise intensity on acute perturbations to skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (respiration and reactive oxygen species) and metabolic and redox signaling responses. In a randomized, repeated measures crossover design, eight recreationally active individuals (24 ± 5 yr; V̇o2peak: 48 ± 11 ml·kg−1·min−1) undertook continuous moderate-intensity [CMIE: 30 min, 50% peak power output (PPO)], high-intensity interval (HIIE: 5 × 4 min, 75% PPO, work matched to CMIE), and low-volume sprint interval (SIE: 4 × 30 s) exercise, ≥7 days apart. Each session included muscle biopsies at baseline, immediately, and 3 h postexercise for high-resolution mitochondrial respirometry ( Jo2) and H2O2 emission ( Jh2o2) and gene and protein expression analysis. Immediately postexercise and irrespective of protocol, Jo2 increased during complex I + II leak/state 4 respiration but Jh2o2 decreased ( P < 0.05). AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl co-A carboxylase phosphorylation increased ~1.5 and 2.5-fold respectively, while thioredoxin-reductase-1 protein abundance was ~35% lower after CMIE vs. SIE ( P < 0.05). At 3 h postexercise, regardless of protocol, Jo2 was lower during both ADP-stimulated state 3 OXPHOS and uncoupled respiration ( P < 0.05) but Jh2o2 trended higher ( P < 0.08) and PPARGC1A mRNA increased ~13-fold, and peroxiredoxin-1 protein decreased ~35%. In conclusion, intermittent exercise performed at high intensities has similar dynamic effects on muscle mitochondrial function compared with endurance exercise, irrespective of whether total workload is matched. This suggests exercise prescription can accommodate individual preferences while generating comparable molecular signals known to promote beneficial metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Trewin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle S. Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn K. McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Tosi I, Art T, Cassart D, Farnir F, Ceusters J, Serteyn D, Lemieux H, Votion DM. Altered mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in horses suffering from polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:379-390. [PMID: 30143916 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a widely described cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses. Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energetics and are involved in human glycogen storage diseases but their role has been overlooked in equine PSSM. We hypothesized that the mitochondrial function is impaired in the myofibers of PSSM-affected horses. Nine horses with a history of recurrent exercise-associated rhabdomyolysis were tested for the glycogen synthase 1 gene (GYS1) mutation: 5 were tested positive (PSSM group) and 4 were tested negative (horses suffering from rhabdomyolysis of unknown origin, RUO group). Microbiopsies were collected from the gluteus medius (gm) and triceps brachii (tb) muscles of PSSM, RUO and healthy controls (HC) horses and used for histological analysis and for assessment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using high-resolution respirometry. The modification of mitochondrial respiration between HC, PSSM and RUO horses varied according to the muscle and to substrates feeding OXPHOS. In particular, compared to HC horses, the gm muscle of PSSM horses showed decreased OXPHOS- and electron transfer (ET)-capacities in presence of glutamate&malate&succinate. RUO horses showed a higher OXPHOS-capacity (with glutamate&malate) and ET-capacity (with glutamate&malate&succinate) in both muscles in comparison to the PSSM group. When expressed as ratios, our results highlighted a higher contribution of the NADH pathway (feeding electrons into Complex I) to maximal OXPHOS or ET-capacity in both rhabdomyolysis groups compared to the HC. Specific modifications in mitochondrial function might contribute to the pathogenesis of PSSM and of other types of exertional rhabdomyolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tosi
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B42), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B42), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Cassart
- Department of pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Department of animal productions: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied in Veterinary Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Ceusters
- Centre of Oxygen, Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre of Oxygen, Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège, Belgium
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Trewin AJ, Levinger I, Parker L, Shaw CS, Serpiello FR, Anderson MJ, McConell GK, Hare DL, Stepto NK. Acute exercise alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission in response to hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in middle-aged obese men. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188421. [PMID: 29161316 PMCID: PMC5697830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle and aging are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired insulin sensitivity. Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; however, whether mitochondria are involved in these processes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin stimulation at rest and after acute exercise on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function (JO2) and hydrogen peroxide emission (JH2O2), and the associations with insulin sensitivity in obese, sedentary men. Nine men (means ± SD: 57 ± 6 years; BMI 33 ± 5 kg.m2) underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in two separate trials 1–3 weeks apart: one under resting conditions, and another 1 hour after high-intensity exercise (4x4 min cycling at 95% HRpeak). Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline, and pre/post clamp to measure JO2 with high-resolution respirometry and JH2O2 via Amplex UltraRed from permeabilized fibers. Post-exercise, both JO2 and JH2O2 during ADP stimulated state-3/OXPHOS respiration were lower compared to baseline (P<0.05), but not after subsequent insulin stimulation. JH2O2 was lower post-exercise and after subsequent insulin stimulation compared to insulin stimulation in the rest trial during succinate supported state-4/leak respiration (P<0.05). In contrast, JH2O2 increased during complex-I supported leak respiration with insulin after exercise compared with resting conditions (P<0.05). Resting insulin sensitivity and JH2O2 during complex-I leak respiration were positively correlated (r = 0.77, P<0.05). We conclude that in obese, older and sedentary men, acute exercise modifies skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission responses to hyperinsulinemia in a respiratory state-specific manner, which may have implications for metabolic diseases involving insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Trewin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Fabio R. Serpiello
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mitchell J. Anderson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn K. McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David L. Hare
- University of Melbourne, and Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
- * E-mail:
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13
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White SH, Warren LK, Li C, Wohlgemuth SE. Submaximal exercise training improves mitochondrial efficiency in the gluteus medius but not in the triceps brachii of young equine athletes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14389. [PMID: 29085004 PMCID: PMC5662757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that, similar to humans and rodents, exercise training would enhance mitochondrial (Mt) biogenesis and function in skeletal muscle of young horses. Twenty-four Quarter Horse yearlings were randomly assigned to either submaximal exercise training or no forced exercise (untrained). Biopsies were collected from the gluteus medius and triceps brachii before and after 9 wk of treatment. Citrate synthase activity was lower (P < 0.0001) and cytochrome c oxidase activity per Mt unit was higher (P < 0.0001) in gluteus compared to triceps, but neither changed over the trial period. From wk 0 to 9, intrinsic Mt respiration (PCI, PCI+II; P = 0.008) and electron transport capacity (ECI+II; P = 0.01) increased, and LEAK-related flux control factor (FCFL; P = 0.02) decreased in both muscles. After 9 wk of training, gluteus muscle exhibited higher (P < 0.05) intrinsic PCI, PCI+II, ECI+II, and FCFCI and FCFCI+II, and lower FCFL (P = 0.0002). Mitochondrial content did not change from wk 0 to 9, and also not in response to submaximal exercise training. Improvements in Mt function were most directly related to ongoing growth of horses independent of muscle group, and training further enhanced Mt function in the gluteus medius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Stephanie E Wohlgemuth
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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14
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From skeletal muscle to stem cells: an innovative and minimally-invasive process for multiple species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:696. [PMID: 28386120 PMCID: PMC5429713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow and adipose tissue represent the two most commonly exploited sources of adult mesenchymal stem cells for musculoskeletal applications. Unfortunately the sampling of bone marrow and fat tissue is invasive and does not always lead to a sufficient number of cells. The present study describes a novel sampling method based on microbiopsy of skeletal muscle in man, pigs, dogs and horses. The process includes explant of the sample, Percoll density gradient for isolation and subsequent culture of the cells. We further characterized the cells and identified their clonogenic and immunomodulatory capacities, their immune-phenotyping behavior and their capability to differentiate into chondroblasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes. In conclusion, this report describes a novel and easy-to-use technique of skeletal muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cell harvest, culture, characterization. This technique is transposable to a multitude of different animal species.
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15
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Adamu L, Rasedee AFNB, Mohd Adzahan N, Rasedee A, Ahmad B. The Use of a Metabolic Disorder Index as a Predictor for Metabolic Eliminations in Endurance Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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de A Braga S, G F Padilha F, M R Ferreira A. Evaluation of Muscle Fiber Types in German Shepherd Dogs of Different Ages. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1540-1547. [PMID: 27533067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and confirm the percentage of type I and type II muscle fibers that comprise the Gluteus Medius muscle in male and female canines of the German Shepherd breed, with standardized care, in different age groups, using the enzyme histochemical method. Muscle samples were collected from the Gluteus Medius muscles of forty clinically healthy dogs of the German Shepherd breed using the technique of percutaneous needle muscle biopsy. The samples were evaluated using histological and enzyme histochemical methods. The percentages of type I and II fibers and the ratio between the quantity of type I fibers/quantity of type II fibers were evaluated using the parameters of weight, age group, correlation between sex and age group, and between the sexes. It was found that there was no significant difference in relation to the types of fibers for the parameters of weight, age group, and age of the females. The correlation between the ages of the males suggested an increase in the percentage of type I fibers, a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers, or an increase in the ratio during the aging process. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers with advancing age in male dogs, but without significant difference in the percentage of type I and type II fibers in relation to the weight. Anat Rec, 299:1540-1547, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio de A Braga
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe G F Padilha
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana M R Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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17
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Li C, White SH, Warren LK, Wohlgemuth SE. Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of American American Quarter Horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:299-311. [PMID: 27283918 PMCID: PMC5040552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function, aerobic capacity, and mitochondrial (Mt) function have been found to decline with age in humans and rodents. However, not much is known about age-related changes in Mt function in equine skeletal muscle. Here, we compared fiber-type composition and Mt function in gluteus medius and triceps brachii muscle between young (age 1.8 ± 0.1 yr, n = 24) and aged (age 17-25 yr, n = 10) American Quarter Horses. The percentage of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIX was lower in aged compared with young muscles (gluteus, P = 0.092; triceps, P = 0.012), while the percentages of MHC I (gluteus; P < 0.001) and MHC IIA (triceps; P = 0.023) were increased. Mass-specific Mt density, indicated by citrate synthase activity, was unaffected by age in gluteus, but decreased in aged triceps (P = 0.023). Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity per milligram tissue and per Mt unit decreased with age in gluteus (P < 0.001 for both) and triceps (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase per milligram tissue was unaffected by age, but increased per Mt unit in aged gluteus and triceps (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mt respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers per milligram tissue was unaffected by age in both muscles. Main effects of age appeared when respiration was normalized to Mt content, with increases in LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and electron transport system capacity (P = 0.038, P = 0.045, and P = 0.007, respectively), independent of muscle. In conclusion, equine skeletal muscle aging was accompanied by a shift in fiber-type composition, decrease in Mt density and COX activity, but preserved Mt respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Deby-Dupont GP, Derochette S, Serteyn DA. Effect of different kinds of anoxia/reoxygenation on the mitochondrial function and the free radicals production of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:870-8. [PMID: 24099743 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Horses are outstanding athletes, performing in many different disciplines involving different kinds of efforts and metabolic responses. Depending on exercise intensity, their skeletal muscle oxygenation decreases, and the reperfusion at cessation of the exercise can cause excessive production of free radicals. This study on cultured primary equine myoblasts investigated the effect of different kinds of anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) on routine respiration, mitochondrial complex I specific activity and free radicals production. Our data revealed that short cycles of A/R caused a decrease of all the parameters, opposite to what a single long period of anoxia did. A preconditioning-like effect could explain our first pattern of results whereas mild uncoupling could be more appropriate for the second one. Anyway, it seems that mitochondrial complex I could play a major role in the regulation of the balance between metabolic and antioxidant protection of the muscular function of athletic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Ceusters
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, Institute of Chemistry B6a, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Derochette S, Vanderplasschen A, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Effect of myeloperoxidase and anoxia/reoxygenation on mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li G, Lee P, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Long term intensive exercise training leads to a higher plasma malate/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio and increased level of lipid mobilization in horses. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:149-55. [PMID: 22297553 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous high intensity training may induce alterations to enzyme activities related to glucose and lipid metabolism in horses. In our study, five Thoroughbred race horses (3 male and 2 female, avg age=5 yrs old) were compared against five riding horses (1 male, 1 female, 3 gelding, avg age=13 yrs old) in terms of energy metabolism, by examining plasma malate (MDH) and lactate (LDH) dehydrogenase activities and M/L ratio. MDH is involved in NADH and ATP generation, whereas LDH can convert NADH back into NAD(+) for ATP generation. An increase in plasma M/L ratio can reflect heightened energy metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle of horses adapted to continuous intensive exercise. Moreover, plasma lipid metabolism analytes (adiponectin, NEFA, total cholesterol (T-Cho), and triglycerides (TG)) can reflect changes to lipolysis rate, which can also indicate a change in energy metabolism. Overall, race horses demonstrated increased MDH and LDH activity in plasma (4x and 2x greater, respectively), in addition to a plasma M/L ratio twice as high as that of riding horses (2.0 vs 1.0). In addition, race horses also demonstrated significantly higher levels of plasma NEFA (50% greater), TG (2x greater), and T-Cho (20% greater) as compared to riding horses. Therefore, race horse muscles may have adapted to prolonged high intensity endurance exercise by gaining a higher oxidative capacity and an increased capacity for fat utilization as an energy source, resulting in heightened energy metabolism and increased rate of lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Plasma protein changes in horse after prolonged physical exercise: A proteomic study. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4494-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lemieux H, Warren BE. An animal model to study human muscular diseases involving mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:503-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Votion DM, Gnaiger E, Lemieux H, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. Physical fitness and mitochondrial respiratory capacity in horse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34890. [PMID: 22529950 PMCID: PMC3329552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the animal kingdom, horses are among the most powerful aerobic athletic mammals. Determination of muscle respiratory capacity and control improves our knowledge of mitochondrial physiology in horses and high aerobic performance in general. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied high-resolution respirometry and multiple substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration protocols to study mitochondrial physiology in small (1.0-2.5 mg) permeabilized muscle fibres sampled from triceps brachii of healthy horses. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity (pmol O(2) • s(-1) • mg(-1) wet weight) with combined Complex I and II (CI+II) substrate supply (malate+glutamate+succinate) increased from 77 ± 18 in overweight horses to 103 ± 18, 122 ± 15, and 129 ± 12 in untrained, trained and competitive horses (N = 3, 8, 16, and 5, respectively). Similar to human muscle mitochondria, equine OXPHOS capacity was limited by the phosphorylation system to 0.85 ± 0.10 (N = 32) of electron transfer capacity, independent of fitness level. In 15 trained horses, OXPHOS capacity increased from 119 ± 12 to 134 ± 37 when pyruvate was included in the CI+II substrate cocktail. Relative to this maximum OXPHOS capacity, Complex I (CI)-linked OXPHOS capacities were only 50% with glutamate+malate, 64% with pyruvate+malate, and 68% with pyruvate+malate+glutamate, and ~78% with CII-linked succinate+rotenone. OXPHOS capacity with glutamate+malate increased with fitness relative to CI+II-supported ETS capacity from a flux control ratio of 0.38 to 0.40, 0.41 and 0.46 in overweight to competitive horses, whereas the CII/CI+II substrate control ratio remained constant at 0.70. Therefore, the apparent deficit of the CI- over CII-linked pathway capacity was reduced with physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The scope of mitochondrial density-dependent OXPHOS capacity and the density-independent (qualitative) increase of CI-linked respiratory capacity with increased fitness open up new perspectives of integrative and comparative mitochondrial respiratory physiology.
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck TJ, Votion DM, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Assessment of reactive oxygen species production in cultured equine skeletal myoblasts in response to conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation with or without exposure to peroxidases. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:426-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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