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Munday JS, Knight CG, Bodaan CJ, Codaccioni C, Hardcastle MR. Equus caballus papillomavirus Type 7 is a rare cause of equine penile squamous cell carcinomas. Vet J 2024; 306:106155. [PMID: 38838769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common, potentially life-threatening neoplasms of horses. They are well-recognized to be caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV) type 2, although EcPV2 cannot be detected in all cases. A 23-year-old standardbred gelding developed multiple penile in situ and invasive SCCs that contained histological evidence of PV infection. By using both consensus and specific PCR primers, these lesions were found to contain EcPV7 DNA, but not DNA from EcPV2 or any other PV type. To determine how frequently EcPV7 is present in equine penile SCCs, specific primers were used to detect EcPV2 and EcPV7 in a series of 20 archived samples. EcPV7 was the only PV detected in one, both EcPV2 and 7 were detected in five, and only EcPV2 was detected in 14 SCCs. EcPV7 DNA was also detected in three of 10 archived oropharyngeal SCCs, although only as a co- infection with EcPV2. This is the first report of EcPV7 causing disease in horses. These results suggest EcPV7 could cause a subset of equine penile SCCs, and this is the first evidence that PV types other than EcPV2 can cause these neoplasms. The detection of EcPV7 in the oropharyngeal SCCs suggests a potential role of this PV type in the development of these SCCs. There were no clinical or histological features that differentiated lesions containing EcPV7 DNA from those containing EcPV2 DNA. If EcPV7 causes a proportion of equine penile SCCs, vaccines to prevent EcPV2 infection may not prevent all equine penile SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Camille Codaccioni
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Uchida-Fujii E, Kato Y, Ueno T, Numasawa Y, Yusa S, Haga T. Histopathological and Virological Findings of a Penile Papilloma in a Japanese Stallion with Equus Caballus Papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2). Pathogens 2024; 13:597. [PMID: 39057823 PMCID: PMC11279536 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) is known to cause genital neoplasms in horses. However, reports on EcPV2 in Japan and Asia are limited. Herein, we present the histopathological and virological findings of the first reported case of an EcPV2-associated penile mass in Japan. The patient was a 22-year-old stallion with a history of breeding in Japan and abroad. Histopathological examination contained RNA in situ hybridization targeting the E6/E7 region and an immunohistochemical approach, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted within the viral examination. Proliferating epidermal cells were observed, and EcPV2 E6/E7 mRNA was detected within the epidermis, which was interpreted as viral papilloma. The detected EcPV2 virus was genetically close to foreign strains and different from the strain previously reported from a Japanese mare. This suggests that various types of EcPV2 might already exist among horses in Japan. Although the mass reported herein was not malignant based on histopathological findings and the absence of recurrence, its presence on the penis would be an obstacle to breeding. These results provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis and diversity of EcPV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (E.U.-F.)
| | - Yusei Kato
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (E.U.-F.)
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke 329-0412, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Numasawa
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (E.U.-F.)
| | - Shigeki Yusa
- The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders’ Association Shizunai Stallion Station, 517 Shizunaitahara, Shinhidaka-cho 056-0144, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (E.U.-F.)
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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De Paolis L, Armando F, Montemurro V, Petrizzi L, Straticò P, Mecocci S, Guarnieri C, Pezzolato M, Fruscione F, Passeri B, Marruchella G, Razzuoli E. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an EcPV2-positive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma of a mare. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:768-775. [PMID: 37395141 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) has been recently associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection. Still, few reports concerning this disease are present in the literature. OBJECTIVE To describe a case of naturally occurring EcPV2-induced VSCC, by investigating tumour ability in undergoing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). STUDY DESIGN Case report. METHODS A 13-year-old Haflinger mare was referred for a rapidly growing vulvar mass. After surgical excision, the mass was submitted to histopathology and molecular analysis. Histopathological diagnosis was consistent with a VSCC. Real-time qPCR, real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-qPCR and RNAscope were carried out to detect EcPV2 infection and to evaluate E6/E7 oncogenes expression. To highlight the EMT, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed. Expression of EMT-related and innate immunity-related genes was investigated through RT-qPCR. RESULTS Real-time qPCR, RT-qPCR and RNAscope confirmed EcPV2 DNA presence and expression of EcPV2 oncoproteins (E6 and E7) within the neoplastic vulvar lesion. IHC highlighted a cadherin switch together with the expression of the EMT-related transcription factor HIF1α. With RT-qPCR, significantly increased gene expression of EBI3 (45.0 ± 1.62, p < 0.01), CDH2 (2445.3 ± 0.39, p < 0.001), CXCL8 (288.7 ± 0.40, p < 0.001) and decreased gene expression of CDH1 (0.3 ± 0.57, p < 0.05), IL12A (0.04 ± 1.06, p < 0.01) and IL17 (0.2 ± 0.64, p < 0.05) were detected. MAIN LIMITATIONS Lack of ability to generalise and danger of over-interpretation. CONCLUSION The results obtained were suggestive of an EMT event occurring within the neoplastic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia De Paolis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vittoria Montemurro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Histopathology and Applied Technology Laboratory, Torino, Italy
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Straticò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Histopathology and Applied Technology Laboratory, Torino, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Genova, Italy
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Armando F, Porcellato I, de Paolis L, Mecocci S, Passeri B, Ciurkiewicz M, Mechelli L, Grazia De Ciucis C, Pezzolato M, Fruscione F, Brachelente C, Montemurro V, Cappelli K, Puff C, Baumgärtner W, Ghelardi A, Razzuoli E. Vulvo-vaginal epithelial tumors in mares: A preliminary investigation on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor-immune microenvironment. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:366-381. [PMID: 37909398 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Vulvo-vaginal epithelial tumors are uncommon in mares, and data on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) are still lacking. This is a study investigating the equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection state as well as the EMT process and the tumor microenvironment in vulvo-vaginal preneoplastic/ benign (8/22) or malignant (14/22) epithelial lesions in mares. To do this, histopathological, immunohistochemical, transcriptomic, in situ hybridization, and correlation analyses were carried out. Immunohistochemistry quantification showed that cytoplasmic E-cadherin and β-catenin expression as well as nuclear β-catenin expression were features of malignant lesions, while benign/preneoplastic lesions were mainly characterized by membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression. Despite this, there were no differences between benign and malignant equine vulvo-vaginal lesions in the expression of downstream genes involved in the canonical and noncanonical wnt/β-catenin pathways. In addition, malignant lesions were characterized by a lower number of cells with cytoplasmic cytokeratin expression as well as a slightly higher cytoplasmic vimentin immunolabeling. The TIME of malignant lesions was characterized by more numerous CD204+ M2-polarized macrophages. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that some actors in TIME such as CD204+ M2-polarized macrophages may favor the EMT process in equine vulvo-vaginal malignant lesions providing new insights for future investigations in the field of equine EcPV2-induced genital neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia de Paolis
- University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Vittoria Montemurro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Christina Puff
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Genova, Italy
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Romero CH, Tuomi P, Burek-Huntington KA, Gill VA. Novel lambdapapillomavirus in northern sea otters Enhydra lutris kenyoni, associated with oral hyperplastic nodules. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:73-80. [PMID: 38421009 DOI: 10.3354/dao03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A novel papillomavirus (PV) associated with hyperplastic nodules scattered over the muco-cutaneous border of the oral cavity of a dead, wild, subadult northern sea otter Enhydra lutris kenyoni (NSO) in 2004 in Homer, Alaska, USA, was genetically characterized. Primers for the amplification of 2 large overlapping DNA fragments that contained the complete genome of the NSO PV were designed. Sanger methodology generated sequences from which new specific primers were designed for the primer-walking approach. The NSO PV genome consists of 8085 nucleotides and contains an early region composed of E6, E7, E1, and E2 open reading frames (ORFs), an E4 ORF (contained within E2) lacking an in-frame proximal ATG start codon, an unusually long (907 nucleotide) stretch lacking any ORFs, a late region that contains the capsid genes L2 and L1, and a non-coding regulatory region (ncRR). This NSO PV has been tentatively named Enhydra lutris kenyoni PV2 (ElkPV2). Pairwise and multiple sequence alignments of the complete L1 ORF nucleotides and concatenated E1-E2-L1 amino acid sequences showed that the NSO PV is a novel PV, phylogenetically most closely related to southern sea otter PV1. The carboxy end of the E6 oncoprotein does not contain the PDZ-binding motif with a strong correlation with oncogenicity, suggesting a low-risk PV, which is in agreement with histopathological findings. However, the ElkPV2 E7 oncoprotein does contain the retinoblastoma (pRb) binding domain LXCXE (LQCYE in ElkPV2), associated with oncogenicity in some high-risk PVs. Further studies on the prevalence and clinical significance of ElkPV2 infections in NSO are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Pam Tuomi
- Alaska Sealife Center, Veterinary Sciences, Seward, Alaska 99664, USA
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Tuomisto L, Virtanen J, Kegler K, Levanov L, Sukura A, Sironen T, Kareskoski M. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)-associated benign penile lesions and squamous cell carcinomas. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1342. [PMID: 38227707 PMCID: PMC10790322 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common genital, ocular and gastric tumour in horses. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) DNA has been detected in several studies in equine penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and precursor lesions providing evidence of a causal role of EcPV2 in equine genital SCCs. Recently, EcPV2 E6/E7 nucleic acids were also detected in equine gastric SCCs, but further studies are required to determine the role of EcPV2 infection in the pathogenesis of gastric SCC. EcPV2 nucleic acids have been rarely described in ocular SCCs and precursor lesions. OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of EcPV2 nucleic acids with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) in penile hyperplasias, papillomas and SCCs in horses and to determine whether EcPV2 nucleic acids can be detected in SCCs affecting other locations, including the stomach, ocular tissues and larynx. METHODS Twenty-one archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, including 12 genital lesions comprising penile hyperplasias, papillomas and SCCs, 6 ocular SCCs, 2 gastric SCCs and 1 laryngeal SCC, were screened by PCR and ISH for EcPV2 E6/E7 DNA and mRNA. Archival FFPE tissue samples (eyelid and penile mucosa and preputium) from six horses without a diagnosis or history of neoplastic or papillomavirus-associated disease were included as controls. RESULTS EcPV2 nucleic acids were detected by PCR and ISH in all genital lesions (12/12) and gastric SCCs (2/2), in two ocular SCCs (2/6) and in one laryngeal SCC (1/1). In control horses, one eyelid sample was positive in PCR but not in ISH. The remaining control samples were negative for EcPV2 E6/E7 nucleic acids in PCR and ISH. CONCLUSIONS These results further support the role of EcPV2 infection in the development of equine genital SCCs and suggest that EcPV2 infection may also act as a predisposing factor for other SCCs in horses, including gastric, ocular and laryngeal SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tuomisto
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jenni Virtanen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of VirologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lev Levanov
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of VirologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of VirologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maria Kareskoski
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Production Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Munday JS, Grant K, Orbell G, Vaatstra BL. Cutaneous plaques associated with a putative novel papillomavirus type in a horse. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:100-105. [PMID: 36484093 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2157347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 6-year-old Thoroughbred mare developed multiple flat plaques, < 1 cm in diameter, on the left front fetlock. These were treated topically using 5-fluorouracil and resolved after 4 weeks. However, additional similar plaques developed on the left front pastern 5 months later. These lesions resolved within 3 months without treatment. PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS One plaque that developed initially and one plaque that developed later were examined histologically. Both consisted of well-demarcated foci of moderate epidermal hyperplasia. Scattered throughout both plaques were cells showing evidence of papillomavirus-induced cell changes and the same papillomaviral DNA sequence was amplified from both lesions using PCR. As the novel sequence had 79.1% similarity to a partial sequence previously amplified from an equine cutaneous wart and 67.9% similarity to Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1, these results indicate detection of a putative novel papillomavirus type. DIAGNOSIS Multiple cutaneous plaques due to infection by a novel papillomavirus type. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unlike more typical equine cutaneous warts which generally appear as pedunculated and filiform masses, the lesions in this horse appeared as raised plaques. With the exception of aural plaques that are confined to the ears, localised clusters of papillomaviral plaques have not been previously described in horses. The lesions contained subtle histological evidence of papillomavirus infection and careful examination is required to differentiate these plaques from pre-neoplastic lesions. The plaques contained a putative novel papillomavirus type. These results increase the spectrum of papillomavirus-induced skin disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Grant
- South Wairarapa Veterinary Services, Carterton, New Zealand
| | - G Orbell
- Gribbles Veterinary Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B L Vaatstra
- Gribbles Veterinary Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hainisch EK, Jindra C, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Papillomavirus-like Particles in Equine Medicine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020345. [PMID: 36851559 PMCID: PMC9966523 DOI: 10.3390/v15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses that can induce benign lesions or cancer in vertebrates. The observation that animal PV capsid-proteins spontaneously self-assemble to empty, highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) has led to the establishment of vaccines that efficiently protect humans from specific PV infections and associated diseases. We provide an overview of PV-induced tumors in horses and other equids, discuss possible routes of PV transmission in equid species, and present recent developments aiming at introducing the PV VLP-based vaccine technology into equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Haematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Department of Dermatology, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Detection of Equine Papillomaviruses and Gamma-Herpesviruses in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020179. [PMID: 36839451 PMCID: PMC9958655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) seriously compromises the health and welfare of affected horses. Although robust evidence points to equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) causing genital lesions, the etiopathogenesis of equine SCC is still poorly understood. We screened a series of SCCs from the head-and-neck (HN), (peri-)ocular and genital region, and site-matched controls for the presence of EcPV2-5 and herpesvirus DNA using type-specific EcPV PCR, and consensus nested herpesvirus PCR followed by sequencing. EcPV2 DNA was detected in 45.5% of HN lesions, 8.3% of (peri-)ocular SCCs, and 100% of genital tumors, whilst control samples from tumor-free horses except one tested EcPV-negative. Two HNSCCs harbored EcPV5, and an ocular lesion EcPV4 DNA. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in 63.6%, 66.6%, 47.2%, and 14.2% of horses with HN, ocular, penile, and vulvar SCCs, respectively, and mainly identified as equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2), 5 (EHV5) or asinine herpesvirus 5 (AsHV5) DNA. In the tumor-free control group, 9.6% of oral secretions, 46.6% of ocular swabs, 47% of penile samples, and 14.2% of vaginal swabs scored positive for these herpesvirus types. This work further highlights the role of EcPV2 as an oncovirus and is the first to provide information on the prevalence of (gamma-)herpesviruses in equine SCCs.
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Lale D, Geyer A, Jindra C, Cavalleri JV, Ramsauer AS. Equine papillomavirus type 2‐associated, carcinomatous lesions of the penis and laryngopharynx of an elderly Icelandic horse gelding. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Lale
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine University Equine Hospital Vetmeduni Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Antonia Geyer
- Clinical Unit of Veterinary Pathology Vetmeduni Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery University Equine Hospital Vetmeduni Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine University Equine Hospital Vetmeduni Vienna Vienna Austria
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022; 288:105898. [PMID: 36152994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well recognized to cause pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases in humans. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the haired skin of dogs and cats, and the mucosa of horses. As the mechanisms by which PVs cause neoplasia are well studied in humans, it is valuable to compare the PV-induced neoplasms of humans with similar PV-associated neoplasms in the companion animal species. In the second part of this comparative review, the pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases thought to be caused by PVs in humans, dogs, cats, and horses are described. This includes PV-induced cutaneous plaques, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and mucosal SCCs within the four species. The review concludes with a discussion about the potential use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced diseases of dogs, cats, and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 1: Papillomavirus biology and hyperplastic lesions. Vet J 2022; 288:105897. [PMID: 36150643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) cause disease in humans, dogs, cats, and horses. While there are some differences, many aspects of the pathogenesis, presentation, and treatment of these diseases are similar between the four species. In this review, the PV-induced diseases of humans are compared to the similar diseases that develop in the companion animal species. By comparing with the human diseases, it is possible to make assumptions about some of the less common and less well-studied diseases in the veterinary species. In the first part of this review, the PV lifecycle is discussed along with the classification of PVs and the immune response to PV infection. The hyperplastic diseases caused by PVs are then discussed; including PV-induced cutaneous, anogenital, and oral warts within the four species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Safak T, Yilmaz O, Risvanli A, Akdeniz-Incili C. Hematological, serum biochemical results, and treatment approach of an Arabian mare with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva - case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A 20-year-old Arabian mare, was brought to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic with the complaint of an unknown wound in the genital area. Although the mare's general condition was good, examination of the genital area revealed a wide-open wound in the vulva and posterior vagina, characterized by fibrotic growth. The biopsy sample was sent to the pathology laboratory. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made after histopathological examination. Blood samples for serum biochemistry and hematological tests were collected from the jugular vein. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are generally used to diagnose diseases in animals and humans. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are important with genital SCC. Therefore, the findings of these values are given in this case report.
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Detection of Equus caballus papillomavirus-2 in equine penile/preputial papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1707-1713. [PMID: 35570259 PMCID: PMC9433495 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For approximately one decade, a novel papillomavirus termed Equus caballus papillomavirus-2 (EcPV-2) has been associated with equine penile/preputial papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). It is currently believed that the virus has a carcinogenic activity, being able to induce such neoplastic lesions. After being first described, EcPV-2 has been detected in many countries from North America, Europe, and Asia; however, to date, it has not been reported in Brazil. The aim of this research was to investigate the presence of EcPV-2 in penile/preputial papillomas and SCCs of Brazilian horses. Forty samples diagnosed as equine penile and/or preputial papillomas, carcinomas in situ (CIS), or SCCs in two veterinary anatomic pathology services from southern Brazil were investigated. Histologic evaluation and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a BPV-1 antibody were performed. Posteriorly, the samples were submitted to polymerase chain reaction using two broad-spectrum (MY09/11 and FAP) and one EcPV-2-specific primer sets. Positive samples were sequenced. PV antigen expression was detected in one papilloma, one CIS, and two SCCs by IHC. Five SCCs, one papilloma, and one CIS were PV-positive on PCR. Sequencing of the seven PCR products revealed homology with EcPV-2. This study confirms the occurrence of EcPV-2 infection in Brazilian horses. Moreover, the results presented here provide useful information concerning the phylogeny from the viruses detected in our samples. We hope to encourage further studies on this novel agent, contributing to its characterization, and, possibly, to the eventual development of preventive measurements, including a possible vaccine.
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15
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Strohmayer C, Klang A, Kummer S, Walter I, Jindra C, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Redmer T, Kneissl S, Brandt S. Tumor Cell Plasticity in Equine Papillomavirus-Positive Versus-Negative Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020266. [PMID: 35215208 PMCID: PMC8875230 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor in humans and animals. In humans, papillomavirus (PV)-induced HNSCCs have a better prognosis than papillomavirus-unrelated HNSCCs. The ability of tumor cells to switch from epithelial to mesenchymal, endothelial, or therapy-resistant stem-cell-like phenotypes promotes disease progression and metastasis. In equine HNSCC, PV-association and tumor cell phenotype switching are poorly understood. We screened 49 equine HNSCCs for equine PV (EcPV) type 2, 3 and 5 infection. Subsequently, PV-positive versus -negative lesions were analyzed for expression of selected epithelial (keratins, β-catenin), mesenchymal (vimentin), endothelial (COX-2), and stem-cell markers (CD271, CD44) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF; keratins/vimentin, CD44/CD271 double-staining) to address tumor cell plasticity in relation to PV infection. Only EcPV2 PCR scored positive for 11/49 equine HNSCCs. IHC and IF from 11 EcPV2-positive and 11 EcPV2-negative tumors revealed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition events, with vimentin-positive cells ranging between <10 and >50%. CD44- and CD271-staining disclosed the intralesional presence of infiltrative tumor cell fronts and double-positive tumor cell subsets independently of the PV infection status. Our findings are indicative of (partial) epithelial–mesenchymal transition events giving rise to hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal and stem-cell-like tumor cell phenotypes in equine HNSCCs and suggest CD44 and CD271 as potential malignancy markers that merit to be further explored in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strohmayer
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
- Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Torben Redmer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-5077-5308
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16
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Halck ML. Preputial papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Investigation of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Process in Equine Papillomavirus-2 (EcPV-2)-Positive Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910588. [PMID: 34638929 PMCID: PMC8508821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma (epSCC) is the most frequent tumor of the external male genitalia, representing 67.5% of equine genital cancers. epSCC is associated with papilloma virus (PV) infection and has been recently proposed as a model for human PV-induced squamous cell carcinomas. It has already been suggested that epSCC might undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This work aims to investigate in detail this process and the possible role of PV oncoproteins in epSCC. For this purpose, 18 penile SCCs were retrospectively selected and tested for both EcPV2 presence and oncoproteins (EcPV2 E6 and EcPV2 E7) expression. Moreover, immunohistochemical EMT characterization was carried out by analyzing the main epithelial markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin, and pan-cytokeratin AE3/AE1), the main mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin), and the main EMT-related transcription factors (TWIST-1, ZEB-1). PCR analysis was positive for EcPV2 in 16 out of 18 samples. EMT was investigated in epSCC positive for EcPV2. The immunohistochemistry results suggested the presence of EMT processes in the neoplastic cells at the tumor invasive front. Moreover, the significant upregulation of RANKL, together with BCATN1, LEF1, and FOSL1 genes, might suggest a canonical Wnt pathway activation, similarly to what is reported in human penile squamous cell carcinomas
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18
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Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 infection in a Japanese mare. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200226. [PMID: 34543774 PMCID: PMC8496317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection has been associated with genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in horses. However, very few reports on EcPV2-associated disease in Asia exist. Our study characterizes pathological and virological features of an EcPV2-associated vulvar SCC from a Japanese mare. Conventional PCR, in situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence and distribution of EcPV2 within the lesion and suggested that p53 degradation may not be the mechanism by which this virus induces neoplastic transformation. The complete viral sequence in this Japanese case shows near perfect sequence homology with European reference strains of EcPV2, which may be useful when considering the target for future EcPV2 vaccine development. This report also serves to highlight the importance of EcPV2 in female (vulvar) neoplasia, which is less commonly recognized than EcPV2-induced male (penile or preputial) neoplasia. Finally, the SCC described in this mare was an unusual acantholytic variant that has not been reported previously in horses. It is the first report of EcPV2 identified from genital SCC in Asia and underscores the likely worldwide distribution of this virus and its consistent association with equine genital neoplasia. This is the first report of Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2)-associated genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Asia. This report features EcPV2 in vulvar neoplasia, which is less commonly recognized than EcPV2-induced penile neoplasia. Histopathologically, the SCC described in this mare was an unusual acantholytic variant that has not been reported previously.
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19
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Ramsauer AS, Wachoski-Dark GL, Fraefel C, Ackermann M, Brandt S, Grest P, Knight CG, Favrot C, Tobler K. Establishment of a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Equine Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071404. [PMID: 34372610 PMCID: PMC8310375 DOI: 10.3390/v13071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is etiologically associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and precursor lesions in equids. However, the precise mechanisms underlying neoplastic progression remain unknown. To allow the study of EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis, we aimed to establish a primary equine cell culture model of EcPV2 infection. Three-dimensional (3D) raft cultures were generated from equine penile perilesional skin, plaques and SCCs. Using histological, molecular biological and immunohistochemical methods, rafts versus corresponding natural tissue sections were compared with regard to morphology, presence of EcPV2 DNA, presence and location of EcPV2 gene transcripts and expression of epithelial, mesenchymal and tumor/proliferation markers. Raft cultures from perilesional skin harboring only a few EcPV2-positive (EcPV2+) cells accurately recapitulated the differentiation process of normal skin, whilst rafts from EcPV2+ penile plaques were structurally organized but showed early hyperplasia. Rafts from EcPV2+ SCCs exhibited pronounced hyperplasia and marked dysplasia. Raft levels of EcPV2 oncogene transcription (E6/E7) and expression of tumor/proliferation markers p53, Ki67 and MCM7 expression positively correlated with neoplastic progression, again reflecting the natural situation. Three-dimensional raft cultures accurately reflected major features of corresponding ex vivo material, thus constituting a valuable new research model to study EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.F.); (M.A.); (K.T.)
- Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-6646-0257-5564
| | - Garrett Louis Wachoski-Dark
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (G.L.W.-D.); (C.G.K.)
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.F.); (M.A.); (K.T.)
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.F.); (M.A.); (K.T.)
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Paula Grest
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Cameron Greig Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (G.L.W.-D.); (C.G.K.)
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.F.); (M.A.); (K.T.)
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Haga T. Anogenital-Associated Papillomaviruses in Animals: Focusing on Bos taurus Papillomaviruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E993. [PMID: 33260814 PMCID: PMC7760238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the diverse studies on human papillomaviruses (HPVs), information on animal PVs associated with anogenital lesions is limited. In the animal kingdom, papillomas occur more commonly in cattle than in any other animals, and diverse types of Bos taurus papillomaviruses (BPVs) exist, including the very recently discovered BPV type 29 (BPV29). From this perspective, we will review previous studies describing PV types associated with anogenitals in animals, with a focus on BPVs. To date, two classical BPV types, classified into Deltapapillomavirus (BPV1 and BPV2) and Dyokappapapillomavirus (BPV22), and two novel Xipapillomaviruses (BPV28 and BPV29) have been identified from anogenital lesions and tissues of the domestic cow. Due to the limited reports describing anogenital-associated PVs in animals, the relationships between their phylogenetic and pathogenetic properties are still undiscovered. Animal studies are valuable not only for the veterinary field but also for human medicine, as animal diseases have been shown to mimic human diseases. Studies of anogenital-associated PVs in animals have a positive impact on various research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
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21
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Detection of a Putative Novel Papillomavirus Type within a Large Exophytic Papilloma on the Fetlock of a Horse. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100816. [PMID: 33027924 PMCID: PMC7599537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old horse presented with two 3-cm diameter exophytic masses over the fetlock. Histology was consistent with a hyperplastic squamous papilloma and numerous cell changes consistent with papillomavirus (PV) infection were visible. Partial sequences of PV L1 and E1 ORFs were amplified using consensus PCR primers. The sequences were most similar to Equus caballus type 1 (EcPV1). However, as the sequences were only around 73% similar to EcPV1, they appear to be from a novel PV type that is likely to be within the Zetapapillomavirus genus. The papillomas were treated with topical imiquimod and resolved within 14 weeks. The clinical presentation of the papillomas in the present case had marked differences to the clinical presentation of EcPV-1-induced papillomas, which are typically small, numerous and around the face. Observations from the present case increase the clinical spectrum of PV-induced lesions in this species as well as providing evidence of an additional novel papillomavirus that is able to cause disease in horses.
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22
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Ito S, Ishiyama D, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kasuya F, Haga T. Characterization of Bovine papillomavirus 28 (BPV28) and a novel genotype BPV29 associated with vulval papillomas in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108879. [PMID: 33035817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections are associated with the development of cutaneous and mucosal tumors in humans and various animal species. In humans, infection of high-risk human PVs (HPVs) causes anogenital cancers, while in animals, anogenital-associated PVs are not well understood. Among animal PVs, Bos taurus PVs (BPVs) have the most diverse genotypes, up to 28 of them. The present study will report two unique BPVs identified in vulval papilloma lesions from two Holstein Friesian cattle by conventional PCR and sequencing. In the first case, BPV28 harboring two L1 open reading frames (ORFs) due to a five-nucleotide deletion was identified. In the second case, histologically diagnosed as papilloma, an unclassified BPV genotype was detected. However, in both cases, the immunohistochemistry against PV antigen was negative. The full genome of the unclassified BPV was amplified by inverse PCR and analyzed by genome-walking sequencing. The L1 nucleotide sequence was most identical to BPV genotype 6 (BPV6), showing 78 % identity, indicating that this novel BPV should be classified as species Xipapillomavirus 1, genotype BPV29. The mRNA expression of three early genes (E1, E2, E10), but not L1, was confirmed in both BPV28- and BPV29-detected papilloma lesions. The present study suggests the involvement of novel types of BPV in vulval papilloma. The alteration of BPV28 pathogenicity due to the frameshift mutation of L1 needs to be elucidated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma Ito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Yachiyo Branch Office, Western Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kasuya
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Greenwood S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Epp T, Knight C, Wachoski-Dark G, MacDonald-Dickinson V, Wobeser B. Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Western Canadian Horses. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:623-631. [PMID: 32812522 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820941266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type-2 (EcPV-2) has been proposed as a causal factor in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study had 2 objectives: first, calculate the frequency of papillomavirus (PV) and EcPV-2 infection in papillomas, carcinomas in situ (CIS), and SCCs in Western Canadian horses; and second, determine if EcPV-2 status of equine SCCs is associated with overall survival (OS). EcPV-2 status of 115 archived tissue samples, spanning 6 years, was determined using broad spectrum (MY09/11) and EcPV-2-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, EcPV-2-E6/E7 chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization (R-ISH), and amplicon sequencing. A retrospective survey gathered data on history, outcome, breeding, treatment, and rationales of referring veterinarians when managing PV-associated diseases. Histologic grade and completeness of surgical margins of SCCs were also considered. EcPV-2 DNA was identified in 10/58 (17%) SCC, 8/27 (30%) papillomas, 0/5 CIS, and 0/11 lesions identified as "other." Overall, 18/101 (18%) of these lesions were positive for EcPV-2. EcPV-2 was identified in 10/35 (29%) SCCs arising from genital tissues but in 0/22 SCCs from other locations. There was no association between breeding history and EcPV-2 status of genital SCCs. EcPV-2 status of genital SCCs was not associated with OS (P = .76). The strongest negative predictors of OS were a lack of treatment (P < .01) and recurrence post-treatment (P < .01). Weaker predictors of OS included older age at time of diagnosis (P = .02). Completeness of margins at surgical excision, concurrent disease, treatment type, anatomic location of the SCC (anogenital vs other), and histologic grade of the SCC did not influence OS (P > .1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Tasha Epp
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Wobeser
- 70399University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Greenwood S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Ramsauer S, Wachoski-Dark G, Knight C, Wobeser B. Prevalence of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type-2 Infection and Seropositivity in Asymptomatic Western Canadian Horses. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:632-641. [PMID: 32812517 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820941270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) has been recognized as a potential cause of a subset of genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in horses. In the current study, we measured EcPV-2 seropositivity in 50 healthy horses from Western Canada, and these were compared to a herd of horses with known EcPV-2 exposure. Second, the presence of EcPV-2 DNA was measured using EcPV-2-specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction), performed on a variety of tissues collected at necropsy from 70 horses that lacked any history, gross, or histologic evidence of neoplasia or papillomavirus-associated disease. EcPV-2-specific RNA in situ hybridization (R-ISH) was performed on PCR-positive samples to identify the specific tissues infected. The prevalence of asymptomatic infection with EcPV-2 in Western Canadian horses was 20/70 (29%). Exposure to EcPV-2 as measured by seropositivity was 18/50 (36%). EcPV-2 positivity by anatomic location, as measured by R-ISH, was as follows: penis 10/29 (35%), vulva 5/34 (15%), eyelid 8/68 (12%), oral mucosa 7/65 (11%), skin from muzzle 7/68 (10%), and retropharyngeal lymph node 2/64 (3%). The youngest horses with EcPV-2 infection, based on PCR, were fetuses, suggesting for the first time that vertical transmission of EcPV-2 occurs in horses. The current study observed an increased prevalence of EcPV-2 as compared to previous studies. We suggest that this difference is due to our use of biopsies in place of superficial swabs. We propose that EcPV-2 infection in asymptomatic horses is more common than previously reported and that the virus' role in equine genital SCCs may be more complex than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce Wobeser
- 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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25
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Ramsauer AS, Wachoski-Dark GL, Fraefel C, Tobler K, Brandt S, Knight CG, Favrot C, Grest P. Paving the way for more precise diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:356. [PMID: 31640696 PMCID: PMC6805557 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is causally associated with the development of equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Early stages of disease present clinically as plaques or wart-like lesions which can gradually progress to tumoural lesions. Histologically these lesions are inconsistently described as benign hyperplasia, papilloma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), carcinoma in situ (CIS) or SCC. Guidelines for histological classification of early SCC precursor lesions are not precisely defined, leading to potential misdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify histologic criteria and diagnostic markers allowing for a more accurate diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions. Results A total of 61 archived equine penile lesions were histologically re-assessed and classified as benign hyperplasia, papilloma, CIS or SCC. From these, 19 representative lesions and adjacent normal skin were comparatively analysed for the presence of EcPV2 DNA and transcripts using PCR and RNA in situ hybridisation (RISH). All lesional samples were positive by EcPV2 PCR and RISH, while adjacent normal skin was negative. RISH analysis yielded signal distribution patterns that allowed distinction of early (hyperplasia, papilloma) from late stage lesions (CIS, SCC). Subsequently, the 19 lesions were further assessed for expression of p53, Ki67, MCM7 and MMP1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All four proteins were expressed in both normal and lesional tissue. However, p53 expression was up-regulated in basal keratinocyte layers of papillomas, CIS and SCCs, as well as in upper keratinocyte layers of CIS and SCCs. MCM7 expression was only up-regulated in upper proliferating keratinocyte layers of papillomas, CIS and SCCs. Conclusion This study proposes combining a refined histological protocol for analysis of equine penile lesions with PCR- and/or RISH based EcPV2-screening and p53/MCM7 IHC to more accurately determine the type of lesion. This may help to guide the choice of optimum treatment strategy, especially at early stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Garrett Louis Wachoski-Dark
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cameron Greig Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paula Grest
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Li CX, Chang WS, Mitsakos K, Rodger J, Holmes EC, Hudson BJ. Identification of a Novel Equine Papillomavirus in Semen from a Thoroughbred Stallion with a Penile Lesion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080713. [PMID: 31382657 PMCID: PMC6723834 DOI: 10.3390/v11080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) have been identified in a wide range of animal species and are associated with a variety of disease syndromes including classical papillomatosis, aural plaques, and genital papillomas. In horses, 13 PVs have been described to date, falling into six genera. Using total RNA sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) we identified a novel equine papillomavirus in semen taken from a thoroughbred stallion suffering a genital lesion, which was confirmed by nested RT-PCR. We designate this novel virus Equus caballus papillomavirus 9 (EcPV9). The complete 7656 bp genome of EcPV9 exhibited similar characteristics to those of other horse papillomaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated E1-E2-L2-L1 amino acid sequences revealed that EcPV9 clustered with EcPV2, EcPV4, and EcPV5, although was distinct enough to represent a new viral species within the genus Dyoiotapapillomavirus (69.35%, 59.25%, and 58.00% nucleotide similarity to EcPV2, EcPV4, and EcPV5, respectively). In sum, we demonstrate the presence of a novel equine papillomavirus for which more detailed studies of disease association are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci-Xiu Li
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wei-Shan Chang
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katerina Mitsakos
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - James Rodger
- Vets & Veterinary Surgeons, Jerry Plains Veterinary Hospital, 10 Pagan Street, Jerry Plains, NSW 2330, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bernard J Hudson
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Reserve Road, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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27
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Hibi H, Hatama S, Obata A, Shibahara T, Kadota K. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1029-1033. [PMID: 31167980 PMCID: PMC6656819 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and squamous papilloma in a 19-year-old Thoroughbred stallion is described. The animal exhibited severe wheezing caused by
laryngopharyngeal stenosis. Histological examination identified laryngeal, laryngotracheal, and guttural pouch tumor masses consisting of areas of SCC. In the epiglottic lesion, the
overlying epithelium was replaced by papilloma cells, and superficial cells frequently had nuclear inclusion bodies that expressed oncoprotein E6, which is characteristic of high risk human
papillomaviruses. The papillomatous epithelium was continuous with epithelium composed of SCC cells. Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) DNA was detected in the guttural
pouch tumor. These findings suggest that laryngeal SCC and papilloma are a continuum of EcPV2-induced neoplastic lesions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hibi
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Obata
- Shiga Prefectural Livestock Technology Promotion Center, 695 Yamamoto, Hino, Gamo, Shiga 529-1651, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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28
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Willemsen A, Bravo IG. Origin and evolution of papillomavirus (onco)genes and genomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180303. [PMID: 30955499 PMCID: PMC6501903 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are ancient viruses infecting vertebrates, from fishes to mammals. Although the genomes of PVs are small and show conserved synteny, PVs display large genotypic diversity and ample variation in the phenotypic presentation of the infection. Most PV genomes contain two small early genes E6 and E7. In a bunch of closely related human papillomaviruses (HPVs), the E6 and E7 proteins provide the viruses with oncogenic potential. The recent discoveries of PVs without E6 and E7 in different fish species place a new root on the PV tree, and suggest that ancestral PVs consisted of the minimal PV backbone E1-E2-L2-L1. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses date the most recent common ancestor of the PV backbone to 424 million years ago (Ma). Common ancestry tests on extant E6 and E7 genes indicate that they share a common ancestor dating back to at least 184 Ma. In AlphaPVs infecting Old World monkeys and apes, the appearance of the E5 oncogene 53-58 Ma concurred with (i) a significant increase in substitution rate, (ii) a basal radiation and (iii) key gain of functions in E6 and E7. This series of events was instrumental to construct the extant phenotype of oncogenic HPVs. Our results assemble the current knowledge on PV diversity and present an ancient evolutionary timeline punctuated by evolutionary innovations in the history of this successful viral family. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Willemsen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory MIVEGEC (CNRS IRD Uni Montpellier), 34090 Montpellier, France
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29
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Ramsauer AS, Kubacki J, Favrot C, Ackermann M, Fraefel C, Tobler K. RNA-seq analysis in equine papillomavirus type 2-positive carcinomas identifies affected pathways and potential cancer markers as well as viral gene expression and splicing events. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:985-998. [PMID: 31084699 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) was discovered only recently, but it is found consistently in the context of genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Since neither cell cultures nor animal models exist, the characterization of this potential disease agent relies on the analysis of patient materials. To analyse the host and viral transcriptome in EcPV2-affected horses, genital tissue samples were collected from horses with EcPV2-positive lesions as well as from healthy EcPV2-negative horses. It was determined by RNA-seq analysis that there were 1957 differentially expressed (DE) host genes between the SCC and control samples. These genes were most abundantly related to DNA replication, cell cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. By comparison to other cancer studies, MMP1 and IL8 appeared to be potential marker genes for the development of SCCs. Analysis of the viral reads revealed the transcriptional activity of EcPV2 in all SCC samples. While few reads mapped to the structural viral genes, the majority of reads mapped to the non-structural early (E) genes, in particular to E6, E7 and E2/E4. Within these reads a distinct pattern of splicing events, which are essential for the expression of different genes in PV infections, was observed. Additionally, in one sample the integration of EcPV2 DNA into the host genome was detected by DNA-seq and confirmed by PCR. In conclusion, while host MMP1 and IL8 expression and the presence of EcPV2 may be useful markers in genital SCCs, further research on EcPV2-related pathomechanisms may focus on cell cycle-related genes, the viral genes E6, E7 and E2/E4, and integration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- 2 Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Tobler
- 1 Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Tore G, Dore GM, Cacciotto C, Accardi R, Anfossi AG, Bogliolo L, Pittau M, Pirino S, Cubeddu T, Tommasino M, Alberti A. Transforming properties of ovine papillomaviruses E6 and E7 oncogenes. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:14-22. [PMID: 30827380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest that cutaneous papillomaviruses (PVs) might be involved in skin carcinogenesis. However, only a few animal PVs have been investigated regard to their transformation properties. Here, we investigate and compare the oncogenic potential of 2 ovine Delta and Dyokappa PVs, isolated from ovine skin lesions, in vitro and ex vivo. We demonstrate that both OaPV4 (Delta) and OaPV3 (Dyokappa) E6 and E7 immortalize primary sheep keratinocytes and efficiently deregulate pRb pathway, although they seem unable to alter p53 activity. Moreover, OaPV3 and OaPV4-E6E7 expressing cells show different shape, doubling time, and clonogenic activities, providing evidence for a stronger transforming potential of OaPV3 respect to OaPV4. Also, similarly to high-risk mucosal and cutaneous PVs, the OaPV3-E7 protein, constantly expressed in sheep squamous cell carcinomas, binds pRb with higher affinity compared to the E7 encoded by OaPV4, a virus associated to fibropapilloma. Finally, we found that OaPV3 and OaPV4-E6E7 determine upregulation of the pro-proliferative proteins cyclin A and cdk1 in both human and ovine primary keratinocytes. Collectively, results provide evidence for implication of ovine PVs in cutaneous proliferative lesions and skin cancer progression, and indicate sheep as a possible animal model for the study of cutaneous lesions and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Tore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Antonio G Anfossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisa Bogliolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy.
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31
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Peters‐Kennedy J, Lange CE, Rine SL, Hackett RP. Equus caballus papillomavirus
8 (Ec
PV
8) associated with multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, and squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:470-474. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Peters‐Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. E. Lange
- Microbiology and Immunology Department Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Metabiota INC Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - S. L. Rine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. P. Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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32
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Lee SK, Lee JK, Lee I. Molecular Detection of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type 2 in Genital Swabs From Healthy Horses in the Republic of Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:97-100. [PMID: 30929791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) is implicated in genital neoplasms in horses, including equine penile papillomas, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This virus seldom regresses spontaneously and can result in the development of SCC, which may result in significant clinical damage and economic cost. However, the prevalence of this virus is unknown in clinically unaffected horses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of EcPV-2 DNA in genital swabs from healthy horses in the Republic of Korea and to investigate genetic variability within EcPV-2. A total of 797 genital swab samples obtained from Thoroughbred horses (35 stallions and 762 mares) were tested for the presence of the EcPV-2 gene E1 using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Positive results were confirmed by repeat PCR to detect the presence of E6 and amplicon sequencing. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 DNA was detected in 1% (8/762) of mare swabs but in none of stallion swabs (0/35). All EcPV-2-positive mares had been imported from the United States. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 E6 gene sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis and revealed three subdivisions related to the European strains, and three isolates were located on two separate branches. This study documents the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of EcPV-2 DNA in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Center, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inhyung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Łopuszyński W, Bulak K, Komsta R, Twardowski P, Kusy R. Thyroid Metastases From Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse—A Case Report and Literature Review. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Dong J, Zhu W, Yamashita N, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kuwano A, Haga T. Isolation of equine papillomavirus type 1 from racing horse in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1957-1959. [PMID: 28993549 PMCID: PMC5745171 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have been conducted worldwide for Equus caballus papillomavirus
(EcPV), limited information is available on the virus in Japan. We recently collected one
classical viral papillomatosis sample (E150904) from a racing horse in Japan.
Papillomavirus infection was confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and PCR
assays, and the sample was diagnosed as epithelial papilloma. Full-length genome of the
virus was cloned and sequenced. It was 7,613 bp in length and had the same genome
organization with reported EcPV-1. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis based on L1 gene
revealed that the infection was caused by a variant of EcPV-1. This is the first report of
EcPV infection in Japan, and would further contribute to the molecular epidemiological and
pathological studies for EcPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Dong
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Qinghai University and Tsinghua University Three Rivers Source Research Institute, Qinghai University, 25, Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Qinghai University and Tsinghua University Three Rivers Source Research Institute, Qinghai University, 25, Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Nanako Yamashita
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Kuwano
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.,Current address: Japan Farriery Association, JRA Shimbashi Bunkan Bldg., 4-5-4 Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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35
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Li WT, Chang CH, Jeng CR, Pang VF, Wang FI. A PENILE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH SYSTEMIC METASTASIS IN A THOROUGHBRED HORSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648517720015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old gelding Thoroughbred horse had been in poor physical condition with a prolapsed penis. On necropsy, numerous white nodules/plaques were found on the lungs, omentum, and multiple lymph nodes, as well as several ulcerations and cauliflower-like growths throughout the glans penis to the internal fold. Histologically, the white nodules/plaques were composed of similar neoplastic squamous cells, which were immunostained positive for cytokeratin (CK), CK 5/6, and P63. The cauliflower-like growths were diagnosed as squamous papilloma, inverted papilloma, and penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). It is speculated that the lung metastasis and peritoneal carcinomatosis in this case are derived from the PSCC. The lesion tissues from the penis and omentum were characterized negative, by polymerase chain reaction, for Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2). This finding suggests that the penile lesions may have been irrelevant to the EcPV2, further implying that multiple pathogeneses exist for the development of an equine PSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Li
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fun-In Wang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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36
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Sykora S, Brandt S. Papillomavirus infection and squamous cell carcinoma in horses. Vet J 2017; 223:48-54. [PMID: 28671071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common disease that seriously impairs the health and welfare of affected horses and other equids. In humans, almost all cervical carcinomas, a high percentage of anogenital SCCs and a subset of SCCs of the head and neck are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. Since hrHPV-induced human cancers and equine SCC have similar cytological and histopathological features, it has been hypothesised that equine SCCs could also be induced by papillomaviruses. This review provides an overview of the current evidence for an aetiological association between papillomavirus infections and equine SCCs and SCC precursor lesions. SCC of apparently papillomavirus-unrelated aetiology are also discussed, as are recent advances in equine SCC prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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37
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Sykora S, Jindra C, Hofer M, Steinborn R, Brandt S. Equine papillomavirus type 2: An equine equivalent to human papillomavirus 16? Vet J 2017; 225:3-8. [PMID: 28720295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In horses, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) commonly affect the external genitals. There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection promotes disease development. To assess the possible association of EcPV2 with equine SCCs of the head (HSCC), 15 HSCC DNA samples were screened by E6/E7, E2, and LCR PCR and amplicons were analysed for sequence variations. The physical form of EcPV2 in HSCC, genital lesions, and smegma from horses with SCC was then addressed using EcPV2 immunocapture PCR (IC/PCR) for detection of virion, and E6 vs. E2 qPCR to investigate possible integration events. Four of 15 HSCC tested positive for EcPV2 DNA and harboured known or novel genetic variants of E6, E7, E2 and the LCR. Eighteen of 35 sample extracts including 3/4 smegma samples scored positive by IC/PCR, suggesting that about 51% of tested extracts harboured virions. E6/E2 qPCR from tumour DNA revealed E2/E6 copies/cell ranging between <1 (E2; E6) and 797 (E2) or 1434 (E6). IC/PCR-positive smegma samples contained higher E2 and E6 copy numbers, ranging between 1490 and 4.95×105 (E2) or 2227 and 8.54×105 (E6) copies/cell. Together with IC/PCR results, this finding suggests that smegma can serve as a rich EcPV2 reservoir. HSCCs harboured significantly lower viral DNA amounts (<1-25 copies/cell) than most genital tumour and smegma DNA isolates. The majority of samples contained more E6 than E2 DNA, with E6:E2 ratios ranging between 0.88 and 4.12. Although not statistically significant (P>0.05), this finding suggests that EcPV2 can integrate into the equine host cell genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Hofer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Hainisch EK, Abel-Reichwald H, Shafti-Keramat S, Pratscher B, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Wetzig M, Jindra C, Tichy A, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine to prevent BPV1- or BPV2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of EcPV2 L1 VLPs in horse. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:230-241. [PMID: 28284277 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic and that BPV1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV2) are closely related serotypes. Here we evaluated the protective potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine against experimental BPV1 and BPV2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)/BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine. Fourteen healthy horses were immunized with BPV1 L1 VLPs (100 µg per injection) plus adjuvant on days 0 and 28, while seven remained unvaccinated. On day 42, all 21 horses were challenged intradermally at 10 sites of the neck with 107 BPV1 virions per injection. In analogy, 14 horses immunized twice with EcPV2 plus BPV1 L1 VLPs (50 µg each) and seven control animals were challenged with 107 BPV2 virions per injection. Immunization with BPV1 L1 VLPs alone induced a robust antibody response (day 42 median titre: 12 800), and BPV1-inoculated skin remained unchanged in 13/14 vaccinated horses. Immunization with the bivalent vaccine was safe, resulted in lower median day 42 antibody titres of 400 for BPV1 and 1600 for EcPV2 and conferred significant yet incomplete cross-protection from BPV2-induced tumour formation, with 11/14 horses developing small, short-lived papules. Control horses developed pseudo-sarcoids at all inoculation sites. The monovalent BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine proved highly effective in protecting horses from BPV1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation. Incomplete protection from BPV2-induced tumour development conferred by the bivalent vaccine is due to the poorer immune response by immune interference or lower cross-neutralization titres to heterologous BPV2 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Hainisch
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Abel-Reichwald
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Wetzig
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Scott VHL, Hughes K. Diagnosis of equine penile and preputial masses: A clinical and pathological perspective. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. H. L. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - K. Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; UK
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40
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Prophylactic Vaccination Against Papillomavirus-Induced Tumour Disease. Comp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47007-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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da Silva FRC, Cibulski SP, Daudt C, Weber MN, Guimarães LLB, Streck AF, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM, Canal CW. Novel Bovine Papillomavirus Type Discovered by Rolling-Circle Amplification Coupled with Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162345. [PMID: 27606703 PMCID: PMC5015974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, fifteen bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types have been identified and classified into four genera: Deltapapillomavirus, Epsilonpapillomavirus, Dyoxipapillomavirus, and Xipapillomavirus. Here, the complete genome sequence of a new BPV type (BPV 04AC14) recovered from a papillomatous lesion is reported. The genome is 7,282 bp in length and exhibits the classic genetic organization and motifs of the members of Papillomaviridae. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses revealed that BPV 04AC14 clusters with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus. The nucleotide sequence of the L1 capsid protein of the novel BPV is closely related to its counterpart, BPV3, with which it shares 79% similarity. These findings suggest that this virus is a new BPV type of the Xipapillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio R. C. da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - Samuel P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena L. B. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - André F. Streck
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Q. Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular – Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. Roehe
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia – Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia – Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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42
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0224. [PMID: 26056368 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary considerations suggest that oncogenic infections should be pervasive among animal species. Infection-associated cancers are well documented in humans and domestic animals, less commonly reported in undomesticated captive animals, and rarely documented in nature. In this paper, we review the literature associating infectious agents with cancer to evaluate the reasons for this pattern. Non-malignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life, but oncogenic progression to malignancy is often uncertain. Evidence from humans and domestic animals shows that non-malignant infectious neoplasms can develop into cancer, although generally with low frequency. Malignant neoplasms could be difficult to find in nature because of a low frequency of oncogenic transformation, short survival after malignancy and reduced survival prior to malignancy. Moreover, the evaluation of malignancy can be ambiguous in nature, because criteria for malignancy may be difficult to apply consistently across species. The information available in the literature therefore does not allow for a definitive assessment of the pervasiveness of infectious cancers in nature, but the presence of infectious neoplasias and knowledge about the progression of benign neoplasias to cancer is consistent with a widespread but largely undetected occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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43
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Schellenbacher C, Shafti-Keramat S, Huber B, Fink D, Brandt S, Kirnbauer R. Establishment of an in vitro equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) neutralization assay and a VLP-based vaccine for protection of equids against EcPV2-associated genital tumors. Virology 2015; 486:284-90. [PMID: 26519597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consistent and specific presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) DNA and mRNA in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (gSCC) is suggestive of an etiological role in tumor development. To further validate this concept, EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers were determined by an EcPV2 pseudovirion (PsV) neutralization assay. Furthermore, an EcPV2 L1 virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine was generated and its prophylactic efficacy evaluated in vivo. All 6/6 gSCC-affected, but only 3/20 tumor-free age-matched animals revealed EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers by PsV assay. Vaccination of NZW rabbits and BalbC mice with EcPV2 L1 VLP using Freund׳s or alum respectively as adjuvant induced high-titer neutralizing serum antibodies (1600-12,800). Passive transfer with rabbit EcPV2-VLP immune sera completely protected mice from experimental vaginal EcPV2 PsV infection. These findings support the impact of EcPV2 in equine gSCC development and recommend EcPV2 L1 VLP as prophylactic vaccine against EcPV2 infection and associated disease in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schellenbacher
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Huber
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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44
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Zhu KW, Affolter VK, Gaynor AM, Dela Cruz FN, Pesavento PA. Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma: In Situ Hybridization Identifies a Distinct Subset Containing Equus caballus Papillomavirus 2. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1067-72. [PMID: 25967135 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815583095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) has been proposed as an etiologic agent for genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common malignant tumor of the horse penis. EcPV2 is commonly detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on normal horse genitalia; therefore, unraveling the virus' role in oncogenic transformation requires other methods of detection. In this study, a highly sensitive multiple-probe chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was designed to recognize the E6/E7 oncogenes of EcPV2. ISH demonstrated abundant virus within 6 of 13 penile and preputial SCCs, whereas evidence of solar damage was found in 6 cases that were negative for EcPV2 by ISH. The ISH technique is valuable for studies of pathogenesis, since it demonstrates for the first time that the vast majority of neoplastic cells contain virus. Moreover, hybridization was present in all metastases examined, implying stability of E6/E7 expression in these clonal populations of neoplastic cells. This study contributes to the accumulating evidence for a causal role of EcPV2 in a subset of genital SCCs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A M Gaynor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F N Dela Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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45
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García-Pérez R, Ibáñez C, Godínez JM, Aréchiga N, Garin I, Pérez-Suárez G, de Paz O, Juste J, Echevarría JE, Bravo IG. Novel papillomaviruses in free-ranging Iberian bats: no virus-host co-evolution, no strict host specificity, and hints for recombination. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:94-104. [PMID: 24391150 PMCID: PMC3914694 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widespread pathogens. However, the extent of PV infections in bats remains largely unknown. This work represents the first comprehensive study of PVs in Iberian bats. We identified four novel PVs in the mucosa of free-ranging Eptesicus serotinus (EserPV1, EserPV2, and EserPV3) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (RferPV1) individuals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships within the viral family. We further assessed their prevalence in different populations of E. serotinus and its close relative E. isabellinus. Although it is frequent to read that PVs co-evolve with their host, that PVs are highly species-specific, and that PVs do not usually recombine, our results suggest otherwise. First, strict virus–host co-evolution is rejected by the existence of five, distantly related bat PV lineages and by the lack of congruence between bats and bat PVs phylogenies. Second, the ability of EserPV2 and EserPV3 to infect two different bat species (E. serotinus and E. isabellinus) argues against strict host specificity. Finally, the description of a second noncoding region in the RferPV1 genome reinforces the view of an increased susceptibility to recombination in the E2-L2 genomic region. These findings prompt the question of whether the prevailing paradigms regarding PVs evolution should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Pérez
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Fischer NM, Favrot C, Birkmann K, Jackson M, Schwarzwald CC, Müller M, Tobler K, Geisseler M, Lange CE. Serum antibodies and DNA indicate a high prevalence of equine papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) among horses in Switzerland. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:210-e54. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina. M. Fischer
- Dermatology Department; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Department; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katharina Birkmann
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michele Jackson
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Colin C. Schwarzwald
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marco Geisseler
- Dermatology Department; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christian E. Lange
- Dermatology Department; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Microbiology and Immunobiology Department; Harvard Medical School; 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston MA 02115 USA
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47
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van den Top JGB, Harkema L, Lange C, Ensink JM, van de Lest CHA, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR, Gröne A, Martens A. Expression of p53, Ki67, EcPV2- and EcPV3 DNA, and viral genes in relation to metastasis and outcome in equine penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:188-95. [PMID: 24898479 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a potentially lethal disease of which little is known regarding the relationship between tumour characteristics and prognosis. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between tumour differentiation grade (tumour subtype), presence of papillomaviruses, expression of viral genes (E2, E6, L1), nuclear proteins p53 and Ki67 and metastasis in equine penile and preputial SCC and to assess the relationship of tumour subtype, presence of papillomavirus type 2, p53 and Ki67 with survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study using archived material. METHODS Samples (n = 103) from 87 horses with penile and/or preputial intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), papilloma or SCC and corresponding case files were evaluated. Tumours were graded microscopically and p53 and Ki67 expression evaluated immunohistochemically. Equine papillomavirus (EcPV) types 2 and 3 DNA was detected by conventional PCR. Real-time PCR was used for quantification of E2, E6 and L1 mRNA. RESULTS Equine papillomavirus type 2 DNA was detected in 89.4% and EcPV3 in 1.5% of horses. No differences in quantitative expression of E2, E6 and L1 oncogenes between subtypes were found. Expression of p53 and occurrence of metastasis were positively correlated to a less differentiated subtype (r = 0.429, P<0.001 and r = 0.769, P = 0.001, respectively). Differences in survival between subtypes were significant (log Rank P<0.001); horses with less differentiated tumours were more likely to die of the disease (papilloma 8.3%; G1 26.1%; G2 26.3%; G3 63.3%). CONCLUSIONS In equine penile and preputial SCC, tumour grading is an important prognosticator for survival and a predictor for presence of metastases. Expression of p53 and Ki67 and presence or expression of EcPV2 and EcPV3 do not appear to be important prognosticators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G B van den Top
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Papillomaviruses in felids. Vet J 2014; 199:340-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Knight C. Correspondence. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Knight
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada T2N 4Z6
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50
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Newkirk KM, Hendrix DVH, Anis EA, Rohrbach BW, Ehrhart EJ, Lyons JA, Kania SA. Detection of papillomavirus in equine periocular and penile squamous cell carcinoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 26:131-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713511618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common tumor arising in the periocular and penile areas of horses. Both ultraviolet radiation and papillomaviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SCC in various species, including the horse. This retrospective study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect papillomavirus DNA in archival biopsy samples from equine periocular and penile SCC from 3 different geographic areas (northeast, southeast, and central United States). Forty-two periocular SCCs were tested; none contained papillomavirus DNA. Twenty-two penile SCCs were tested, and papillomavirus DNA was identified in 10 (43%) cases. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed homology with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV-2). No geographic distribution in the detection of papillomavirus was identified. Penile SCCs were significantly more likely to be papillomavirus positive than the periocular SCCs ( P < 0.001). The role of papillomavirus in the development of penile SCC requires further investigation. The differing pathogeneses of periocular and penile SCC suggest that the tumors may respond differently to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Newkirk
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Diane V. H. Hendrix
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Eman A. Anis
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Barton W. Rohrbach
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Eugene J. Ehrhart
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Jerry A. Lyons
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Newkirk, Anis, Rohrbach, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Hendrix), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Ehrhart)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA (Lyons)
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