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Tan DSY, Akelew Y, Snelson M, Nguyen J, O’Sullivan KM. Unravelling the Link between the Gut Microbiome and Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Potential New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4817. [PMID: 38732038 PMCID: PMC11084259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been associated with immune regulation and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune kidney diseases arise from a loss of tolerance to antigens, often with unclear triggers. In this review, we explore the role of the gut microbiome and how disease, diet, and therapy can alter the gut microbiota consortium. Perturbations in the gut microbiota may systemically induce the translocation of microbiota-derived inflammatory molecules such as liposaccharide (LPS) and other toxins by penetrating the gut epithelial barrier. Once in the blood stream, these pro-inflammatory mediators activate immune cells, which release pro-inflammatory molecules, many of which are antigens in autoimmune diseases. The ratio of gut bacteria Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes is associated with worse outcomes in multiple autoimmune kidney diseases including lupus nephritis, MPO-ANCA vasculitis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. Therapies that enhance SCFA-producing bacteria in the gut have powerful therapeutic potential. Dietary fiber is fermented by gut bacteria which in turn release SCFAs that protect the gut barrier, as well as modulating immune responses towards a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory state. Herein, we describe where the current field of research is and the strategies to harness the gut microbiome as potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shu Yee Tan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Matthew Snelson
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- The Alfred Centre, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kim Maree O’Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
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2
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Tong G, Qian H, Li D, Li J, Chen J, Li X, Tan Z. Intestinal Flora Imbalance Induced by Antibiotic Use in Rats. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1789-1804. [PMID: 38528993 PMCID: PMC10961240 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s447098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to explore the effect of different doses of antibiotics on rats in order to observe alterations in their fecal microbiota, inflammatory changes in the colonic mucosa and four types of inflammatory markers in blood serum. Methods Our methodology involved separating 84 female Sprague Dawley rats into groups A-G, with each group consisting of 12 rats. We collected the rat feces for analysis, using a distinct medium for bacterial cultivation and counting colonies under a microscope. On the 11th and 15th days of the experiment, half of the rats from each group were euthanized and 5 mL of abdominal aortic blood and colon tissues were collected. Inflammations changes of colon were observed and assessed by pathological Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted for detecting C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL1-β and TNF-α. Results Our findings revealed that the initial average weight of the rats did not differ between groups (p>0.05); but significant differences were observed between stool samples, water intake, food intake and weight (p=0.009, <0.001, 0.016 and 0.04, respectively) within two hours after the experiment. Additionally, there were notable differences among the groups in nine tested microbiota before and after weighting methods (all p<0.001). There were no difference in nine microbiota at day 1 (all p>0.05); at day 4 A/B (p=0.044), A/D (p<0.001), A/E (p=0.029); at day 8, all p<0.01, at day 11, only A/F exist significant difference (p<0.001); at day 14 only A/D has difference (p=0.045). Inflammation changes of colon were observed between groups A-G at days 11 and 15. Significant differences between all groups can be observed for CRP, IL-6, IL1-β and TNF-α (p<0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that antibiotics administration can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the rat gut ecosystem, resulting in an inflammatory response in their bloodstream and inducing inflammation changes of colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tong
- General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Qian
- General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongli Li
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongfeng Li
- Orthopedic Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Tan
- General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Pantazi AC, Kassim MAK, Nori W, Tuta LA, Mihai CM, Chisnoiu T, Balasa AL, Mihai L, Lupu A, Frecus CE, Lupu VV, Chirila SI, Badescu AG, Hangan LT, Cambrea SC. Clinical Perspectives of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease: Where Do We Stand? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2480. [PMID: 37760920 PMCID: PMC10525496 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) plays a vital role in human health, with increasing evidence linking its imbalance to chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Although the exact methods underlying kidney-GM crosstalk are not fully understood, interventions targeting GM were made and lay in three aspects: diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic interventions. While these interventions show promising results in reducing uremic toxins and inflammation, challenges remain in the form of patient-specific GM variability, potential side effects, and safety concerns. Our understanding of GMs role in kidney disease is still evolving, necessitating further research to elucidate the causal relationship and mechanistic interactions. Personalized interventions focusing on specific GM signatures could enhance patient outcomes. However, comprehensive clinical trials are needed to validate these approaches' safety, efficacy, and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wassan Nori
- College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Liliana Ana Tuta
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Cristina Maria Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Tatiana Chisnoiu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Adriana Luminita Balasa
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Larisia Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Corina Elena Frecus
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
- Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Sergiu Ioachim Chirila
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
| | | | - Laurentiu-Tony Hangan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
| | - Simona Claudia Cambrea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania (L.A.T.)
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Basilicata M, Pieri M, Marrone G, Nicolai E, Di Lauro M, Paolino V, Tomassetti F, Vivarini I, Bollero P, Bernardini S, Noce A. Saliva as Biomarker for Oral and Chronic Degenerative Non-Communicable Diseases. Metabolites 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 37623833 PMCID: PMC10456419 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a very complex fluid and it is essential to maintain several physiological processes and functions, including oral health, taste, digestion and immunological defenses. Saliva composition and the oral microbiome can be influenced by several factors, like diet and smoking habits, and their alteration can represent an important access point for pathogens and, thus, for systemic illness onset. In this review, we explore the potentiality of saliva as a new tool for the early detection of some pathological conditions, such as oral diseases, chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases, among these chronic kidney disease (CKD). We also examined the possible correlation between oral and systemic diseases and oral and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In particular, we deeply analyzed the relationship between oral diseases and CKD. In this context, some salivary parameters can represent a new device to detect either oral or systemic pathologies. Moreover, the positive modulation of oral and gut microbiota induced by prebiotics, postbiotics, or symbiotics could represent a new possible adjuvant therapy in the clinical management of oral diseases and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Basilicata
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marrone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Di Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Paolino
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Tomassetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vivarini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Bollero
- UOSD Special Care Dentistry, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Noce
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- UOSD Nephrology and Dialysis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Verster A, Petronella N, Green J, Matias F, Brooks SPJ. A Bayesian method for identifying associations between response variables and bacterial community composition. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010108. [PMID: 35793382 PMCID: PMC9307184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining associations between intestinal bacteria and continuously measured physiological outcomes is important for understanding the bacteria-host relationship but is not straightforward since abundance data (compositional data) are not normally distributed. To address this issue, we developed a fully Bayesian linear regression model (BRACoD; Bayesian Regression Analysis of Compositional Data) with physiological measurements (continuous data) as a function of a matrix of relative bacterial abundances. Bacteria can be classified as operational taxonomic units or by taxonomy (genus, family, etc.). Bacteria associated with the physiological measurement were identified using a Bayesian variable selection method: Stochastic Search Variable Selection. The output is a list of inclusion probabilities ([Formula: see text]) and coefficients that indicate the strength of the association ([Formula: see text]) for each bacterial taxa. Tests with simulated communities showed that adopting a cut point value of [Formula: see text] ≥ 0.3 for identifying included bacteria optimized the true positive rate (TPR) while maintaining a false positive rate (FPR) of ≤ 5%. At this point, the chances of identifying non-contributing bacteria were low and all well-established contributors were included. Comparison with other methods showed that BRACoD (at [Formula: see text] ≥ 0.3) had higher precision and a higher TPR than a commonly used center log transformed LASSO procedure (clr-LASSO) as well as higher TPR than an off-the-shelf Spike and Slab method after center log transformation (clr-SS). BRACoD was also less likely to include non-contributing bacteria that merely correlate with contributing bacteria. Analysis of a rat microbiome experiment identified 47 operational taxonomic units that contributed to fecal butyrate levels. Of these, 31 were positively and 16 negatively associated with butyrate. Consistent with their known role in butyrate metabolism, most of these fell within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. We conclude that BRACoD provides a more precise and accurate method for determining bacteria associated with a continuous physiological outcome compared to clr-LASSO. It is more sensitive than a generalized clr-SS algorithm, although it has a higher FPR. Its ability to distinguish genuine contributors from correlated bacteria makes it better suited to discriminating bacteria that directly contribute to an outcome. The algorithm corrects for the distortions arising from compositional data making it appropriate for analysis of microbiome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Verster
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicholas Petronella
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Judy Green
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fernando Matias
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen P. J. Brooks
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Liu L, Xu W, Kong P, Dou Y. The relationships among gut microbiota, hypoxia‐inducible factor and anemia with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2022; 27:851-858. [PMID: 35603584 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Liu
- Nephrology Department Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, NO.1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Erqi District Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Nephrology Department Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, NO.1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Erqi District Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Pingping Kong
- Nephrology Department Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, NO.1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Erqi District Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yanna Dou
- Nephrology Department Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, NO.1 Jianshe Eastern Road, Erqi District Zhengzhou Henan China
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7
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Asare IK, Palaniappan A, Jungles TMC, Hamaker BR, Emmambux MN. In vitro faecal fermentation of indigestible residues from heat‐moisture treated maize meal and maize starch with stearic acid. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Kwabena Asare
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Ayyappan Palaniappan
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Thaisa Moro Cantu Jungles
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Food Science Department Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Food Science Department Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Mohammad Naushad Emmambux
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
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8
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Smith AD, Chen C, Cheung L, Ward R, Hintze KJ, Dawson HD. Resistant Potato Starch Alters the Cecal Microbiome and Gene Expression in Mice Fed a Western Diet Based on NHANES Data. Front Nutr 2022; 9:782667. [PMID: 35392294 PMCID: PMC8983116 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.782667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that the four major types of resistant starch (RS1-4) are fermented in the cecum and colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and can alter the microbiome and host physiology. However, nearly all these studies were conducted in rodents fed with a diet that does not approximate what is typically consumed by humans. To address this, mice were fed a Total Western Diet (TWD) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data that mimics the macro and micronutrient composition of a typical American diet for 6 weeks and then supplemented with 0, 2, 5, or 10% of the RS2, resistant potato starch (RPS), for an additional 3 weeks. The cecal microbiome was analyzed by 16S sequencing. The alpha-diversity of the microbiome decreased with increasing consumption of RPS while a beta-diversity plot showed four discreet groupings based on the RPS level in the diet. The relative abundance of various genera was altered by feeding increasing levels of RPS. In particular, the genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group was markedly increased. Cecal, proximal, and distal colon tissue mRNA abundance was analyzed by RNASeq. The cecal mRNA abundance principal component analysis showed clear segregation of the four dietary groups whose separation decreased in the proximal and distal colon. Differential expression of the genes was highest in the cecum, but substantially decreased in the proximal colon (PC) and distal colon (DC). Most differentially expressed genes were unique to each tissue with little overlap in between. The pattern of the observed gene expression suggests that RPS, likely through metabolic changes secondary to differences in microbial composition, appears to prime the host to respond to a range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In summary, consumption of dietary RPS led to significant changes to the microbiome and gene expression in the cecum and to a lesser extent in the proximal and distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D. Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Allen D. Smith
| | - Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Robert Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Korry J. Hintze
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Harry D. Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Kaur AP, Bhardwaj S, Dhanjal DS, Nepovimova E, Cruz-Martins N, Kuča K, Chopra C, Singh R, Kumar H, Șen F, Kumar V, Verma R, Kumar D. Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:440. [PMID: 33809763 PMCID: PMC8002343 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are either natural or synthetic non-digestible (non-)carbohydrate substances that boost the proliferation of gut microbes. Undigested fructooligosaccharides in the large intestine are utilised by the beneficial microorganisms for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids for their own growth. Although various food products are now recognized as having prebiotic properties, several others, such as almonds, artichoke, barley, chia seeds, chicory, dandelion greens, flaxseeds, garlic, and oats, are being explored and used as functional foods. Considering the benefits of these prebiotics in mineral absorption, metabolite production, gut microbiota modulation, and in various diseases such as diabetes, allergy, metabolic disorders, and necrotising enterocolitis, increasing attention has been focused on their applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries, although some of these food products are actually used as food supplements. This review aims to highlight the potential and need of these prebiotics in the diet and also discusses data related to the distinct types, sources, modes of action, and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Kaur
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Sonali Bhardwaj
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Harsh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Fatih Șen
- Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, EvliyaÇelebi Campus, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya 43100, Turkey;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK430AL, UK;
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India;
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
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Kim SM, Song IH. The clinical impact of gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:1305-1316. [PMID: 32872729 PMCID: PMC7652652 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microorganisms play critical roles in both maintaining host homeostasis and the development of diverse diseases. Gut dysbiosis, an alteration of the composition and function of gut microorganisms, is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD itself contributes to a disruption of the symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host, while the resulting gut dysbiosis may play a part in stage progression of CKD. This bidirectional relationship supports the concept that the gut microbiota is considered a novel focus for the pathogenesis and management of CKD. This article examines the interaction between the gut microbiota and the kidney, the mutual effects of dysbiosis and CKD, and possible treatment options to restore gut eubiosis, and reduce CKD progression and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Mi Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Il han Song
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
- Correspondence to Il Han Song, M.D. Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, 201 Manghyang-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Korea Tel: +82-41-550-3924 Fax: +82-41-556-3256 E-mail:
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11
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Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Emerenziani S, Di Rosa C, Ribolsi M, Balestrieri P, Iovino P, Rocchi G, Cicala M. Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041037. [PMID: 32283802 PMCID: PMC7231265 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-606; Fax: +39-06-22541-456
| | - Sara Emerenziani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Balestrieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Iovino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
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12
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Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020. [PMID: 32283802 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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13
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Bendiks ZA, Knudsen KEB, Keenan MJ, Marco ML. Conserved and variable responses of the gut microbiome to resistant starch type 2. Nutr Res 2020; 77:12-28. [PMID: 32251948 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch type 2 (RS2), a dietary fiber comprised solely of glucose, has been extensively studied in clinical trials and animal models for its capacity to improve metabolic and systemic health. Because the health modulatory effects of RS2 and other dietary fibers are thought to occur through modification of the gut microbiome, those studies frequently include assessments of RS2-mediated changes to intestinal microbial composition and function. In this review, we identify the conserved responses of the gut microbiome among 13 human and 35 animal RS2 intervention studies. Consistent outcomes of RS2 interventions include reductions in bacterial α-diversity; increased production of lumenal short-chain fatty acids; and enrichment of Ruminococcus bromii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and other gut taxa. Different taxa are usually responsive in animal models, and many RS2-mediated changes to the gut microbiome vary within and between studies. The root causes for this variation are examined with regard to methodological and analytical differences, host genetics and age, species differences (eg, human, animal), health status, intervention dose and duration, and baseline microbial composition. The significant variation found for this single dietary compound highlights the challenges in targeting the gut microbiome to improve health with dietary interventions. This knowledge on RS2 also provides opportunities to improve the design of nutrition studies targeting the gut microbiome and to ultimately identify the precise mechanisms via which dietary fiber benefits human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Bendiks
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
| | - Knud E B Knudsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Michael J Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
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14
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Fois CAM, Le TYL, Schindeler A, Naficy S, McClure DD, Read MN, Valtchev P, Khademhosseini A, Dehghani F. Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900968. [PMID: 31592579 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Models of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be powerful tools for examining the biological interactions of food products and pharmaceuticals. This can be done under normal healthy conditions or using models of disease-many of which have no curative therapy. This report outlines the field of gastrointestinal modeling, with a particular focus on the intestine. Traditional in vivo animal models are compared to a range of in vitro models. In vitro systems are elaborated over time, recently culminating with microfluidic intestines-on-chips (IsOC) and 3D bioengineered models. Macroscale models are also reviewed for their important contribution in the microbiota studies. Lastly, it is discussed how in silico approaches may have utility in predicting and interpreting experimental data. The various advantages and limitations of the different systems are contrasted. It is posited that only through complementary use of these models will salient research questions be able to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anna Maria Fois
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thi Yen Loan Le
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Dale David McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Mark Norman Read
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department of Bioengineering Department of Radiology California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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15
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Lim SM, Page A, Carragher J, Muhlhausler B. Could High-Amylose Wheat Have Greater Benefits on Diabesity and Gut Health than Standard Whole-wheat? FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1683743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- See Meng Lim
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amanda Page
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Carragher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Liu CS, Liang X, Wei XH, Jin Z, Chen FL, Tang QF, Tan XM. Gegen Qinlian Decoction Treats Diarrhea in Piglets by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:825. [PMID: 31057525 PMCID: PMC6482297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play important roles in diarrheal diseases. Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD), a Chinese herb formula, has been widely used to treat infectious diarrhea for centuries. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying its efficacy and whether it is mediated by gut microbiota and SCFAs. In this study, the composition of gut microbiota from bacterial diarrheal piglets was assessed using 16S rRNA analysis. The concentrations of fecal SCFAs were determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon was ascertained. Results showed that GQD reverses the reduction in the richness of gut microbiota, changes its structure, and significantly increases the relative abundances of SCFA-producing bacteria, including Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium. Moreover, GQD increased the levels of fecal SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. GQD thus attenuates diarrhea in piglets. Further, our results suggest that the SCFAs could help to attenuate mucosal pro-inflammatory responses following GQD treatment by inhibiting histone deacetylase and the NF-κB pathway. We thus suggseted that gut microbiota play an important role during diarrhea treatment, an effect may be promoted by the GQD-induced structural changes of the gut microbial community and production of SCFAs. The increased levels of SCFAs probably provide further help to attenuate mucosal inflammation and diarrhea. In conclusion, our study might provide evidence that GQD treats diarrhea maybe involved in modulating gut microbiota and increasing SCFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Han Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Long Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Fa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Snelson M, Kellow NJ, Coughlan MT. Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Resistant Starch as a Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases: Evidence of Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:303-320. [PMID: 30668615 PMCID: PMC6416045 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with changes in gut microbial ecology, or "dysbiosis," which may contribute to disease progression. Recent studies have focused on dietary approaches to favorably alter the composition of the gut microbial communities as a treatment method in CKD. Resistant starch (RS), a prebiotic that promotes proliferation of gut bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, increases the production of metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, which confer a number of health-promoting benefits. However, there is a lack of mechanistic insight into how these metabolites can positively influence renal health. Emerging evidence shows that microbiota-derived metabolites can regulate the incretin axis and mitigate inflammation via expansion of regulatory T cells. Studies from animal models and patients with CKD show that RS supplementation attenuates the concentrations of uremic retention solutes, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. Here, we present the current state of knowledge linking the microbiome to CKD, we explore the efficacy of RS in animal models of CKD and in humans with the condition, and we discuss how RS supplementation could be a promising dietary approach for slowing CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Shimizu J, Kubota T, Takada E, Takai K, Fujiwara N, Arimitsu N, Murayama MA, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Propionate-producing bacteria in the intestine may associate with skewed responses of IL10-producing regulatory T cells in patients with relapsing polychondritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203657. [PMID: 30235279 PMCID: PMC6147427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an inflammatory disease of unknown causes, characterized by recurrent inflammation in cartilaginous tissues of the whole body. Recently, researchers have reported that, in mouse experiments, altered gut microbe-dependent T cell differentiation occurred in gut associated lymphoid tissues. Here, we investigated whether gut microbe alteration existed, and if so, the alteration affected peripheral T cell differentiation in patients with RP. In an analysis of gut microbiota, we found increased annotated species numbers in RP patients compared with normal individuals. In the RP gut microbiota, we observed several predominant species, namely Veillonella parvula, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides fragilis, Ruminococcus bromii, and Eubacterium dolichum, all species of which were reported to associate with propionate production in human intestine. Propionate is a short-chain fatty acid and is suggested to associate with interleukin (IL)10-producing regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in gut associated lymphoid tissues. IL10 gene expressions were moderately higher in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of RP patients than those of normal individuals. Six hours after the initiation of the cell culture, regardless of the presence and absence of mitogen stimulation, IL10 gene expressions were significantly lower in RP patients than those in normal individuals. It is well known that PBMC of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases show hyporesponsiveness to mitogen stimulation. We suggest that, in RP patients, continuous stimulation of intestinal T cells by excessive propionate leads to the spontaneous IL10 production and a subsequent refractory period of T cells in patients with RP. The hyporesponsiveness of Treg cells upon activation may associate with inflammatory cytokine production of PBMC and subsequently relate to chondritis in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takao Kubota
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Medicine, the Japan Self Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Takada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masanori A. Murayama
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sueshige Wakisaka
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Boudreau MD, Olson GR, Tryndyak VP, Bryant MS, Felton RP, Beland FA. From the Cover: Aloin, a Component of the Aloe Vera Plant Leaf, Induces Pathological Changes and Modulates the Composition of Microbiota in the Large Intestines of F344/N Male Rats. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:302-318. [PMID: 28525602 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, the oral administration of an Aloe vera whole leaf extract induced dose-related mucosal and goblet cell hyperplasia in the rat colon after 13 weeks and colon cancer after 2 years. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether or not the administration of aloin, a component of the Aloe vera plant leaf, would replicate the pathophysiological effects that were observed in rats in the previous study with an Aloe vera whole leaf extract. Groups of 10 male F344/N rats were administered aloin at 0, 6.95, 13.9, 27.8, 55.7, 111, 223, and 446 mg/kg drinking water for 13 weeks. At the end of study, rat feces were collected, and the composition of fecal bacteria was investigated by next generation sequencing of the PCR-amplified V3/V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. At necropsy, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and organs and sections of the large intestine were collected for histopathology. Aloin induced dose-related increased incidences and severities of mucosal and goblet cell hyperplasia that extended from the cecum to the rectum, with increased incidences and severities detected at aloin doses ≥55.7 mg/kg drinking water. Analysis of the 16S rRNA metagenomics sequencing data revealed marked shifts in the structure of the gut microbiota in aloin-treated rats at each taxonomic rank. This study highlights the similarities in effects observed for aloin and the Aloe vera whole leaf extract, and points to a potential mechanism of action to explain the observed pathological changes via modulation of the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg R Olson
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Inc., Jefferson Laboratories, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | | | | | - Robert P Felton
- Division of Informatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
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20
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Shastri P, Green J, Matias F, Kalmokoff ML, Green-Johnson JM, Brooks SPJ. Housing influences tissue cytokine levels and the fecal bacterial community structure in rats. J Funct Foods 2017; 39:306-311. [PMID: 32362938 PMCID: PMC7185516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Housing impacted the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in feces. Bedding influenced fecal short chain fatty acid outputs. Splenic concentrations of interleukin-4 were higher in bedding-housed rats. Fecal bacterial community change was consistent with higher coprophagy in bedding.
Immune measures and the fecal bacterial community were examined in female Biobreeding rats housed in wire bottom cages (wire) or in solid bottom cages containing hardwood chips (bedding). Housing did not affect food intake, weight gain, fecal output or fibre content, serum liver enzymes, or spleen and mesenteric lymph node immune cell populations. Bedding-housed rat feces were enriched in phylotypes aligning within the phylum Firmicutes (families Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) and had a 2-fold lower content of phylotypes aligning within the phylum Bacteroidetes. Feces from bedding-housed rats also contained significantly more acetic acid and less propionic, isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric acids than those housed on wire. Bedding-housed rats had significantly higher splenic concentrations of interleukin-4 (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that bedding can indirectly influence systemic and mucosal immune measures, potentially adding additional complexities and confounding results to nutrition studies investigating the health effects of dietary fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Shastri
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Judy Green
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Fernando Matias
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Martin L Kalmokoff
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Julia M Green-Johnson
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Stephen P J Brooks
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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21
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Impact of β2-1 fructan on faecal community change: results from a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy adults. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:441-453. [PMID: 28954640 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthy adults (n 30) participated in a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blinded, cross-over study consisting of two 28 d treatments (β2-1 fructan or maltodextrin; 3×5 g/d) separated by a 14-d washout. Subjects provided 1 d faecal collections at days 0 and 28 of each treatment. The ability of faecal bacteria to metabolise β2-1 fructan was common; eighty-seven species (thirty genera, and four phyla) were isolated using anaerobic medium containing β2-1 fructan as the sole carbohydrate source. β2-1 fructan altered the faecal community as determined through analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms and 16S rRNA genes. Supplementation with β2-1 fructan reduced faecal community richness, and two patterns of community change were observed. In most subjects, β2-1 fructan reduced the content of phylotypes aligning within the Bacteroides, whereas increasing those aligning within bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium and the family Lachnospiraceae. In the remaining subjects, supplementation increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and to a lesser extent bifidobacteria, accompanied by decreases within the Faecalibacterium and family Lachnospiraceae. β2-1 Fructan had no impact on the metagenome or glycoside hydrolase profiles in faeces from four subjects. Few relationships were found between the faecal bacterial community and various host parameters; Bacteroidetes content correlated with faecal propionate, subjects whose faecal community contained higher Bacteroidetes produced more caproic acid independent of treatment, and subjects having lower faecal Bacteroidetes exhibited increased concentrations of serum lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide binding protein independent of treatment. We found no evidence to support a defined health benefit for the use of β2-1 fructans in healthy subjects.
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22
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Jiminez JA, Uwiera TC, Abbott DW, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Impacts of resistant starch and wheat bran consumption on enteric inflammation in relation to colonic bacterial community structures and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in mice. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:67. [PMID: 28031748 PMCID: PMC5178079 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Identifying the connection among diet, the intestinal microbiome, and host health is currently an area of intensive research, but the potential of dietary fiber (DF) consumption to ameliorate intestinal inflammation has not been extensively studied. We examined the impacts of the DFs, wheat bran (WB) and resistant starch (RS) on host enteric health. A murine model of acute Th1/Th17 colitis (i.e. incited by Citrobacter rodentium) was used. Results Diets enriched with RS increased weight gain in mice inoculated with C. rodentium compared to mice consuming a conventional control (CN) diet. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantities in the cecum and distal colon were higher in mice consuming DFs, and these mice exhibited higher butyrate concentrations in the distal colon during inflammation. Histopathologic scores of inflammation in the proximal colon on day 14 post-inoculation (p.i.) (peak infection) and 21 p.i. (late infection) were lower in mice consuming DF-enriched diets compared to the CN diet. Consumption of WB reduced the expression of Th1/Th17 cytokines. As well, the expression of bacterial recognition and response genes such as Relmβ, RegIIIγ, and Tlr4 increased in mice consuming the RS-enriched diets. Furthermore, each diet generated a region-specific bacterial community, suggesting a link between selection for specific bacterial communities, SCFA concentrations, and inflammation in the murine colon. Conclusions Collectively, data indicated that the consumption of DF-rich diets ameliorates the effects of C. rodentium-induced enteritis by modifying the host microbiota to increase SCFA production, and bacterial recognition and response mechanisms to promote host health.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0149-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A Jiminez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada.,Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Trina C Uwiera
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 2C3.82 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440-112th Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Marco ML, Kim EB, Goodson ML, Keenan MJ, Dunn TN, Knudsen KEB, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Resistant Starch Display Marked Shifts in the Liver Metabolome Concurrent with Altered Gut Bacteria. J Nutr 2016; 146:2476-2490. [PMID: 27807042 PMCID: PMC5118768 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) is a fermentable dietary fiber known to alter the gut milieu, including the gut microbiota, which may explain the reported effects of resistant starch to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Our working hypothesis was that HAMRS2-induced microbiome changes alter gut-derived signals (i.e., xenometabolites) reaching the liver via the portal circulation, in turn altering liver metabolism by regulating gene expression and other pathways. METHODS We used a multi-omics systems biology approach to characterize HAMRS2-driven shifts to the cecal microbiome, liver metabolome, and transcriptome, identifying correlates between microbial changes and liver metabolites under obesogenic conditions that, to our knowledge, have not previously been recognized. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed an energy-dense 45% lard-based-fat diet for 10 wk supplemented with either 20% HAMRS2 by weight (n = 14) or rapidly digestible starch (control diet; n = 15). RESULTS Despite no differences in food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, fasting plasma insulin, or liver triglycerides, the HAMRS2 mice showed a 15-58% reduction in all measured liver amino acids, except for Gln, compared with control mice. These metabolites were equivalent in the plasma of HAMRS2 mice compared with controls, and transcripts encoding key amino acid transporters were not different in the small intestine or liver, suggesting that HAMRS2 effects were not simply due to lower hepatocyte exposure to systemic amino acids. Instead, alterations in gut microbial metabolism could have affected host nitrogen and amino acid homeostasis: HAMRS2 mice showed a 62% increase (P < 0.0001) in 48-h fecal output and a 41% increase (P < 0.0001) in fecal nitrogen compared with control mice. Beyond amino acid metabolism, liver transcriptomics revealed pathways related to lipid and xenobiotic metabolism; and pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth were affected by HAMRS2 feeding. CONCLUSION Together, these differences indicate that HAMRS2 dramatically alters hepatic metabolism and gene expression concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Eun Bae Kim
- Food Science and Technology Department, and
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tamara N Dunn
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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β2-1 Fructan supplementation alters host immune responses in a manner consistent with increased exposure to microbial components: results from a double-blinded, randomised, cross-over study in healthy adults. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1748-59. [PMID: 26987626 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β2-1 Fructans are purported to improve health by stimulating growth of colonic bifidobacteria, increasing host resistance to pathogens and stimulating the immune system. However, in healthy adults, the benefits of supplementation remain undefined. Adults (thirteen men, seventeen women) participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over study consisting of two 28-d treatments separated by a 14-d washout period. Subjects' regular diets were supplemented with β2-1 fructan or placebo (maltodextrin) at 3×5 g/d. Fasting blood and 1-d faecal collections were obtained at the beginning and at the end of each phase. Blood was analysed for clinical, biochemical and immunological variables. Determinations of well-being and general health, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, regularity, faecal SCFA content, residual faecal β2-1 fructans and faecal bifidobacteria content were undertaken. β2-1 Fructan supplementation had no effect on blood lipid or cholesterol concentrations or on circulating lymphocyte and macrophage numbers, but significantly increased serum lipopolysaccharide, faecal SCFA, faecal bifidobacteria and indigestion. With respect to immune function, β2-1 fructan supplementation increased serum IL-4, circulating percentages of CD282+/TLR2+ myeloid dendritic cells and ex vivo responsiveness to a toll-like receptor 2 agonist. β2-1 Fructans also decreased serum IL-10, but did not affect C-reactive protein or serum/faecal Ig concentrations. No differences in host well-being were associated with either treatment, although the self-reported incidence of GI symptoms and headaches increased during the β2-1 fructan phase. Although β2-1 fructan supplementation increased faecal bifidobacteria, this change was not directly related to any of the determined host parameters.
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25
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Vaziri ND, Liu S, Lau WL, Khazaeli M, Nazertehrani S, Moore ME, Marco ML, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Resistant starch alters gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles concurrent with amelioration of chronic kidney disease in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F857-71. [PMID: 26841824 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00513.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit profound alterations in the gut environment including shifts in microbial composition, increased fecal pH, and increased blood levels of gut microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites). The fermentable dietary fiber high amylose maize-resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) has been shown to alter the gut milieu and in CKD rat models leads to markedly improved kidney function. The aim of the present study was to identify specific cecal bacteria and cecal, blood, and urinary metabolites that associate with changes in kidney function to identify potential mechanisms involved with CKD amelioration in response to dietary resistant starch. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with adenine-induced CKD were fed a semipurified low-fiber diet or a high-fiber diet [59% (wt/wt) HAMRS2] for 3 wk (n = 9 rats/group). The cecal microbiome was characterized, and cecal contents, serum, and urine metabolites were analyzed. HAMRS2-fed rats displayed decreased cecal pH, decreased microbial diversity, and an increased Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio. Several uremic retention solutes were altered in the cecal contents, serum, and urine, many of which had strong correlations with specific gut bacteria abundances, i.e., serum and urine indoxyl sulfate were reduced by 36% and 66%, respectively, in HAMRS2-fed rats and urine p-cresol was reduced by 47% in HAMRS2-fed rats. Outcomes from this study were coincident with improvements in kidney function indexes and amelioration of CKD outcomes previously reported for these rats, suggesting an important role for microbial-derived factors and gut microbe metabolism in regulating host kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California; Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Shuman Liu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Wei L Lau
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Mahyar Khazaeli
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Mary E Moore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - Roy J Martin
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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26
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Liu Z, Roy NC, Guo Y, Jia H, Ryan L, Samuelsson L, Thomas A, Plowman J, Clerens S, Day L, Young W. Human Breast Milk and Infant Formulas Differentially Modify the Intestinal Microbiota in Human Infants and Host Physiology in Rats. J Nutr 2016; 146:191-9. [PMID: 26674765 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of human breast milk, infant and follow-on formulas can still promote efficient growth and development. However, infant formulas can differ in their nutritional value. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effects of human milk (HM) and infant formulas in human infants and a weanling rat model. METHODS In a 3 wk clinical randomized controlled trial, babies (7- to 90-d-old, male-to-female ratio 1:1) were exclusively breastfed (BF), exclusively fed Synlait Pure Canterbury Stage 1 infant formula (SPCF), or fed assorted standard formulas (SFs) purchased by their parents. We also compared feeding HM or SPCF in weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d. We examined the effects of HM and infant formulas on fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bacterial composition in human infants, and intestinal SCFAs, the microbiota, and host physiology in weanling rats. RESULTS Fecal Bifidobacterium concentrations (mean log copy number ± SEM) were higher (P = 0.003) in BF (8.17 ± 0.3) and SPCF-fed infants (8.29 ± 0.3) compared with those fed the SFs (6.94 ± 0.3). Fecal acetic acid (mean ± SEM) was also higher (P = 0.007) in the BF (5.5 ± 0.2 mg/g) and SPCF (5.3 ± 2.4 mg/g) groups compared with SF-fed babies (4.3 ± 0.2 mg/g). Colonic SCFAs did not differ between HM- and SPCF-fed rats. However, cecal acetic acid concentrations were higher (P = 0.001) in rats fed HM (42.6 ± 2.6 mg/g) than in those fed SPCF (30.6 ± 0.8 mg/g). Cecal transcriptome, proteome, and plasma metabolite analyses indicated that the growth and maturation of intestinal tissue was more highly promoted by HM than SPCF. CONCLUSIONS Fecal bacterial composition and SCFA concentrations were similar in babies fed SPCF or HM. However, results from the rat study showed substantial differences in host physiology between rats fed HM and SPCF. This trial was registered at Shanghai Jiào tong University School of Medicine as XHEC-C-2012-024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Leigh Ryan
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda Samuelsson
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ancy Thomas
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Jeff Plowman
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Stefan Clerens
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Li Day
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand;
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27
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Lyte M, Chapel A, Lyte JM, Ai Y, Proctor A, Jane JL, Phillips GJ. Resistant Starch Alters the Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis: Implications for Dietary Modulation of Behavior. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146406. [PMID: 26745269 PMCID: PMC4706316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a central role in behavior and cognition suggests that the manipulation of microbial taxa through diet may provide a means by which behavior may be altered in a reproducible and consistent manner in order to achieve a beneficial outcome for the host. Resistant starch continues to receive attention as a dietary intervention that can benefit the host through mechanisms that include altering the intestinal microbiota. Given the interest in dietary approaches to improve health, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of dietary resistant starch in mice to alter the gut microbiota also results in a change in behavior. Forty-eight 6 week-old male Swiss-Webster mice were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (n = 16 per group) and fed either a normal corn starch diet (NCS) or diets rich in resistant starches HA7 diet (HA7) or octenyl-succinate HA7 diet (OS-HA7) for 6 week and monitored for weight, behavior and fecal microbiota composition. Animals fed an HA7 diet displayed comparable weight gain over the feeding period to that recorded for NCS-fed animals while OS-HA7 displayed a lower weight gain as compared to either NCS or HA7 animals (ANOVA p = 0.0001; NCS:HA7 p = 0.244; HA7:OS-HA7 p<0.0001; NCS:OS-HA7 p<0.0001). Analysis of fecal microbiota using 16s rRNA gene taxonomic profiling revealed that each diet corresponded with a unique gut microbiota. The distribution of taxonomic classes was dynamic over the 6 week feeding period for each of the diets. At the end of the feeding periods, the distribution of taxa included statistically significant increases in members of the phylum Proteobacteria in OS-HA7 fed mice, while the Verrucomicrobia increased in HA7 fed mice over that of mice fed OS-HA7. At the class level, members of the class Bacilli decreased in the OS-HA7 fed group, and Actinobacteria, which includes the genus Bifidobacteria, was enriched in the HA7 fed group compared to the control diet. Behavioral analysis revealed that animals demonstrated profound anxiety-like behavior as observed by performance on the elevated-plus maze with time spent by the mice in the open arm (ANOVA p = 0.000; NCS:HA7 p = 0.004; NCS:OS-HA7 p = 1.000; HA7:OS-HA7 p = 0.0001) as well as entries in the open arm (ANOVA p = 0.039; NCS:HA7 p = 0.041; HA7:OS-HA7 p = 0.221; NCS:OS-HA7 p = 1.000). Open-field behavior, a measure of general locomotion and exploration, revealed statistically significant differences between groups in locomotion as a measure of transitions across quadrant boundaries. Additionally, the open-field assay revealed decreased exploration as well as decreased rearing in HA7 and OS-HA7 fed mice demonstrating a consistent pattern of increased anxiety-like behavior among these groups. Critically, behavior was not correlated with weight. These results indicate that diets based on resistant starch can be utilized to produce quantifiable changes in the gut microbiota and should be useful to "dial-in" a specific microbiome that is unique to a particular starch composition. However, undesirable effects can also be associated with resistant starch, including lack of weight gain and increased anxiety-like behaviors. These observations warrant careful consideration when developing diets rich in resistant starch in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, 79606, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Ashley Chapel
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, 79905, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Proctor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
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28
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Diets containing different fermentable substrates can affect mucosal and systemic immune parameters in rats under homeostatic conditions. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Jiminez JA, Uwiera TC, Douglas Inglis G, Uwiera RRE. Animal models to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:29. [PMID: 26561503 PMCID: PMC4641401 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine impart a significant and negative impact on the health and well-being of human and non-human mammalian animals. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory disease is mandatory to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies. As inflammatory disease etiologies are multifactorial, the use of appropriate animal models and associated metrics of disease are essential. In this regard, animal models used alone or in combination to study acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the mammalian intestine paired with commonly used inflammation-inducing agents are reviewed. This includes both chemical and biological incitants of inflammation, and both non-mammalian (i.e. nematodes, insects, and fish) and mammalian (i.e. rodents, rabbits, pigs, ruminants, dogs, and non-human primates) models of intestinal inflammation including germ-free, gnotobiotic, as well as surgical, and genetically modified animals. Importantly, chemical and biological incitants induce inflammation via a multitude of mechanisms, and intestinal inflammation and injury can vary greatly according to the incitant and animal model used, allowing studies to ascertain both long-term and short-term effects of inflammation. Thus, researchers and clinicians should be aware of the relative strengths and limitations of the various animal models used to study acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the mammalian intestine, and the scope and relevance of outcomes achievable based on this knowledge. The ability to induce inflammation to mimic common human diseases is an important factor of a successful animal model, however other mechanisms of disease such as the amount of infective agent to induce disease, invasion mechanisms, and the effect various physiologic changes can have on inducing damage are also important features. In many cases, the use of multiple animal models in combination with both chemical and biological incitants is necessary to answer the specific question being addressed regarding intestinal disease. Some incitants can induce acute responses in certain animal models while others can be used to induce chronic responses; this review aims to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses in each animal model and to guide the choice of an appropriate acute or chronic incitant to facilitate intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A. Jiminez
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
- />Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Trina C. Uwiera
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- />Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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Le Leu RK, Conlon MA, Bird AR, Clarke JM. Housing experimental rats in solid-based cages with digestible bedding may confound outcomes of nutritional studies. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2155-2158. [PMID: 25242209 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rats used in nutritional studies are often kept in wire-based cages to prevent ingestion of bedding and minimise ingestion of faeces. However, wire-based cages are criticised because of potential negative animal welfare implications. This study investigated the effects of wire and solid-based cages with corncob bedding on large bowel fermentation and microbiota. Rats were group housed in wire or solid-based cages and fed either a low-fibre (LF) diet or a high-fibre (HF) diet composed of resistant starch for 4 weeks. RESULTS Bedding material was observed in faeces of rats housed in solid-based cages. Caging type and diet altered large bowel fermentation variables and bacterial populations. Caecal digesta weight was lower in rats fed HF diet and maintained on bedding than in HF-fed rats maintained on wire. Bacteria abundance associated with fibre fermentation was higher in LF-diet fed rats maintained on bedding compared with LF-fed rats housed on wire. CONCLUSION Maintaining rats in solid-based cages with corncob bedding alters large bowel fermentation and bacterial communities owing to ingestion of bedding. These changes may confound outcomes of nutritional studies, particularly those investigating the health effects of fibres. The use of wire-based caging may be justified in research of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M Clarke
- CSIRO, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Shastri P, McCarville J, Kalmokoff M, Brooks SPJ, Green-Johnson JM. Sex differences in gut fermentation and immune parameters in rats fed an oligofructose-supplemented diet. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 26251695 PMCID: PMC4527341 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanistic data to support health claims is often generated using rodent models, and the influence of prebiotic supplementation has largely been evaluated using male rodents. Given that sex-based differences in immune parameters are well recognized and recent evidence suggests differences in microbiota composition between sexes, validation of the effectiveness of prebiotics merits assessment in both males and females. Here, we have compared the effect of oligofructose (OF) supplementation on the fecal bacterial community, short chain fatty acid profiles, and gut mucosal and systemic immune parameters in male and female rats. METHODS Male and female rats were fed rodent chow or chow supplemented with OF (5 % w/w). Fecal community change was examined by analyzing 16S rRNA gene content. To compare effects of OF between sexes at the gut microbial and mucosal immune level, fecal short chain fatty acid and tissue cytokine profiles were measured. Serum lipopolysaccharide levels were also evaluated by the limulus amebocyte lysate assay as an indirect means of determining gut permeability between sexes. RESULTS In the fecal community of females, OF supplementation altered community structure by increasing abundance in the Phylum Bacteroidetes. In male rats, no changes in fecal community structure were observed, although fecal butyrate levels significantly increased. Liver Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were higher in males relative to females fed OF, and serum LPS concentrations were higher in males independent of diet. Females had higher basal levels of the regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the colon and liver, while males had higher basal levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) in the cecum and liver. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that male and female rat gut communities metabolize an OF-supplemented diet differently. Sex-specific responses in both the fecal community and systemic immune parameters suggest that this difference may result from an increase in the availability of gut peptidyl-nitrogen in the males. These findings demonstrate the importance of performing sex-comparative studies when investigating potential health effects of prebiotics using rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Shastri
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4 Canada
| | - Justin McCarville
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4 Canada
| | - Martin Kalmokoff
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Stephen P J Brooks
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Julia M Green-Johnson
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4 Canada
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Xu X, Yang J, Ning Z, Zhang X. Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide rejuvenates mice in terms of immune responses and gut microbiota. Food Funct 2015; 6:2653-63. [PMID: 26135107 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by impaired immunity and unbalanced gut microbiota. Prebiotics have the capability to prevent or reverse age-related declines in health by modulating gut microbiota. Mushroom polysaccharides have been suggested to be potential prebiotics. However, their effects on the immunity and gut microbiota in aged mice have not been determined. This study firstly assessed the effects of a heteropolysaccharide L2 isolated from the fruit body of L. edodes on the immune response of aged mice, and then compared the composition of fecal microbiota in adult (N), old (O) and L2-treated old (Oa) mice using the high-throughput pyrosequencing technique. The results showed that L2 can restore the age-attenuated immune responses by increasing cytokine levels in peripheral blood. Moreover, L2 can partly reverse the age-altered composition of gut microbiota. The Euclidean distances (De) among 3 groups (N, O and Oa) are determined to be De(O, N) = 0.19, De(O, Oa) = 0.20, and De(N, Oa) = 0.10, i.e. there is a marked reduction in the distance from 0.19 to 0.1 by L2. This suggests the beneficial effects of L2 on enhancing immunity and improving gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Phylum level change in the cecal and fecal gut communities of rats fed diets containing different fermentable substrates supports a role for nitrogen as a factor contributing to community structure. Nutrients 2015; 7:3279-99. [PMID: 25954902 PMCID: PMC4446752 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation differs between the proximal and distal gut but little is known regarding how the bacterial communities differ or how they are influenced by diet. In order to investigate this, we compared community diversity in the cecum and feces of rats by 16S rRNA gene content and DNA shot gun metagenomics after feeding purified diets containing different fermentable substrates. Gut community composition was dependent on the source of fermentable substrate included in the diet. Cecal communities were dominated by Firmicutes, and contained a higher abundance of Lachnospiraceae compared to feces. In feces, community structure was shifted by varying degrees depending on diet towards the Bacteroidetes, although this change was not always evident from 16S rRNA gene data. Multi-dimensional scaling analysis (PCoA) comparing cecal and fecal metagenomes grouped by location within the gut rather than by diet, suggesting that factors in addition to substrate were important for community change in the distal gut. Differentially abundant genes in each environment supported this shift away from the Firmicutes in the cecum (e.g., motility) towards the Bacteroidetes in feces (e.g., Bacteroidales transposons). We suggest that this phylum level change reflects a shift to ammonia as the primary source of nitrogen used to support continued microbial growth in the distal gut.
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Abstract
Resistant starch is defined as the total amount of starch and the products of starch degradation that resists digestion in the small intestine. Starches that were able to resist the digestion will arrive at the colon where they will be fermented by the gut microbiota, producing a variety of products which include short chain fatty acids that can provide a range of physiological benefits. There are several factors that could affect the resistant starch content of a carbohydrate which includes the starch granule morphology, the amylose-amylopectin ratio and its association with other food component. One of the current interests on resistant starch is their potential to be used as a prebiotic, which is a non-digestible food ingredient that benefits the host by stimulating the growth or activity of one or a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon. A resistant starch must fulfill three criterions to be classified as a prebiotic; resistance to the upper gastrointestinal environment, fermentation by the intestinal microbiota and selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of the beneficial bacteria. The market of prebiotic is expected to reach USD 198 million in 2014 led by the export of oligosaccharides. Realizing this, novel carbohydrates such as resistant starch from various starch sources can contribute to the advancement of the prebiotic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti A Zaman
- a Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus , Jalan Nyabau, Bintulu , Sarawak , Malaysia
| | - Shahrul R Sarbini
- a Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus , Jalan Nyabau, Bintulu , Sarawak , Malaysia
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Vaziri ND, Liu SM, Lau WL, Khazaeli M, Nazertehrani S, Farzaneh SH, Kieffer DA, Adams SH, Martin RJ. High amylose resistant starch diet ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and progression of chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114881. [PMID: 25490712 PMCID: PMC4260945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major mediator of CKD progression and is partly driven by altered gut microbiome and intestinal barrier disruption, events which are caused by: urea influx in the intestine resulting in dominance of urease-possessing bacteria; disruption of epithelial barrier by urea-derived ammonia leading to endotoxemia and bacterial translocation; and restriction of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables which are common sources of fermentable fiber. Restriction of these foods leads to depletion of bacteria that convert indigestible carbohydrates to short chain fatty acids which are important nutrients for colonocytes and regulatory T lymphocytes. We hypothesized that a high resistant starch diet attenuates CKD progression. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a chow containing 0.7% adenine for 2 weeks to induce CKD. Rats were then fed diets supplemented with amylopectin (low-fiber control) or high fermentable fiber (amylose maize resistant starch, HAM-RS2) for 3 weeks. CKD rats consuming low fiber diet exhibited reduced creatinine clearance, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, tubular damage, activation of NFkB, upregulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and pro-fibrotic molecules; impaired Nrf2 activity, down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and disruption of colonic epithelial tight junction. The high resistant starch diet significantly attenuated these abnormalities. Thus high resistant starch diet retards CKD progression and attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Future studies are needed to explore the impact of HAM-RS2 in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosratola D. Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shu-Man Liu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mahyar Khazaeli
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sohrab Nazertehrani
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Seyed H. Farzaneh
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Dorothy A. Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Roy J. Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Sirich TL, Plummer NS, Gardner CD, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW. Effect of increasing dietary fiber on plasma levels of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1603-10. [PMID: 25147155 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00490114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Numerous uremic solutes are derived from the action of colon microbes. Two such solutes, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, have been associated with adverse outcomes in renal failure. This study tested whether increasing dietary fiber in the form of resistant starch would lower the plasma levels of these solutes in patients on hemodialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Fifty-six patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive supplements containing resistant starch (n=28) or control starch (n=28) daily for 6 weeks in a study conducted between October 2010 and May 2013. Of these, 40 patients (20 in each group) completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Plasma indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate levels were measured at baseline and week 6. RESULTS Increasing dietary fiber for 6 weeks significantly reduced the unbound, free plasma level of indoxyl sulfate (median -29% [25th percentile, 75th percentile, -56, -12] for fiber versus -0.4% [-20, 34] for control, P=0.02). The reduction in free plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate was accompanied by a reduction in free plasma levels of p-cresol sulfate (r=0.81, P<0.001). However, the reduction of p-cresol sulfate levels was of lesser magnitude and did not achieve significance (median -28% [-46, 5] for fiber versus 4% [-28, 36] for control, P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increasing dietary fiber in hemodialysis patients may reduce the plasma levels of the colon-derived solutes indoxyl sulfate and possibly p-cresol sulfate without the need to intensify dialysis treatments. Further studies are required to determine whether such reduction provides clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Sirich
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Natalie S Plummer
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Thomas H Hostetter
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy W Meyer
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
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