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Meng J, Ding J, Wang W, Gu B, Zhou F, Wu D, Fu X, Liu J. Reversal of gentamicin sulfate resistance in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli by matrine combined with berberine hydrochloride. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:292. [PMID: 38849633 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the evolution of antibiotic resistance has led to the inefficacy of several antibiotics, and the reverse of resistance was a novel method to solve this problem. We previously demonstrated that matrine (Mat) and berberine hydrochloride (Ber) had a synergistic effect against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC). This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of Mat combined with Ber in reversing the resistance of MDREC. The MDREC was sequenced passaged in the presence of Mat, Ber, and a combination of Mat and Ber, which did not affect its growth. The reverse rate was up to 39.67% after MDREC exposed to Mat + Ber for 15 days. The strain that reversed resistance was named drug resistance reversed E. coli (DRREC) and its resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was reversed. The MIC of Gentamicin Sulfate (GS) against DRREC decreased 128-fold to 0.63 µg/mL, and it was stable within 20 generations. Furthermore, the susceptible phenotype of DRREC remained stable within 20 generations, as well. The LD50 of DRREC for chickens was 8.69 × 109 CFU/mL. qRT-PCR assays revealed that the transcript levels of antibiotic-resistant genes and virulence genes in the DRREC strain were significantly lower than that in the MDREC strain (P < 0.05). In addition, GS decreased the death, decreased the bacterial loading in organs, alleviated the injury of the spleen and liver, and decreased the cytokine levels in the chickens infected by the DRREC strain. In contrast, the therapeutic effect of GS in chickens infected with MDREC was not as evident. These findings suggest that the combination of Mat and Ber has potential for reversing resistance to MDREC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Jinxue Ding
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Weiran Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Bolin Gu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Fanting Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Desheng Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Xiang Fu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P R China.
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Wang C, Wu D, Shi G. Extract of Sophorae flavescentis radix-Cnidii fructus couplet medicines treats vulvovaginal candidiasis by affecting the vaginal mucosal barrier. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:809-824. [PMID: 37668465 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the inhibition of extract of Sophorae flavescentis radix-Cnidii fructus couplet medicines (ESCC) on Candida albicans (C. albicans) in vitro and the effect of ESCC on the vaginal mucosal barrier in vivo. Materials & methods: Susceptibility testing was performed with C. albicans SC5314. A vulvovaginal candidiasis mouse model was successfully established. The plate method, Gram staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining and ELISA were used to detect relevant inflammatory indexes: IFN-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to detect mucosal immune-related factors: MUC1, MUC4, DEFB1 and DEFB2. Results: ESCC was able to inhibit the proliferative activity of C. albicans, and it affected inflammation-related factors and indicators of vaginal mucosal immunity. Conclusion: ESCC showed potential value in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
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Lin L, Zhuo Y, Dong Q, Yang C, Cheng C, Liu T. Plasma activated Ezhangfeng Cuji as innovative antifungal agent and its inactivation mechanism. AMB Express 2023; 13:65. [PMID: 37368076 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a highly drug-resistant fungus for which new treatments are urgently needed due to the lack of clinically effective options. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mechanism of plasma-activated Ezhangfeng Cuji (PAEC) against Candida albicans and compared it with physiological saline (PS), plasma-activated physiological saline (PAPS) and Ezhangfeng Cuji (EC). After dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment with EC for 20 min followed by a 10 min immersion of Candida albicans, the fungus was reduced by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed an increase of 41.18% and 129.88% in the concentration of oxymatrine and rhein, respectively, after plasma-treated EC. The concentrations of reactive species (RS), such as H2O2, [Formula: see text], and O3, were found to be higher and the pH value was getting lower in PS after plasma treatment. Detailed analysis of intracellular material leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis for Candida albicans and observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that PAPS, EC and PAEC disrupt the morphological structure of Candida albicans to varying degrees.Additionally, specific analyses on Candida albicans virulence factors, such as adhesion to tissue surfaces, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), the transition of yeast-phase cells to mycelium-phase cells, and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes for Candida albicans were conducted and found to be inhibited after PAPS/EC/PAEC treatment. In our investigation, the inhibitory effects on Candida albicans were ranked from strong to weak as follows: PAEC, EC, PAPS, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- The Postgraduate School of Anhui, University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiran Dong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Taofeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmed EI, Alhuwaydi AM, Taha AE, Abouelkheir M. Anti-Candidal Activity of Reboxetine and Sertraline Antidepressants: Effects on Pre-Formed Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050881. [PMID: 37237784 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reboxetine (REB) and sertraline (SER) are antidepressants. The antifungal potential of these drugs against planktonic Candida has been recently reported with limited data about their effects on Candidal biofilms. Biofilms are self-derived extracellular matrixes produced by the microbial population that is attached to biotic surfaces, such as vaginal and oral mucosa, or abiotic surfaces, such as biomedical devices, resulting in persistent fungal infections. The commonly prescribed antifungals, azoles, are usually less effective when biofilms are formed, and most of the prescribed antifungals are only fungistatic. Therefore, the current study investigates the antifungal potentials of REB and SER, alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR) against Candidal biofilms. Using proper controls, Candida species (Candida albicans, C. albicans; Candida krusei, C. krusei; and Candida glabrata, C. glabrata) were used to form biofilms in 96-well microplates. Serial dilutions corresponding to concentrations ranging from 2 to 4096 µg/mL of the target drugs (REB, SER, FLC, ITR) were prepared and added to the plates. Impairment of the biofilm biomass and biofilm metabolic viability was detected using the crystal violet (CV) assay and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, respectively. In the checkerboard assay, the sessile fractional inhibitory concentration index (SFICI) was calculated to evaluate the effects of drug combinations. SER was more effective in reducing the biomass than REB for C. albicans and C. glabrata, but both were equal for C. krusei. For the reduction in metabolic activity in C. albicans and C. glabrata, SER had a slight advantage over REB. In C. krusei, REB was slightly more potent. Overall, FLC and ITR were almost equal and produced more significant reductions in metabolic activity when compared to SER and REB, except for C. glabrata, where SER was almost equal to FLC. Synergism was detected between REB + FLC and REB + ITR against biofilm cells of C. albicans. Synergism was detected between REB + ITR against biofilm cells of C. krusei. Synergism was detected between REB + FLC and REB + ITR against biofilm cells of C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. glabrata. The results of the present study support the potential of SER and REB as anti-Candidal biofilm agents that are beneficial as a new antifungal to combat Candidal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ibrahim Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Alhuwaydi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Taha
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Sun XY, Jia LY, Rong Z, Zhou X, Cao LQ, Li AH, Guo M, Jin J, Wang YD, Huang L, Li YH, He ZJ, Li L, Ma RK, Lv YF, Shao KK, Zhang J, Cao HL. Research Advances on Matrine. Front Chem 2022; 10:867318. [PMID: 35433636 PMCID: PMC9010661 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.867318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine is an alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herbs including Sophora flavescentis, Sophora alopecuroides, Sophora root, etc. It has the dual advantages of traditional Chinese herbs and chemotherapy drugs. It exhibits distinct benefits in preventing and improving chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and tumors. The review introduced recent research progresses on extraction, synthesis and derivatization of Matrine. The summary focused on the latest research advances of Matrine on anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hypertension, anti-ischemia reperfusion injury, anti-arrhythmia, anti-diabetic cardiovascular complications, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterium, anti-virus, which would provide new core structures and new insights for new drug development in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Li-Yi Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zheng Rong
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lu-Qi Cao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ai-Hong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Herb and Natural Drug Development, Medicine Research Institute, Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Co., LTD, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jie Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yin-Di Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ling Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhong-Jing He
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Long Li
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui-Kang Ma
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi-Fan Lv
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke-Ke Shao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zhang, ; Hui-Ling Cao,
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Herb and Natural Drug Development, Medicine Research Institute, Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Co., LTD, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zhang, ; Hui-Ling Cao,
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Quinolizidine-Based Variations and Antifungal Activity of Eight Lupinus Species Grown under Greenhouse Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010305. [PMID: 35011535 PMCID: PMC8746871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an aggressive phytopathogen that affects various plant species, resulting in extensive local and global economic losses. Therefore, the search for competent alternatives is a constant pursuit. Quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) are naturally occurring compounds with diverse biological activities. The structural diversity of quinolizidines is mainly contributed by species of the family Fabaceae, particularly the genus Lupinus. This quinolizidine-based chemo diversity can be explored to find antifungals and even mixtures to address concomitant effects on F. oxysporum. Thus, the antifungal activity of quinolizidine-rich extracts (QREs) from the leaves of eight greenhouse-propagated Lupinus species was evaluated to outline promising QA mixtures against F. oxysporum. Thirteen main compounds were identified and quantified using an external standard. Quantitative analysis revealed different contents per quinolizidine depending on the Lupinus plant, ranging from 0.003 to 32.8 mg/g fresh leaves. Bioautography showed that all extracts were active at the maximum concentration (5 µg/µL). They also exhibited >50% mycelium growth inhibition. All QREs were fungistatic except for the fungicidal QRE of L. polyphyllus Lindl. Angustifoline, matrine, 13α-hydroxylupanine, and 17-oxolupanine were ranked to act jointly against the phytopathogen. Our findings constitute reference information to better understand the antifungal activity of naturally afforded QA mixtures from these globally important plants.
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Xu Z, Huang T, Du M, Soteyome T, Lan H, Hong W, Peng F, Fu X, Peng G, Liu J, Kjellerup BV. Regulatory network controls microbial biofilm development, with Candida albicans as a representative: from adhesion to dispersal. Bioengineered 2022; 13:253-267. [PMID: 34709974 PMCID: PMC8805954 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms mainly exist in the form of biofilm in nature. Biofilm can contaminate food and drinking water system, as well as cause chronic wound infections, thereby posing a potential threat to public health safety. In the last two decades, researchers have made efforts to investigate the genetic contributors control different stages of biofilm development (adherence, initiation, maturation, and dispersal). As an opportunistic pathogen, C. albicans causes severe superficial or systemic infections with high morbidity and mortality under conditions of immune dysfunction. It has been reported that 80% of C. albicans infections are directly or indirectly associated with biofilm formation on host or abiotic surfaces including indwelling medical devices, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Significantly, the outcome of C. albicans biofilm development includes enhanced invasion, exacerbated inflammatory responses and intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy. Thus, this review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the regulatory network controls microbial biofilm development, with C. albicans as a representative, served as reference for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology China Southern; Insititue of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences 510070, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Tengyi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Min Du
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Haifeng Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
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Asghar S, Khan IU, Salman S, Khalid SH, Ashfaq R, Vandamme TF. Plant-derived nanotherapeutic systems to counter the overgrowing threat of resistant microbes and biofilms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114019. [PMID: 34699940 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since antiquity, the survival of human civilization has always been threatened by the microbial infections. An alarming surge in the resistant microbial strains against the conventional drugs is quite evident in the preceding years. Furthermore, failure of currently available regimens of antibiotics has been highlighted by the emerging threat of biofilms in the community and hospital settings. Biofilms are complex dynamic composites rich in extracellular polysaccharides and DNA, supporting plethora of symbiotic microbial life forms, that can grow on both living and non-living surfaces. These enforced structures are impervious to the drugs and lead to spread of recurrent and non-treatable infections. There is a strong realization among the scientists and healthcare providers to work out alternative strategies to combat the issue of drug resistance and biofilms. Plants are a traditional but rich source of effective antimicrobials with wider spectrum due to presence of multiple constituents in perfect synergy. Other than the biocompatibility and the safety profile, these phytochemicals have been repeatedly proven to overcome the non-responsiveness of resistant microbes and films via multiple pathways such as blocking the efflux pumps, better penetration across the cell membranes or biofilms, and anti-adhesive properties. However, the unfavorable physicochemical attributes and stability issues of these phytochemicals have hampered their commercialization. These issues of the phytochemicals can be solved by designing suitably constructed nanoscaled structures. Nanosized systems can not only improve the physicochemical features of the encapsulated payloads but can also enhance their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic profile. This review encompasses why and how various types of phytochemicals and their nanosized preparations counter the microbial resistance and the biofouling. We believe that phytochemical in tandem with nanotechnological innovations can be employed to defeat the microbial resistance and biofilms. This review will help in better understanding of the challenges associated with developing such platforms and their future prospects.
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Li X, Tang Z, Wen L, Jiang C, Feng Q. Matrine: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113682. [PMID: 33307055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Dogel ebs" was known as Sophora flavescens Ait., which has been widely utilized in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine for thousands of years. Shen Nong's Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing in Chinese pinyin) recorded that it is bitter in taste and cold in nature with the effect of clearing heat and eliminating dampness, insecticide, diuresis. Due to its extensive application in the fields of ethnopharmacological utilization, the pharmaceutical researches of Sophora flavescens Ait.s keeps deepening. Modern pharmacological studies have exhibited that matrine, which is rich in this traditional herbal medicine, mediates its main biological properties. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed at summarizing the latest and comprehensive information of matrine on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches to explore the therapeutic potential of this natural ingredient. In addition, outlooks and perspective for possible future researches that related are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related information concerning matrine was gathered from the internet database of Google scholar, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library with the keywords including "matrine", "pharmacology", "toxicology" and "pharmacokinetics", "clinical application", etc. RESULTS: Based on literatures, matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, detoxification and so on. Nevertheless, there are still some doubts about it due to the toxicity and questionable bioavailability that does exist. CONCLUSIONS Future researches directions probably include elucidate the mechanism of its toxicity and accurately tracing the in vivo behavior of its drug delivery system. Without doubt, integration of toxicity and efficiency and structure modification based on it are also pivotal methods to enhance pharmacological activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cen Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Ma K, Chen M, Liu J, Ge Y, Wang T, Wu D, Yan G, Wang C, Shao J. Sodium houttuyfonate attenuates dextran sulfate sodium associated colitis precolonized with Candida albicans through inducing β-glucan exposure. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:927-937. [PMID: 33682190 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ab0221-324rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is a chronic intestinal disease most likely associated with gut dysbiosis. Candida related mycobiota has been demonstrated to play a role in IBD progression. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) with antifungal activity have a potential in prevention and treatment of fungi-related IBD. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH) is a promising anti-Candida TCHMs. In this study, a dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis model with Candida albicans precolonization is established. SH gavage can significantly decrease the fungal burdens in feces and colon tissues, reduce disease activity index score, elongate colon length, and attenuate colonic damages. Moreover, SH markedly inhibits the levels of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, β-glucan, and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and increases anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 level in serum and colon tissue. Further experiments demonstrate that SH could induce β-glucan exposure, priming intestinal macrophages to get rid of colonized C. albicans through the collaboration of Dectin-1 and TLR2/4. With the decreased fungal burden, the protein levels of Dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κBp65 are fallen back, indicating the primed macrophages calm down and the colitis is alleviated. Collectively, these results manifest that SH can attenuate C. albicans associated colitis via β-glucan exposure, deepening our understanding of TCHMs in the prevention and treatment of fungi associated IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuzhu Ge
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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11
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Cai XH, Zhang HY, Xie B. Matrine-Family Alkaloids: Versatile Precursors for Bioactive Modifications. Med Chem 2021; 16:431-453. [PMID: 31378199 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190507121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrine-family alkaloids as tetracycloquinolizindine analogues from Traditional Chinese Medicine Sophora flavescens Ait, Sophora subprostrata and Sophora alopecuroides L possess various pharmacological activities and have aroused great interests over the past decades. Especially, a lot of matrine derivatives have been designed and synthesized and their biological activities investigated, and encouraging results have continuously been achieved in recent several years. These studies are helpful to develop more potent candidates or therapeutic agents and disclose their molecular targets and mechanisms. This paper reviews recent advances in the bioactive modifications of matrine-family alkaloids from derivatization of the C-13, C-14 or C-15 position, opening D ring, fusing D ring and structural simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bing Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
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12
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You L, Yang C, Du Y, Wang W, Sun M, Liu J, Ma B, Pang L, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Dong X, Yin X, Ni J. A Systematic Review of the Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics of Matrine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01067. [PMID: 33041782 PMCID: PMC7526649 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine (MT) is a naturally occurring alkaloid and an bioactive component of Chinese herbs, such as Sophora flavescens and Radix Sophorae tonkinensis. Emerging evidence suggests that MT possesses anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-fibrotic, anti-allergic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. These pharmacological properties form the foundation for its application in the treatment of various diseases, such as multiple types of cancers, hepatitis, skin diseases, allergic asthma, diabetic cardiomyopathy, pain, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. However, an increasing number of published studies indicate that MT has serious adverse effects, the most obvious being liver toxicity and neurotoxicity, which are major factors limiting its clinical use. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that MT has low oral bioavailability and short half-life in vivo. This review summarizes the latest advances in research on the pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of MT, with a focus on its biological properties and mechanism of action. The review provides insight into the future of research on traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyi Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baorui Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linnuo Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Fabricating Ultra-Smooth Diamond-Like Carbon Film and Investigating its Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.43.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diamond like carbon (DLC) a carbon-based nanomaterial has been nominated as a potential solution to prevent the biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices such as dentures and heart valves.Candidaalbicansis an opportunistic fungal pathogen where biofilms are a part of its pathogenicity which primarily utilized indwelling medical devices as platform to build up the biofilm. In this work, DLC deposited on silicon substrate was prepared to accomplish the optimal characteristics for bio-coating material (roughness, purity, uniformity) and then evaluated for their ability to prevent or reduce the biofilm formation of pathogenicC.albicans(SC5314) under conditions mimicking human body. Optimized DLC was synthesized via chemical vapor deposition, and then the film was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scan electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The potential biofilms on DLC, silicon substrate and positive control (polyvinyl chloride-PVC) were quantified via colorimetric cell viability assay (XTT); as intact and vortexed biofilms. The characteristics of formed biofilms were carried out using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scan electron microscope (SEM). The result showed that DLC was successfully deposited on the silicon substrate with a root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.183± 0.09 nm. The biofilm efficaciously grown on all samples (DLC and positive control) with thickness of 46.8 ± 6.97 μm and 42.18 ± 4.65 μm, respectively. No topological and morphological changes have been observed by SEM on biofilm-DLC compared to PVC-biofilm. Moreover, all results indicated that the hydrophobicity and roughness of DLC appeared to support the attachment and the growth ofC.albicans.In conclusion , there is no privilege of utilizing DLC over PVC in term of reduction or inhibition ofC.albicansbiofilm formation at physiological conditions. Furthermore, this study may serve as an experimental model to evaluate the potential effect of nanomaterials coating on biofilm formation at conditions mimicking human’s body.
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Da W, Shao J, Li Q, Shi G, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Physical Interaction of Sodium Houttuyfonate With β-1,3-Glucan Evokes Candida albicans Cell Wall Remodeling. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30740095 PMCID: PMC6357593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commonly isolated opportunistic yeast and can endanger immune-compromised human health. As increasingly isolated strains present resistance to currently used antifungals, it is necessary to develop novel antimycotics. In a previous study, sodium houttuyfonate (SH) alone or in combination with fluconazole revealed relatively strong antifungal potential against C. albicans, and the underlying mechanism might be likely to be associated with β-glucan synthesis and transportation (Shao et al., 2017). In the present experiment, we used a standard C. albicans isolate and a phr1 mutant (phr1−/−) to investigate the interaction of SH with β-glucan, one of the critical components in cell wall and biofilm matrix. We showed that lyticase was the most effective enzyme that could significantly increase the antifungal inhibition of SH at 64 μg/mL in C. albicans SC5314 but became futile in phr1−/−. Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SH were comparable in the two Candida strains used, phr1−/− appeared to be more susceptible to SH compared with C. albicans SC5314 in biofilms (64 versus 512 μg/mL). The peak areas of SH decreased markedly by 71.6, 38.2, and 62.6% in C. albicans SC5314 and by 70% and 53.2% in phr1−/− by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis after co-incubation of SH with laminarin, extracellular matrix (EM) and cell wall. The chitin appeared to not interact with SH. We further demonstrated that sub-MIC SH (8 μg/mL) was able to induce cell wall remodeling by unmasking β-1,3-glucan and chitin in both C. albicans SC5314 and phr1−/−. Based on these findings, we propose that β-1,3-glucan can block the entrance of SH through non-specific absorption, and then the fungus senses the interaction of SH with β-1,3-glucan and exposes more β-1,3-glucan that contributes to SH blocking in turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Da
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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15
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Wang T, Shao J, Da W, Li Q, Shi G, Wu D, Wang C. Strong Synergism of Palmatine and Fluconazole/Itraconazole Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Candida Species and Efflux-Associated Antifungal Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2892. [PMID: 30559726 PMCID: PMC6287112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida [NAC] species are becoming a growing threat in immunodeficient population, people with long-term antibiotic treatment and patients enduring kinds of catheter intervention. The resistance to one or more than one conventional antifungal agents contributes greatly to the widespread propagation of Candida infections. The severity of fungal infection requires the discovery of novel antimycotics and the extensive application of combination strategy. In this study, a group of Candida standard and clinical strains including C. albicans as well as several NAC species were employed to evaluate the antifungal potentials of palmatine (PAL) alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC)/itraconazole (ITR) by microdilution method, checkerboard assay, gram staining, spot assay, and rhodamine 6G efflux test. Subsequently, the expressions of transporter-related genes, namely CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, and FLU1 for C. albicans, CDR1 and MDR1 for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis, ABC1 and ABC2 for Candida krusei, CDR1, CDR2, and SNQ2 for Candida glabrata were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The susceptibility test showed that PAL presented strong synergism with FLC and ITR with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) in a range of 0.0049-0.75 for PAL+FLC and 0.0059-0.3125 for PAL+ITR in planktonic cells, 0.125-0.375 for PAL+FLC and 0.0938-0.3125 for PAL+ITR in biofilms. The susceptibility results were also confirmed by gram staining and spot assay. After combinations, a vast quantity of rhodamine 6G could not be pumped out as considerably intracellular red fluorescence was accumulated. Meanwhile, the expressions of efflux-associated genes were evaluated and presented varying degrees of inhibition. These results indicated that PAL was a decent antifungal synergist to promote the antifungal efficacy of azoles (such as FLC and ITR), and the underlying antifungal mechanism might be linked with the inhibition of efflux pumps and the elevation of intracellular drug content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyue Da
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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16
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Zhang M, Yang X, Wang D, Yu C, Sun S. Antifungal activity of immunosuppressants used alone or in combination with fluconazole. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:1304-1317. [PMID: 30307675 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a challenge to clinicians due to the limited available antifungals. With the increasing use of antifungals in clinical practice, drug resistance has been emerging continuously, especially to fluconazole (FLC). Thus, a search for new antifungals and approaches to overcome antifungal resistance is needed. However, the development of new antifungals is usually costly and time consuming; discovering the antifungal activity of non-antifungal agents is one way to address these problems. Interestingly, some researchers have demonstrated that several classes of immunosuppressants (calcineurin inhibitors, glucocorticoids, etc) also displayed potent antifungal activity when used alone or in combination with antifungals, especially with FLC. Some of them could increase FLC's susceptibility against resistant Candida albicans significantly reversing fungal resistance to FLC. This article reviews the antifungal activities of immunosuppressants used alone or in combination with antifungals and their potential antifungal mechanisms that have been discovered so far. Although immunosuppressive agents have been identified as risk factors for fungal infection, we believe these findings are very important for overcoming drug resistance and developing new antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - D Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - C Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - S Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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17
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Shibasaki S, Karasaki M, Aoki W, Ueda M. Molecular and Physiological Study of Candida albicans by Quantitative Proteome Analysis. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6030034. [PMID: 30231513 PMCID: PMC6160938 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the major pathogens that cause the serious infectious condition known as candidiasis. C. albicans was investigated by proteome analysis to systematically examine its virulence factors and to promote the development of novel pharmaceuticals against candidiasis. Here, we review quantitative time-course proteomics data related to C. albicans adaptation to fetal bovine serum, which were obtained using a nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system equipped with a long monolithic silica capillary column. It was revealed that C. albicans induced proteins involved in iron acquisition, detoxification of oxidative species, energy production, and pleiotropic stress tolerance. Native interactions of C. albicans with macrophages were also investigated with the same proteome-analysis system. Simultaneous analysis of C. albicans and macrophages without isolating individual living cells revealed an attractive strategy for studying the survival of C. albicans. Although those data were obtained by performing proteome analyses, the molecular physiology of C. albicans is discussed and trials related to pharmaceutical applications are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shibasaki
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan.
| | - Miki Karasaki
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan.
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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18
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Shao J, Cui Y, Zhang M, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Synergistic in vitro activity of sodium houttuyfonate with fluconazole against clinical Candida albicans strains under planktonic growing conditions. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:355-359. [PMID: 27931143 PMCID: PMC6130526 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1237977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fluconazole resistance is an intractable problem of treating Candida albicans, calling for more antifungal agents to enhance the activity of fluconazole. OBJECTIVE This work investigates the anti-C. albicans activities of sodium houttuyfonate (SH) and/or fluconazole and the associated mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SH and fluconazole both ranging from 0.5 to 1024 μg/mL were determined by broth microdilution method in 19 C. albicans isolates, and their fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was evaluated by checkerboard assay. After MICSH and/or MICfluconazole treatments, the expressions of IFD6, PHR1, ZAP1, ADH5, BGL2, XOG1 and FKS1 were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in C. albicans 1601. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The MICs of SH alone ranged from 32 to 256 μg/mL and decreased 2-16-fold in combination. SH showed strong synergism with fluconazole with FICI <0.13-0.5. In C. albicans 1601, we observed that (i) the expression of the seven genes increased notably in a range between 3.71- and 12.63-fold (p < 0.05) when SH was used alone, (ii) the combined use of SH and fluconazole slightly inhibited the expression of IFD6 and PHR1 by 1.23- and 1.35-fold (p > 0.05), but promoted evidently the expression of ZAP1, ADH5, XOG1 and FKS1 by 1.98-, 3.56-, 4.10- and 2.86-fold (p < 0.05). The results suggested SH to be a potential synergist to enhance the antifungal activity of fluconazole in C. albicans resistant isolates, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with β-1,3-glucan synthesis and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - YanYan Cui
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - MengXiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - TianMing Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - DaQiang Wu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - ChangZhong Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Teng F, Deng P, Song Z, Zhou F, Feng R. Enhanced effect in combination of curcumin- and ketoconazole-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) micelles. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:43-51. [PMID: 28092844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance water-solubility and realize controlled release while keeping synergistic effects of ketoconazole and curcumin, drug-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (ε-caprolactone) micelles were prepared through thin membrane hydration method. Transmission electric microscopy and dynamitic light scattering characterization revealed the formation of ketoconazole- and curcumin-loaded micelles with an average size of 44.70nm and 39.56nm, respectively. The drug-loaded micelles endowed the two drugs' slow controlled release with water-solubility enhanced to 85 and 82000 folds higher than the corresponding raw drugs, respectively. In vitro antifungal activity test, chequerboard test and inhibition zone test indicated that efficacy of ketoconazole-loaded micelles was improved by introduction of curcumin-loaded micelles with a low fractional inhibitory concentration index (0.073). Biofilm formation inhibition assay also demonstrated that participation of curcumin-loaded micelles obviously strengthened the inhibition of fungal biofilms formation induced by ketoconazole-loaded micelles. The high synergistic activity of combinations is encouraging and the MPEG-PCL micelle is a potential drug delivery system for the combination of ketoconazole and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Teng
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. l6866 East Road of Jingshi, Jinan 250200, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peizong Deng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhimei Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Runliang Feng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Lu M, Li T, Wan J, Li X, Yuan L, Sun S. Antifungal effects of phytocompounds on Candida species alone and in combination with fluconazole. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:125-136. [PMID: 28040409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections caused by Candida spp. remain the most predominant nosocomial fungal infections. Owing to the increased use of antifungal agents, resistance of Candida spp. to antimycotics has emerged frequently, especially to fluconazole (FLC). To cope with this issue, new efforts have been dedicated to discovering novel antimycotics or new agents that can enhance the susceptibility of Candida spp. to existing antimycotics. The secondary metabolites of plants represent a large library of compounds that are important sources for new drugs or compounds suitable for further modification. Research on the anti-Candida activities of phytocompounds has been carried out in recent years and the results showed that a series of phytocompounds have anti-Candida properties, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Among these phytocompounds, some displayed potent antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤8 µg/mL, and several compounds were even more effective against drug-resistant Candida spp. than FLC or itraconazole (e.g. honokiol, magnolol and shikonin). Interestingly, quite a few phytocompounds not only displayed anti-Candida activity alone but also synergised with FLC against Candida spp., even leading to a reversal of FLC resistance. This review focuses on summarising the anti-Candida activities of phytocompounds as well as the interactions of phytocompounds with FLC. In addition, we briefly overview the synergistic mechanisms and present the structure of the antimycotic phytocompounds. Hopefully, this analysis will provide insight into antifungal agent discovery and new approaches against antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Jianjian Wan
- Department of Respiratory, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong Province 251200, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Baodi District People's Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China.
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Cai W, Fu Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhao J, Song W, Li Y, Huang Y, Wu Z, Sun R, Dong C, Zhang F. Synergistic effects of baicalein with cefotaxime against Klebsiella pneumoniae through inhibiting CTX-M-1 gene expression. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:181. [PMID: 27502110 PMCID: PMC4977660 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of extended- spectrum β- lactamases is one of the major mechanisms by which clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae develop resistance to antibiotics. Combined antibiotics prove to be a relatively effective method of controlling such resistant strains. Some of Chinese herbal active ingredients are known to have synergistic antibacterial effects. This study is aimed to investigate synergistic effects of Chinese herbal active ingredients with cefotaxime on the extended- spectrum β- lactamase positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and to analyze mechanism of synergistic action, providing experimental evidence for clinical application of antimicrobial drugs. Results For total sixteen strains including fifteen strains of cefotaxime resistant K. pneumoniae and one extended- spectrum β- lactamase positive standard strain, the synergy rates of cefotaxime with baicalein, matrine, and clavulanic acid were 56.3 %, 0 %, and 100 %, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index of combined baicalein and cefotaxime was correlated with the percentage decrease of cefotaxime MIC of all the strains (r = −0.78, p <0.01). In the group of synergy baicalein and cefotaxime, the transcribed mRNA level of CTX-M-1 after treatment of baicalein was decreased significantly (p <0.05). Moreover, the CTX-M-1 mRNA expression percentage inhibition (100 %, 5/5) was significantly higher than non- synergy group (25 %, 1/4) (p <0.05). Conclusions Our study demonstrated that baicalein exhibited synergistic activity when combined with cefotaxime against some of extended- spectrum β- lactamases positive K. pneumoniae strains by inhibiting CTX-M-1 mRNA expression. However, no direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity was involved in the synergistic action. Baicalein seems to be a promising novel effective synergistic antimicrobial agent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0797-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Cai
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yingmei Fu
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jizi Zhao
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wuqi Song
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunping Dong
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Effects of Total Alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides on Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4020715. [PMID: 27413745 PMCID: PMC4930803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4020715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is an opportunistic pathogen with low pathogenicity and a cause of the repeated outbreak of bovine mastitis in veterinary clinical settings. In this report, a biofilm model of S. epidermidis was generated and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC (SMIC) on bacterial cultures were assessed for the following agents: total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and erythromycin (ERY). The formation and characteristic parameters of biofilm were analyzed in terms of XTT assay, silver staining, and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results showed that a sub-MIC of TASA could inhibit 50% biofilm of bacterial activity, while 250-fold MIC of CIP and ERY MICs only inhibited 50% and 47% of biofilm formation, respectively. All three agents could inhibit the biofilm formation at an early stage, but TASA showed a better inhibitory effect on the late stage of biofilm thickening. A morphological analysis using CLSM further confirmed the destruction of biofilm by these agents. These results thus suggest that TASA has an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of clinic S. epidermidis, which may be a potential agent warranted for further study on the treatment prevention of infection related to S. epidermidis in veterinary clinic.
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Natural Sources as Innovative Solutions Against Fungal Biofilms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 931:105-25. [PMID: 27115410 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal cells are capable of adhering to biotic and abiotic surfaces and form biofilms containing one or more microbial species that are microbial reservoirs. These biofilms may cause chronic and acute infections. Fungal biofilms related to medical devices are particularly responsible for serious infections such as candidemia. Nowadays, only a few therapeutic agents have demonstrated activities against fungal biofilms in vitro and/or in vivo. So the discovery of new anti-biofilm molecules is definitely needed. In this context, biodiversity is a large source of original active compounds including some that have already proven effective in therapies such as antimicrobial compounds (antibacterial or antifungal agents). Bioactive metabolites from natural sources, useful for developing new anti-biofilm drugs, are of interest. In this chapter, the role of molecules isolated from plants, lichens, algae, microorganisms, or from animal or human origin in inhibition and/or dispersion of fungal biofilms (especially Candida and Aspergillus biofilms) is discussed. Some essential oils, phenolic compounds, saponins, peptides and proteins and alkaloids could be of particular interest in fighting fungal biofilms.
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Shao J, Zhang M, Wang T, Li Y, Wang C. The roles of CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 in kaempferol-induced suppression with fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:984-92. [PMID: 26459663 PMCID: PMC11132302 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fungal infections caused by fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans are an intractable clinical problem, calling for new efficient antifungal drugs. Kaempferol, an active flavonoid, has been considered a potential candidate against Candida species. OBJECTIVE This work investigates the resistance reversion of kaempferol in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antifungal activities of fluconazole and/or kaempferol were assessed by a series of standard procedures including broth microdilution method, checkerboard assay and time-kill (T-K) test in nine clinical strains as well as a standard reference isolate of C. albicans. Subsequently, the morphological changes, the efflux of rhodamine 6G, and the expressions of CDR 1, CDR 2, and MDR 1 were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), inverted fluorescence microscope and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in C. albicans z2003. RESULTS For all the tested C. albicans strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole and kaempferol ranged 0.25-32 and 128-256 μg/mL with a range of fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.257-0.531. In C. albicans z2003, the expression of both CDR 1 and CDR 2 were decreased after exposure to kaempferol alone with negligible rhodamine 6G accumulation, while the expression of CDR 1, CDR 2 and MDR 1 were all decreased when fluconazole and kaempferol were used concomitantly with notable fluorescence of rhodamine 6G observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Kaempferol-induced reversion in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans might be likely due to the suppression of the expression of CDR1, CDR2 and MDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - MengXiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - TianMing Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China, and
| | - Yue Li
- Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - ChangZhong Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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In vitro antifungal activity of baicalin against Candida albicans biofilms via apoptotic induction. Microb Pathog 2015; 87:21-9. [PMID: 26169236 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of baicalin and its potential mechanism of action against Candida albicans biofilms. The standard techniques including microdilution method and checkerboard assay were employed to evaluate the susceptibilities of baicalin alone and in combination with fluconazole against planktonic and biofilm cells of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluorescent microscope and flow cytometry were used to assess the apoptotic incidences induced by baicalin in biofilm cells. The expressions of four genes (RAS1, CAP1, PDE2 and TPK1) related to Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway were also analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC50) of baicalin were 500 and 2000 μg/mL with fractional inhibitory concentration indexs (FICIs) ranging from 0.28 to 0.75. A series of events related to apoptosis were observed in baicalin-treated C. albicans biofilms, including extensive chromatin condensation along the nuclear envelope, ROS accumulation, MMP reduction, PS externalization, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, metacaspase activation and Cyt C release. Additionally, the expressions of RAS1 and TPK1 were up-regulated by 3.2 and 2.9 folds respectively, while those of CAP1 and PDE2 were down-regulated by 3.3 and 6.6 folds respectively after exposure to baicalin in biofilm cells. In conclusion, baicalin can suppress the development of C. albicans biofilms most likely due to inducing cell death via apoptosis.
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Sabatino L, Scarangella M, Lazzaro F, Scordino M, Picariello G, Leotta C, Traulo P, Gagliano G. Matrine and oxymatrine in corroborant plant extracts and fertilizers: HPLC/MS-MS method development and single-laboratory validation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:862-70. [PMID: 26252197 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1062656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC/MS-MS) has been developed and validated for detection of alkaloids matrine and oxymatrine in fertilizer with labeled enhancer plant defense activities. The analytical method was validated statistically. The results show a strong matrix effect, requiring quantification by standard addition method. The regression lines showed r(2) > 0.994. Recoveries ranging from 97 to 104% were obtained for the fortification level of 0.01% wt wt(-1) and the relative standard deviations ranged from 3 to 4% (n = 10). The limits of detection were below 0.0001% wt wt(-1), while the limits of quantification did not exceed 0.0004% wt wt(-1). The method is currently applied in ICQRF Laboratory of Catania on fertilized and corroborant plant extract collected in the Italian market in the frame of MIPAAF institutional quality control activity, with the aim to dectect these unpermitted active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sabatino
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Michele Scarangella
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Francesco Lazzaro
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Monica Scordino
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giavanna Picariello
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Claudia Leotta
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Pasqualino Traulo
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giacomo Gagliano
- a Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Foodstuff and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), Department of Central Inspectorate for Quality Safeguarding and Fraud Repressing of Agricultural and Foodstuff Products (ICQRF), Laboratory of Catania , Catania , Italy
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