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Guo H, Liu W, Xie Y, Wang Z, Huang C, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhao J, Yu X, Sibirina LA. Soil microbiome of shiro reveals the symbiotic relationship between Tricholoma bakamatsutake and Quercus mongolica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361117. [PMID: 38601932 PMCID: PMC11004381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tricholoma bakamatsutake is a delicious and nutritious ectomycorrhizal fungus. However, its cultivation is hindered owing to limited studies on its symbiotic relationships. The symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and its host is closely related to the shiro, a complex network composed of mycelium, mycorrhizal roots, and surrounding soil. To explore the symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and its host, soil samples were collected from T. bakamatsutake shiro (Tb) and corresponding Q. mongolica rhizosphere (CK) in four cities in Liaoning Province, China. The physicochemical properties of all the soil samples were then analyzed, along with the composition and function of the fungal and bacterial communities. The results revealed a significant increase in total potassium, available nitrogen, and sand in Tb soil compared to those in CK soil, while there was a significant decrease in pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and silt. The fungal community diversity in shiro was diminished, and T. bakamatsutake altered the community structure of its shiro by suppressing other fungi, such as Russula (ectomycorrhizal fungus) and Penicillium (phytopathogenic fungus). The bacterial community diversity in shiro increased, with the aggregation of mycorrhizal-helper bacteria, such as Paenibacillus and Bacillus, and plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Solirubrobacter and Streptomyces, facilitated by T. bakamatsutake. Microbial functional predictions revealed a significant increase in pathways associated with sugar and fat catabolism within the fungal and bacterial communities of shiro. The relative genetic abundance of carboxylesterase and gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase in the fungal community was significantly increased, which suggested a potential symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and Q. mongolica. These findings elucidate the microbial community and relevant symbiotic environment to better understand the relationship between T. bakamatsutake and Q. mongolica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriysk, Russia
| | - Weiye Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Chentong Huang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Jingfang Yi
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoqian Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lidiya Alekseevna Sibirina
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriysk, Russia
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Wan Y, Xiao Q, Xiao X, Huang Y, Liu S, Feng W, Liu T, Ren Z, Ren W, Luo X, Luo S. Response of tomatoes to inactivated endophyte LSE01 under combined stress of high-temperature and drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108321. [PMID: 38181639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Endophytes can assist crops in adapting to high temperatures and drought conditions, thereby reducing agricultural losses. However, the mechanism through which endophytes regulate crop resistance to high temperatures and drought stress remains unclear, and concerns regarding safety and stability exist with active endophytes. Thus, heat-treated endophytic bacteria LSE01 (HTB) were employed as a novel microbial fertilizer to investigate their effects on plant adaptation to high temperatures and drought conditions. The results indicated that the diameter and weight of tomatoes treated with HTB under stress conditions increased by 23.04% and 71.15%, respectively, compared to the control. Tomato yield did not significantly decrease compared to non-stress conditions. Additionally, the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, and proteins treated with HTB increased by 18.81%, 11.54%, and 99.75%, respectively. Mechanistic research revealed that HTB treatment enhances tomato's stress resistance by elevating photosynthetic pigment and proline contents, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and reducing the accumulation of MDA. Molecular biology research demonstrates that HTB treatment upregulates the expression of drought-resistant genes (GA2ox7, USP1, SlNAC3, SlNAC4), leading to modifications in stomatal conductance, plant morphology, photosynthetic intensity, and antioxidant enzyme synthesis to facilitate adaptation to dry conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of the heat-resistant gene (SlCathB2-2) can increases the thickness of tomato cell walls, rendering them less vulnerable to heat stress. In summary, HTB endows tomatoes with the ability to adapt to high temperatures and drought conditions, providing new opportunities for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Qicheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China.
| | - Yutian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Weiran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region, School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, PR China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
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Nguyen NH. Fungal Hyphosphere Microbiomes Are Distinct from Surrounding Substrates and Show Consistent Association Patterns. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0470822. [PMID: 36939352 PMCID: PMC10100729 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04708-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mat-forming fungi are common in forest and grassland soils across the world, where their activity contributes to important soil ecological processes. These fungi maintain dominance through aggressive and abundant hyphae that modify their internal physical and chemical environments and through these modifications select for what appears to be a suite of mycophilic bacteria. Here, the bacteria associated with the fungal mats of Leucopaxillus gentianeus and Leucopaxillus albissimus from western North America are compared to adjacent nonmat substrates. Within the mats, the bacterial richness and diversity were significantly reduced, and the community composition was significantly different. The bacterial community structure between the two fungal hosts was marginally significant and indicated a shared set of bacterial associates. The genera Burkholderia, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Mycobacterium were significantly abundant within the fungal mats and represent core members of these hypha-rich environments. Comparison with the literature from fungal mat studies worldwide showed that these genera are common and often significantly found within fungal mats, further reinforcing the concept of a mycophilic bacterial guild. These genera are incorporated into a synthesis discussion in the context of our current understanding of the nature of fungal-bacterial interactions and the potential outcomes of these interactions in soil nutrient cycling, plant productivity, and human health. IMPORTANCE Fungi and bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms in soils (perhaps more so than any other habitat on earth), and together these microorganisms contribute to broad soil ecosystem processes. There is a suite of bacteria that appears consistently within the physical space called the hyphosphere, the area of influence surrounding fungal hyphae. How these bacteria are selected for, how they are maintained, and what broader ecological functions they perform are subjects of interest in this relatively new field-the cross-kingdom interactions between fungi and bacteria. Understanding their cooccurrence and their interactions can open new realms of understanding in soil ecological processes with global consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu H. Nguyen
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA
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Zhang Y, Li X, Hu A, Wang L. Effects of Hericium erinaceus Hedgehog mushroom on the endophytic microbial community of the host plant. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:92-103. [PMID: 36316246 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog mushroom is a Hericium erinaceus associated with fagaceae and pinaceae trees in the northern hemisphere. It is still unknown whether this symbiotic relationship will affect the endophytic microbial community of the host plants. In this study, the endophytic microbial communities of different Quercus aliena tissues (root, stem, and leaf) with or without H. erinaceus partner were analyzed by bar-coded pyrosequencing. About 29,000 clean reads were obtained per sample representing 28 phyla of bacteria and 6 phyla of fungi. A total of 26,838 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria and 4323 OTUs of fungi were observed at a 97% similarity level. Three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and fungal phylum Ascomycota were dominant in all tissues. The relative abundance of these dominant communities showed significantly differences between Q. aliena tissues with or without H. erinaceus. Bacterial genus Pseudomonas and fungal genus Cryptosporiopsis were species-rich in Q. aliena root infected by H. erinaceus hyphae. This study demonstrated that the endophytic microbial community structure and dominant species varied in Q. aliena mycorrhized with H. erinaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, China
| | - Anxin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Landi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Communities Inhabiting Shiro Dominant Soils of Two Production Regions of Tricholoma Matsutake S. Ito & S. Imai in Korea. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has obligate symbiotic relationships with Pinus densiflora. Its fruiting body has a distinctive flavor and is traded at a high price. Thus, it has been a significant source of income for rural communities in Korea. We hypothesized that biotic factors considerably influence the formation of the T. matsutake mushroom, and the soils producing T. matsutake share similar microbial characteristics. Therefore, the present study aimed to detect the specific fungal and bacterial groups in T. matsutake production soils (shiro+) and nonproduction soils (shiro−) of the Bonghwa and Yanyang regions via next-generation sequencing. In a total of 15 phyla, 36 classes, 234 genera of bacteria, six phyla, 29 classes, and 164 genera of fungi were detected from four samples at both sites. The species diversity of shiro+ soils was lower than the shiro− samples in both the fungal and bacterial groups. In addition, we did not find high similarities in the microbial communities between the shiro+ soils of the two regions. However, in the resulting differences between the fungal communities categorized by their trophic assembly, we found a distinguishable compositional pattern in the fungal communities from the shiro+ soils and the shiro− soils of the two sites. Thus, the similarity among the microbial communities in the forest soils may be due to the fact that the microbial communities in the T. matsutake dominant soils are closely associated with biotic factors and abiotic factors such as soil properties.
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Jeong M, Choi DH, Cheon WJ, Kim JG. Pyrosequencing and Taxonomic Composition of the Fungal Community from Soil of Tricholoma matsutake in Gyeongju. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:686-695. [PMID: 33782219 PMCID: PMC9705868 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the root of Pinus densiflora. Soil microbial communities greatly affect the growth of T. matsutake, however, few studies have examined the characteristics of these communities. In the present study, we analyzed soil fungal communities from Gyeongju and Yeongdeok using metagenomic pyrosequencing to investigate differences in fungal species diversity, richness, and taxonomic composition between the soil under T. matsutake fruiting bodies (Sample 2) and soil where the fairy ring of T. matsutake was no longer present (Sample 1). The same spot was investigated three times at intervals of four months to observe changes in the community. In the samples from Yeongdeok, the number of valid reads was lower than that at Gyeongju. The operational taxonomic units of most Sample 2 groups were less than those of Sample 1 groups, indicating that fungal diversity was low in the T. matsutakedominant soil. The soil under the T. matsutake fruiting bodies was dominated by more than 51% T. matsutake. From fall to the following spring, the ratio of T. matsutake decreased. Basidiomycota was the dominant phylum in most samples. G-F1-2, G-F2-2, and Y-F1-2 had the genera Tricholoma, Umbelopsis, Oidiodendron, Sagenomella, Cladophialophora, and Phialocephala in common. G-F1-1, G-F2-1, and Y-F1-1 had 10 genera including Umbelopsis and Sagenomella in common. From fall to the following spring, the amount of phyla Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota gradually decreased but that of phylum Ascomycota increased. We suggest that the genus Umbelopsis is positively related to T. matsutake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Ho Choi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Cheon
- Department of Forest Environment, Gyeongsangbuk-do Forest Environment Research Institute, Gyeong-ju 38174, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-53-950-5379 Fax: +82-53-955-5379 E-mail:
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Zotti M, De Filippis F, Cesarano G, Ercolini D, Tesei G, Allegrezza M, Giannino F, Mazzoleni S, Bonanomi G. One ring to rule them all: an ecosystem engineer fungus fosters plant and microbial diversity in a Mediterranean grassland. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:884-898. [PMID: 32266980 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species coexistence in grasslands is regulated by several environmental factors and interactions with the soil microbial community. Here, the development of the Basidiomycetes fungus Agaricus arvensis, forming fairy rings, in a species-rich Mediterranean grassland, is described. Effects of the mycelial front on plants, fungi and bacteria were assessed by vegetation survey and next generation sequencing approaches. Our results showed a fungal-dependent shift in the community structure operated by a wave-like spread of fairy rings that decreased plant, fungal and bacterial diversity, indicating a detrimental effect of fairy rings on most species. The fairy rings induced successional processes in plants that enhanced the replacement of a community dominated by perennial plants with short-living and fast-growing plant species. In parallel, fungal and bacterial communities showed evident differences in species composition with several taxa associated within distinct sampling zone across the fairy rings. Notably, bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia genus and fungi of the genus Trichoderma increased in response to the advancing mycelium of A. arvensis. The profound changes in community composition and the overall increase in taxa diversity at ecosystemic scale suggest that fairy ring-forming fungi may act as ecosystem engineer species in Mediterranean grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Zotti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università di Napoli Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cesarano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università di Napoli Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Tesei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce, Bianche, 60100, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Allegrezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce, Bianche, 60100, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università di Napoli Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Università di Napoli Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Naples, Italy
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Bioactive properties of streptomyces may affect the dominance of Tricholoma matsutake in shiro. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTricholoma matsutake is known to be the dominant fungal species in matsutake fruitbody neighboring (shiro) soil. To understand the mechanisms behind matsutake dominance, we studied the bacterial communities in matsutake dominant shiro soil and non-shiro soil, isolated the strains of Streptomyces from matsutake mycorrhizal root tips both from shiro soil and from the Pinus densiflora seedlings cultivated in shiro soil. Further, we investigated three Streptomyces spp. for their ability to inhibit fungal growth and Pinus densiflora seedling root elongation as well as two strains for their antifungal and antioxidative properties.Our results showed that Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum in shiro soil. However, the differences in the Actinobacterial community composition (phylum or order level) between shiro and non-shiro soils were not significant, as indicated by PERMANOVA analyses. A genus belonging to Actinobacteria, Streptomyces, was present on the matsutake mycorrhizas, although in minority. The two antifungal assays revealed that the broths of three Streptomyces spp. had either inhibitory, neutral or promoting effects on the growth of different forest soil fungi as well as on the root elongation of the seedlings. The extracts of two strains, including one isolated from the P. densiflora seedlings, inhibited the growth of either pathogenic or ectomycorrhizal fungi. The effect depended on the medium used to cultivate the strains, but not the solvent used for the extraction. Two Streptomyces spp. showed antioxidant activity in one out of three assays used, in a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The observed properties seem to have several functions in matsutake shiro soil and they may contribute to the protection of the shiro area for T. matsutake dominance.
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Advances in the cultivation of the highly-prized ectomycorrhizal mushroom Tricholoma matsutake. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Leyva-Rojas JA, Coy-Barrera E, Hampp R. Interaction with Soil Bacteria Affects the Growth and Amino Acid Content of Piriformospora indica. Molecules 2020; 25:E572. [PMID: 32012990 PMCID: PMC7038203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of the effect of soil bacteria on growth and metabolism of beneficial root endophytic fungi is relevant to promote favorable associations between microorganisms of the plant rhizosphere. Hence, the interaction between the plant-growth-promoting fungus Piriformospora indica and different soil bacteria was investigated. The parameters studied were fungal growth and its amino acid composition during the interaction. Fungus and bacteria were confronted in dual cultures in Petri dishes, either through agar or separated by a Perspex wall that only allowed the bacterial volatiles to be effective. Fungal growth was stimulated by Azotobacter chroococcum, whereas Streptomyces anulatus AcH 1003 inhibited it and Streptomyces sp. Nov AcH 505 had no effect. To analyze amino acid concentration data, targeted metabolomics was implemented under supervised analysis according to fungal-bacteria interaction and time. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model clearly discriminated P. indica-A. chroococcum and P. indica-S. anulatus interactions, according to the respective score plot in comparison to the control. The most observable responses were in the glutamine and alanine size groups: While Streptomyces AcH 1003 increased the amount of glutamine, A. chroococcum decreased it. The fungal growth and the increase of alanine content might be associated with the assimilation of nitrogen in the presence of glucose as a carbon source. The N-fixing bacterium A. chroococcum should stimulate fungal amino acid metabolism via glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT). The data pointed to a stimulated glycolytic activity in the fungus observed by the accumulation of alanine, possibly via alanine aminotransferase. The responses toward the growth-inhibiting Streptomyces AcH 1003 suggest an (oxidative) stress response of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Leyva-Rojas
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Science, Universidad Simón Bolivar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection Biology (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajica 250247, Colombia
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection Biology (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
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Bhattacharyya D, Duta S, Yu SM, Jeong SC, Lee YH. Taxonomic and Functional Changes of Bacterial Communities in the Rhizosphere of Kimchi Cabbage After Seed Bacterization with Proteus vulgaris JBLS202. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:286-296. [PMID: 30140182 PMCID: PMC6097822 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2018.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of a beneficial microbial community, especially in the rhizosphere, is indispensable for plant growth and agricultural sustainability. In this sense, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been extensively studied for their role in plant growth promotion and disease resistance. However, the impact of introducing PGPR strains into rhizosphere microbial communities is still underexplored. We previously found that the Proteus vulgaris JBLS202 strain (JBLS202) promoted growth of Kimchi cabbage and altered the relative abundance of total bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. in the treated rhizosphere. To extend these findings, we used pyrosequencing to analyze the changes in bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Kimchi cabbage after introduction of JBLS202. The alterations were also evaluated by taxon-specific real-time PCR (qPCR). The pyrosequencing data revealed an increase in total bacteria abundance, including specific groups such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria, in the treated rhizosphere. Time-course qPCR analysis confirmed the increase in the abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. Furthermore, genes involved in nitrogen cycling were upregulated by JBLS202 treatment indicating changes in ecological function of the rhizosphere soil. Overall, these results indicate that introduction of JBLS202 alters both the composition and function of the rhizosphere bacterial community, which can have direct and indirect effects on plant growth. Therefore, we propose that long-term changes in bacterial composition and community-level function need to be considered for practical use of PGPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swarnalee Duta
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596,
Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Yu
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242,
Korea
| | - Sang Chul Jeong
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242,
Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596,
Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, Plant Medical Research Center, and Institute of Bio-industry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
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12
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Root-associated bacteria influencing mycelial growth of Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom). J Microbiol 2018; 56:399-407. [PMID: 29858828 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus usually associated with Pinus densiflora in South Korea. Fruiting bodies (mushrooms) of T. matsutake are economically important due to their attractive aroma; yet, T. matsutake is uncultivatable and its habitat is rapidly being eradicated due to global climate change. Root-associated bacteria can influence the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi that co-exist in the host rhizosphere and distinctive bacterial communities are associated with T. matsutake. In this study, we investigated how these bacterial communities affect T. matsutake growth by isolating bacteria from the roots of P. densiflora colonized by ectomycorrhizae of T. matsutake and co-culturing rootassociated bacteria with T. matsutake isolates. Thirteen species of bacteria (27 isolates) were found in pine roots, all belonging to the orders Bacillales or Burkholderiales. Two species in the genus Paenibacillus promoted the growth of T. matsutake in glucose poor conditions, likely using soluble metabolites. In contrast, other bacteria suppressed the growth of T. matsutake using both soluble and volatile metabolites. Antifungal activity was more frequent in glucose poor conditions. In general, pine rhizospheres harbored many bacteria that had a negative impact on T. matsutake growth and the few Paenibacillus species that promoted T. matsutake growth. Paenibacillus species, therefore, may represent a promising resource toward successful cultivation of T. matsutake.
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13
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Shah V, Subramaniam S. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110: A representative model organism for studying the impact of pollutants on soil microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:963-967. [PMID: 29275259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photobacteria phosoreum or Escherichia coli are widely used in the scientific, industrial, and regulatory industries for evaluating the toxicity of pollutants against the soil microbial community. The organisms, however, are not part of the soil microbiota and the toxicity data obtained using these organisms could be misleading. Analysis of microbiota present in the soil obtained from across the world indicates that organisms from the Bradyrhizobium genus are the most ubiquitous of all microorganisms. Playing a critical role in nitrogen fixation and soil fertility, organisms from this genus should be used for studying the toxicity of pollutants. Indeed, we propose that Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 be used as a model organism for screening pollutants for toxicity against a soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Shah
- College of the Sciences and Mathematics, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States.
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14
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Xing R, Yan HY, Gao QB, Zhang FQ, Wang JL, Chen SL. Microbial communities inhabiting the fairy ring of Floccularia luteovirens and isolation of potential mycorrhiza helper bacteria. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:554-563. [PMID: 29572997 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Floccularia luteovirens, an important edible mushroom widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is ecologically important as an ectomycorrhizal fungus and can form the fairy ring. To explore the influence of F. luteovirens fairy ring on soil microbial communities, we compared the soil microbial communities in three different fairy ring zones (inside the fairy ring (IN); beneath the fairy ring (ON); and outside the fairy ring (OUT)). A total of 1.77 million bacterial reads and 1.59 million fungal reads were obtained. Moreover, sequence clustering yielded 519,613 (57,735 per sample) bacterial OTUs, and 513,204 (57,023 per sample) fungal OTUs representing. Microbial diversity was lower in samples from the ON zone compared with the other two zones. Mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) such as Bradyrhizobium and Paenibacillus were more common in the ON zone, and we isolated four potential MHB from rhizosphere soil. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the soil nutritional condition and physical changes caused by F. luteovirens shaped the microbial communities in the ON zone. This is the first report on the study of soil microbial diversity influenced by fairy ring F. luteovirens, and further studies need to be conducted to study the ecological function influenced by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Li Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, P.R. China
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15
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Li Q, Xiong C, Li X, Jin X, Huang W. Ectomycorrhization of Tricholoma matsutake with Quercus aquifolioides affects the endophytic microbial community of host plant. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:238-246. [PMID: 29359810 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito et Imai) is an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete associated with Pinaceae and Fagaceae trees in the Northern Hemisphere. It is still unknown whether the symbiotic relationship with this ectomycorrhiza could affect the host plant's endophytic microbial community. In this study, we used high throughput sequencing to analyze the endophytic microbial communities of different Quercus aquifolioides tissues with or without T. matsutake partner. About 35,000 clean reads were obtained per sample, representing 34 bacterial phyla and 7 fungal phyla. We observed 3980 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria and 457 OTUs of fungi at a 97% similarity level. Three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, and the fungal phylum Ascomycota were dominant in all tissues. The relative abundance of these taxa differed significantly between Q. aquifolioides tissues with and without T. matsutake partner (p < 0.05). The bacterial genus Pseudomonas and the fungal genus Cryptosporiopsis were more abundant in mycorrhized roots than in control roots. This study showed that the community structure and dominant species of endophytic microbial communities in Q. aquifolioides tissues might be altered by colonization with T. matsutake. This work provides a new insight into the interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungus and host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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16
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Prediction of the potential geographic distribution of the ectomycorrhizal mushroom Tricholoma matsutake under multiple climate change scenarios. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46221. [PMID: 28393865 PMCID: PMC5385516 DOI: 10.1038/srep46221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective conservation and utilization strategies for natural biological resources require a clear understanding of the geographic distribution of the target species. Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom with high ecological and economic value. In this study, the potential geographic distribution of T. matsutake under current conditions in China was simulated using MaxEnt software based on species presence data and 24 environmental variables. The future distributions of T. matsutake in the 2050s and 2070s were also projected under the RCP 8.5, RCP 6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 climate change emission scenarios described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The areas of marginally suitable, suitable and highly suitable habitats for T. matsutake in China were approximately 0.22 × 106 km2, 0.14 × 106 km2, and 0.11 × 106 km2, respectively. The model simulations indicated that the area of marginally suitable habitats would undergo a relatively small change under all four climate change scenarios; however, suitable habitats would significantly decrease, and highly suitable habitat would nearly disappear. Our results will be influential in the future ecological conservation and management of T. matsutake and can be used as a reference for studies on other ectomycorrhizal mushroom species.
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17
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Oh SY, Fong JJ, Park MS, Lim YW. Distinctive Feature of Microbial Communities and Bacterial Functional Profiles in Tricholoma matsutake Dominant Soil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168573. [PMID: 27977803 PMCID: PMC5158061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake, the pine mushroom, is a valuable forest product with high economic value in Asia, and plays an important ecological role as an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Around the host tree, T. matsutake hyphae generate a distinctive soil aggregating environment called a fairy ring, where fruiting bodies form. Because T. matsutake hyphae dominate the soil near the fairy ring, this species has the potential to influence the microbial community. To explore the influence of T. matsutake on the microbial communities, we compared the microbial community and predicted bacterial function between two different soil types-T. matsutake dominant and T. matsutake minor. DNA sequence analyses showed that fungal and bacterial diversity were lower in the T. matsutake dominant soil compared to T. matsutake minor soil. Some microbial taxa were significantly more common in the T. matsutake dominant soil across geographic locations, many of which were previously identified as mycophillic or mycorrhiza helper bacteria. Between the two soil types, the predicted bacterial functional profiles (using PICRUSt) had significantly distinct KEGG modules. Modules for amino acid uptake, carbohydrate metabolism, and the type III secretion system were higher in the T. matsutake dominant soil than in the T. matsutake minor soil. Overall, similar microbial diversity, community structure, and bacterial functional profiles of the T. matsutake dominant soil across geographic locations suggest that T. matsutake may generate a dominance effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yoon Oh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan J. Fong
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hahm MS, Son JS, Kim BS, Ghim SY. Comparative study of rhizobacterial communities in pepper greenhouses and examination of the effects of salt accumulation under different cropping systems. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:303-315. [PMID: 27830270 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared rhizobacterial communities in pepper greenhouses under a paddy-upland (rice-pepper) rotational system (PURS) and a monoculture repeated cropping system (RCS) and examined adverse effects of high salinity on soil properties. The following soil properties were analyzed: electrical conductivity (EC), pH, concentration of four cations (Na, Ca, Mg, and K), total nitrogen, and organic matter content. Rhizobacterial communities were analyzed using culture-based and culture-independent (pyrosequencing) methods. In addition, all culturable bacteria isolated from each soil sample were tested for traits related to plant growth promotion. The EC of rhizospheric soils was 5.32-5.54 dS/m for the RCS and 2.05-2.19 dS/m for the PURS. The culture-based method indicated that the bacterial communities and bacterial characteristics were significantly more diverse in the PURS soil than in the RCS soil. The pyrosequencing data also indicated that the richness and diversity of bacterial communities were greater in the PURS soil. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in soil samples under both cropping systems. However, Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes were more prevalent in the RCS soil, while the PURS soil contained a greater number of Chloroflexi. Spearman's correlation coefficients showed that soil EC was significantly positively correlated with the abundance of Firmicutes and Gemmatimonadetes and negatively correlated with the abundance of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Deltaproteobacteria. This is the first study on the rhizobacterial communities in pepper greenhouses under two different cropping systems using both culture- and pyrosequencing-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Seon Hahm
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Son
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Sa-Youl Ghim
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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19
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Suh SS, Park M, Hwang J, Kil EJ, Jung SW, Lee S, Lee TK. Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Microbial Community in the South Sea of Korea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131633. [PMID: 26121668 PMCID: PMC4487691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution 16S rRNA tag pyrosequencing was used to obtain seasonal snapshots of the bacterial diversity and community structure at two locations in Gosung Bay (South Sea, Korea) over a one year period. Seasonal sampling from the water column at each site revealed highly diverse bacterial communities containing up to 900 estimated Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant groups, and the most frequently recorded OTUs were members of Pelagibacter and Glaciecola. In particular, it was observed that Arcobacter, a genus of the Epsilonproteobacteria, dominated during summer. In addition, Psedoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and SAR11-1 were predominant members of the OTUs found in all sampling seasons. Environmental factors significantly influenced the bacterial community structure among season, with the phosphate and nitrate concentrations contributing strongly to the spatial distribution of the Alphaproteobacteria; the Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, and Actinobacteria all showed marked negative correlations with all measured nutrients, particularly silicon dioxide and chlorophyll-a. The results suggest that seasonal changes in environmental variables contribute to the dynamic structure of the bacterial community in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suk Suh
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656–830, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirye Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656–830, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305–350, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinik Hwang
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656–830, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305–350, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Genetic Engineering Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440–746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jung
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656–830, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440–746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 656–830, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305–350, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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