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Dos Santos FCF, Lima GFC, Merlo E, Januario CDF, Miranda-Alves L, Miranda RA, Lisboa PC, Graceli JB. Single microcystin exposure impairs the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at different levels in female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112203. [PMID: 38490633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is most common cyanobacterial toxin. Few studies have evaluated the MC effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and metabolic function. In this study, we assessed whether MC exposure results in HPG axis and metabolic changes. Female rats were exposed to a single dose of MC at environmentally relevant levels (5, 20 and 40 μg/kg). After 24 h, we evaluated reproductive and metabolic parameters for 15 days. MC reduced the hypothalamic GnRH protein expression, increased the pituitary protein expression of GnRHr and IL-6. MC reduced LH levels and increased FSH levels. MC reduced the primary follicles, increased the corpora lutea, elevated levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone, and decreased estrogen levels. MC increased ovarian VEGFr, LHr, AMH, ED1, IL-6 and Gp91-phox protein expression. MC increased uterine area and reduced endometrial gland number. A blunted estrogen-negative feedback was observed in MC rats after ovariectomy, with no changes in LH levels compared to intact MC rats. Therefore, these data suggest that a MC leads to abnormal HPG axis function in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C F Dos Santos
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F C Lima
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Cidalia de F Januario
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-904, Ilha do Governador, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil.
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Dos Santos FCF, da Costa CS, Graceli JB. Effects of microcystin-LR on mammalian ovaries. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108441. [PMID: 37473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries play critical roles in regulating oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production and thus are critical for female reproduction. Ovarian function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways, making the ovaries potential targets for environmental factors, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are a diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins generally found in eutrophic water or algal blooms. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between MC exposure and ovarian dysfunction, including their effects on ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, steroid production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and fertility. This review covers the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, current evidence indicates that MC exposure causes impairments in ovarian function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MCs affect ovarian function and other female endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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3
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Cyanotoxins uptake and accumulation in crops: Phytotoxicity and implications on human health. Toxicon 2022; 211:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Devi SP, Jani K, Sharma A, Jha DK. Bacterial communities and their bioremediation capabilities in oil-contaminated agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:9. [PMID: 34874481 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and development in petrochemical industries have resulted in increased hydrocarbon pollution causing substantial damage to the natural ecosystems including agricultural soils. In the recent, past efforts have been made to treat the contaminated soils using microorganisms by natural processes. Soil bacteria, known for their potential to degrade the soil contaminants, play a vital role in maintaining soil health. In the current study, we observed the influence of hydrocarbon contamination on the physicochemical characteristics and enzymatic activities of the soil. Proteobacteria (30.48%), Actinobacteria (13.91%), and Acidobacteria (12.57%) flourished in the non-contaminated soil whereas contaminated sites were dominated by Proteobacteria (44.02 ± 15.65%). In contrast, the sites experiencing the different degrees of exposure to the hydrocarbon pollution allowed specific augmentation of bacterial taxa (in decreasing order of exposure time), viz. Proteobacteria (60.47%), Firmicutes (32.48%), and Bacteroidetes(13.59%), based on culture-independent approach that suggested their potential role in hydrocarbon degradation as compared to the non-contaminated site. The imputation of metabolic function also supported the positive correlation to the exposure to hydrocarbon pollution, with site 2 being highly abundant for gene families involved in xenobiotics biodegradation. The study provides insights into bacterial community structure with special emphasis on their efficiency to degrade hydrocarbons. The results from the study can help in designing appropriate biodegradation strategies to mitigate the serious problems of oil contamination in agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Prava Devi
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India
| | - Kunal Jani
- DBT-National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- DBT-National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
| | - Dhruva Kumar Jha
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India.
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Hu C, Zuo Y, Peng L, Gan N, Song L. Widespread Distribution and Adaptive Degradation of Microcystin Degrader ( mlr-Genotype) in Lake Taihu, China. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120864. [PMID: 34941702 PMCID: PMC8705652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation is an important route for removing environmental microcystins (MCs). Here, we investigated the ecological distribution of microcystin degraders (mlr-genotype), and the relationship between the substrate specificity of the microcystin degrader and the profile of microcystin congener production in the habitat. We showed that microcystin degraders were widely distributed and closely associated with Microcystis abundance in Lake Taihu, China. We characterized an indigenous degrader, Sphingopyxis N5 in the northern Lake Taihu, and it metabolized six microcystin congeners in increasing order (RR > LR > YR > LA > LF and LW). Such a substrate-specificity pattern was congruent to the order of the dominance levels of these congeners in northern Lake Taihu. Furthermore, a meta-analysis on global microcystin degraders revealed that the substrate-specificity patterns varied geographically, but generally matched the profiles of microcystin congener production in the degrader habitats, and the indigenous degrader typically metabolized well the dominant MC congeners, but not the rare congeners in the habitat. This highlighted the phenotypic congruence between microcystin production and degradation in natural environments. We theorize that such congruence resulted from the metabolic adaptation of the indigenous degrader to the local microcystin congeners. Under the nutrient microcystin selection, the degraders might have evolved to better exploit the locally dominant congeners. This study provided the novel insight into the ecological distribution and adaptive degradation of microcystin degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yanxia Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (L.S.)
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Genotyping and multivariate regression trees reveal ecological diversification within the Microcystis aeruginosa complex along a wide environmental gradient. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0147521. [PMID: 34818109 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01475-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying biodiversity patterns is essential to identify the mechanisms shaping community structure and function. In bacteria, the formation of new ecologically distinct populations (ecotypes) is proposed as one of the main drivers of diversification. New ecotypes arise when mutations in key functional genes or acquisition of new metabolic pathways by horizontal gene transfer allow the population to exploit new resources, permitting their coexistence with the parental population. We previously reported the presence of microcystin-producing organisms of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex (toxic MAC) through an 800 km environmental gradient ranging from freshwater to estuarine-marine waters in South America. We hypothesize that the success of toxic MAC in such a gradient is due to the existence of very closely related populations that are ecologically distinct (ecotypes), each specialized to a specific arrangement of environmental variables. Here, we analyzed toxic MAC genetic diversity through qPCR and high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) of a functional gene (mcyJ, microcystin synthetase cluster). We explored the variability of the mcyJ gene along the environmental gradient by multivariate classification and regression trees (mCART). Six groups of mcyJ genotypes were distinguished and associated with different combinations of water temperature, conductivity and turbidity. We propose that each mcyJ variant associated to a defined environmental condition is an ecotype (or species) whose relative abundances vary according to their fitness in the local environment. This mechanism would explain the success of toxic MAC in such a wide array of environmental conditions. Importance Organisms of the Microcystis aeruginosa Complex form harmful algal blooms (HABs) in nutrient-rich water bodies worldwide. MAC HABs are difficult to manage owing to the production of potent toxins (microcystins) that resist water treatment. Besides, the role of microcystins in the ecology of MAC organisms is still elusive, meaning that the environmental conditions driving the toxicity of the bloom are not clear. Furthermore, the lack of coherence between morphology-based and genomic-based species classification makes it difficult to draw sound conclusions about when and where each member species of the MAC will dominate the bloom. Here, we propose that the diversification process and success of toxic MAC in a wide range of waterbodies involves the generation of ecotypes, each specialized in a particular niche, whose relative abundance varies according to its fitness in the local environment. This knowledge can improve the generation of accurate prediction models of MAC growth and toxicity, helping to prevent human and animal intoxication.
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Naknaen A, Ratsameepakai W, Suttinun O, Sukpondma Y, Khan E, Pomwised R. Microcystis Sp. Co-Producing Microcystin and Saxitoxin from Songkhla Lake Basin, Thailand. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090631. [PMID: 34564635 PMCID: PMC8472854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB) located in Southern Thailand, has been increasingly polluted by urban and industrial wastewater, while the lake water has been intensively used. Here, we aimed to investigate cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the SLB. Ten cyanobacteria isolates were identified as Microcystis genus based on16S rDNA analysis. All isolates harbored microcystin genes, while five of them carried saxitoxin genes. On day 15 of culturing, the specific growth rate and Chl-a content were 0.2-0.3 per day and 4 µg/mL. The total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was 0.37-0.49 µg/mL. The concentration of soluble EPS (sEPS) was 2 times higher than that of bound EPS (bEPS). The protein proportion in both sEPS and bEPS was higher than the carbohydrate proportion. The average of intracellular microcystins (IMCs) was 0.47 pg/cell on day 15 of culturing, while extracellular microcystins (EMCs) were undetectable. The IMCs were dramatically produced at the exponential phase, followed by EMCs release at the late exponential phase. On day 30, the total microcystins (MCs) production reached 2.67 pg/cell. Based on liquid chromatograph-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, three new MCs variants were proposed. This study is the first report of both decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and new MCs congeners synthesized by Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampapan Naknaen
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; (A.N.); (O.S.)
| | - Waraporn Ratsameepakai
- Office of Scientific Instrument and Testing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; (A.N.); (O.S.)
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Sukpondma
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA;
| | - Rattanaruji Pomwised
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-74-288-325
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Massey IY, Al osman M, Yang F. An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: their occurrence and influencing factors. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1843060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muwaffak Al osman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Programmed Cell Death-Like and Accompanying Release of Microcystin in Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis: From Identification to Ecological Relevance. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120706. [PMID: 31817272 PMCID: PMC6950475 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is the most common freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Its massive blooms not only adversely affect the functionality of aquatic ecosystems, but are also associated with the production of microcystins (MCs), a group of potent toxins that become a threat to public health when cell-bound MCs are significantly released from the dying Microcystis into the water column. Managing Microcystis blooms thus requires sufficient knowledge regarding both the cell death modes and the release of toxins. Recently, more and more studies have demonstrated the occurrence of programmed cell death-like (or apoptosis-like) events in laboratory and field samples of Microcystis. Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process that is essential for the development and survival of metazoa; however, it has been gradually realized to be an existing phenomenon playing important ecological roles in unicellular microorganisms. Here, we review the current progress and the existing knowledge gap regarding apoptosis-like death in Microcystis. Specifically, we focus first on the tools utilized to characterize the apoptosis-related biochemical and morphological features in Microcystis. We further outline various stressful stimuli that trigger the occurrence of apoptosis and discuss the potential mechanisms of apoptosis in Microcystis. We then propose a conceptual model to describe the functional coupling of apoptosis and MC in Microcystis. This model could be useful for understanding both roles of MC and apoptosis in this species. Lastly, we conclude the review by highlighting the current knowledge gap and considering the direction of future research. Overall, this review provides a recent update with respect to the knowledge of apoptosis in Microcystis and also offers a guide for future investigations of its ecology and survival strategies.
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Redouane EM, El Amrani Zerrifi S, El Khalloufi F, Oufdou K, Oudra B, Lahrouni M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Mode of action and fate of microcystins in the complex soil-plant ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:270-281. [PMID: 30877921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, global warming has increasingly stimulated the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, in which toxic cyanobacteria produce various congeners of cyanotoxins, mainly dominated by microcystins (MCs). MCs introduced into agricultural soils have deleterious effects on the germination, growth and development of plants and their associated microbiota, leading to remarkable yield losses. Phytotoxicity of MCs may refer to the inhibition of phosphatases activity, generating deleterious reactive oxygen species, altering gene functioning and phytohormones translocation within the plant. It is also known that MCs can pass through the root membrane barrier, translocate within plant tissues and accumulate into different organs, including edible ones. Also, MCs impact the microbial activity in soil via altering plant-bacterial symbioses and decreasing bacterial growth rate of rhizospheric microbiota. Moreover, MCs can persist in agricultural soils through adsorption to clay-humic acid particles and results in a long-term contact with the plant-microflora complex. However, their bioavailability to plants and half-life in soil seem to be influenced by biodegradation process and soil physicochemical properties. This review reports the latest and most relevant information regarding MCs-phytotoxicity and impact on soil microbiota, the persistence in soil, the degradation by native microflora and the bioaccumulation within plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Redouane
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP. 145 Khouribga, 25000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, BP. 509, 52000, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Hu C, Lee J. A Novel Proof-of-Concept Sandwich Immunoassay for Screening Microcystin in Cyanobacteria Based on Michael Addition Reaction. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:107-111. [PMID: 30298821 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdn03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present an innovative concept of a screening tool for detecting free microcystin in cyanobacteria using a sandwich immunodetection format, based on Michael addition reaction between α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of microcystin and thiol of coating substance. This proof-of-concept immunoassay was developed using bovine serum albumin as a microcystin-binding model, and was tested with toxic Microcystis samples. The preliminary results indicate that the proposed Michael addition-based immunodetection is promising and can be used as a platform for further development to become a useful tool for free microcystin analysis in various samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Hu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University
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Mikheyeva TM, Adamovich BV, Zhukova TV, Savich IV, Belykh OI, Sorokovikova EG, Kuzmin AV, Fedorova GA, Kovalevskaya RZ, Selivonchik IN, Dubko NV, Luk’yanova EV. Phytoplankton of Lake Bol’shie Shvakshty (Belarus) during the Shift of the Ecosystem from a Macrophyte–Weakly Eutrophic to a Phytoplankton–Hypereutrophic State. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425518060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Jani K, Dhotre D, Bandal J, Shouche Y, Suryavanshi M, Rale V, Sharma A. World's Largest Mass Bathing Event Influences the Bacterial Communities of Godavari, a Holy River of India. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29536131 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Kumbh Mela is one of the largest religious mass gathering events (MGE) involving bathing in rivers. The exponential rise in the number of devotees, from around 0.4 million in 1903 to 120 million in 2013, bathing in small specified sites can have a dramatic impact on the river ecosystem. Here, we present the spatiotemporal profiling of bacterial communities in Godavari River, Nashik, India, comprising five sites during the Kumbh Mela, held in 2015. Assessment of environmental parameters indicated deterioration of water quality. Targeted amplicon sequencing demonstrates approximately 37.5% loss in microbial diversity because of anthropogenic activity during MGE. A significant decrease in phyla viz. Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes was observed, while we noted substantial increase in prevalence of the phylum Firmicutes (94.6%) during MGE. qPCR estimations suggested nearly 130-fold increase in bacterial load during the event. Bayesian mixing model accounted the source of enormous incorporation of bacterial load of human origin. Further, metagenomic imputations depicted increase in virulence and antibiotic resistance genes during the MGE. These observations suggest the striking impact of the mass bathing on river ecosystem. The subsequent increase in infectious diseases and drug-resistant microbes pose a critical public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Jani
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Jayashree Bandal
- Department of Microbiology, KTHM College, Nashik, Maharashtra, 422002, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Mangesh Suryavanshi
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Vinay Rale
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
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Mrdjen I, Fennessy S, Schaal A, Dennis R, Slonczewski JL, Lee S, Lee J. Tile Drainage and Anthropogenic Land Use Contribute to Harmful Algal Blooms and Microbiota Shifts in Inland Water Bodies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8215-8223. [PMID: 29952549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs), driven by nutrient inputs from anthropogenic sources, pose unique risks to human and ecological health worldwide. A major nutrient contributor is agricultural land use, specifically tile drainage discharge. Small lakes and ponds are at elevated risk for HAB appearance, as they are uniquely sensitive to nutrient input. HABs introduce exposure risk to microcystin (MC), hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. To investigate the impact of anthropogenic land use on small lakes and ponds, 24 sites in central Ohio were sampled over a 3-month period in late summer of 2015. MC concentration, microbial community structure, and water chemistry were analyzed. Land use intensity, including tile drainage systems, was the driver of clustering in principle component analysis, ultimately contributing to nutrient deposition, a driver of HABs. Relative abundance of HAB-forming genera was correlated with elevated concentrations of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphate. One location (FC) showed MC concentrations exceeding 875 μg/L and large community shifts in ciliates (Oligohymenophorea) associated with hypoxic conditions. The prokaryotic community at FC was dominated by Planktothrix sp. These results demonstrate the impact of HABs in small lakes and ponds, and that prevailing issues extend beyond cyanotoxins, such as cascading impacts on other trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mrdjen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health , The Ohio State University , 1841 Neil Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Siobhan Fennessy
- Department of Biology , Kenyon College , 202 North College Road , Gambier , Ohio 43022 , United States
| | - Alex Schaal
- Department of Biology , Kenyon College , 202 North College Road , Gambier , Ohio 43022 , United States
| | - Richard Dennis
- Department of Biology , Kenyon College , 202 North College Road , Gambier , Ohio 43022 , United States
| | - Joan L Slonczewski
- Department of Biology , Kenyon College , 202 North College Road , Gambier , Ohio 43022 , United States
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health , The Ohio State University , 1841 Neil Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health , The Ohio State University , 1841 Neil Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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15
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Lee S, Jiang X, Manubolu M, Riedl K, Ludsin SA, Martin JF, Lee J. Fresh produce and their soils accumulate cyanotoxins from irrigation water: Implications for public health and food security. Food Res Int 2017; 102:234-245. [PMID: 29195944 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC), a hepatotoxin that can adversely affect human health, has become more prevalent in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, owing to an increase in toxic cyanobacteria blooms. While consumption of water and fish are well-documented exposure pathways of MCs to humans, less is known about the potential transfer to humans through consumption of vegetables that have been irrigated with MC-contaminated water. Likewise, the impact of MC on the performance of food crops is understudied. To help fill these information gaps, we conducted a controlled laboratory experiment in which we exposed lettuce, carrots, and green beans to environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LR (0, 1, 5, and 10μg/L) via two irrigation methods (drip and spray). We used ELISA and LC-MS/MS to quantify MC-LR concentrations and in different parts of the plant (edible vs. inedible fractions), measured plant performance (e.g., size, mass, edible leaves, color), and calculated human exposure risk based on accumulation patterns. MC-LR accumulation was positively dose-dependent, with it being greater in the plants (2.2-209.2μg/kg) than in soil (0-19.4μg/kg). MC-LR accumulation varied among vegetable types, between plant parts, and between irrigation methods. MC-LR accumulation led to reduced crop growth and quality, with MC-LR persisting in the soil after harvest. Observed toxin accumulation patterns in edible fractions of plants also led to estimates of daily MC-LR intake that exceeded both the chronic reference dose (0.003μg/kg of body weight) and total daily intake guidelines (0.04μg/kg of body weight). Because the use of MC-contaminated water is common in many parts of the world, our collective findings highlight the need for guidelines concerning the use of MC-contaminated water in irrigation, as well as consumption of these crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Manjunath Manubolu
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ken Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stuart A Ludsin
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay F Martin
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio Sea Grant, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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17
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Gorham T, Jia Y, Shum CK, Lee J. Ten-year survey of cyanobacterial blooms in Ohio's waterbodies using satellite remote sensing. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 66:13-19. [PMID: 28602249 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are on the rise globally and are capable of adversely impacting human, animal, and ecosystem health. Blooms dominated by cyanobacteria species capable of toxin-production are commonly observed in eutrophic freshwater. The presence of cyanobacterial blooms in selected Ohio lakes, such as Lake Erie and Grand Lake St. Marys, has been well studied, but much less is known about the geographic distribution of these blooms across all of Ohio's waterbodies. We examined the geographic distribution of cyanobacterial blooms in Ohio's waterbodies from 2002 to 2011, using a nested semi-empirical algorithm and remotely sensed data from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) onboard the European Space Agency's Envisat. We identified: 62 lakes, reservoirs, and ponds; 7 rivers; 6 marshes and wetlands; and 3 quarries with detectable cyanobacteria pigment (phycocyanin) concentrations. Of the 78 waterbodies identified in our study, roughly half (54%; n=42) have any reported in situ microcystins monitoring results from state monitoring programs. Further, 90% of the waterbodies identified reached phycocyanin pigment concentrations representative of levels potentially hazardous to public health. This gap in lakes potentially impacted by cyanobacterial blooms and those that are currently monitored presents an important area of concern for public health, as well as ecosystem health, where unknown human and animal exposures to cyanotoxins may occur in many of Ohio's waterbodies. Our approach may be replicated in other regions around the globe with potential cyanobacterial bloom presence, in order to assess the intensity, geographic distribution, and temporal pattern of blooms in lakes not currently monitored for the presence of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Gorham
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave. Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - C K Shum
- Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave. Columbus, OH 43212, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
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18
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Jiang X, Lee S, Mok C, Lee J. Sustainable Methods for Decontamination of Microcystin in Water Using Cold Plasma and UV with Reusable TiO₂ Nanoparticle Coating. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050480. [PMID: 28475156 PMCID: PMC5451931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a family of cyanotoxins and pose detrimental effects on human, animal, and ecological health. Conventional water treatment processes have limited success in removing MCs without producing harmful byproducts. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods for treating MCs. The objective of this study was to develop sustainable and non-chemical-based methods for controlling MCs, such as using cold plasma and ultra violet (UV) light with titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating, which can be applied for diverse scale and settings. MCs, extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, were treated with cold plasma or UV at irradiance of 1470 μW/cm2 (high) or 180 μW/cm2 (low). To assess synergistic effects, the outside of the UV treatment chamber was coated with nanoparticles (TiO2) prior to irradiation, which can be reused for a long time. The degradation efficiency of UV was enhanced by the reusable TiO2 coating at lower irradiance (70.41% [UV] vs. 79.61% [UV+TiO2], 120 min), but no significant difference was observed at higher irradiance. Cold plasma removed MCs rapidly under experimental conditions (92%, 120 min), indicating that it is a promising candidate for controlling MCs in water without generating harmful disinfection byproducts. It can be also easily and practically used in household settings during emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Chulkyoon Mok
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13557, Korea.
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13557, Korea.
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19
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Lee J, Lee S, Jiang X. Cyanobacterial Toxins in Freshwater and Food: Important Sources of Exposure to Humans. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:281-304. [PMID: 28245155 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A recent ecological study demonstrated a significant association between an increased risk of nonalcoholic liver disease mortality and freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Moreover, previous epidemiology studies highlighted a relationship between cyanotoxins in drinking water with liver cancer and damage and colorectal cancer. These associations identified cyanobacterial blooms as a global public health and environmental problem, affecting freshwater bodies that are important sources for drinking water, agriculture, and aquafarms. Furthermore, as a result of climate change, it is expected that our freshwater environments will become more favorable for producing harmful blooms that produce various cyanotoxins. Food is an important source of cyanotoxin exposure to humans, but it has been less addressed. This paper synthesizes information from the studies that have investigated cyanotoxins in freshwater and food on a global scale. We also review and summarize the health effects and exposure routes of cyanotoxins and candidates for cyanotoxin treatment methods that can be applied to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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20
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Lee CS, Kim M, Lee C, Yu Z, Lee J. The Microbiota of Recreational Freshwaters and the Implications for Environmental and Public Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1826. [PMID: 27909431 PMCID: PMC5112438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities in recreational freshwaters play important roles in both environmental and public health perspectives. In this study, the bacterial community structure and its associations with freshwater environments were investigated by analyzing the summertime microbiomes of three beach waters in Ohio (East Fork, Delaware, and Madison lakes) together with environmental and microbial water quality parameters. From the swimming season of 2009, 21 water samples were collected from the three freshwater beaches. From the samples, 110,000 quality-checked bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained and analyzed, resulting in an observation of 4500 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The most abundant bacteria were Mycobacterium and Arthrobacter of the Actinobacteria (33.2%), Exiguobacterium and Paenisporosarcina of the Firmicutes (23.4%), Planktothrix and Synechococcus of the Cyanobacteria (20.8%), and Methylocystis and Polynucleobacter of the Proteobacteria (16.3%). Considerable spatial and temporal variations were observed in the bacterial community of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes, where the bacterial community structure was greatly influenced by hydrological and weather conditions. The most influential factors were (1) water inflow for Bacteroidia and Clostridia, (2) turbidity for Gammaproteobacteria, (3) precipitation for Bacilli, and (4) temperature and pH for Cyanobacteria. One noticeable microbial interaction in the bacterial community was a significant negative relationship between Cyanobacteria and Bacilli (P < 0.05). Concerning beach water quality, the level of the genetic markers for cyanobacterial toxin (mcyA) was linked to the abundance of Cyanobacteria. In addition, unique distributions of the genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Finegoldia, Burkholderia, and Klebsiella, together with a high density of fecal indicator Escherichia coli, were markedly observed in the sample from Madison Lake on July 13, suggesting a distinctly different source of bacterial loading into the lake, possibly fecal contamination. In conclusion, deep sequencing-based microbial community analysis can provide detailed profiles of bacterial communities and information on potential public health risks at freshwater beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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