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Jakab Á, Csillag K, Antal K, Boczonádi I, Kovács R, Pócsi I, Emri T. Total transcriptome response for tyrosol exposure in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1664-1674. [PMID: 38575239 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Although tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule of Candida species, it has antifungal activity at supraphysiological concentrations. Here, we studied the effect of tyrosol on the physiology and genome-wide transcription of Aspergillus nidulans to gain insight into the background of the antifungal activity of this compound. Tyrosol efficiently reduced germination of conidia and the growth on various carbon sources at a concentration of 35 mM. The growth inhibition was fungistatic rather than fungicide on glucose and was accompanied with downregulation of 2199 genes related to e.g. mitotic cell cycle, glycolysis, nitrate and sulphate assimilation, chitin biosynthesis, and upregulation of 2250 genes involved in e.g. lipid catabolism, amino acid degradation and lactose utilization. Tyrosol treatment also upregulated genes encoding glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), increased specific GST activities and the glutathione (GSH) content of the cells, suggesting that A. nidulans can detoxify tyrosol in a GSH-dependent manner even though this process was weak. Tyrosol did not induce oxidative stress in this species, but upregulated "response to nutrient levels", "regulation of nitrogen utilization", "carbon catabolite activation of transcription" and "autophagy" genes. Tyrosol may have disturbed the regulation and orchestration of cellular metabolism, leading to impaired use of nutrients, which resulted in growth reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Csillag
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Antal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, 3300, Eger, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Balla N, Jakab Á, Kovács F, Ragyák Á, Tóth Z, Balázsi D, Forgács L, Bozó A, Al Refai F, Borman AM, Majoros L, Kovács R. Total transcriptome analysis of Candida auris planktonic cells exposed to tyrosol. AMB Express 2023; 13:81. [PMID: 37532970 PMCID: PMC10397170 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol, a secondary metabolite of Candida species, regulates fungal morphogenesis, and its application may represent a novel innovative therapy against emerging multi-resistant fungal superbug such as Candida auris. In the current study, the effects of tyrosol on growth, redox homeostasis, intracellular microelement contents and activities of virulence-related enzymes released by C. auris were examined. To gain further information about the effect of tyrosol exposure, we revealed gene transcriptional changes using total transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). At a concentration of 15 mM, tyrosol significantly decrease the growth of fungal cells within 2 h of its addition (5.6 × 107±1.2 × 107 and 2.5 × 107±0.6 × 107 colony forming unit/mL for control and tyrosol-treated cells, respectively). Furthermore, it enhanced the release of reactive oxygen species as confirmed by a dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay (7.3 ± 1.8 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] versus 16.8 ± 3.9 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1]), which was coincided with elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Tyrosol exerted in a 37%, 25%, 34% and 55% decrease in intracellular manganese, iron, zinc and copper contents, respectively, compared to control cells. The tyrosol treatment led to a 142 and 108 differentially transcripted genes with at least a 1.5-fold increase or decrease in transcription, respectively. Genes related to iron and fatty acid metabolism as well as nucleic acid synthesis were down-regulated, whereas those related to the antioxidative defence, adhesion and oxoacid metabolic processes were up-regulated. This study shows that tyrosol significantly influences growth, intracellular physiological processes and gene transcription in C. auris, which could highly support the development of novel treatment approaches against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Balla
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ágota Ragyák
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Agilent Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dávid Balázsi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Lajos Forgács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Aliz Bozó
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Farah Al Refai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRCCMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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Ngo-Mback MNL, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Marco HG. Antifungal Compounds from Microbial Symbionts Associated with Aquatic Animals and Cellular Targets: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040617. [PMID: 37111503 PMCID: PMC10142389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections continue to be a serious public health problem, leading to an estimated 1.6 million deaths annually. It remains a major cause of mortality for people with a weak or affected immune system, such as those suffering from cancer under aggressive chemotherapies. On the other hand, pathogenic fungi are counted among the most destructive factors affecting crops, causing a third of all food crop losses annually and critically affecting the worldwide economy and food security. However, the limited number currently available and the cytotoxicity of the conventional antifungal drugs, which are not yet properly diversified in terms of mode of action, in addition to resistance phenomena, make the search for new antifungals imperative to improve both human health and food protection. Symbiosis has been a crucial alternative for drug discovery, through which many antimicrobials have been discovered. This review highlights some antifungal models of a defensive symbiosis of microbial symbiont natural products derived from interacting with aquatic animals as one of the best opportunities. Some recorded compounds with supposed novel cell targets such as apoptosis could lead to the development of a multitherapy involving the mutual treatment of fungal infections and other metabolic diseases involving apoptosis in their pathogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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Agustín MDR, Tarifa MC, Vela-Gurovic MS, Brugnoni LI. Application of natamycin and farnesol as bioprotection agents to inhibit biofilm formation of yeasts and foodborne bacterial pathogens in apple juice processing lines. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104123. [PMID: 36309453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms serve as a reservoir for pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, and their removal from different surfaces is a recurring problem in the beverage industry. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of natamycin (NAT, 0.01 mmol/l) and farnesol (FAR, 0.6 mmol/l) against biofilms on ultrafiltration (UF) membranes and stainless steel (SS) surfaces using apple juice as food matrix. The co-adhesion of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida tropicalis, C. krusei and C. kefyr (mixed-yeast) with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (multi-species) in presence of NAT + FAR was evaluated for 2, 24, 48 h. In biofilms treated with NAT + FAR were observed by cell quantification and microscopy, inhibition of the filamentous yeast forms, disruption of the tri-dimensional structure and a high detachment of yeast cells. NAT + FAR affected the biofilms independently of the surfaces used and the presence (or not) of bacteria. L. monocytogenes was the most susceptible (p < 0.001) in multi-species biofilms, followed by E. coli O157:H7 on both surfaces (p < 0.001), whereas the growth of S. enterica was reduced (p < 0.05) in SS but not in UF-membranes (p > 0.05). Since the combination NAT + FAR affected the structure and viability of yeast species and foodborne pathogens in multi-species biofilms developed on UF-membranes and SS surfaces, the combination proposed could be considered a promising control agent to prevent biofilms in apple juice processing lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rosario Agustín
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas Del Sur, (INBIOSUR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - María Clara Tarifa
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, CIT Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Río Negro, CIT Río Negro (UNRN-CONICET), 8336, Villa Regina, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Vela-Gurovic
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de La Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Lorena Inés Brugnoni
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas Del Sur, (INBIOSUR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional Del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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6
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Kaur J, Nobile CJ. Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102237. [PMID: 36436326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by the Candida species of human fungal pathogens are a significant medical problem because they can disseminate to nearly every organ of the body. In addition, there are only a few classes of antifungal drugs available to treat patients with invasive fungal infections. Candida infections that are associated with biofilms can withstand much higher concentrations of antifungal drugs compared with infections caused by planktonic cells, thus making biofilm infections particularly challenging to treat. Candida albicans is among the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota, asymptomatically colonizing several niches of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, mouth, and skin. Immunocompromised health conditions, dysbiosis of the microbiota, or environmental changes, however, can lead to C. albicans overgrowth, causing infections that range from superficial mucosal infections to severe hematogenously disseminated infections. Here, we review the current knowledge of antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms occurring in Candida biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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Dekkerová J, Černáková L, Kendra S, Borghi E, Ottaviano E, Willinger B, Bujdáková H. Farnesol Boosts the Antifungal Effect of Fluconazole and Modulates Resistance in Candida auris through Regulation of the CDR1 and ERG11 Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080783. [PMID: 35893151 PMCID: PMC9332773 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is considered a serious fungal pathogen frequently exhibiting a high resistance to a wide range of antifungals. In this study, a combination of the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol (FAR) and fluconazole (FLU) was tested on FLU-resistant C. auris isolates (C. auris S and C. auris R) compared to the susceptible C. auris H261. The aim was to assess the possible synergy between FAR and FLU, by reducing the FLU minimal inhibitory concentration, and to determine the mechanism underlying the conjunct effect. The results confirmed a synergic effect between FAR and FLU with a calculated FIC index of 0.75 and 0.4 for C. auris S and C. auris R, respectively. FAR modulates genes involved in azole resistance. When FAR was added to the cells in combination with FLU, a significant decrease in the expression of the CDR1 gene was observed in the resistant C. auris isolates. FAR seems to block the Cdr1 efflux pump triggering a restoration of the intracellular content of FLU. These results were supported by observed increasing accumulation of rhodamine 6G by C. auris cells. Moreover, C. auris treated with FAR showed an ERG11 gene down-regulation. Overall, these results suggest that FAR is an effective modulator of the Cdr1 efflux pump in C. auris and, in combination with FLU, enhances the activity of this azole, which might be a promising strategy to control infections caused by azole-resistant C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Dekkerová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.D.); (L.Č.); (S.K.)
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.D.); (L.Č.); (S.K.)
| | - Samuel Kendra
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.D.); (L.Č.); (S.K.)
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Medical School, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via A. di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Emerenziana Ottaviano
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Medical School, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via A. di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Birgit Willinger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.D.); (L.Č.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-9014-9436
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Yadav TC, Gupta P, Saini S, Mohiyuddin S, Pruthi V, Prasad R. Plausible Mechanistic Insights in Biofilm Eradication Potential against Candida spp. Using In Situ-Synthesized Tyrosol-Functionalized Chitosan Gold Nanoparticles as a Versatile Antifouling Coating on Implant Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8350-8363. [PMID: 35309435 PMCID: PMC8928565 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, tyrosol-functionalized chitosan gold nanoparticles (Chi-TY-AuNPs) were prepared as an alternative treatment strategy to combat fungal infections. Various biophysical techniques were used to characterize the synthesized Chi-TY-AuNPs. The antifungal and antibiofilm activities of Chi-TY-AuNPs were evaluated against Candida albicans and C. glabrata, and efforts have been made to elucidate the possible mechanism of action. Chi-TY-AuNPs showed a high fungicidal effect against both sessile and planktonic cells of Candida spp. Additionally, Chi-TY-AuNPs completely eradicated (100%) the mature biofilms of both the Candida spp. FESEM analysis highlighted the morphological alterations in Chi-TY-AuNP-treated Candida biofilm cells. The effect of Chi-TY-AuNPs on the ECM components showed significant reduction in protein content in the C. glabrata biofilm and substantial decrease in extracellular DNA content of both the Candida spp. ROS generation analysis using DCFDA-PI staining showed high ROS levels in both the Candida spp., whereas pronounced ROS production was observed in the Chi-TY-AuNP-treated C. glabrata biofilm. Biochemical analysis revealed decreased ergosterol content in Chi-TY-AuNP-treated C. glabrata cells, while inconsequential changes were observed in C. albican s. Furthermore, the transcriptional expression of selected genes (ergosterol biosynthesis, efflux, sterol importer, and glucan biogenesis) was reduced in C. glabrata in response to Chi-TY-AuNPs except ERG11 and CDR1. Conclusively, the result showed the biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication efficacy of Chi-TY-AuNPs in both the Candida spp. Findings of the present study manifest Chi-TY-AuNPs as a potential therapeutic solution to Candida biofilm-related chronic infections and overcome biofilm antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chand Yadav
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, P
P Savani University, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India
- . Phone no.: +91-8076260165
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saakshi Saini
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shanid Mohiyuddin
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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JARROS ISABELEC, VEIGA FLÁVIAF, CORRÊA JAKELINEL, BARROS ISABELLAL, PEDROSO RAISSAB, NEGRI MELYSSA, SVIDZINSKI TEREZINHAI. Farnesol modulation of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in biofilm and planktonic forms. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211127. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Kalgudi R, Tamimi R, Kyazze G, Keshavarz T. Quorum quenchers affect the virulence regulation of non-mucoid, mucoid and heavily mucoid biofilms co-cultured on cell lines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8853-8868. [PMID: 34716788 PMCID: PMC8590680 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation conferring pathogenicity is a survival strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa’s virulence may differ due to differences in host-microbe interactions and the growth environment. The epithelial cell line within the respiratory system and the keratinocytes on the skin form the first physical barrier of defence. P. aeruginosa spp. biofilm formation and virulence factor secretion with and without quorum quenching (QQ) treatment was studied in co-culture using A549 and HaCaT cell lines; pyocyanin and rhamnolipid productions and elastolytic activity as virulence factors were quantified by independent assays. Biofilm formation was evaluated under dynamic conditions by quantifying total carbohydrates, alginate, proteins and eDNA. A sandwich ELISA was performed to study IL-8 secretion by the epithelial cells. The difference in gene expression of the quorum sensing (QS) and virulence factors between strains during individual and combination treatments was analysed by qPCR. Combination treatment by farnesol and tyrosol was more effective against P. aeruginosa biofilms when grown in co-cultures. The strain RBHi was found to be 3 to 4 times more virulent compared to PAO1 and NCTC 10,662, respectively, and combination treatment was more effective against RBHi strain when grown in co-culture with A549 cell line. The addition of quorum quenchers (QQs) individually and in combination reduced IL-8 secretion by A549 cells. Relative mRNA expression showed upregulation of the QS genes and virulence factors. Co-culture of P. aeruginosa and HaCaT cell line showed a general decrease in gene expression, especially in the case of P. aeruginosa RBHi when treated with farnesol and tyrosol combination. Key points • Differentiating the interactions of biofilm formed by different phenotypes of P. aeruginosa, NCTC 10,662 (non-mucoid), PAO1 (semi mucoid) and RBHi (heavily mucoid). • Biofilm formed by these P. aeruginosa strains on two commonly afflicted tissues represented by A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin) cell lines. • Anti-biofilm/anti-virulence roles of quorum quenchers, tyrosol and farnesol in co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachith Kalgudi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Roya Tamimi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Godfrey Kyazze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Tajalli Keshavarz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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11
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Zhu H, Liu D, Zheng L, Chen L, Ma A. Characterization of a G protein α subunit encoded gene from the dimorphic fungus-Tremella fuciformis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1949-1960. [PMID: 34510304 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis is a dimorphic fungus which can undertake the reversible transition between yeast and pseudohypha forms. G protein α subunit (Gα) carries different signals to regulate a variety of biological processes in eukaryotes, including fungal dimorphism. In this study, a novel Gα subunit encoded gene, TrGpa1, was firstly cloned from T. fuciformis. The TrGpa1 open reading frame has 1059 nucleotides, and encodes a protein which belongs to the group I of Gαi superfamily. Furthermore, the role of TrGpa1 in the T. fuciformis dimorphism was analysed by gene overexpression and knockdown. Stable integration of the target gene into the genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. Transformants with the highest and lowest TrGpa1 expression levels were selected via quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot. Each transformant was compared with the wild-type strain about the morphological change under different environmental factors, including pH values, temperature, cultivation time, inoculum size, and quorum-sensing molecules (farnesol and tyrosol). Comparing with the wild-type strain, the overexpression transformant always had higher ratios of pseudohyphae, while the knockdown transformant had less proportions of pseudohyphae. Therefore, the TrGpa1 is involved in the dimorphism of T. fuciformis and plays a positive role in promoting pseudohyphal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhu
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421000, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liesheng Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liguo Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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de Lima TM, Arias LS, Afanaci LF, Ferraresse RF, de S Neto FN, de Lima BH, Straioto FG, de Camargo ER, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Assembly and antifungal effect of a new fluconazole-carrier nanosystem. Future Microbiol 2021; 15:273-285. [PMID: 32271112 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assemble, characterize and assess the antifungal effects of a new fluconazole (FLZ)-carrier nanosystem. Materials & methods: The nanosystem was prepared by loading FLZ on chitosan (CS)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Antifungal effects were evaluated on planktonic cells (by minimum inhibitory concentration determination) and on biofilms (by quantification of cultivable cells, total biomass, metabolism and extracellular matrix) of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Results: Characterization results ratified the formation of a nanosystem (<320 nm) with FLZ successfully embedded. IONPs-CS-FLZ nanosystem reduced minimum inhibitory concentration values and, in general, showed similar antibiofilm effects compared with FLZ alone. Conclusion: IONPs-CS-FLZ nanosystem was more effective than FLZ mainly in inhibiting Candida planktonic cells. This nanocarrier has potential to fight fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynara Mt de Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE),19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís S Arias
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Afanaci
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Fb Ferraresse
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco N de S Neto
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hr de Lima
- Chemi Engenharia de Materiais, 13560-460 São Carlos/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana G Straioto
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE),19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson R de Camargo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano P Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas R Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE),19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Khan F, Bamunuarachchi NI, Pham DTN, Tabassum N, Khan MSA, Kim YM. Mixed biofilms of pathogenic Candida-bacteria: regulation mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:699-727. [PMID: 34003065 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1921696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilm is one of the most frequently recorded clinical problems. Mixed biofilms develop as a result of interactions between microorganisms of a single or multiple species (e.g. bacteria and fungi). Candida spp., particularly Candida albicans, are known to associate with various bacterial species to form a multi-species biofilm. Mixed biofilms of Candida spp. have been previously detected in vivo and on the surfaces of many biomedical instruments. Treating infectious diseases caused by mixed biofilms of Candida and bacterial species has been challenging due to their increased resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Here, we review and discuss the clinical significance of mixed Candida-bacteria biofilms as well as the signalling mechanisms involved in Candida-bacteria interactions. We also describe possible approaches for combating infections associated with mixed biofilms, such as the use of natural or synthetic drugs and combination therapy. The review presented here is expected to contribute to the advances in the biomedical field on the understanding of underlying interaction mechanisms of pathogens in mixed biofilm, and alternative approaches to treating the related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nilushi Indika Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Tangalle, Sri Lanka
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industrial Convergence Bionix Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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14
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Monteiro DR, de Souza Batista VE, Caldeirão ACM, Jacinto RDC, Pessan JP. Oral prosthetic microbiology: aspects related to the oral microbiome, surface properties, and strategies for controlling biofilms. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:353-371. [PMID: 34139899 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1912741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is an environment that allows for the development of complex ecosystems; the placement of prosthetic devices as a consequence of partial or total tooth loss may alter the diversity of microbial communities. Biofilms on the surface of materials used in dental prostheses can promote important changes in the mechanic and aesthetic properties of the material itself and may cause local and systemic diseases for the prosthetic wearer. This review presents the main features of the oral microbiome associated with complete or partial dentures and dental implants. The main diseases associated with microbial colonization of prosthetic surfaces, factors that may affect biofilm formation on prosthetic materials, as well as novel alternative therapies aiming to reduce biofilm formation and/or to eradicate biofilms formed on these materials are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Izadi A, Talebi M, Sadeghi F, Zarrinnia A, Zarei F, Darmiani K, Borman AM, Mahmoudi S. New weapons to fight a new enemy: A systematic review of drug combinations against the drug-resistant fungus Candida auris. Mycoses 2021; 64:1308-1316. [PMID: 33774879 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging and drug-resistant pathogen. Drug combination is a promising approach against such pathogens. This study was conducted to provide an overview of all the studied drug combinations against C. auris. Relevant articles reporting results of any drug/non-drug combinations against C. auris were found by a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (ISI), and in Google Scholar up to 1 October 2020. From 187 articles retrieved in the primary search, 23 met the inclusion criteria. In total, 124 different combinations including antifungal with antifungal (45), antifungal with other antimicrobials (11), antifungal with non-antimicrobials (32), antifungal with natural compounds (25) and between natural compounds (11) have been reported. Complete or partial synergistic effects have been reported for 3 out of 45 (6.67%) combinations of two antifungal agents, 8 out of 11 (72.73%) combinations involving antifungal agents and antimicrobials, 15 out of 32 (46.88%) of combinations between antifungal agents with non-antimicrobials, 16 out of 25 (64%) of combinations involving antifungal agents and natural compounds, and 3 out of 11 (22.27%) of combinations involving multiple natural compounds. Antagonistic interactions have been reported for 1 out of 32 (3.13%) and 8 out of 25 (32%) of combinations between antifungal drugs with non-antimicrobials and with natural compounds, respectively. Different drugs/compounds could potentiate the activity of antifungal drugs using this approach. However, despite the availability of this promising initial data, many more studies will be required to elucidate whether favourable interactions observed in vitro might translate into tangible clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Aghaei Gharehbolagh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Izadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Talebi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrinnia
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Zarei
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Darmiani
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrew M Borman
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Southmead Hospital Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Yapıcı M, Gürsu BY, Dağ İ. In vitro antibiofilm efficacy of farnesol against Candida species. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:251-262. [PMID: 33604754 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic fungi that can cause mucosal or invasive infections. Especially in biofilm-related infections, resistance is very high to anifungals; therefore more effective treatment strategies are needed. Farnesol(3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol) is the quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule and can interact with Candida species both as a QS molecule and as an exogenous agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of farnesol on both the planktonic and biofilm forms of Candida species by colorimetric, microbiological, and electron microscopic methods. Obtained results demonstrated the inhibitory effect of farnesol on the planktonic and biofilm forms of Candida. Farnesol showed a biofilm-enhancing effect at lower concentrations. TEM findings showed the membrane and wall damage, vacuolization, or granulation in cells. SEM images confirmed biofilm reduction in pre-/post-biofilm applications as a result of farnesol treatment. In conclusion, farnesol can be used as an alternative agent to reduce the Candida biofilms, with future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihrinur Yapıcı
- Department of Biotechology and Biosafety, Institute of Life Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Bükay Yenice Gürsu
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Dağ
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Vocational Health Services High School, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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17
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Serafini MR, Santos VV, Torres BGS, Johansson Azeredo F, Savi FM, Alves IA. A patent review of antibiofilm fungal drugs (2002-present). Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:229-248. [PMID: 33530749 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1874283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal biofilms, such as Candida albicans biofilms, are capable of surviving in hostile environments owing to their remarkable ability to adhere to surfaces and their tolerance to chemical interventions. Currently, therapeutic treatment options are few, making these biofilm-based infections problematic particularly due to their great tolerance to conventional antimicrobial drugs, thus causing serious health and economic problems. Therefore, the development of new drugs and antibiofilm specific therapies for the prevention and treatment of antifungal to eradicate biofilms are needed. This study was aimed at carrying out a patent review analysis to identify the innovation trends, and to explore the latest antifungal drugs and the specific therapeutic strategies available for the treatment of fungal biofilms. The present patent review was carried out using the Espacenet database, using the key words "biofilm and antifungal," from 2002 to December 2019. Through this review, it was possible to identify that most of the patent contents refer to new synthetic drugs derived from natural products and associations thereof with existing antifungal drugs. Methods and biomaterials for the treatment and prevention of fungal biofilms, mainly for C. albicans biofilms, which is the most isolated and studied fungal species, were also disclosed. The lack of scientific and technical information on the biofilm eradication subject is remarkable and further confirmed by the small number of patents identified in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Flávia Medeiros Savi
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Martínez-Herrera E, Carnero-Gregorio M, López-Barcenas A, Fabbrocini G, Fida M, El-Samahy M, González-Cespón JL. Pathogenesis and Clinical Relevance of Candida Biofilms in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:544480. [PMID: 33262741 PMCID: PMC7686049 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.544480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Candida spp. to form biofilms is crucial for its pathogenicity, and thus, it should be considered an important virulence factor in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC). Its ability to generate biofilms is multifactorial and is generally believed to depend on the site of infection, species and strain involved, and the microenvironment in which the infection develops. Therefore, both cell surface proteins, such as Hwp1, Als1, and Als2, and the cell wall-related protein, Sun41, play a critical role in the adhesion and virulence of the biofilm. Immunological and pharmacological approaches have identified the NLRP3 inflammasome as a crucial molecular factor contributing to host immunopathology. In this context, we have earlier shown that Candida albicans associated with hyphae-secreted aspartyl proteinases (specifically SAP4-6) contribute to the immunopathology of the disease. Transcriptome profiling has revealed that non-coding transcripts regulate protein synthesis post-transcriptionally, which is important for the growth of Candida spp. Other studies have employed RNA sequencing to identify differences in the 1,245 Candida genes involved in surface and invasive cellular metabolism regulation. In vitro systems allow the simultaneous processing of a large number of samples, making them an ideal screening technique for estimating various physicochemical parameters, testing the activity of antimicrobial agents, and analyzing genes involved in biofilm formation and regulation (in situ) in specific strains. Murine VVC models are used to study C. albicans infection, especially in trials of novel treatments and to understand the cause(s) for resistance to conventional therapeutics. This review on the clinical relevance of Candida biofilms in VVC focuses on important advances in its genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Moreover, recent experiments on the influence of biofilm formation on VVC or RVVC pathogenesis in laboratory animals have been discussed. A clear elucidation of one of the pathogenesis mechanisms employed by Candida biofilms in vulvovaginal candidiasis and its applications in clinical practice represents the most significant contribution of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Health Research Institute, SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Meixoeiro and University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,European Women's Dermatologic and Venereologic Society, Tui, Spain.,Psychodermatology Task Force of the Ibero-Latin American College of Dermatology (CILAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erick Martínez-Herrera
- Psychodermatology Task Force of the Ibero-Latin American College of Dermatology (CILAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, Mexico
| | - Miguel Carnero-Gregorio
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Health Research Institute, SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Molecular Diagnosis (Array & NGS Division), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Studies, Lugo, Spain
| | - Adriana López-Barcenas
- European Women's Dermatologic and Venereologic Society, Tui, Spain.,Psychodermatology Task Force of the Ibero-Latin American College of Dermatology (CILAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Section of Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Manuel Gea González hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- European Women's Dermatologic and Venereologic Society, Tui, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monika Fida
- European Women's Dermatologic and Venereologic Society, Tui, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine, Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - May El-Samahy
- European Women's Dermatologic and Venereologic Society, Tui, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - José Luís González-Cespón
- Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Health Research Institute, SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
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19
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Bezerra CF, de Alencar Júnior JG, de Lima Honorato R, dos Santos ATL, Pereira da Silva JC, Gusmão da Silva T, Leal ALAB, Rocha JE, de Freitas TS, Tavares Vieira TA, Bezerra MCF, Sales DL, Kerntopf MR, de Araujo Delmondes G, Filho JMB, Peixoto LR, Pinheiro AP, Ribeiro-Filho J, Coutinho HDM, Morais-Braga MFB, Gonçalves da Silva T. Antifungal activity of farnesol incorporated in liposomes and associated with fluconazole. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:104987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Araujo HC, Arias LS, Caldeirão ACM, Assumpção LCDF, Morceli MG, de Souza Neto FN, de Camargo ER, Oliveira SHP, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Novel Colloidal Nanocarrier of Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Antifungal Activities on Candida Species and Cytotoxic Potential on Murine Fibroblasts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040218. [PMID: 33053629 PMCID: PMC7712500 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers have been used as alternative tools to overcome the resistance of Candida species to conventional treatments. This study prepared a nanocarrier of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) conjugated with chitosan (CS), and assessed its antifungal and cytotoxic effects. CPC was immobilized on CS-coated IONPs, and the nanocarrier was physico-chemically characterized. Antifungal effects were determined on planktonic cells of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata (by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays) and on single- and dual-species biofilms of these strains (by quantification of cultivable cells, total biomass and metabolic activity). Murine fibroblasts were exposed to different concentrations of the nanocarrier, and the cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT reduction assay. Characterization methods confirmed the presence of a nanocarrier smaller than 313 nm. IONPs-CS-CPC and free CPC showed the same MIC values (0.78 µg mL−1). CPC-containing nanocarrier at 78 µg mL−1 significantly reduced the number of cultivable cells for all biofilms, surpassing the effect promoted by free CPC. For total biomass, metabolic activity, and cytotoxic effects, the nanocarrier and free CPC produced statistically similar outcomes. In conclusion, the IONPs-CS-CPC nanocarrier was more effective than CPC in reducing the cultivable cells of Candida biofilms without increasing the cytotoxic effects of CPC, and may be a useful tool for the treatment of oral fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Ceolin Araujo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba SP 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (L.S.A.); (F.N.d.S.N.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Laís Salomão Arias
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba SP 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (L.S.A.); (F.N.d.S.N.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Anne Caroline Morais Caldeirão
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD—Master’s Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente SP 19050-920, Brazil;
| | - Lanay Caroline de Freitas Assumpção
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente SP 19050-920, Brazil; (L.C.d.F.A.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Marcela Grigoletto Morceli
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente SP 19050-920, Brazil; (L.C.d.F.A.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Francisco Nunes de Souza Neto
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba SP 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (L.S.A.); (F.N.d.S.N.); (J.P.P.)
| | | | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba SP 16015-050, Brazil;
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba SP 16015-050, Brazil; (H.C.A.); (L.S.A.); (F.N.d.S.N.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD—Master’s Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente SP 19050-920, Brazil;
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente SP 19050-920, Brazil; (L.C.d.F.A.); (M.G.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-18-3229-1000
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21
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Araujo HC, da Silva ACG, Paião LI, Magario MKW, Frasnelli SCT, Oliveira SHP, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of a colloidal nanocarrier composed by chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine. J Dent 2020; 101:103453. [PMID: 32827599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of a colloidal nanocarrier for chlorhexidine (CHX) on Candida glabrata and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as tested its cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblasts. METHODS Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were coated with chitosan (CS) and loaded with CHX at 31.2, 78 and 156 μg/mL. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth microdilution method, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Preformed biofilms (48 h) were treated with different concentrations of the nanocarrier (24 h) and quantified by colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass and metabolic activity. For cytotoxicity, the viability of L929 cells was evaluated by MTT assay after 24 and 48 h of exposure to the nanocarrier. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Fisher LSD or Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS MIC and FICI results showed an indifferent interaction among the components of the nanocarrier for all strains evaluated. CHX alone and nanocarrier containing 156 μg/mL CHX did not differ from each other in reducing the number of CFUs. However, the nanocarrier containing 156 μg/mL CHX promoted the highest reductions in total biofilm biomass and metabolism, surpassing the effect of CHX alone. After 24 and 48 h of exposure, the nanocarrier reduced CHX toxicity to the L929 cell at low concentrations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the CHX nanocarrier has potential to be used in the control of oral diseases associated with C. glabrata and E. faecalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CHX has improved the antibiofilm effect and reduced the cytotoxicity (at low concentrations) when conjugated to CS-coated IONPs. This new colloidal formulation has potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent to pure CHX for the control of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as oral candidiasis and endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Ceolin Araujo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes da Silva
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Isabel Paião
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mychelle Keiko Watanabe Magario
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cruz Tfaile Frasnelli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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de Chaves MA, Ferreira do Amaral T, Monteiro da Silva Rodrigues Coutinho N, Fernanda Andrzejewski Kaminski T, Teixeira ML, Flavio Souza de Oliveira L, de Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM. Synergistic association of clioquinol with antifungal drugs against biofilm forms of clinical Fusarium isolates. Mycoses 2020; 63:1069-1082. [PMID: 32662568 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of biofilm on the complexity of fungal diseases has been reported in recent years, especially in non-invasive mycoses such as keratitis and onychomycosis. The difficulty in treating cases of fusariosis in the human medical clinic exemplifies this situation, because when Fusarium spp. are present in the form of biofilm, the permeation of antifungal agents is compromised. OBJECTIVES This study proposes an association of clioquinol, an inhibitor of fungal cells with antifungal drugs prescribed to combat fusariosis in humans. METHODS Susceptibility was assessed by microdilution in broth. Formation of biofilm by staining with violet crystal. Inhibition and removal of biofilm using the MTT colorimetric reagent. Time-kill combination, hypoallergenicity test, cytotoxicity test and toxicity prediction by computer analysis were also performed. RESULTS Clioquinol associated with voriconazole and ciclopirox inhibited biofilm formation. Possibly, clioquinol acts in the germination and elongation of hyphae, while voriconazole prevents cell adhesion and ciclopirox the formation of the extracellular polymeric matrix. The CLIO-VRC association reduced the biofilm formation by more than 90%, while the CLIO-CPX association prevented over 95%. None of the association was irritating, and over 90% of the leucocytes remained viable. Computational analysis does not reveal toxicity relevant to CLIO, whereas VRC and CPX showed some risks for systemic use, but suitable for topical formulations. CONCLUSIONS The combination of CLIO-VRC or CLIO-CPX proved to be a promising association strategy in the medical clinic, both in combating fungal keratitis and onychomycosis, since they prevent the initial process of establishing an infection, the formation of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Antunes de Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Concórdia, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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23
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Kovács R, Majoros L. Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecules: A Review of Their Antifungal Effect against Candida Biofilms. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030099. [PMID: 32630687 PMCID: PMC7559060 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of effective therapeutic strategies against biofilms is limited; development of novel therapies is urgently needed to treat a variety of biofilm-associated infections. Quorum sensing is a special form of microbial cell-to-cell communication that is responsible for the release of numerous extracellular molecules, whose concentration is proportional with cell density. Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecules (i.e., farnesol and tyrosol) have a pivotal role in morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and virulence. Farnesol can mediate the hyphae-to-yeast transition, while tyrosol has the opposite effect of inducing transition from the yeast to hyphal form. A number of questions regarding Candida quorum sensing remain to be addressed; nevertheless, the literature shows that farnesol and tyrosol possess remarkable antifungal and anti-biofilm effect at supraphysiological concentration. Furthermore, previous in vitro and in vivo data suggest that they may have a potent adjuvant effect in combination with certain traditional antifungal agents. This review discusses the most promising farnesol- and tyrosol-based in vitro and in vivo results, which may be a foundation for future development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat Candida biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0036-52-255-425; Fax: +0036-52-255-424
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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24
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Nagy F, Vitális E, Jakab Á, Borman AM, Forgács L, Tóth Z, Majoros L, Kovács R. In vitro and in vivo Effect of Exogenous Farnesol Exposure Against Candida auris. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 32508780 PMCID: PMC7251031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spreading of multidrug-resistant Candida auris is considered as an emerging global health threat. The number of effective therapeutic regimens is strongly limited; therefore, development of novel strategies is needed. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule with a potential antifungal and/or adjuvant effect; it may be a promising candidate in alternative treatment against Candida species including C. auris. To examine the effect of farnesol on C. auris, we performed experiments focusing on growth, biofilm production ability, production of enzymes related to oxidative stress, triazole susceptibility and virulence. Concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μM farnesol caused a significant growth inhibition against C. auris planktonic cells for 24 h (p < 0.01-0.05). Farnesol treatment showed a concentration dependent inhibition in terms of biofilm forming ability of C. auris; however, it did not inhibit significantly the biofilm development at 24 h. Nevertheless, the metabolic activity of adhered farnesol pre-exposed cells (75 μM) was significantly diminished at 24 h depending on farnesol treatment during biofilm formation (p < 0.001-0.05). Moreover, 300 μM farnesol exerted a marked decrease in metabolic activity against one-day-old biofilms between 2 and 24 h (p < 0.001). Farnesol increased the production of reactive species remarkably, as revealed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay {3.96 ± 0.89 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] and 23.54 ± 4.51 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] for untreated cells and farnesol exposed cells, respectively; p < 0.001}. This was in line with increased superoxide dismutase level {85.69 ± 5.42 [munit (mg protein)-1] and 170.11 ± 17.37 [munit (mg protein)-1] for untreated cells and farnesol exposed cells, respectively; p < 0.001}, but the catalase level remained statistically comparable between treated and untreated cells (p > 0.05). Concerning virulence-related enzymes, exposure to 75 μM farnesol did not influence phospholipase or aspartic proteinase activity (p > 0.05). The interaction between fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole and farnesol showed clear synergism (FICI ranges from 0.038 to 0.375) against one-day-old biofilms. Regarding in vivo experiments, daily 75 μM farnesol treatment decreased the fungal burden in an immunocompromised murine model of disseminated candidiasis, especially in case of inocula pre-exposed to farnesol (p < 0.01). In summary, farnesol shows a promising therapeutic or adjuvant potential in traditional or alternative therapies such as catheter lock therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Vitális
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Hospital Hygiene Ward, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lajos Forgács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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25
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Farnesol and Tyrosol: Secondary Metabolites with a Crucial quorum-sensing Role in Candida Biofilm Development. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040444. [PMID: 32325685 PMCID: PMC7231263 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When living in biological and interactive communities, microorganisms use quorum-sensing mechanisms for their communication. According to cell density, bacteria and fungi can produce signaling molecules (e.g., secondary metabolites), which participate, for example, in the regulation of gene expression and coordination of collective behavior in their natural niche. The existence of these secondary metabolites plays a main role in competence, colonization of host tissues and surfaces, morphogenesis, and biofilm development. Therefore, for the design of new antibacterials or antifungals and understanding on how these mechanisms occur, to inhibit the secretion of quorum-sensing (e.g., farnesol and tyrosol) molecules leading the progress of microbial infections seems to be an interesting option. In yeasts, farnesol has a main role in the morphological transition, inhibiting hyphae production in a concentration-dependent manner, while tyrosol has a contrary function, stimulating transition from spherical cells to germ tube form. It is beyond doubt that secretion of both molecules by fungi has not been fully described, but specific meaning for their existence has been found. This brief review summarizes the important function of these two compounds as signaling chemicals participating mainly in Candida morphogenesis and regulatory mechanisms.
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26
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Touil HFZ, Boucherit K, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Kohder G, Madkour M, Soliman SSM. Optimum Inhibition of Amphotericin-B-Resistant Candida albicans Strain in Single- and Mixed-Species Biofilms by Candida and Non- Candida Terpenoids. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020342. [PMID: 32098224 PMCID: PMC7072433 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common human fungal pathogens and represents the most important cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Surgical devices including catheters are easily contaminated with C. albicans via its formation of drug-resistant biofilms. In this study, amphotericin-B-resistant C. albicans strains were isolated from surgical devices at an intensive care center. The objective of this study was to develop optimized effective inhibitory treatment of resistant C. albicans by terpenoids, known to be produced naturally as protective signals. Endogenously produced farnesol by C. albicans yeast and plant terpenoids, carvacrol, and cuminaldehyde were tested separately or in combination on amphotericin-B-resistant C. albicans in either single- or mixed-infections. The results showed that farnesol did not inhibit hyphae formation when associated with bacteria. Carvacrol and cuminaldehyde showed variable inhibitory effects on C. albicans yeast compared to hyphae formation. A combination of farnesol with carvacrol showed synergistic inhibitory activities not only on C. albicans yeast and hyphae, but also on biofilms formed from single- and mixed-species and at reduced doses. The combined terpenoids also showed biofilm-penetration capability. The aforementioned terpenoid combination will not only be useful in the treatment of different resistant Candida forms, but also in the safe prevention of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidaya F. Z. Touil
- Laboratory Antibiotics Antifungals: Physico-Chemical, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Tlemcen University, Tlemcen B.P 119, Algeria; (H.F.Z.T.); (K.B.); (Z.B.-O.)
| | - Kebir Boucherit
- Laboratory Antibiotics Antifungals: Physico-Chemical, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Tlemcen University, Tlemcen B.P 119, Algeria; (H.F.Z.T.); (K.B.); (Z.B.-O.)
- University Center Belhadj Bouchaïb, Aïn Temouchent BP 284, Algeria
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Laboratory Antibiotics Antifungals: Physico-Chemical, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LapSab), Tlemcen University, Tlemcen B.P 119, Algeria; (H.F.Z.T.); (K.B.); (Z.B.-O.)
| | - Ghalia Kohder
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (G.K.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (G.K.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Collage of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE; (G.K.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO. Box 27272, UAE
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-6505-7472
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotypic switching of Candida spp. plays an important role in the development of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Farnesol, as a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans, has the ability to prevent yeast-to-hyphal conversion in vitro. However, the mechanism underlying this ability is unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in protein levels to better understand how farnesol impacts processes contributing to VVC. METHODS The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation technique was used to detect protein expression in C. albicans strain SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876) with or without farnesol exposure. Proteins with a threshold fold change greater than 1.5 were screened and considered differentially expressed proteins. All the altered proteins were analyzed using Gene Ontology annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation, and metabolic pathway annotation. RESULTS Between the farnesol-exposed group and the farnesol-unexposd group, we detected 297 altered proteins among all 2047 tested proteins based on a threshold fold change of more than 1.5 (P < 0.05). Eighty-seven of the 297 altered proteins exhibited metabolic enzyme activity and participated in 85 metabolic pathways according to KEGG pathway analysis. Most of these metabolic pathways were associated with central carbon metabolism processes. In the sterol synthesis pathway, which involves the synthesis of farnesol, ERG25 (methylsterol monooxygenase) and ERG4 (delta 24(24(1))-sterol reductase) were both down-regulated in the farnesol-exposed group. All six altered proteases associated with the oxidative phosphorylation process were down-regulated in the farnesol-exposed group relative to the farnesol-unexposed group. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms underlying farnesol-induced phenotype switching involves the adjustment of metabolic activities and epigenetic modification. Exogenous farnesol had an evident, but non-deterministic effect on the synthesis of ergosterol. The potential drug activity of farnesol warrants further investigation.
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28
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Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Candida parapsilosis to Exogenous Tyrosol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01388-19. [PMID: 31399405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01388-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol plays a key role in fungal morphogenesis and biofilm development. Also, it has a remarkable antifungal effect at supraphysiological concentrations. However, the background of the antifungal effect remains unknown, especially in the case of non-albicans Candida species such as Candida parapsilosis We examined the effect of tyrosol on growth, adhesion, redox homeostasis, virulence, as well as fluconazole susceptibility. To gain further insights into the physiological consequences of tyrosol treatment, we also determined genome-wide gene expression changes using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). A concentration of 15 mM tyrosol caused significant growth inhibition within 2 h of the addition of tyrosol, while the adhesion of yeast cells was not affected. Tyrosol increased the production of reactive oxygen species remarkably, as revealed by a dichlorofluorescein test, and it was associated with elevated superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities. The interaction between fluconazole and tyrosol was antagonistic. Tyrosol exposure resulted in 261 and 181 differentially expressed genes with at least a 1.5-fold increase or decrease in expression, respectively, which were selected for further study. Genes involved in ribosome biogenesis showed downregulation, while genes related to the oxidative stress response and ethanol fermentation were upregulated. In addition, tyrosol treatment upregulated the expression of efflux pump genes, including MDR1 and CDR1, and downregulated the expression of the FAD2 and FAD3 virulence genes involved in desaturated fatty acid formation. Our data demonstrate that exogenous tyrosol significantly affects the physiology and gene expression of C. parapsilosis, which could contribute to the development of treatments targeting quorum sensing in the future.IMPORTANCE Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecules (i.e., farnesol and tyrosol) are key regulators in fungal physiology, which induce phenotypic adaptations, including morphological changes, altered biofilm formation, and synchronized expression of virulence factors. Moreover, they have a remarkable antifungal activity at supraphysiological concentrations. Limited data are available concerning the tyrosol-induced molecular and physiological effects on non-albicans Candida species such as C. parapsilosis In addition, the background of the previously observed antifungal effect caused by tyrosol remains unknown. This study reveals that tyrosol exposure enhanced the oxidative stress response and the expression of efflux pump genes, while it inhibited growth and ribosome biogenesis as well as several virulence-related genes. Metabolism was changed toward glycolysis and ethanol fermentation. Furthermore, the initial adherence was not influenced significantly in the presence of tyrosol. Our results provide several potential explanations for the previously observed antifungal effect.
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29
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Mehmood A, Liu G, Wang X, Meng G, Wang C, Liu Y. Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecules and Inhibitors with Potential Antifungal Activity: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E1950. [PMID: 31117232 PMCID: PMC6571750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of persisting independent and isolated regarding microorganisms is no longer accepted. To survive and reproduce they have developed several communication platforms within the cells which facilitates them to adapt the surrounding environmental changes. This cell-to-cell communication is termed as quorum sensing; it relies upon the cell density and can stimulate several traits of microbes including biofilm formation, competence, and virulence factors secretion. Initially, this sophisticated mode of communication was discovered in bacteria; later, it was also confirmed in eukaryotes (fungi). As a consequence, many quorum-sensing molecules and inhibitors have been identified and characterized in various fungal species. In this review article, we will primarily focus on fungal quorum-sensing molecules and the production of inhibitors from fungal species with potential applications for combating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guorong Liu
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guannan Meng
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Ya Liu
- R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650202, China.
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Agustín MDR, Viceconte FR, Vela Gurovic MS, Costantino A, Brugnoni LI. Effect of quorum sensing molecules and natamycin on biofilms of Candida tropicalis and other yeasts isolated from industrial juice filtration membranes. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1808-1820. [PMID: 30861242 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cells limit the cell number of dense biofilms by releasing self-inhibitory molecules. Here, we aim to assess the effectiveness of yeast quorum sensing (QS) molecules and the antifungal agent natamycin against yeast biofilms of strains commonly isolated from fruit juice ultrafiltration membranes. METHODS AND RESULTS Yeast QS molecules, such as tyrosol, 2-phenylethanol and farnesol, were detected by solvent extraction and HS-SPME GC-MS in Candida tropicalis cultures. The effect of QS molecules on mono- and multispecies biofilms formed by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, C. tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida kefyr was evaluated by plate count and epifluorescence microscopy. Farnesol caused a decrease in cell number and disrupted mono- and multispecies yeast biofilms during adhesion (0·6 mmol l-1 ). 2-phenyl ethanol 1·2 mmol l-1 stimulated biofilm density and increased cell number in both mono- and multispecies biofilms, while tyrosol did not show effects when tested against C. tropicalis biofilms (0·05-1·2 mmol l-1 ). Natamycin caused a strong decrease in cell number and disruption of biofilm structure in C. tropicalis biofilms at high concentrations (0·3-1·2 mmol l-1 ). The combination of farnesol 0·6 mmol l-1 and natamycin at 0·01 mmol l-1 , the maximum concentration of natamycin accepted for direct addition into fruit juices, effectively reduced cell counts and disrupted the structure of C. tropicalis biofilms. CONCLUSION Farnesol 0·6 mmol l-1 significantly increased the inhibition exerted by natamycin 0·01 mmol l-1 (~5 ppm) reducing biofilm development from juice on stainless steel surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results support the use of QS molecules as biofilm inhibitors in beverages and would certainly inspire the design of novel preservative and cleaning products for the food industry based on combinatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D R Agustín
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - M S Vela Gurovic
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,CERZOS UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A Costantino
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - L I Brugnoni
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences of the South (INBIOSUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Harnessing yeast metabolism of aromatic amino acids for fermented beverage bioflavouring and bioproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4325-4336. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sebaa S, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Courtois P. Effects of tyrosol and farnesol on Candida albicans biofilm. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3201-3209. [PMID: 30816484 PMCID: PMC6423612 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present in vitro study examined the effects of the quorum‑sensing molecules farnesol and tyrosol on the development of Candida albicans biofilm in order to elucidate their role as novel adjuvants in oral hygiene. The investigation was conducted in C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. albicans isolates from dentures and was performed in flat‑bottomed 96‑well polystyrene plates. Yeast growth and their capacity to form biofilms were evaluated following 24 and 48 h incubations at 37˚C in Sabouraud broth supplemented with 0.001‑3 mM farnesol and/or 1‑20 mM tyrosol. Yeast growth was assessed by turbidimetry and biofilms were quantitated by crystal violet staining, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The viability of the fungal cells was controlled by the culture of planktonic cells and by examination of the biofilms using fluorescence microscopy following staining with fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide. Farnesol at 3 mM exerted a stronger action when added at the beginning of biofilm formation (>50% inhibition) than when added to preformed biofilms (<10% inhibition). Similarly, tyrosol at 20 mM had a greater effect on biofilm formation (>80% inhibition) than on preformed biofilms (<40% inhibition). Despite significant reductions in attached biomass, yeast growth varied little in the presence of the investigated molecules, as corroborated by the turbidimetry, culture of supernatants on solid culture medium followed by counting of colony‑forming units and viability tests using fluorescence microscopy. At the highest tested concentration, the molecules had a greater effect during the initial phases of biofilm formation. The effect of farnesol during anaerobiosis was not significantly different from that observed during aerobiosis, unlike that of tyrosol during anaerobiosis, which exhibited slightly reduced yeast biofilm inhibition. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the specific anti‑biofilm effect, independent of fungicidal or fungistatic action, of farnesol and tyrosol, as tested in C. albicans ATCC 10231 and 6 strains isolated from dentures. Prior to suggesting the use of these molecules for preventive purposes in oral hygiene, further studies are required in order to clarify the metabolic pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in their antibiofilm effect, as well as the repercussions on the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Sebaa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Antifungals, Physico‑Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Philippe Courtois
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Cordeiro RDA, Pereira LMG, de Sousa JK, Serpa R, Andrade ARC, Portela FVM, Evangelista AJDJ, Sales JA, Aguiar ALR, Mendes PBL, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJDC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Farnesol inhibits planktonic cells and antifungal-tolerant biofilms of Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin. Med Mycol 2019; 57:1038-1045. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Trichosporon species have been considered important agents of opportunistic systemic infections, mainly among immunocompromised patients. Infections by Trichosporon spp. are generally associated with biofilm formation in invasive medical devices. These communities are resistant to therapeutic antifungals, and therefore the search for anti-biofilm molecules is necessary. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of farnesol against planktonic and sessile cells of clinical Trichosporon asahii (n = 3) andTrichosporon inkin (n = 7) strains. Biofilms were evaluated during adhesion, development stages and after maturation for metabolic activity, biomass and protease activity, as well as regarding morphology and ultrastructure by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Farnesol inhibited Trichosporon planktonic growth by 80% at concentrations ranging from 600 to 1200 μM for T. asahii and from 75 to 600 μM for T. inkin. Farnesol was able to reduce cell adhesion by 80% at 300 μM for T. asahii and T. inkin at 600 μM, while biofilm development of both species was inhibited by 80% at concentration of 150 μM, altering their structure. After biofilm maturation, farnesol decreased T. asahii biofilm formation by 50% at 600 μM concentration and T. inkin formation at 300 μM. Farnesol inhibited gradual filamentation in a concentration range between 600 and 1200 μM. Farnesol caused reduction of filament structures of Trichosporon spp. at every stage of biofilm development analyzed. These data show the potential of farnesol as an anti-biofilm molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - José Kleybson de Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rosana Serpa
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jamille Alencar Sales
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ribeiro Aguiar
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio da Costa Sidrim
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Fabio Gadelha Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Ceará, Brazil
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Černáková L, Light C, Salehi B, Rogel-Castillo C, Victoriano M, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Novel Therapies for Biofilm-Based Candida spp. Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1214:93-123. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hosida TY, Cavazana TP, Henriques M, Pessan JP, Delbem ACB, Monteiro DR. Interactions betweenCandida albicansandCandida glabratain biofilms: Influence of the strain type, culture medium and glucose supplementation. Mycoses 2018; 61:270-278. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thamires Priscila Cavazana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering; LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master’s Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
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