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Gomez-Sequeda N, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Combination of Tramiprosate, Curcumin, and SP600125 Reduces the Neuropathological Phenotype in Familial Alzheimer Disease PSEN1 I416T Cholinergic-like Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4925. [PMID: 38732141 PMCID: PMC11084854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder for which no curative therapies are yet available. Indeed, no single medication or intervention has proven fully effective thus far. Therefore, the combination of multitarget agents has been appealing as a potential therapeutic approach against FAD. Here, we investigated the potential of combining tramiprosate (TM), curcumin (CU), and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP) as a treatment for FAD. The study analyzed the individual and combined effects of these two natural agents and this pharmacological inhibitor on the accumulation of intracellular amyloid beta iAβ; hyperphosphorylated protein TAU at Ser202/Thr205; mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm); generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); oxidized protein DJ-1; proapoptosis proteins p-c-JUN at Ser63/Ser73, TP53, and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3); and deficiency in acetylcholine (ACh)-induced transient Ca2+ influx response in cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs) bearing the mutation I416T in presenilin 1 (PSEN1 I416T). We found that single doses of TM (50 μM), CU (10 μM), or SP (1 μM) were efficient at reducing some, but not all, pathological markers in PSEN 1 I416T ChLNs, whereas a combination of TM, CU, and SP at a high (50, 10, 1 μM) concentration was efficient in diminishing the iAβ, p-TAU Ser202/Thr205, DJ-1Cys106-SO3, and CC3 markers by -50%, -75%, -86%, and -100%, respectively, in PSEN1 I417T ChLNs. Although combinations at middle (10, 2, 0.2) and low (5, 1, 0.1) concentrations significantly diminished p-TAU Ser202/Thr205, DJ-1Cys106-SO3, and CC3 by -69% and -38%, -100% and -62%, -100% and -62%, respectively, these combinations did not alter the iAβ compared to untreated mutant ChLNs. Moreover, a combination of reagents at H concentration was able to restore the dysfunctional ACh-induced Ca2+ influx response in PSEN 1 I416T. Our data suggest that the use of multitarget agents in combination with anti-amyloid (TM, CU), antioxidant (e.g., CU), and antiapoptotic (TM, CU, SP) actions might be beneficial for reducing iAβ-induced ChLN damage in FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (N.G.-S.); (M.J.-D.-R.)
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2
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Jung E, Baek EB, Hong EJ, Kang JH, Park S, Park S, Hong EJ, Cho YE, Ko JW, Won YS, Kwon HJ. TXNIP in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ameliorates alcohol-associated liver disease via nitric oxide production. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:606-620. [PMID: 38169654 PMCID: PMC10758096 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.90781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) differentiation and function has been reported in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Impaired nitric oxide (NO) production stimulates LSEC capillarization and dysfunction; however, the mechanism underlying NO production remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an important regulator of redox homeostasis, in endothelial cell NO production and its subsequent effects on ALD progression. We found that hepatic TXNIP expression was upregulated in patients with ALD and in ethanol diet-fed mice with high expression in LSECs. Endothelial cell-specific Txnip deficiency (TxnipΔEC) in mice exacerbated alcohol-induced liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Deletion of Txnip in LSECs led to sinusoidal capillarization, downregulation of NO production, and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, whereas TXNIP overexpression had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, TXNIP interacted with transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and subsequently suppressed the TAK1 pathway. Inhibition of TAK1 activation restored NO production and decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby, blocking liver injury and inflammation in TxnipΔEC mice. Our findings indicate that upregulated TXNIP expression in LSECs serves a protective role in ameliorating ALD. Enhancing TXNIP expression could, therefore, be a potential therapeutic approach for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bok Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Won
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Thiruvengadam R, Venkidasamy B, Samynathan R, Govindasamy R, Thiruvengadam M, Kim JH. Association of nanoparticles and Nrf2 with various oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110535. [PMID: 37187268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regultes the cellular antioxidant defense system at the posttranscriptional level. During oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to transcribe antioxidative metabolizing/detoxifying genes. Various transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone methylation might also regulate the expression of Nrf2. Despite its protective role, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling is considered as a pharmacological target due to its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, hepatotoxicity and kidney disorders. Recently, nanomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their unique physiochemical properties and are also used in various biological applications, for example, biosensors, drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, etc. In this review, we will be discussing the functions of nanoparticles and Nrf2 as a combined therapy or sensitizing agent and their significance in various diseases such as diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thiruvengadam
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Rajakumar Govindasamy
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Mladenov M, Bogdanov J, Bogdanov B, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Kamkin A, Stojchevski R, Avtanski D. Efficacy of the monocarbonyl curcumin analog C66 in the reduction of diabetes-associated cardiovascular and kidney complications. Mol Med 2022; 28:129. [PMID: 36316651 PMCID: PMC9620630 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric that has potential beneficial properties for cardiovascular and renal diseases and is relatively safe and inexpensive. However, the application of curcumin is rather problematic due to its chemical instability and low bioavailability. The experimental results showed improved chemical stability and potent pharmacokinetics of one of its analogs – (2E,6E)-2,6-bis[(2-trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]cyclohexanone (C66). There are several advantages of C66, like its synthetic accessibility, structural simplicity, improved chemical stability (in vitro and in vivo), presence of two reactive electrophilic centers, and good electron-accepting capacity. Considering these characteristics, we reviewed the literature on the application of C66 in resolving diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models. We also summarized the mechanisms by which C66 is preventing the release of pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory molecules in the priming and in activation stage of cardiomyopathy, renal fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. The cardiovascular protective effect of C66 against diabetes-induced oxidative damage is Nrf2 mediated but mainly dependent on JNK2. In general, C66 causes inhibition of JNK2, which reduces cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the settings of diabetic cardiomyopathy. C66 exerts a powerful antifibrotic effect by reducing inflammation-related factors (MCP-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and CAV-1) and inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (HO-1 and NEDD4), as well as targeting TGF-β/SMADs, MAPK/ERK, and PPAR-γ pathways in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Based on the available evidence, C66 is becoming a promising drug candidate for improving cardiovascular and renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitko Mladenov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Bogdan Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA ,grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY USA
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Malakoti F, Mohammadi E, Akbari Oryani M, Shanebandi D, Yousefi B, Salehi A, Asemi Z. Polyphenols target miRNAs as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic complications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1865-1881. [PMID: 36069329 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs are a large group of non-coding RNAs which participate in different cellular pathways like inflammation and oxidation through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. In the post-transcriptional regulation, miRNA interacts with the 3'-UTR of mRNAs and prevents their translation. This prevention or dysregulation can be a cause of pathological conditions like diabetic complications. A huge number of studies have revealed the association between miRNAs and diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and delayed wound healing. To address this issue, recent studies have focused on the use of polyphenols as selective and safe drugs in the treatment of diabetes complications. In this article, we will review the involvement of miRNAs in diabetic complications' occurrence or development. Finally, we will review the latest findings on targeting miRNAs by polyphenols like curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin for diabetic complications therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Malakoti
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Mohammadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Darioush Shanebandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Salehi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
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Ghavipanje N, Fathi Nasri MH, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. An insight into the potential of berberine in animal nutrition: Current knowledge and future perspectives. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:808-829. [PMID: 36031857 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In animal nutrition, the interest for novel feed additives has expanded with elevating industry standards and consumer awareness besides the demand for healthy animal-derived food products. Consumer and animal health are leading concerns dictating the importance of novel animal feed additives. Berberine (BBR) is a natural pentacyclic isoquinoline alkaloid that has exhibited diverse pharmacological properties, including metabolism-regulating, hepatoprotective, and inflammatory alleviative in addition to its antioxidant activity. Despite detailed information on cellular mechanisms associated with BBR therapeutics, and strong clinical evidence, only a few studies have focused on BBR applied to animal nutrition. However, great pieces of evidence have shown that dietary BBR supplementation could result in improved growth performance, enhanced oxido-inflammatory markers, and mitigated metabolic dysfunctions in both monogastric and ruminant animals. The data discussed in the present review may set the basis for further research on BBR in animal diets for developing novel strategies aiming to improve animal health as well as products with beneficial properties for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Ghavipanje
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Jubaidi FF, Zainalabidin S, Taib IS, Abdul Hamid Z, Mohamad Anuar NN, Jalil J, Mohd Nor NA, Budin SB. The Role of PKC-MAPK Signalling Pathways in the Development of Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiovascular Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158582. [PMID: 35955714 PMCID: PMC9369123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among diabetic patients worldwide. Hence, cardiovascular wellbeing in diabetic patients requires utmost importance in disease management. Recent studies have demonstrated that protein kinase C activation plays a vital role in the development of cardiovascular complications via its activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, also known as PKC-MAPK pathways. In fact, persistent hyperglycaemia in diabetic conditions contribute to preserved PKC activation mediated by excessive production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and oxidative stress. PKC-MAPK pathways are involved in several cellular responses, including enhancing oxidative stress and activating signalling pathways that lead to uncontrolled cardiac and vascular remodelling and their subsequent dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the recent discovery on the role of PKC-MAPK pathways, the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of diabetic cardiovascular complications, and their potential as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular management in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Farhana Jubaidi
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.J.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +603-9289-7645 (S.S.B.)
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (N.N.M.A.)
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
| | - Zariyantey Abdul Hamid
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (N.N.M.A.)
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Center for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Anizah Mohd Nor
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University College MAIWP International, Kuala Lumpur 68100, Malaysia
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.J.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +603-9289-7645 (S.S.B.)
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is a common microvascular complication with a high incidence in diabetic patients, greatly increases the mortality of patients. With further study on DN, it is found that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of DN. Epigenetics has an important impact on the development of DN through a variety of mechanisms, and promotes the generation and maintenance of metabolic memory, thus ultimately leading to a poor prognosis. In this review we discuss the methylation of DNA, modification of histone, and regulation of non-coding RNA involved in the progress of cell dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney, which ultimately lead to the deterioration of DN.
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Ghareghomi S, Rahban M, Moosavi-Movahedi Z, Habibi-Rezaei M, Saso L, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. The Potential Role of Curcumin in Modulating the Master Antioxidant Pathway in Diabetic Hypoxia-Induced Complications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247658. [PMID: 34946740 PMCID: PMC8706440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the leading player in the onset and development of various diseases. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a pivotal antioxidant system that preserves the cells' redox balance. It decreases inflammation in which the nuclear trans-localization of Nrf2 as a transcription factor promotes various antioxidant responses in cells. Through some other directions and regulatory proteins, this pathway plays a fundamental role in preventing several diseases and reducing their complications. Regulation of the Nrf2 pathway occurs on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and these regulations play a significant role in its activity. There is a subtle correlation between the Nrf2 pathway and the pivotal signaling pathways, including PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB and HIF-1 factors. This demonstrates its role in the development of various diseases. Curcumin is a yellow polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa with multiple bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-viral activities. Since hyperglycemia and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the leading causes of common diabetic complications, reducing the generation of ROS can be a fundamental approach to dealing with these complications. Curcumin can be considered a potential treatment option by creating an efficient therapeutic to counteract ROS and reduce its detrimental effects. This review discusses Nrf2 pathway regulation at different levels and its correlation with other important pathways and proteins in the cell involved in the progression of diabetic complications and targeting these pathways by curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Ghareghomi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Mahdie Rahban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Mehran Habibi-Rezaei
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiomedicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.H.-R.); (A.A.M.-M.); Tel.: +98-21-6111-3214 (M.H.-R.); +98-21-6111-3381 (A.A.M.-M.); Fax: +98-21-6697-1941 (M.H.-R.); +98-21-6640-4680 (A.A.M.-M.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran; (S.G.); (M.R.)
- UNESCO Chair on Interdisciplinary Research in Diabetes, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.H.-R.); (A.A.M.-M.); Tel.: +98-21-6111-3214 (M.H.-R.); +98-21-6111-3381 (A.A.M.-M.); Fax: +98-21-6697-1941 (M.H.-R.); +98-21-6640-4680 (A.A.M.-M.)
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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Sharma E, Kumar A, Grover M, Bungau S. Unfolding Nrf2 in diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:927-939. [PMID: 33389540 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In spite of much awareness, diabetes mellitus continues to remain one of major reasons for mortality and morbidity rate all over the globe. Free radicals cause oxidative stress which is responsible for causing diabetes. The recent advancements in elucidation of ARE/keap1/Nrf2 pathway can help in better understanding of diabetes mellitus. Various clinical trials and animal studies have shown the promising effect of Nrf2 pathway in reversing diabetes by counteracting with the oxidative stress produced. The gene is known to dissociate from Keap1 on coming in contact with such stresses to show preventive and prognosis effect. The Nrf2 gene has been marked as a molecular player in dealing with wide intracellular as well as extracellular cellular interactions in different diseases. The regulation of this gene gives some transcription factor that contain antioxidant response elements (ARE) in their promoter region and thus are responsible for encoding certain proteins involved in regulation of metabolic and detoxifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Madhuri Grover
- B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Alampur, Haryana, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Wu J, Sun X, Jiang Z, Jiang J, Xu L, Tian A, Sun X, Meng H, Li Y, Huang W, Jia Y, Wu H. Protective role of NRF2 in macrovascular complications of diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8903-8917. [PMID: 32628815 PMCID: PMC7417734 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrovascular complications develop in over a half of the diabetic individuals, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. This poses a severe threat to public health and a heavy burden to social economy. It is therefore important to develop effective approaches to prevent or slow down the pathogenesis and progression of macrovascular complications of diabetes (MCD). Oxidative stress is a major contributor to MCD. Nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (NRF2) governs cellular antioxidant defence system by activating the transcription of various antioxidant genes, combating diabetes‐induced oxidative stress. Accumulating experimental evidence has demonstrated that NRF2 activation protects against MCD. Structural inhibition of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (KEAP1) is a canonical way to activate NRF2. More recently, novel approaches, such as activation of the Nfe2l2 gene transcription, decreasing KEAP1 protein level by microRNA‐induced degradation of Keap1 mRNA, prevention of proteasomal degradation of NRF2 protein and modulation of other upstream regulators of NRF2, have emerged in prevention of MCD. This review provides a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of MCD and the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of MCD. By reviewing previous work on the activation of NRF2 in MCD, we summarize strategies to activate NRF2, providing clues for future intervention of MCD. Controversies over NRF2 activation and future perspectives are also provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ao Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huali Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, USA
| | - Ye Jia
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Yu Y, Sun J, Wang R, Liu J, Wang P, Wang C. Curcumin Management of Myocardial Fibrosis and its Mechanisms of Action: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1675-1710. [PMID: 31786946 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is implicated as a leading risk factor for heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death after cardiac injury, as the excessive interstitial extracellular matrix impedes heart contraction and electrical conduction. Complicated mechanisms involving oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokine families, NLRP3 inflammasomes, growth factors, and non-coding RNAs participate in cardiac fibrogenesis and make it difficult to designate specific and effective therapies. Oriental herbs have been popular for thousands of years in the health care of Asian residents, due to their multi-targeted, multi-faceted approaches and their multi-functional effects in fighting difficult and complicated diseases, including cardiovascular disorders such as myocardial fibrosis. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol and yellow pigment obtained from the spice turmeric, was found to have strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Increasing evidence has shown that curcumin can be used to prevent and treat myocardial fibrosis, when the myocardium suffers pathological pro-fibrotic changes in vivo and in vitro. The present review focuses on recent studies elucidating the mechanisms of curcumin in treating different pathologic conditions, including ischemia, hypoxia/reoxygenation, pressure or volume overload, and hyperglycemia or high-fat-induced cardiac fibrosis. Novel analogs such as C66, B2BrBC, Y20, and J17 have been designed to maximize the therapeutic potentials of curcumin. These optimized curcumin analogs with improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles need to be clinically verified before curcumin could be recommended for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Ru Wang
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
| | - Peili Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
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13
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Li C, Miao X, Li F, Adhikari BK, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhang R, Cai L, Liu Q, Wang Y. Curcuminoids: Implication for inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1302-1317. [PMID: 30834628 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been extensively verified that inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Curcuminoids, from the plant Curcuma longa, have three major active ingredients, which include curcumin (curcumin I), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids have been used in traditional medicine for CVDs' management and other comorbidities for centuries. Numerous studies had delineated their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and other medicinally relevant properties. Animal experiments and clinical trials have also demonstrated that turmeric and curcuminoids can effectively reduce atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and diabetic cardiovascular complications. In this review, we introduce and summarize curcuminoids' molecular and biological significance, while focusing on their mechanistic anti-inflammatory/antioxidative involvements in CVDs and preventive effects against CVDs, and, finally, discuss relevant clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Miao
- Department of ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Binay Kumar Adhikari
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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14
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Hypoglycemic Mechanism of the Berberine Organic Acid Salt under the Synergistic Effect of Intestinal Flora and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8930374. [PMID: 30662584 PMCID: PMC6313974 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8930374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both alterations to the intestinal microflora and chronic systemic inflammation predispose towards type 2 diabetes (T2D). Changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora are associated with glucose metabolism changes in rats with T2D. Here, we demonstrate that a berberine fumarate (BF) has a hypoglycemic effect by regulating the intestinal microflora and metabolism of diabetic rats. The T2D rats had disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, an abnormal intestinal microflora, fewer butyrate-producing and probiotic-type bacteria, larger numbers of potentially pathogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and tissue inflammation. Administration of berberine fumarate significantly ameliorated the metabolic disorder; increased the populations of Bacteroidetes, Clostridia, Lactobacillales, Prevotellaceae, and Alloprevotella; and reduced those of Bacteroidales, Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Desulfovibrio. In addition, it reduced inflammation, inhibiting the overexpression of TLR4 and p-JNK and increasing the expression of PI3K, GLUT2, and other proteins, which are closely related to oxidative stress, thereby promoting the metabolism of glucose.
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15
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Novel Curcumin C66 That Protects Diabetes-Induced Aortic Damage Was Associated with Suppressing JNK2 and Upregulating Nrf2 Expression and Function. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5783239. [PMID: 30622669 PMCID: PMC6304198 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5783239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of the mortality worldwide. Our previous study has explored the protective effect of curcumin analogue C66 on diabetes-induced pathogenic changes of the aorta. In the present study, we sought to reveal the underlying protective mechanisms of C66. Diabetes was induced in male WT and JNK2−/− mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic mice and age-matched nondiabetic mice were randomly treated with either vehicle (WT, WT DM, JNK2−/−, and JNK2−/−DM) or C66 (WT + C66, WT DM + C66, JNK2−/− + C66, and JNK2−/−DM + C66) for three months. Aortic oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, inflammatory changes, fibrosis, and Nrf2 expression and function were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for the protein level and real-time PCR method for mRNA level. The results suggested that either C66 treatment or JNK2 deletion can reverse diabetes-induced aortic oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Nrf2 was also found to be activated either by C66 or JNK2 deletion. However, C66 had no extra effect on diabetic aortic damage or Nrf2 activation without JNK2. These results suggest that diabetes-induced pathological changes in the aorta can be protected by C66 mainly via inhibition of JNK2 and accompanied by the upregulation of Nrf2 expression and function.
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16
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Negi CK, Jena G. Nrf2, a novel molecular target to reduce type 1 diabetes associated secondary complications: The basic considerations. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:12-26. [PMID: 30359563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are the mediators of diabetes and related secondary complications. Oxidative stress arises because of the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and diminished antioxidant production due to impaired Nrf2 activation, the master regulator of endogenous antioxidant. It has been established from various animal models that the transcription factor Nrf2 provides cytoprotection, ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and delays the progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Whereas, deletion of the transcription factor Nrf2 amplifies tissue level pathogenic alterations. In addition, Nrf2 also regulates the expression of numerous cellular defensive genes and protects against oxidative stress-mediated injuries in diabetes. The present review provides an overview on the role of Nrf2 in type 1 diabetes and explores if it could be a potential target for the treatment of diabetes and related complications. Further, the rationality of different agent's intervention has been discussed to mitigate organ damages induced by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander K Negi
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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17
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Wu J, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Liang W, Huang W, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Jia Y, Liu B, Wu H. Sodium butyrate attenuates diabetes-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction via P300-mediated transcriptional activation of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:454-465. [PMID: 29964168 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are major contributors to diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction which is the critical first step to the development of diabetic macrovascular complications. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a key role in combating diabetes-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and an activator of NRF2. However, NaB's effect on diabetes-induced aortic injury was unknown. It was also not known whether or to what extent NRF2 is required for both self-defense and NaB's protection in the diabetic aorta. Additionally, the mechanism by which NaB activates NRF2 was unclear. Therefore, C57BL/6 Nrf2 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice were induced to diabetes by streptozotocin, and were treated in the presence or absence of NaB, for 20 weeks. The KO diabetic mice developed more severe aortic endothelial oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction, as compared with the WT diabetic mice. NaB significantly attenuated these effects in the WT, but not the KO, mice. In high glucose-treated aortic endothelial cells, NaB elevated Nrf2 mRNA and protein without facilitating NRF2 nuclear translocation, an effect distinct from that of sulforaphane. NaB inhibited HDAC activity, and increased occupancy of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the co-activator P300 at the Nrf2 gene promoter. Further, the P300 inhibitor C646 completely abolished NaB's efficacies. Thus, NRF2 is required for both self-defense and NaB's protection against diabetes-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction. Other findings suggest that P300 mediates the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 by NaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haina Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Operating Theatre, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, 12 Jiefang Rd., Jilin, Jilin 132000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd, Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China; Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Wu H, Wu J, Zhou S, Huang W, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Jia Y. SRT2104 attenuates diabetes-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of P53. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:1-14. [PMID: 29371235 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to diabetic macrovascular complications. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protects against diabetic vasculopathy. SRT2104 is a novel SIRT1 activator and was not previously studied for its effects on diabetes-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, whether or to what extent deacetylation of P53, a substrate of SIRT1, is required for the effects of SIRT1 activation was unclear, given the fact that SIRT1 has multiple targets. Moreover, little was known about the pathogenic role of P53 in diabetes-induced aortic injury. To these ends, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in C57BL/6 mice. The diabetic mice developed enhanced aortic contractility, oxidative stress, inflammation, P53 hyperacetylation and a remarkable decrease in SIRT1 protein, the effects of which were rescued by SRT2104. In HG-treated endothelial cells (ECs), P53 siRNA and SRT2104 produced similar effects on the induction of SIRT1 and the inhibition of P53 acetylation, oxidative stress and inflammation. Interestingly, SRT2104 failed to further enhance these effects in the presence of P53 siRNA. Moreover, P53 activation by nutlin3a completely abolished SRT2104's protection against HG-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Further, forced activation of P53 by nutlin3a increased aortic contractility in the healthy mice and generated endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation in both the normal glucose-cultured ECs and the aortas of the healthy mice. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that P53 deacetylation predominantly mediates SRT2104's protection against diabetes-induced aortic endothelial dysfunction and highlights the pathogenic role of P53 in aortic endothelial dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- The '973' National Basic Research Program of ChinaChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhu Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- School of Science and TechnologyGeorgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Operating TheatreChina-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jia
- Department of NephrologyThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Hu X, Rajesh M, Zhang J, Zhou S, Wang S, Sun J, Tan Y, Zheng Y, Cai L. Protection by dimethyl fumarate against diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetic mice likely via activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:131-141. [PMID: 29408448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an FDA approved medicine for relapsing multiple sclerosis, has manifested its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function mostly in the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated whether DMF could attenuate the development of DCM. Type 1 diabetes mouse model was established using multiple low-dose streptozotocin, and the diabetic mice were treated with DMF (10 mg/kg body weight) for 3 months. Cardiac functions were determined using echocardiography. Oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic markers were determined with commercially available kits, real-time quantitative PCR or western blot techniques. DCM was characterized by diminished cardiac function, accompanied by oxidative stress and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Diabetic cardiac tissue exhibited marked fibrosis, revealed by extracellular matrix deposition as determined by Sirius red staining of the myocardial tissues. Furthermore, Nrf2 and its downstream effectors were repressed in diabetic myocardium. On the contrary, diabetic animals treated with DMF exhibited blunted oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and this correlated with Nrf2 activation. Our findings suggest that DMF could potentially thwart diabetes-induced myocardial tissue injury, likely via activation of Nrf2 function, providing firm impetus for future repurposing of DMF in the management of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, United States
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, 17666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, United States
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Shudong Wang
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, United States
| | - Yang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 40202, United States
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20
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Zhang H, Liu X, Zhou S, Jia Y, Li Y, Song Y, Wang J, Wu H. SP600125 suppresses Keap1 expression and results in NRF2-mediated prevention of diabetic nephropathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:145-157. [PMID: 29273684 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The JNK inhibitor SP600125 was reported to ameliorate DN. However, the mechanism remained unclear. We previously reported that SP600125 activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a governor of the cellular antioxidant defense system, in the aortas of the diabetic mice. Given the critical role of NRF2 in preventing DN, the present study aimed to test whether or not NRF2 is required for SP600125's protection against DN. To test the role of NRF2 in SP600125's effect, streptozotocin-induced C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-knockout (KO) diabetic mice were treated in the presence or absence of SP600125, for 24 weeks. To explore the mechanism by which SP600125 activates NRF2, mouse mesangial cells (MMCs) were treated with high glucose (HG), in the presence or absence of either SP600125 or JNK siRNA. SP600125 significantly attenuated the diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, pathological change and dysfunction in the WT, but not the Nrf2 KO mice. SP600125 inactivated JNK, inhibited kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 expression, preserved NRF2 protein and facilitated its nuclear translocation in the kidneys of the WT mice, the effects of which were similarly produced by either SP600125 or JNK siRNA in HG-treated MMCs. Further, both SP600125 and JNK siRNA alleviated HG-induced mesangial oxidative stress and expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes. The present study demonstrates that NRF2 is required for SP600125's protection against DN. SP600125 activates NRF2 possibly via inhibition of JNK-induced Keap1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Operating TheaterChina-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Cardiovascular CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jia
- Department of NephrologyThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Song
- Research Institute of Clinical ImmunologyAffiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Life SciencesBeihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- The '973' National Basic Research Program of ChinaChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wang W, He Q, Yan W, Sun J, Chen Z, Liu Z, Lu Z, Hou J, Shao Y, Zhou X, Wang A. High glucose enhances the metastatic potential of tongue squamous cell carcinoma via the PKM2 pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111770-111779. [PMID: 29340090 PMCID: PMC5762358 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has indicated an increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between DM (high glucose) and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and how high glucose mediated the metastatic potential of TSCC. The relationship between DM and TSCC was assessed in a retrospective study. The role and its mechanism of high glucose on the proliferation, metastatic potential of TSCC were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The prevalence rate of DM in patients with TSCC was 12.84%, which was significantly higher than that (9.7%) in the general population in China. Although no significant difference was observed in the overall survival (OS) rate, TSCC patients with DM have a 1.38-fold increase in relative risk affecting 5-year OS compared to patients without DM. High glucose enhanced the TSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and upregulated PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2) expression. Whereas, these effect was abolished after knockdown of PKM2 in TSCC cells. High glucose promoted tumour growth and lung metastasis of TSCC in a DM animal model. Our results confirm DM as a risk factor for the development of TSCC. High glucose enhances the metastatic potential of TSCC through stimulation of the PKM2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianting He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangxiang Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zujian Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisen Shao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Qian LB, Jiang SZ, Tang XQ, Zhang J, Liang YQ, Yu HT, Chen J, Xu Z, Liu RM, Keller BB, Ji HL, Cai L. Exacerbation of diabetic cardiac hypertrophy in OVE26 mice by angiotensin II is associated with JNK/c-Jun/miR-221-mediated autophagy inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106661-106671. [PMID: 29290979 PMCID: PMC5739764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes and angiotensin II (Ang II) excess trigger cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that cardiac hypertrophy associated with the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is worsened by increased Ang II. Male type 1 diabetic OVE26 and wild-type mice were given Ang II (sc., 1.15 mg/kg, twice a day) for 14 days. Diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy was exacerbated by Ang II treatment as determined by echocardiography, wheat germ agglutinin staining and atrial natriuretic peptide. Ang II treatment dramatically exacerbated diabetes-caused decreased LC3-II, a marker of autophagy, and increased p62, an indicator of cytosolic protein clearance. Ang II treatment also augmented diabetes-associated increased phosphorylated levels of c-Jun, JNK, mTOR, and miR-221, and decreased of p27 expression, a direct target of miR-221. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Ang II elevated c-Jun binding to the promoter of miR-221 in diabetic mice. These results suggest that Ang II accelerates cardiac hypertrophy in the early stage of murine diabetes, probably through activation of the JKN/c-Jun/miR-221 axis and inhibition of downstream autophagy. Therefore, inhibition of Ang II or miR-221 in diabetic individuals may be a potential approach for delaying the onset and/or reducing the severity of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Bo Qian
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Sai-Zhi Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Tang
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Ya-Qin Liang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yu
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Hong-Lei Ji
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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23
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The Role of Nrf2 in Cardiovascular Function and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9237263. [PMID: 29104732 PMCID: PMC5618775 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9237263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen peroxide play an important role in both intracellular and intercellular signaling; however, their production and quenching need to be closely regulated to prevent cellular damage. An imbalance, due to exogenous sources of free radicals and chronic upregulation of endogenous production, contributes to many pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease and also more general processes involved in aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2; commonly known as Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in the dynamic regulation of a network of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, through binding to and activating expression of promoters containing the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2 activity is regulated by many mechanisms, suggesting that tight control is necessary for normal cell function and both hypoactivation and hyperactivation of Nrf2 are indicated in playing a role in different aspects of cardiovascular disease. Targeted activation of Nrf2 or downstream genes may prove to be a useful avenue in developing therapeutics to reduce the impact of cardiovascular disease. We will review the current status of Nrf2 and related signaling in cardiovascular disease and its relevance to current and potential treatment strategies.
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24
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Sun W, Liu X, Zhang H, Song Y, Li T, Liu X, Liu Y, Guo L, Wang F, Yang T, Guo W, Wu J, Jin H, Wu H. Epigallocatechin gallate upregulates NRF2 to prevent diabetic nephropathy via disabling KEAP1. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:840-857. [PMID: 28457936 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and effective green tea catechin and has been reported to attenuate diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanism by which EGCG ameliorates DN, till now, has remained unclear. EGCG is known as a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which plays a key role in cellular defense against diabetes-induced oxidative stress and in the prevention of DN. In the present study, we tested whether NRF2 is required for EGCG protection against DN. Therefore, C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout mice were induced to diabetes by streptozotocin, in the presence or absence of a 24-week treatment with EGCG. In the WT mice, EGCG activated Nrf2 expression and function without altering the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Diabetes-induced renal oxidative damage, inflammation, fibrosis and albuminuria were significantly prevented by EGCG. Notably, deletion of the Nrf2 gene completely abrogated these actions of EGCG. To further determine the effect of EGCG on KEAP1/NRF2 signaling, mouse mesangial cells were treated with high glucose, in the presence of both Keap1 siRNA and EGCG. Interestingly, EGCG failed to enhance NRF2 signaling and alleviate oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic indicators, in the presence of Keap1 siRNA. The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that NRF2 plays a critical role in EGCG protection against DN. Other findings indicated that inactivation of KEAP1 protein by EGCG may mediate EGCG function in activating NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanze Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, 12 Jiefang Rd., Jilin, 132000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St., Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun, Jilin 130041, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130117, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Tiny molecule, big power: Multi-target approach for curcumin in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nutrition 2017; 34:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Xie Z, Zhang Z, Yu S, Cheng D, Zhang H, Han C, Lv H, Ye F. Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory N-Substituted 3,5-Bis(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-ones. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:327-336. [PMID: 28098433 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 24 N-substituted 3,5-bis(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized via aldol condensation, and their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. These compounds were found to have no significant cytotoxicity against mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. However, some compounds, such as c6 (N-(3-methylbenzoyl)-3,5-bis-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-one) and c10 (N-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3,5-bis-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)piperidin-4-one), displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with c6 or c10 at 2.5 or 10 mg kg-1 significantly decreased the paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats, and the anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds were found to be better than those of celecoxib or indomethacin as well as their parent compound C66 (2,6-bis-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)cyclohexanone). Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that c6 has better bioavailability than curcumin. Therefore, these compounds may be valuable leads for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zaikui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shufang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Donghua Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Handeng Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Faqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Campus Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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27
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Yan B, Ren J, Zhang Q, Gao R, Zhao F, Wu J, Yang J. Antioxidative Effects of Natural Products on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2070178. [PMID: 29181412 PMCID: PMC5664314 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2070178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common and severe complication of diabetes and results in high mortality. It is therefore imperative to develop novel therapeutics for the prevention or inhibition of the progression of DCM. Oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which diabetes induces DCM. Hence, targeting of oxidative stress-related processes in DCM could be a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, a number of studies have shown beneficial effects of several natural products on the attenuation of DCM via an antioxidative mechanism of action. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive and concise overview of the previously reported antioxidant natural products in the inhibition of DCM progression. Clinical trials of the antioxidative natural products in the management of DCM are included. In addition, discussion and perspectives are further provided in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingdi Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Fenglian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
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28
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Fu J, Hou Y, Xue P, Wang H, Xu Y, Qu W, Zhang Q, Pi J. Nrf2 in Type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications: Yin and Yang. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Wu H, Kong L, Tan Y, Epstein PN, Zeng J, Gu J, Liang G, Kong M, Chen X, Miao L, Cai L. C66 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in mice by both upregulating NRF2 function via increase in miR-200a and inhibiting miR-21. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1558-1568. [PMID: 27115417 PMCID: PMC5260795 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Previously we reported that C66, a novel analogue of curcumin with a very high bioavailability, ameliorated diabetic nephropathy in mice, with little known about the mechanism. The present study aimed to define the mechanism by which C66 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Our aim was to discover whether C66 acts through the activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2), which governs the antioxidant response. Streptozotocin-induced Nrf2 (also known as Nfe2l2)-knockout and wild-type (WT) diabetic mice were treated with C66. To determine whether the actions of C66 on NRF2 are mediated by microRNA (miR)-200a, WT diabetic mice were treated with C66 in the presence or absence of an in vivo miR-200a inhibitor (locked nucleic acid-modified anti-miR-200a [LNA-200a]) for 6 months. To determine whether miR-21 downregulation provided an NRF2-independent basis for C66 protection, Nrf2-knockout diabetic mice were treated with either C66 or an inhibitor of miR-21 (locked nucleic acid-modified anti-miR-21 [LNA-21]). RESULTS Deletion of Nrf2 partially abolished diabetic nephropathy protection by C66, confirming the requirement of NRF2 for this protection. Diabetic mice, but not C66-treated diabetic mice, developed significant albuminuria, renal oxidative damage and fibrosis. C66 upregulated renal miR-200a, inhibited kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and induced NRF2 function, effects that were prevented by LNA-200a. However, LNA-200a only partially reduced the protection afforded by C66, suggesting the existence of miR-200a/NRF2-independent mechanisms for C66 protection. C66 was also found to inhibit diabetes induction of miR-21. Both C66 and LNA-21 produced similar reductions in miR-21, albuminuria and renal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The present study indicates that in addition to upregulating NRF2 by increasing miR-200a, C66 also protects against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul N Epstein
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Zeng
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Junlian Gu
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SPHIS, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang St, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, 570 S Preston St, Baxter I., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Li Y, Han L, Ding WY, Ti Y, Li YH, Tang MX, Wang ZH, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M. Prostaglandin F2α receptor silencing attenuates vascular remodeling in rats with type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:517-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Yang C, Fei Y, Qin Y, Luo D, Yang S, Kou X, Zi Y, Deng T, Jin M. Bacterial Flora Changes in Conjunctiva of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133021. [PMID: 26176548 PMCID: PMC4503457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiota of both humans and animals plays an important role in their health and the development of disease. Therefore, the bacterial flora of the conjunctiva may also be associated with some diseases. However, there are no reports on the alteration of bacterial flora in conjunctiva of diabetic rats in the literature. Therefore, we investigated the changes in bacterial flora in bulbar conjunctiva of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes. Methods A high dose of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to induce type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The diabetic rats were raised in the animal laboratory and at 8 months post-injection of STZ swab samples were taken from the bulbar conjunctiva for cultivation of aerobic bacteria. The bacterial isolates were identified by Gram staining and biochemical features. The identified bacteria from both diabetic and healthy rats were then compared. Results The diabetic and healthy rats had different bacterial flora present in their bulbar conjunctiva. In total, 10 and 8 bacterial species were found in the STZ and control groups, respectively, with only three species (Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum and Escherichia coli) shared between the two groups. Gram-positive bacteria were common in both groups and the most abundant was Enterococcus faecium. However, after the development of T1DM, the bacterial flora in the rat bulbar conjunctiva changed considerably, with a reduced complexity evident. Conclusions STZ-induced diabetes caused alterations of bacterial flora in the bulbar conjunctiva in rats, with some bacterial species disappearing and others emerging. Our results indicate that the conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetic humans should be surveyed for potential diagnostic markers or countermeasures to prevent eye infections in T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yuda Fei
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Yali Qin
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shufei Yang
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyun Kou
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxin Zi
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Sino-Japan hospital, No. 1, Yinghua East Street, Beijing 100029, China
- * E-mail:
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Rivera-Mancía S, Lozada-García MC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Experimental evidence for curcumin and its analogs for management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 756:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sottero B, Gargiulo S, Russo I, Barale C, Poli G, Cavalot F. Postprandial Dysmetabolism and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:968-1031. [PMID: 25943420 DOI: 10.1002/med.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial dysmetabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is known to impact the progression and evolution of this complex disease process. However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms still require full elucidation to provide guidance for disease prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the marked redox changes and inflammatory stimuli provoked by the spike in blood glucose and lipids in T2D individuals after meals. All the causes of exacerbated postprandial oxidative stress in T2D were analyzed, also considering the consequence of enhanced inflammation on vascular damage. Based on this in-depth analysis, current strategies of prevention and pharmacologic management of T2D were critically reexamined with particular emphasis on their potential redox-related rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Cristina Barale
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Franco Cavalot
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
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Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), as one of the major cardiac complications in diabetic patients, is known to related with oxidative stress that is due to a severe imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and their clearance by antioxidant defense systems. Transcription factor nuclear factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an important role in maintaining the oxidative homeostasis by regulating multiple downstream antioxidants. Diabetes may up-regulate several antioxidants in the heart as a compensative mechanism at early stage, but at late stage, diabetes not only generates extra ROS and/or RNS but also impairs antioxidant capacity in the heart, including Nrf2. In an early study, we have established that Nrf2 protect the cardiac cells and heart from high level of glucose in vitro and hyperglycemia in vivo, and in the following study demonstrated the significant down-regulation of cardiac Nrf2 expression in diabetic animals and patients. Using Nrf2-KO mice or Nrf2 inducers, blooming evidence has indicated the important protection by Nrf2 from cardiac pathogenesis in the diabetes. Therefore, this brief review summarizes the status of studies on Nrf2's role in preventing DCM and even other complications, the need for new and safe Nrf2 inducer screening and the precaution for the undesirable side of Nrf2 under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Lee S, Yang G, Mulligan W, Gipp J, Bushman W. Ventral prostate fibrosis in the Akita mouse is associated with macrophage and fibrocyte infiltration. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:939053. [PMID: 25019092 PMCID: PMC4074948 DOI: 10.1155/2014/939053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among diabetic men is unexplained. Recently, prostate inflammation and fibrosis have been implicated as major contributing factors to bladder outlet obstruction and LUTS. We characterized the inflammatory cell infiltrate and collagen content of the anterior, dorsal, and ventral lobes of 18-week-old DBA2J.Ins2-Akita mice (Akita) and age-matched control mice. We performed hematoxylin and eosin staining to score tissue injury and inflammation, picrosirius red staining to quantitate collagen content, and immunostaining to identify monocytes/macrophages and infiltrating fibrocytes. We observed significantly greater numbers of monocytes/macrophages and fibrocytes specifically in the ventral prostate of the Akita mice and found that this was associated with significant greater collagen content specifically in the ventral prostate of the Akita mice. These observations support the inference that diabetes elicits monocyte/macrophage infiltration and collagen accumulation in the prostate and suggest that further study of Akita mice may inform translational studies of diabetes in the genesis prostatic inflammation, prostatic fibrosis, and LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - William Mulligan
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Jerry Gipp
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- *Wade Bushman:
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