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Chang YS, Gills JJ, Kawabata S, Onozawa M, Della Gatta G, Ferrando AA, Aplan PD, Dennis PA. Inhibition of the NOTCH and mTOR pathways by nelfinavir as a novel treatment for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:128. [PMID: 37800623 PMCID: PMC10609462 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‑ALL), a neoplasm derived from T cell lineage‑committed lymphoblasts, is characterized by genetic alterations that result in activation of oncogenic transcription factors and the NOTCH1 pathway activation. The NOTCH is a transmembrane receptor protein activated by γ‑secretase. γ‑secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are a NOTCH‑targeted therapy for T‑ALL. However, their clinical application has not been successful due to adverse events (primarily gastrointestinal toxicity), limited efficacy, and drug resistance caused by several mechanisms, including activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Nelfinavir is an human immunodeficiency virus 1 aspartic protease inhibitor and has been repurposed as an anticancer drug. It acts by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway. Thus, it was hypothesized that nelfinavir might inhibit the NOTCH pathway via γ‑secretase inhibition and blockade of aspartic protease presenilin, which would make nelfinavir effective against NOTCH‑associated T‑ALL. The present study assessed the efficacy of nelfinavir against T‑ALL cells and investigated mechanisms of action in vitro and in preclinical treatment studies using a SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Nelfinavir blocks presenilin 1 processing and inhibits γ‑secretase activity as well as the NOTCH1 pathway, thus suppressing T‑ALL cell viability. Additionally, microarray analysis of nelfinavir‑treated T‑ALL cells showed that nelfinavir upregulated mRNA levels of CHAC1 (glutathione‑specific γ‑glutamylcyclotransferase 1, a negative regulator of NOTCH) and sestrin 2 (SESN2; a negative regulator of mTOR). As both factors are upregulated by ER stress, this confirmed that nelfinavir induced ER stress in T‑ALL cells. Moreover, nelfinavir suppressed NOTCH1 mRNA expression in microarray analyses. These findings suggest that nelfinavir inhibited the NOTCH1 pathway by downregulating NOTCH1 mRNA expression, upregulating CHAC1 and suppressing γ‑secretase via presenilin 1 inhibition and the mTOR pathway by upregulating SESN2 via ER stress induction. Further, nelfinavir exhibited therapeutic efficacy against T‑ALL in an SCL‑LMO1 transgenic mouse model. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of nelfinavir as a novel therapeutic candidate for treatment of patients with T‑ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Soo Chang
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joell J. Gills
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shigeru Kawabata
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giusy Della Gatta
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter D. Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip A. Dennis
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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2
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Yang H, Li J, Li X, Ma L, Hou M, Zhou H, Zhou R. Based on molecular structures: Amyloid-β generation, clearance, toxicity and therapeutic strategies. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:927530. [PMID: 36117918 PMCID: PMC9470852 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.927530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has long been considered as one of the most important pathogenic factors in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the specific pathogenic mechanism of Aβ is still not completely understood. In recent years, the development of structural biology technology has led to new understandings about Aβ molecular structures, Aβ generation and clearance from the brain and peripheral tissues, and its pathological toxicity. The purpose of the review is to discuss Aβ metabolism and toxicity, and the therapeutic strategy of AD based on the latest progress in molecular structures of Aβ. The Aβ structure at the atomic level has been analyzed, which provides a new and refined perspective to comprehend the role of Aβ in AD and to formulate therapeutic strategies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Linqiu Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mingliang Hou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Huadong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhou,
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3
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Pace NP, Mintoff D, Borg I. The Genomic Architecture of Hidradenitis Suppurativa-A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:861241. [PMID: 35401657 PMCID: PMC8986338 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.861241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, suppurative condition of the pilosebaceous unit manifesting as painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts mostly in, but not limited to, intertriginous skin. Great strides have been made at elucidating the pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa, which appears to be the product of hyperkeratinization and inflammation brought about by environmental factors and a genetic predisposition. The identification of familial hidradenitis suppurativa has sparked research aimed at identifying underlying pathogenic variants in patients who harbor them. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the role of genetics in various aspects of hidradenitis suppurativa, specifically the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Paul Pace
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Dillon Mintoff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Isabella Borg
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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4
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Hernandez-Sapiens MA, Reza-Zaldívar EE, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matias-Guiu J, Cevallos RR, Mateos-Díaz JC, Sánchez-González VJ, Canales-Aguirre AA. Presenilin mutations and their impact on neuronal differentiation in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:31-37. [PMID: 34100423 PMCID: PMC8451546 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) are mainly responsible for causing early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, harboring ~300 causative mutations, and representing ~90% of all mutations associated with a very aggressive disease form. Presenilin 1 is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex that conducts the intramembranous proteolytic excision of multiple transmembrane proteins like the amyloid precursor protein, Notch-1, N- and E-cadherin, LRP, Syndecan, Delta, Jagged, CD44, ErbB4, and Nectin1a. Presenilin 1 plays an essential role in neural progenitor maintenance, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synaptic function, neuronal function, myelination, and plasticity. Therefore, an imbalance caused by mutations in presenilin 1/γ-secretase might cause aberrant signaling, synaptic dysfunction, memory impairment, and increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, contributing to neurodegeneration during the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the neuronal differentiation dysregulation mediated by PSEN1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of Alzheimer's disease-induced pluripotent stem cells models in analyzing PSEN1 mutations implication over the early stages of the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis throughout neuronal differentiation impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Hernandez-Sapiens
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edwin E Reza-Zaldívar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Jorge Matias-Guiu
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Ricardo R Cevallos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
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5
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Vrancx C, Vadukul DM, Suelves N, Contino S, D'Auria L, Perrin F, van Pesch V, Hanseeuw B, Quinton L, Kienlen-Campard P. Mechanism of Cellular Formation and In Vivo Seeding Effects of Hexameric β-Amyloid Assemblies. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6647-6669. [PMID: 34608607 PMCID: PMC8639606 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is found as amyloid fibrils in senile plaques, a typical hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, intermediate soluble oligomers of Aβ are now recognized as initiators of the pathogenic cascade leading to AD. Studies using recombinant Aβ have shown that hexameric Aβ in particular acts as a critical nucleus for Aβ self-assembly. We recently isolated hexameric Aβ assemblies from a cellular model, and demonstrated their ability to enhance Aβ aggregation in vitro. Here, we report the presence of similar hexameric-like Aβ assemblies across several cellular models, including neuronal-like cell lines. In order to better understand how they are produced in a cellular context, we investigated the role of presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) in their formation. PS1 and PS2 are the catalytic subunits of the γ-secretase complex that generates Aβ. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to knockdown each of the two presenilins in neuronal-like cell lines, we observed a direct link between the PS2-dependent processing pathway and the release of hexameric-like Aβ assemblies in extracellular vesicles. Further, we assessed the contribution of hexameric Aβ to the development of amyloid pathology. We report the early presence of hexameric-like Aβ assemblies in both transgenic mice brains exhibiting human Aβ pathology and in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients, suggesting hexameric Aβ as a potential early AD biomarker. Finally, cell-derived hexameric Aβ was found to seed other human Aβ forms, resulting in the aggravation of amyloid deposition in vivo and neuronal toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vrancx
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Devkee M Vadukul
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Suelves
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Contino
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ludovic D'Auria
- Neurochemistry Unit, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Perrin
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Neurochemistry Unit, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Hanseeuw
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Alzheimer Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Wang K, Zhang W. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes: At the crossroad between familiar and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Synapse 2021; 75:e22196. [PMID: 33559220 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is incurable. The widely accepted amyloid hypothesis failed to produce efficient clinical therapies. In contrast, there is increasing evidence suggesting that the disruption of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM) is a critical upstream event of AD pathogenesis. Here, we review MAM's role in some AD symptoms such as plaque formation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic loss, aberrant lipid synthesis, disturbed calcium homeostasis, and abnormal autophagy. At last, we proposed that MAM plays a central role in familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangrun Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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7
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Contino S, Suelves N, Vrancx C, Vadukul DM, Payen VL, Stanga S, Bertrand L, Kienlen-Campard P. Presenilin-Deficient Neurons and Astrocytes Display Normal Mitochondrial Phenotypes. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:586108. [PMID: 33551720 PMCID: PMC7862347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) are predominantly known as the catalytic subunits of the γ-secretase complex that generates the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the major constituent of the senile plaques found in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Apart from their role in γ-secretase activity, a growing number of cellular functions have been recently attributed to PSs. Notably, PSs were found to be enriched in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) where mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interact. PS2 was more specifically reported to regulate calcium shuttling between these two organelles by controlling the formation of functional MAMs. We have previously demonstrated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) an altered mitochondrial morphology along with reduced mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis in PS2-deficient cells (PS2KO). This phenotype was restored by the stable re-expression of human PS2. Still, all these results were obtained in immortalized cells, and one bottom-line question is to know whether these observations hold true in central nervous system (CNS) cells. To that end, we carried out primary cultures of PS1 knockdown (KD), PS2KO, and PS1KD/PS2KO (PSdKO) neurons and astrocytes. They were obtained from the same litter by crossing PS2 heterozygous; PS1 floxed (PS2+/-; PS1flox/flox) animals. Genetic downregulation of PS1 was achieved by lentiviral expression of the Cre recombinase in primary cultures. Strikingly, we did not observe any mitochondrial phenotype in PS1KD, PS2KO, or PSdKO primary cultures in basal conditions. Mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential were similar in all models, as were the glycolytic flux and NAD+/NADH ratio. Likewise, mitochondrial morphology and content was unaltered by PS expression. We further investigated the differences between results we obtained here in primary nerve cells and those previously reported in MEF cell lines by analyzing PS2KO primary fibroblasts. We found no mitochondrial dysfunction in this model, in line with observations in PS2KO primary neurons and astrocytes. Together, our results indicate that the mitochondrial phenotype observed in immortalized PS2-deficient cell lines cannot be extrapolated to primary neurons, astrocytes, and even to primary fibroblasts. The PS-dependent mitochondrial phenotype reported so far might therefore be the consequence of a cell immortalization process and should be critically reconsidered regarding its relevance to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Contino
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Suelves
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Devkee M. Vadukul
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valery L. Payen
- Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterial (ADDB), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serena Stanga
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Stanga S, Boido M, Kienlen-Campard P. How to Build and to Protect the Neuromuscular Junction: The Role of the Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010136. [PMID: 33374485 PMCID: PMC7794999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is at the crossroad between the nervous system (NS) and the muscle. Following neurotransmitter release from the motor neurons (MNs), muscle contraction occurs and movement is generated. Besides eliciting muscle contraction, the NMJ represents a site of chemical bidirectional interplay between nerve and muscle with the active participation of Schwann cells. Indeed, signals originating from the muscle play an important role in synapse formation, stabilization, maintenance and function, both in development and adulthood. We focus here on the contribution of the Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) to these processes and to its potential role in the protection of the NMJ during neurodegeneration. Historically related to the maintenance and survival of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, GDNF also plays a fundamental role in the peripheral NS (PNS). At this level, it promotes muscle trophism and it participates to the functionality of synapses. Moreover, compared to the other neurotrophic factors, GDNF shows unique peculiarities, which make its contribution essential in neurodegenerative disorders. While describing the known structural and functional changes occurring at the NMJ during neurodegeneration, we highlight the role of GDNF in the NMJ–muscle cross-talk and we review its therapeutic potential in counteracting the degenerative process occurring in the PNS in progressive and severe diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). We also describe functional 3D neuromuscular co-culture systems that have been recently developed as a model for studying both NMJ formation in vitro and its involvement in neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stanga
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Disease, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marina Boido
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Disease, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium;
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Dimeric Transmembrane Orientations of APP/C99 Regulate γ-Secretase Processing Line Impacting Signaling and Oligomerization. iScience 2020; 23:101887. [PMID: 33367225 PMCID: PMC7749410 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage by the β-secretase produces the C99 transmembrane (TM) protein, which contains three dimerization-inducing Gly-x-x-x-Gly motifs. We demonstrate that dimeric C99 TM orientations regulate the precise cleavage lines by γ-secretase. Of all possible dimeric orientations imposed by a coiled-coil to the C99 TM domain, the dimer containing the 33Gly-x-x-x-Gly37 motif in the interface promoted the Aβ42 processing line and APP intracellular domain-dependent gene transcription, including the induction of BACE1 mRNA, enhancing amyloidogenic processing and signaling. Another orientation exhibiting the 25Gly-x-x-x-Gly29 motif in the interface favored processing to Aβ43/40. It induced significantly less gene transcription, while promoting formation of SDS-resistant "Aβ-like" oligomers, reminiscent of Aβ peptide oligomers. These required both Val24 of a pro-β motif and the 25Gly-x-x-x-Gly29 interface. Thus, crossing angles imposed by precise dimeric orientations control γ-secretase initial cleavage at Aβ48 or Aβ49, linking the former to enhanced signaling and Aβ42 production.
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10
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Menduti G, Rasà DM, Stanga S, Boido M. Drug Screening and Drug Repositioning as Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:592234. [PMID: 33281605 PMCID: PMC7689316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic disease affecting infants and young adults. Due to mutation/deletion of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, SMA is characterized by the SMN protein lack, resulting in motor neuron impairment, skeletal muscle atrophy and premature death. Even if the genetic causes of SMA are well known, many aspects of its pathogenesis remain unclear and only three drugs have been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (Nusinersen-Spinraza; Onasemnogene abeparvovec or AVXS-101-Zolgensma; Risdiplam-Evrysdi): although assuring remarkable results, the therapies show some important limits including high costs, still unknown long-term effects, side effects and disregarding of SMN-independent targets. Therefore, the research of new therapeutic strategies is still a hot topic in the SMA field and many efforts are spent in drug discovery. In this review, we describe two promising strategies to select effective molecules: drug screening (DS) and drug repositioning (DR). By using compounds libraries of chemical/natural compounds and/or Food and Drug Administration-approved substances, DS aims at identifying new potentially effective compounds, whereas DR at testing drugs originally designed for the treatment of other pathologies. The drastic reduction in risks, costs and time expenditure assured by these strategies make them particularly interesting, especially for those diseases for which the canonical drug discovery process would be long and expensive. Interestingly, among the identified molecules by DS/DR in the context of SMA, besides the modulators of SMN2 transcription, we highlighted a convergence of some targeted molecular cascades contributing to SMA pathology, including cell death related-pathways, mitochondria and cytoskeleton dynamics, neurotransmitter and hormone modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Boido
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Calabrese C, Panuzzo C, Stanga S, Andreani G, Ravera S, Maglione A, Pironi L, Petiti J, Shahzad Ali M, Scaravaglio P, Napoli F, Fava C, De Gobbi M, Frassoni F, Saglio G, Bracco E, Pergolizzi B, Cilloni D. Deferasirox-Dependent Iron Chelation Enhances Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Restores p53 Signaling by Stabilization of p53 Family Members in Leukemic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207674. [PMID: 33081324 PMCID: PMC7589297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is crucial to satisfy several mitochondrial functions including energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Patients affected by Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are frequently characterized by iron overload (IOL), due to continuous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. This event impacts the overall survival (OS) and it is associated with increased mortality in lower-risk MDS patients. Accordingly, the oral iron chelator Deferasirox (DFX) has been reported to improve the OS and delay leukemic transformation. However, the molecular players and the biological mechanisms laying behind remain currently mostly undefined. The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential anti-leukemic effect of DFX, by functionally and molecularly analyzing its effects in three different leukemia cell lines, harboring or not p53 mutations, and in human primary cells derived from 15 MDS/AML patients. Our findings indicated that DFX can lead to apoptosis, impairment of cell growth only in a context of IOL, and can induce a significant alteration of mitochondria network, with a sharp reduction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, through a remarkable reduction of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), known to regulate the stability of p53 and p73 proteins, we observed an enhancement of p53 transcriptional activity after DFX. Interestingly, this iron depletion-triggered signaling is enabled by p73, in the absence of p53, or in the presence of a p53 mutant form. In conclusion, we propose a mechanism by which the increased p53 family transcriptional activity and protein stability could explain the potential benefits of iron chelation therapy in terms of improving OS and delaying leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Stanga
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Andreani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucrezia Pironi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrizia Scaravaglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco De Gobbi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Frassoni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Barbara Pergolizzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
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12
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Rojas-Charry L, Calero-Martinez S, Morganti C, Morciano G, Park K, Hagel C, Marciniak SJ, Glatzel M, Pinton P, Sepulveda-Falla D. Susceptibility to cellular stress in PS1 mutant N2a cells is associated with mitochondrial defects and altered calcium homeostasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6455. [PMID: 32296078 PMCID: PMC7160112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). PS1 also plays a role in cellular processes such as calcium homeostasis and autophagy. We hypothesized that mutant presenilins increase cellular vulnerability to stress. We stably expressed human PS1, mutant PS1E280A and mutant PS1Δ9 in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. We examined early signs of stress in different conditions: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium overload, oxidative stress, and Aβ 1-42 oligomers toxicity. Additionally, we induced autophagy via serum starvation. PS1 mutations did not have an effect in ER stress but PS1E280A mutation affected autophagy. PS1 overexpression influenced calcium homeostasis and generated mitochondrial calcium overload modifying mitochondrial function. However, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) was affected in PS1 mutants, being accelerated in PS1E280A and inhibited in PS1Δ9 cells. Altered autophagy in PS1E280A cells was neither modified by inhibition of γ-secretase, nor by ER calcium retention. MPTP opening was directly regulated by γ-secretase inhibitors independent on organelle calcium modulation, suggesting a novel direct role for PS1 and γ-secretase in mitochondrial stress. We identified intrinsic cellular vulnerability to stress in PS1 mutants associated simultaneously with both, autophagic and mitochondrial function, independent of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rojas-Charry
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Calero-Martinez
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Morganti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kyungeun Park
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Lessard CB, Rodriguez E, Ladd TB, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE, Ran Y. Individual and combined presenilin 1 and 2 knockouts reveal that both have highly overlapping functions in HEK293T cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11276-11285. [PMID: 31167792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and 2) are the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, a multiprotein protease that cleaves amyloid protein precursor and other type I transmembrane proteins. Previous studies with mouse models or cells have indicated differences in PS1 and PS2 functions. We have recently reported that clinical γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), initially developed to manage Alzheimer's disease and now being considered for other therapeutic interventions, are both pharmacologically and functionally distinct. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, we established human HEK 293T cell lines in which endogenous PS1, PS2, or both have been knocked out. Using these knockout lines to examine differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavage events, we confirmed that PS2 generates more intracellular β-amyloid than does PS1. Moreover, we observed subtle differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavages of select substrates. In exploring the question of whether differences in activity among clinical GSIs could be attributed to differential inhibition of PS1 or PS2, we noted that select GSIs inhibit PS1 and PS2 activities on specific substrates with slightly different potencies. We also found that endoproteolysis of select PS1 FAD-linked variants in human cells is more efficient than what has been previously reported for mouse cell lines. Overall, these results obtained with HEK293T cells suggest that selective PS1 or PS2 inhibition by a given GSI does not explain the previously observed differences in functional and pharmacological properties among various GSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Edgardo Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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