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Fan L, Yao D, Fan Z, Zhang T, Shen Q, Tong F, Qian X, Xu L, Jiang C, Dong N. Beyond VICs: Shedding light on the overlooked VECs in calcific aortic valve disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117143. [PMID: 39024838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is prevalent in developed nations and has emerged as a pressing global public health concern due to population aging. The precise etiology of this disease remains uncertain, and recent research has primarily focused on examining the role of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in the development of CAVD. The predominant treatment options currently available involve open surgery and minimally invasive interventional surgery, with no efficacious pharmacological treatment. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) from the aspects of valvular endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO), valvular endothelial mechanotransduction, valvular endothelial injury, valvular endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and valvular neovascularization, which have received less attention, and aims to establish their role and interaction with VICs in CAVD. The ultimate goal is to provide new perspectives for the investigation of non-invasive treatment options for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingyi Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tailong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Ababneh H, Balogh E, Csiki DM, Lente G, Fenyvesi F, Tóth A, Jeney V. High glucose promotes osteogenic differentiation of human lens epithelial cells through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31211. [PMID: 38304971 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cataract, a leading cause of blindness, is characterised by lens opacification. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a two- to fivefold higher prevalence of cataracts. The risk of cataract formation increases with the duration of diabetes and the severity of hyperglycaemia. Hydroxyapatite deposition is present in cataractous lenses that could be the consequence of osteogenic differentiation and calcification of lens epithelial cells (LECs). We hypothesised that hyperglycaemia might promote the osteogenic differentiation of human LECs (HuLECs). Osteogenic medium (OM) containing excess phosphate and calcium with normal (1 g/L) or high (4.5 g/L) glucose was used to induce HuLEC calcification. High glucose accelerated and intensified OM-induced calcification of HuLECs, which was accompanied by hyperglycaemia-induced upregulation of the osteogenic markers Runx2, Sox9, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, as well as nuclear translocation of Runx2. High glucose-induced calcification was abolished in Runx2-deficient HuLECs. Additionally, high glucose stabilised the regulatory alpha subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), triggered nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and increased the expression of HIF-1 target genes. Gene silencing of HIF-1α or HIF-2α attenuated hyperglycaemia-induced calcification of HuLECs, while hypoxia mimetics (desferrioxamine, CoCl2) enhanced calcification of HuLECs under normal glucose conditions. Overall, this study suggests that high glucose promotes HuLEC calcification via Runx2 and the activation of the HIF-1 signalling pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts, shedding light on potential factors for intervention to treat this sight-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Ababneh
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikő Balogh
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Máté Csiki
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Lente
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóth
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Tucureanu MM, Ciortan L, Macarie RD, Mihaila AC, Droc I, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. The Specific Molecular Changes Induced by Diabetic Conditions in Valvular Endothelial Cells and upon Their Interactions with Monocytes Contribute to Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3048. [PMID: 38474293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease (AVD) represents a global public health challenge. Research indicates a higher prevalence of diabetes in AVD patients, accelerating disease advancement. Although the specific mechanisms linking diabetes to valve dysfunction remain unclear, alterations of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) homeostasis due to high glucose (HG) or their crosstalk with monocytes play pivotal roles. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular signatures of VECs in HG and upon their interaction with monocytes in normal (NG) or high glucose conditions and to propose novel mechanisms underlying valvular dysfunction in diabetes. VECs and THP-1 monocytes cultured in NG/HG conditions were used. The RNAseq analysis revealed transcriptomic changes in VECs, in processes related to cytoskeleton regulation, focal adhesions, cellular junctions, and cell adhesion. Key molecules were validated by qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. The alterations in cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions impacted VEC function, leading to changes in VECs adherence to extracellular matrix, endothelial permeability, monocyte adhesion, and transmigration. The findings uncover new molecular mechanisms of VEC dysfunction in HG conditions and upon their interaction with monocytes in NG/HG conditions and may help to understand mechanisms of valvular dysfunction in diabetes and to develop novel therapeutic strategies in AVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Madalina Tucureanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Daniel Macarie
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Cristina Mihaila
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", 050568 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhu Z, Liu Z, Zhang D, Li L, Pei J, Cai L. Models for calcific aortic valve disease in vivo and in vitro. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38424219 PMCID: PMC10904700 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is prevalent among the elderly as the most common valvular heart disease. Currently, no pharmaceutical interventions can effectively reverse or prevent CAVD, making valve replacement the primary therapeutic recourse. Extensive research spanning decades has contributed to the establishment of animal and in vitro cell models, which facilitates a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological progression and underlying mechanisms of CAVD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary and analysis of the strengths and limitations associated with commonly employed models for the study of valve calcification. We specifically emphasize the advancements in three-dimensional culture technologies, which replicate the structural complexity of the valve. Furthermore, we delve into prospective recommendations for advancing in vivo and in vitro model studies of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Ye W, Li L, Zeng J. Association of Cardiac Valve Calcification and 1-year Mortality after Lower-extremity Amputation in Diabetic Patients: A Retrospective Study. Curr Neurovasc Res 2024; 20:599-607. [PMID: 38083889 DOI: 10.2174/0115672026277348231130112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac valve calcification predisposes patients to a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the association between cardiac valve calcification and 1-year mortality in diabetic patients after lower-extremity amputation. METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted on the clinical data of diabetic patients who underwent lower-extremity amputation admitted to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China for diabetic foot ulcers needed lower extremity amputation surgery between July 2017 and March 2021. Detailed preoperative medical assessments were performed and recorded. Cardiac valve calcification was assessed using echocardiography at baseline. Oneyear follow-up assessments were conducted and included clinical visits, hospital record assessments, and telephone reviews to obtain the survival status of patients. RESULTS Ninety-three diabetic patients participated in the study. The 1-year follow-up mortality rate after amputation was 24.7%. Compared to the survival group, the prevalence of cardiac valve calcification and the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) were higher in the mortality group. In the Cox regression analysis, cardiac valvular calcification (HR=3.427, 95% CI=1.125- 10.443, p =0.030) was found to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality after amputation. In addition, the patients with both aortic valve calcification and mitral annular calcification had a higher all-cause mortality rate (50%). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed a stronger predictive ability when using a combination of calcified valve number and RCRI (AUC=0.786 95%, CI=0.676-0.896, p =0.000). CONCLUSION In diabetic patients after lower-extremity amputation, cardiac valve calcification was associated with all-cause mortality during 1-year follow-up. Combination of calcified valve number and RCRI score showed a stronger predictive value for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jianfeng Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
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Immohr MB, Teichert HL, Dos Santos Adrego F, Schmidt V, Sugimura Y, Bauer SJ, Barth M, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Ovine Aortic Valve Endothelial and Interstitial Cells for the Development of Multicellular Tissue Engineered Tissue Constructs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:787. [PMID: 37508814 PMCID: PMC10376021 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD), it is necessary to develop a new three-dimensional model that contains valvular interstitial cells (VIC) and valvular endothelial cells (VEC). For this purpose, ovine aortic valves were processed to isolate VIC and VEC that were dissolved in an alginate/gelatin hydrogel. A 3D-bioprinter (3D-Bioplotter® Developer Series, EnvisionTec, Gladbeck, Germany) was used to print cell-laden tissue constructs containing VIC and VEC which were cultured for up to 21 days. The 3D-architecture, the composition of the culture medium, and the hydrogels were modified, and cell viability was assessed. The composition of the culture medium directly affected the cell viability of the multicellular tissue constructs. Co-culture of VIC and VEC with a mixture of 70% valvular interstitial cell and 30% valvular endothelial cell medium components reached the cell viability best tested with about 60% more living cells compared to pure valvular interstitial cell medium (p = 0.02). The tissue constructs retained comparable cell viability after 21 days (p = 0.90) with different 3D-architectures, including a "sandwich" and a "tube" design. Good long-term cell viability was confirmed even for thick multilayer multicellular tissue constructs. The 3D-bioprinting of multicellular tissue constructs with VEC and VIC is a successful new technique to design tissue constructs that mimic the structure of the native aortic valve for research applications of aortic valve pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Benjamin Immohr
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Helena Lauren Teichert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabió Dos Santos Adrego
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Schmidt
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Yukiharu Sugimura
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Johannes Bauer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Song L, Wang Y, Feng Y, Peng H, Wang C, Duan J, Liu K, Shen X, Gu W, Qi Y, Jin S, Pang L. Bioinformatics-Based Identification of CircRNA-MicroRNA-mRNA Network for Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Genet Res (Camb) 2023; 2023:8194338. [PMID: 37234568 PMCID: PMC10208756 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8194338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common native valve disease. Valvular interstitial cell (VIC) osteogenic differentiation and valvular endothelial cell (VEC) dysfunction are key steps in CAVD progression. Circular RNA (circRNAs) is involved in regulating osteogenic differentiation with mesenchymal cells and is associated with multiple disease progression, but the function of circRNAs in CAVD remains unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect and potential significance of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in CAVD. Methods Two mRNA datasets, one miRNA dataset, and one circRNA dataset of CAVD downloaded from GEO were used to identify DE-circRNAs, DE-miRNAs, and DE-mRNAs. Based on the online website prediction function, the common mRNAs (FmRNAs) for constructing circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on FmRNAs. In addition, hub genes were identified by PPI networks. Based on the expression of each data set, the circRNA-miRNA-hub gene network was constructed by Cytoscape (version 3.6.1). Results 32 DE-circRNAs, 206 DE-miRNAs, and 2170 DE-mRNAs were identified. Fifty-nine FmRNAs were obtained by intersection. The KEGG pathway analysis of FmRNAs was enriched in pathways in cancer, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, cell cycle, and MAPK signaling pathway. Meanwhile, transcription, nucleolus, and protein homodimerization activity were significantly enriched in GO analysis. Eight hub genes were identified based on the PPI network. Three possible regulatory networks in CAVD disease were obtained based on the biological functions of circRNAs including: hsa_circ_0026817-hsa-miR-211-5p-CACNA1C, hsa_circ_0007215-hsa-miR-1252-5p-MECP2, and hsa_circ_0007215-hsa-miR-1343-3p- RBL1. Conclusion The present bionformatics analysis suggests the functional effect for the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in CAVD pathogenesis and provides new targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juncang Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xihua Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yan Qi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Pathology, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang and Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijuan Pang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Pathology, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang and Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Voicu G, Mocanu CA, Safciuc F, Anghelache M, Deleanu M, Cecoltan S, Pinteala M, Uritu CM, Droc I, Simionescu M, Manduteanu I, Calin M. Nanocarriers of shRNA-Runx2 directed to collagen IV as a nanotherapeutic system to target calcific aortic valve disease. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100620. [PMID: 37063777 PMCID: PMC10102408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is a key transcription factor involved in valvular interstitial cells (VIC) osteodifferentiation, a process actively entwined with the calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We hypothesize that a strategy intended to silence Runx2 could be a valuable novel therapeutic option for CAVD. To this intent, we aimed at (i) developing targeted nanoparticles for efficient delivery of short hairpin (sh)RNA sequences specific for Runx2 to the aortic valve employing a relevant mouse model for CAVD and (ii) investigate their therapeutic potential in osteoblast-differentiated VIC (oVIC) cultivated into a 3D scaffold. Since collagen IV was used as a target, a peptide that binds specifically to collagen IV (Cp) was conjugated to the surface of lipopolyplexes encapsulating shRNA-Runx2 (Cp-LPP/shRunx2). The results showed that Cp-LPP/shRunx2 were (i) cytocompatible; (ii) efficiently taken up by 3D-cultured oVIC; (iii) diminished the osteodifferentiation of human VIC (cultured in a 3D hydrogel-derived from native aortic root) by reducing osteogenic molecules expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium concentration; and (iv) were recruited in aortic valve leaflets in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Taken together, these data recommend Cp-LPP/shRunx2 as a novel targeted nanotherapy to block the progression of CAVD, with a good perspective to be introduced in practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanina Voicu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Ana Mocanu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Safciuc
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Anghelache
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Deleanu
- “Liquid and Gas Chromatography” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergiu Cecoltan
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mariana Uritu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
- Advanced Centre for Research-Development in Experimental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Central Military Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maya Simionescu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
- Corresponding author. “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania.
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Nicu R, Ciolacu DE, Petrovici AR, Rusu D, Avadanei M, Mihaila AC, Butoi E, Ciolacu F. 3D Matrices for Enhanced Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Compounds in Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044213. [PMID: 36835619 PMCID: PMC9959390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current trends in the development of wound dressings are oriented towards the use of biopolymer-based materials, due to their unique properties such as non-toxicity, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, properties that have advantageous therapeutic characteristics. In this regard, the present study aims to develop hydrogels based on cellulose and dextran (CD) and to reveal their anti-inflammatory performance. This purpose is achieved by incorporating plant bioactive polyphenols (PFs) in CD hydrogels. The assessments include establishing the structural characteristics using attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the swelling degree of hydrogels, the PFs incorporation/release kinetics and the hydrogels' cytotoxicity, together with evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of PFs-loaded hydrogels. The results show that the presence of dextran has a positive impact on the hydrogel's structure by decreasing the pore size at the same time as increasing the uniformity and interconnectivity of the pores. In addition, there is an increased degree of swelling and of the encapsulation capacity of PFs, with the increase of the dextran content in hydrogels. The kinetics of PFs released by hydrogels was studied according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, and it was observed that the transport mechanisms depend on hydrogels' composition and morphology. Furthermore, CD hydrogels have been shown to promote cell proliferation without cytotoxicity, by successfully culturing fibroblasts and endothelial cells on CD hydrogels (over 80% viability). The anti-inflammatory tests performed in the presence of lipopolysaccharides demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of the PFs-loaded hydrogels. All these results provide conclusive evidence on the acceleration of wound healing by inhibiting the inflammation process and support the use of these hydrogels encapsulated with PFs in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Nicu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Elena Ciolacu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.E.C.); (F.C.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (D.E.C.); +40-232-278-683 (ext. 2200) (F.C.)
| | - Anca-Roxana Petrovici
- Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Rusu
- Department of Physics of Polymers and Polymeric Materials, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Avadanei
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Cristina Mihaila
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Florin Ciolacu
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.E.C.); (F.C.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (D.E.C.); +40-232-278-683 (ext. 2200) (F.C.)
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10
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Ground M, Park YE, Waqanivavalagi S, Callon K, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Generating robust human valvular interstitial cell cultures: Protocol and considerations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 173:118-126. [PMID: 36327771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research in heart valve biology is a growing field that has yet to elucidate the fundamentals of valve disease. Human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) are the best option for studying the cellular mechanisms behind valvular pathologies. However, there is a wide range of isolation procedures for these cells published in the literature. To what extent various isolation methods, patient pathologies, and seeding densities influence the behaviour of hVICs remains unclear. Here, we present an optimised method of hVIC isolation from diseased human valves donated at the time of surgery. We show that two rounds of 1000 U/mL collagenase digestion for not >2 h results in a phenotypically stable cell culture with a near complete absence of endothelial cell contamination. We also suggest that cells should be seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 for experimentation. We found that patient pathology does not affect the success of the isolation procedure, and that instead, successful cultures are predicted by ensuring >500 mg valve tissue as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ground
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Steve Waqanivavalagi
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paget Milsom
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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11
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Bramsen JA, Alber BR, Mendoza M, Murray BT, Chen MH, Huang P, Mahler GJ. Glycosaminoglycans affect endothelial to mesenchymal transformation, proliferation, and calcification in a 3D model of aortic valve disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:975732. [PMID: 36247482 PMCID: PMC9558823 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.975732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific nodules form in the fibrosa layer of the aortic valve in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are normally found in the valve spongiosa, are located local to calcific nodules. Previous work suggests that GAGs induce endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), a phenomenon described by endothelial cells’ loss of the endothelial markers, gaining of migratory properties, and expression of mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). EndMT is known to play roles in valvulogenesis and may provide a source of activated fibroblast with a potential role in CAVD progression. In this study, a 3D collagen hydrogel co-culture model of the aortic valve fibrosa was created to study the role of EndMT-derived activated valvular interstitial cell behavior in CAVD progression. Porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVIC) and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells (PAVEC) were cultured within collagen I hydrogels containing the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS) or hyaluronic acid (HA). The model was used to study alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, cellular proliferation and matrix invasion, protein expression, and calcific nodule formation of the resident cell populations. CS and HA were found to alter ALP activity and increase cell proliferation. CS increased the formation of calcified nodules without the addition of osteogenic culture medium. This model has applications in the improvement of bioprosthetic valves by making replacements more micro-compositionally dynamic, as well as providing a platform for testing new pharmaceutical treatments of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget R. Alber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Melissa Mendoza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Bruce T. Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Gretchen J. Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Gretchen J. Mahler,
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12
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VCAM-1 Targeted Lipopolyplexes as Vehicles for Efficient Delivery of shRNA-Runx2 to Osteoblast-Differentiated Valvular Interstitial Cells; Implications in Calcific Valve Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073824. [PMID: 35409184 PMCID: PMC8998716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling and valvular interstitial cells (VIC) osteodifferentiation leading to valve leaflets calcification and impairment movement. Runx2, the master transcription factor involved in VIC osteodifferentiation, modulates the expression of other osteogenic molecules. Previously, we have demonstrated that the osteoblastic phenotypic shift of cultured VIC is impeded by Runx2 silencing using fullerene (C60)-polyethyleneimine (PEI)/short hairpin (sh)RNA-Runx2 (shRunx2) polyplexes. Since the use of polyplexes for in vivo delivery is limited by their instability in the plasma and the non-specific tissue interactions, we designed and obtained targeted, lipid-enveloped polyplexes (lipopolyplexes) suitable for (1) systemic administration and (2) targeted delivery of shRunx2 to osteoblast-differentiated VIC (oVIC). Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expressed on the surface of oVIC was used as a target, and a peptide with high affinity for VCAM-1 was coupled to the surface of lipopolyplexes encapsulating C60-PEI/shRunx2 (V-LPP/shRunx2). We report here that V-LPP/shRunx2 lipopolyplexes are cyto- and hemo-compatible and specifically taken up by oVIC. These lipopolyplexes are functional as they downregulate the Runx2 gene and protein expression, and their uptake leads to a significant decrease in the expression of osteogenic molecules (OSP, BSP, BMP-2). These results identify V-LPP/shRunx2 as a new, appropriately directed vehicle that could be instrumental in developing novel strategies for blocking the progression of CAVD using a targeted nanomedicine approach.
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13
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Vadana M, Cecoltan S, Ciortan L, Macarie RD, Mihaila AC, Tucureanu MM, Gan AM, Simionescu M, Manduteanu I, Droc I, Butoi E. Parathyroid Hormone Induces Human Valvular Endothelial Cells Dysfunction That Impacts the Osteogenic Phenotype of Valvular Interstitial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073776. [PMID: 35409134 PMCID: PMC8998852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of calcium, phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. Although it has been reported that aortic valve calcification was positively associated with PTH, the pathophysiological mechanisms and the direct effects of PTH on human valvular cells remain unclear. Here we investigated if PTH induces human valvular endothelial cells (VEC) dysfunction that in turn could impact the switch of valvular interstitial cells (VIC) to an osteoblastic phenotype. Human VEC exposed to PTH were analyzed by qPCR, western blot, Seahorse, ELISA and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that exposure of VEC to PTH affects VEC metabolism and functions, modifications that were accompanied by the activation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and by an increased expression of osteogenic molecules (BMP-2, BSP, osteocalcin and Runx2). The impact of dysfunctional VEC on VIC was investigated by exposure of VIC to VEC secretome, and the results showed that VIC upregulate molecules associated with osteogenesis (BMP-2/4, osteocalcin and TGF-β1) and downregulate collagen I and III. In summary, our data show that PTH induces VEC dysfunction, which further stimulates VIC to differentiate into a pro-osteogenic pathological phenotype related to the calcification process. These findings shed light on the mechanisms by which PTH participates in valve calcification pathology and suggests that PTH and the treatment of hyperparathyroidism represent a therapeutic strategy to reduce valvular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Vadana
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Sergiu Cecoltan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Razvan D. Macarie
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Andreea C. Mihaila
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Monica M. Tucureanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana-Maria Gan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ionel Droc
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Butoi
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.V.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.D.M.); (A.C.M.); (M.M.T.); (A.-M.G.); (M.S.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Dumitrașcu AM, Caraș I, Țucureanu C, Ermeneanu AL, Tofan VC. Nickel (II) and Cobalt (II) Alginate Biopolymers as a "Carry and Release" Platform for Polyhistidine-Tagged Proteins. Gels 2022; 8:66. [PMID: 35200448 PMCID: PMC8871198 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein immobilization using biopolymer scaffolds generally involves undesired protein loss of function due to denaturation, steric hindrance or improper orientation. Moreover, most methods for protein immobilization require expensive reagents and laborious procedures. This work presents the synthesis and proof of concept application of two alginate hydrogels that are able to bind proteins with polyhistidine tags by means of interaction with the crosslinking cations. Nickel (II) and cobalt (II) alginate hydrogels were prepared using a simple ionic gelation method. Hydrogels were characterized by optical microscopy and AFM, and evaluated for potential cytotoxicity. In addition, binding capacity was tested towards proteins with or without HisTAG. Hydrogels had moderate cytotoxicity and were able to exclusively bind polyhistidine-tagged proteins with a binding capacity of approximately 300 µg EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) per 1 mL of hydrogel. A lyophilized hydrogel-protein complex dissolved upon the addition of PBS and allowed the protein release and regain of biological activity. In conclusion, the nickel (II) and cobalt (II) alginate biopolymers provided an excellent platform for the "carry and release" of polyhistidine-tagged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vlad-Constantin Tofan
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.D.); (I.C.); (C.Ț.); (A.-L.E.)
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15
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Quantification of cell oxygenation in 2D constructs of metallized electrospun polycaprolactone fibers encapsulating human valvular interstitial cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Zhang C, Liu M, Wang X, Chen S, Fu X, Li G, Dong N, Shang X. Mechanism of CircANKRD36 regulating cell heterogeneity and endothelial mesenchymal transition in aortic valve stromal cells by regulating miR-599 and TGF-β signaling pathway. Int J Cardiol 2022; 352:104-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Kopytek M, Mazur P, Ząbczyk M, Undas A, Natorska J. Diabetes concomitant to aortic stenosis is associated with increased expression of NF-κB and more pronounced valve calcification. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2562-2574. [PMID: 34494136 PMCID: PMC8494674 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated to predispose to aortic valve calcification. We investigated whether type 2 diabetes concomitant to aortic stenosis (AS) enhances valvular inflammation and coagulation activation via upregulated expression of NF-κB, with subsequent increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). METHODS In this case-control study, 50 individuals with severe isolated AS and concomitant type 2 diabetes were compared with a control group of 100 individuals without diabetes. The median (IQR) duration of diabetes since diagnosis was 11 (7-18) years, and 36 (72%) individuals had HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (≥6.5%). Stenotic aortic valves obtained during valve replacement surgery served for in loco NF-κB, BMP-2, prothrombin (FII) and active factor X (FXa) immunostaining. In vitro cultures of valve interstitial cells (VICs), isolated from obtained valves were used for mechanistic experiments and PCR investigations. RESULTS Diabetic compared with non-diabetic individuals displayed enhanced valvular expression of NF-κB, BMP-2, FII and FXa (all p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, the expression of NF-κB and BMP-2 positively correlated with amounts of valvular FII and FXa. Only in diabetic participants, valvular NF-κB expression was strongly associated with serum levels of HbA1c, and moderately with fructosamine. Of importance, in diabetic participants, valvular expression of NF-κB correlated with aortic valve area (AVA) and maximal transvalvular pressure gradient. In vitro experiments conducted using VIC cultures revealed that glucose (11 mmol/l) upregulated expression of both NF-κB and BMP-2 (p < 0.001). In VIC cultures treated with glucose in combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine), the expression of NF-κB and BMP-2 was significantly suppressed. A comparable effect was observed for VICs cultured with glucose in combination with NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082), suggesting that high doses of glucose activate oxidative stress leading to proinflammatory actions in VICs. Analysis of mRNA expression in VICs confirmed these findings; glucose caused a 6.9-fold increase in expression of RELA (NF-κB p65 subunit), with the ROS and NF-κB inhibitor reducing the raised expression of RELA by 1.8- and 3.2-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Type 2 diabetes enhances in loco inflammation and coagulation activation within stenotic valve leaflets. Increased valvular expression of NF-κB in diabetic individuals is associated not only with serum HbA1c and fructosamine levels but also with AVA and transvalvular gradient, indicating that strict long-term glycaemic control is needed in AS patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes. This study suggests that maintaining these variables within the normal range may slow the rate of AS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kopytek
- John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Mazur
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Ząbczyk
- John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Natorska
- John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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18
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Manduteanu I, Simionescu D, Simionescu A, Simionescu M. Aortic valve disease in diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and novel therapies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9483-9495. [PMID: 34561944 PMCID: PMC8505854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve disease and particularly calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and diabetes (DM) are progressive diseases constituting a global health burden for all aging societies (Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014;56(6):565: Circulation Research. 2021;128(9):1344). Compared to non‐diabetic individuals (The Lancet. 2008;371(9626):1800: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983;51(3):403: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017;69(12):1523), the diabetic patients have a significantly greater propensity for cardiovascular disorders and faster degeneration of implanted bioprosthetic aortic valves. Previously, using an original experimental model, the diabetic‐hyperlipemic hamsters, we have shown that the earliest alterations induced by these conditions occur at the level of the aortic valves and, with time these changes lead to calcifications and CAVD. However, there are no pharmacological treatments available to reverse or retard the progression of aortic valve disease in diabetes, despite the significant advances in the field. Therefore, it is critical to uncover the mechanisms of valve disease progression, find biomarkers for diagnosis and new targets for therapies. This review aims at presenting an update on the basic research in CAVD in the context of diabetes. We provide an insight into the accumulated data including our results on diabetes‐induced progressive cell and molecular alterations in the aortic valve, new potential biomarkers to assess the evolution and therapy of the disease, advancement in targeted nanotherapies, tissue engineering and the potential use of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Cecoltan S, Ciortan L, Macarie RD, Vadana M, Mihaila AC, Tucureanu M, Vlad ML, Droc I, Gherghiceanu M, Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. High Glucose Induced Changes in Human VEC Phenotype in a 3D Hydrogel Derived From Cell-Free Native Aortic Root. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:714573. [PMID: 34458339 PMCID: PMC8387830 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.714573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Valvular endothelial cells (VEC) have key roles in maintaining valvular integrity and homeostasis, and dysfunctional VEC are the initiators and major contributors to aortic valve disease in diabetes. Previous studies have shown that HG stimulated an inflammatory phenotype in VEC. Inflammation was shown to induce endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a process extensively involved in many pathologies, including calcification of the aortic valve. However, the effect of HG on EndMT in VEC is not known. In addition, there is evidence that endothelin (ET) is a proinflammatory agent in early diabetes and was detected in aortic stenosis, but it is not known whether HG induces ET and endothelin receptors and whether endothelin modulates HG-dependent inflammation in VEC. This study aims to evaluate HG effects on EndMT, on endothelin and endothelin receptors induction in VEC and their role in HG induced VEC inflammation. Methods and Results: We developed a new 3D model of the aortic valve consisting of a hydrogel derived from a decellularized extracellular cell matrix obtained from porcine aortic root and human valvular cells. VEC were cultured on the hydrogel surface and VIC within the hydrogel, and the resulted 3D construct was exposed to high glucose (HG) conditions. VEC from the 3D construct exposed to HG exhibited: attenuated intercellular junctions and an abundance of intermediate filaments (ultrastructural analysis), decreased expression of endothelial markers CD31 and VE–cadherin and increased expression of the mesenchymal markers α-SMA and vimentin (qPCR and immunocytochemistry), increased expression of inflammatory molecules ET-1 and its receptors ET-A and ET-B, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 (qPCR and Immunocytochemistry) and augmented adhesiveness. Blockade of ET-1 receptors, ET-A and ET-B reduced secretion of inflammatory biomarkers IL-1β and MCP-1 (ELISA assay). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HG induces EndMT in VEC and indicates endothelin as a possible target to reduce HG-induced inflammation in VEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Cecoltan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan D Macarie
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Vadana
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea C Mihaila
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Tucureanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Loredana Vlad
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.,Clemson University, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering in Diabetes, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Dan Teodor Simionescu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania.,Clemson University, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering in Diabetes, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Elena Butoi
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Selig JI, Boulgaropoulos J, Niazy N, Ouwens DM, Preuß K, Horn P, Westenfeld R, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P, Barth M. Crosstalk of Diabetic Conditions with Static Versus Dynamic Flow Environment-Impact on Aortic Valve Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136976. [PMID: 34203572 PMCID: PMC8268732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the prominent risk factors for the development and progression of calcific aortic valve disease. Nevertheless, little is known about molecular mechanisms of how T2D affects aortic valve (AV) remodeling. In this study, the influence of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on degenerative processes in valvular tissue is analyzed in intact AV exposed to an either static or dynamic 3D environment, respectively. The complex native dynamic environment of AV is simulated using a software-governed bioreactor system with controlled pulsatile flow. Dynamic cultivation resulted in significantly stronger fibrosis in AV tissue compared to static cultivation, while hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia had no impact on fibrosis. The expression of key differentiation markers and proteoglycans were altered by diabetic conditions in an environment-dependent manner. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia affect insulin-signaling pathways. Western blot analysis showed increased phosphorylation level of protein kinase B (AKT) after acute insulin stimulation, which was lost in AV under hyperinsulinemia, indicating acquired insulin resistance of the AV tissue in response to elevated insulin levels. These data underline a complex interplay of diabetic conditions on one hand and biomechanical 3D environment on the other hand that possesses an impact on AV tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Selig
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Joana Boulgaropoulos
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Naima Niazy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
| | - D. Margriet Ouwens
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlheinz Preuß
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Bioprocessing, Modulation and Simulation, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Patrick Horn
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (P.H.); (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Westenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (P.H.); (R.W.)
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.I.S.); (J.B.); (N.N.); (A.L.); (M.B.)
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21
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Procyanidin B2 Reduces Vascular Calcification through Inactivation of ERK1/2-RUNX2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060916. [PMID: 34198832 PMCID: PMC8228429 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is strongly associated with atherosclerotic plaque burden and plaque instability. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) increases runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression to promote vascular calcification. Procyanidin B2 (PB2), a potent antioxidant, can inhibit ERK1/2 activation in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). However, the effects and involved mechanisms of PB2 on atherosclerotic calcification remain unknown. In current study, we fed apoE-deficient (apoE−/−) mice a high-fat diet (HFD) while treating the animals with PB2 for 18 weeks. At the end of the study, we collected blood and aorta samples to determine atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. We found PB2 treatment decreased lesions in en face aorta, thoracic, and abdominal aortas by 21.4, 24.6, and 33.5%, respectively, and reduced sinus lesions in the aortic root by 17.1%. PB2 also increased α-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen content in lesion areas. In the aortic root, PB2 reduced atherosclerotic calcification areas by 75.8%. In vitro, PB2 inhibited inorganic phosphate-induced osteogenesis in HASMCs and aortic rings. Mechanistically, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and RUNX2 were markedly downregulated by PB2 treatment. Additionally, PB2 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the aortic root plaques of apoE−/− mice and calcified HASMCs. Reciprocally, the activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by C2-MEK1-mut or epidermal growth factor can partially restore the PB2-inhibited RUNX2 expression or HASMC calcification. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PB2 inhibits vascular calcification through the inactivation of the ERK1/2-RUNX2 pathway. Our study also suggests that PB2 can be a potential option for vascular calcification treatment.
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22
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Sun JY, Hua Y, Shen H, Qu Q, Kan JY, Kong XQ, Sun W, Shen YY. Identification of key genes in calcific aortic valve disease via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:135. [PMID: 34020624 PMCID: PMC8138987 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common subclass of valve heart disease in the elderly population and a primary cause of aortic valve stenosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS The gene expression profiles of GSE83453, GSE51472, and GSE12644 were analyzed by 'limma' and 'weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)' package in R to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key modules associated with CAVD, respectively. Then, enrichment analysis was performed based on Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, DisGeNET, and TRRUST database. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the overlapped genes of DEGs and key modules, and we identified the top 5 hub genes by mixed character calculation. RESULTS We identified the blue and yellow modules as the key modules. Enrichment analysis showed that leukocyte migration, extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix structural constituent were significantly enriched. SPP1, TNC, SCG2, FAM20A, and CD52 were identified as hub genes, and their expression levels in calcified or normal aortic valve samples were illustrated, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that SPP1, TNC, SCG2, FAM20A, and CD52 might be hub genes associated with CAVD. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yang Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jun-Yan Kan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yue-Yun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, 213300, China.
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23
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Driscoll K, Cruz AD, Butcher JT. Inflammatory and Biomechanical Drivers of Endothelial-Interstitial Interactions in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Circ Res 2021; 128:1344-1370. [PMID: 33914601 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is dramatically increasing in global burden, yet no therapy exists outside of prosthetic replacement. The increasing proportion of younger and more active patients mandates alternative therapies. Studies suggest a window of opportunity for biologically based diagnostics and therapeutics to alleviate or delay calcific aortic valve disease progression. Advancement, however, has been hampered by limited understanding of the complex mechanisms driving calcific aortic valve disease initiation and progression towards clinically relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D Cruz
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY
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24
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Weber A, Pfaff M, Schöttler F, Schmidt V, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Reproducible In Vitro Tissue Culture Model to Study Basic Mechanisms of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Comparative Analysis to Valvular Interstitials Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050474. [PMID: 33925890 PMCID: PMC8146785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), an active and regulated process involving the creation of calcium nodules, lipoprotein accumulation, and chronic inflammation, are the significant changes that occur in the composition, organization, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the aortic valve (AV). Most research regarding CAVD is based on experiments using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture or artificially created three-dimensional (3D) environments of valvular interstitial cells (VICs). Because the valvular ECM has a powerful influence in regulating pathological events, we developed an in vitro AV tissue culture model, which is more closely able to mimic natural conditions to study cellular responses underlying CAVD. AV leaflets, isolated from the hearts of 6-8-month-old sheep, were fixed with needles on silicon rubber rings to achieve passive tension and treated in vitro under pro-degenerative and pro-calcifying conditions. The degeneration of AV leaflets progressed over time, commencing with the first visible calcified domains after 14 d and winding up with the distinct formation of calcium nodules, heightened stiffness, and clear disruption of the ECM after 56 d. Both the expression of pro-degenerative genes and the myofibroblastic differentiation of VICs were altered in AV leaflets compared to that in VIC cultures. In this study, we have established an easily applicable, reproducible, and cost-effective in vitro AV tissue culture model to study pathological mechanisms underlying CAVD. The valvular ECM and realistic VIC-VEC interactions mimic natural conditions more closely than VIC cultures or 3D environments. The application of various culture conditions enables the examination of different pathological mechanisms underlying CAVD and could lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to VIC degeneration and AS. Our model provides a valuable tool to study the complex pathobiology of CAVD and can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets for slowing disease progression.
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25
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Schroeder ME, Gonzalez Rodriguez A, Speckl KF, Walker CJ, Midekssa FS, Grim JC, Weiss RM, Anseth KS. Collagen networks within 3D PEG hydrogels support valvular interstitial cell matrix mineralization. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:197-210. [PMID: 33181362 PMCID: PMC7738375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatically degradable hydrogels were designed for the 3D culture of valvular interstitial cells (VICs), and through the incorporation of various functionalities, we aimed to investigate the role of the tissue microenvironment in promoting the osteogenic properties of VICs and matrix mineralization. Specifically, porcine VICs were encapsulated in a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel crosslinked with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable crosslinker (KCGPQG↓IWGQCK) and formed via a thiol-ene photoclick reaction in the presence or absence of collagen type I to promote matrix mineralization. VIC-laden hydrogels were treated with osteogenic medium for up to 15 days, and the osteogenic response was characterized by the expression of RUNX2 as an early marker of an osteoblast-like phenotype, osteocalcin (OCN) as a marker of a mature osteoblast-like phenotype, and vimentin (VIM) as a marker of the fibroblast phenotype. In addition, matrix mineralization was characterized histologically with Von Kossa stain for calcium phosphate. Osteogenic response was further characterized biochemically with calcium assays, and physically via optical density measurements. When the osteogenic medium was supplemented with calcium chloride, OCN expression was upregulated and mineralization was discernable at 12 days of culture. Finally, this platform was used to screen various drug therapeutics that were assessed for their efficacy in preventing mineralization using optical density as a higher throughput readout. Collectively, these results suggest that matrix composition has a key role in supporting mineralization deposition within diseased valve tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schroeder
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Kelly F Speckl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Cierra J Walker
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Firaol S Midekssa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Joseph C Grim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA.
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26
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Chronic High Glucose Concentration Induces Inflammatory and Remodeling Changes in Valvular Endothelial Cells and Valvular Interstitial Cells in a Gelatin Methacrylate 3D Model of the Human Aortic Valve. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122786. [PMID: 33255639 PMCID: PMC7760928 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), a degenerative disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and calcification, is accelerated in diabetes. Hyperglycemia contributes to this process by mechanisms that still need to be uncovered. We have recently developed a 3D model of the human aortic valve based on gelatin methacrylate and revealed that high glucose (HG) induced osteogenic molecules and increased calcium deposits in a pro-osteogenic environment. To further understand the events leading to calcification in diabetic conditions in CAVD, we analyzed here the inflammatory and remodeling mechanisms induced by HG in our 3D model. We exposed valvular endothelial cells (VEC) and interstitial cells (VIC) to normal glucose (NG) or HG for 7 and 14 days, then we isolated and separated the cells by anti-CD31 immunomagnetic beads. The changes induced by HG in the 3D model were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that HG induced expression of different cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in VEC and VIC. In addition, protein kinase C was increased in VEC and VIC, indicating molecular mechanisms associated with HG induced inflammation and remodeling in both valvular cells. These findings may indicate new biomarkers and targets for therapy in diabetes associated with CAVD.
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27
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Voicu G, Rebleanu D, Constantinescu CA, Fuior EV, Ciortan L, Droc I, Uritu CM, Pinteala M, Manduteanu I, Simionescu M, Calin M. Nano-Polyplexes Mediated Transfection of Runx2-shRNA Mitigates the Osteodifferentiation of Human Valvular Interstitial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060507. [PMID: 32498305 PMCID: PMC7355966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive disorder that increases in prevalence with age. An important role in aortic valve calcification is played by valvular interstitial cells (VIC), that with age or in pathological conditions acquire an osteoblast-like phenotype that advances the disease. Therefore, pharmacological interventions aiming to stop or reverse the osteoblastic transition of VIC may represent a therapeutic option for CAVD. In this study, we aimed at developing a nanotherapeutic strategy able to prevent the phenotypic switch of human aortic VIC into osteoblast-like cells. We hypothesize that nanocarriers designed for silencing the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) will stop the progress or reverse the osteodifferentiation of human VIC, induced by high glucose concentrations and pro-osteogenic factors. We report here the potential of fullerene (C60)-polyethyleneimine (PEI)/short hairpin (sh)RNA-Runx2 nano-polyplexes to efficiently down-regulate Runx2 mRNA and protein expression leading subsequently to a significant reduction in the expression of osteogenic proteins (i.e. ALP, BSP, OSP and BMP4) in osteoblast-committed VIC. The data suggest that the silencing of Runx2 could represent a novel strategy to impede the osteoblastic phenotypic shift of VIC and the ensuing progress of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanina Voicu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniela Rebleanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina Ana Constantinescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Ionel Droc
- Central Military Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Mariana Uritu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.U.); (M.P.)
- Advanced Centre for Research-Development in Experimental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.U.); (M.P.)
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Manuela Calin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (G.V.); (D.R.); (C.A.C.); (E.V.F.); (L.C.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-319-45-18
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28
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Vadana M, Cecoltan S, Ciortan L, Macarie RD, Tucureanu MM, Mihaila AC, Droc I, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. Molecular mechanisms involved in high glucose-induced valve calcification in a 3D valve model with human valvular cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6350-6361. [PMID: 32307869 PMCID: PMC7294117 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD)—the most common valvular heart disease—is accelerated in diabetes and has no pharmacotherapy. Although it is known that early CAVD is associated with inflammation and osteogenesis, the molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes‐associated CAVD still need to be uncovered. In this context, we have developed a 3D construct based on gelatin populated with human valvular endothelial cells (VEC) and valvular interstitial cells (VIC) and evaluated the effect of high glucose (HG) concentration on osteogenic molecules expression and on calcification mechanisms. First, we characterized the 3D model and assessed VIC remodelling properties at different time‐points. Then, we exposed it to normal glucose (NG) or high glucose (HG) for 7, 14 and 21 days after which the cells were isolated, separated and investigated individually. Our results showed that encapsulated VIC actively remodel the hydrogel, as demonstrated by an increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, exposure of the construct to HG triggered bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF‐β signalling pathways, up‐regulating expression of osteogenic molecules—BMP‐2/‐4, osteocalcin, osteopontin, SMADs and Runt‐related transcription factor (Runx‐2)—and increased calcium deposits in an osteogenic environment. These findings underline the potential of the developed 3D model as a suitable system to investigate the mechanisms of human CAVD and may help to better understand the calcification mechanisms in CAVD associated to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Vadana
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergiu Cecoltan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan D Macarie
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica M Tucureanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea C Mihaila
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu', Biopathology and Therapy of Inflammation, Bucharest, Romania
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