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Phatak S, Ingram JL, Goel P, Rath S, Yajnik C. Does hand stiffness reflect internal organ fibrosis in diabetes mellitus? FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:1198782. [PMID: 37492439 PMCID: PMC10363986 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1198782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis leads to irreversible stiffening of tissue and loss of function, and is a common pathway leading to morbidity and mortality in chronic disease. Diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) are associated with significant fibrosis in internal organs, chiefly the kidney and heart, but also lung, liver and adipose tissue. Diabetes is also associated with the diabetic cheirarthropathies, a collection of clinical manifestations affecting the hand that include limited joint mobility (LJM), flexor tenosynovitis, Duypuytren disease and carpal tunnel syndrome. Histo-morphologically these are profibrotic conditions affecting various soft tissue components in the hand. We hypothesize that these hand manifestations reflect a systemic profibrotic state, and are potential clinical biomarkers of current or future internal organ fibrosis. Epidemiologically, there is evidence that fibrosis in one organ associates with fibrosis with another; the putative exposures that lead to fibrosis in diabetes (advanced glycation end product deposition, microvascular disease and hypoxia, persistent innate inflammation) are 'systemic'; a common genetic susceptibility to fibrosis has also been hinted at. These data suggest that a subset of the diabetic population is susceptible to multi-organ fibrosis. The hand is an attractive biomarker to clinically detect this susceptibility, owing to its accessibility to physical examination and exposure to repeated mechanical stresses. Testing the hypothesis has a few pre-requisites: being able to measure hand fibrosis in the hand, using clinical scores or imaging based scores, which will facilitate looking for associations with internal organ fibrosis using validated methodologies for each. Longitudinal studies would be essential in delineating fibrosis trajectories in those with hand manifestations. Since therapies reversing fibrosis are few, the onus lies on identification of a susceptible subset for preventative measures. If systematically validated, clinical hand examination could provide a low-cost, universally accessible and easily reproducible screening step in selecting patients for clinical trials for fibrosis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Phatak
- Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Jennifer L. Ingram
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pranay Goel
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Satyajit Rath
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Chittaranjan Yajnik
- Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang W, An X, Luo L, Yu D, Sun W. Epigenetic modification in diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1133970. [PMID: 37455912 PMCID: PMC10348754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microangiopathy in diabetic patients and the main cause of death in diabetic patients. The main manifestations of DKD are proteinuria and decreased renal filtration capacity. The glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin level are two of the most important hallmarks of the progression of DKD. The classical treatment of DKD is controlling blood glucose and blood pressure. However, the commonly used clinical therapeutic strategies and the existing biomarkers only partially slow the progression of DKD and roughly predict disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutic methods, targets and biomarkers are urgently needed to meet clinical requirements. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of DKD. Epigenetic variation mainly includes DNA methylation, histone modification and changes in the noncoding RNA expression profile, which are deeply involved in DKD-related inflammation, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and the activation of abnormal signaling pathways. Since DKD is reversible at certain disease stages, it is valuable to identify abnormal epigenetic modifications as early diagnosis and treatment targets to prevent the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Because the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanism of DKD is not comprehensive, the purpose of this review is to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the occurrence and development of DKD and evaluate the value of epigenetic therapies in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingna An
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Prepared for special issue on thymosins Thymosin β4 and the anti-fibrotic switch. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109628. [PMID: 36580759 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing involves a rapid response to the injury by circulating cells, followed by inflammation with an influx of inflammatory cells that release various factors. Soon after, cellular proliferation begins to replace the damaged cells and extracellular matrix, and then tissue remodeling restores normal tissue function. Various factors can lead to pathological wound healing when excessive and irreversible connective tissue/extracellular matrix deposition occurs, resulting in fibrosis. The process is initiated when immune cells, such as macrophages, release soluble factors that stimulate fibroblasts. TGFβ is the most well-characterized macrophage derived pro-fibrotic mediator. Other soluble mediators of fibrosis include connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has shown therapeutic benefit in preventing fibrosis/scarring in various animal models of fibrosis/scarring. The mechanism of action of Tβ4 appears related, in part, to a reduction in the inflammatory response, including a reduction in macrophage infiltration, decreased levels of TGFβ and IL-10, and reduced CTGF activation, resulting in both prevention of fibroblast conversion to myofibroblasts and production of normally aligned collagen fibers. The amino N-terminal end of Tβ4, SDKP (serine-aspartate-lysine-proline), appears to contain the majority of anti-fibrotic activity and has shown excellent efficacy in many animal models of fibrosis, including liver, lung, heart, and kidney fibrosis. Ac-SDKP not only prevents fibrosis but can reverse fibrosis. Unanswered questions and future directions will be presented with regard to therapeutic uses alone and in combination with already approved drugs for fibrosis.
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Screening of Diabetic Nephropathy Progression-Related Genes Based on Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:221-237. [PMID: 35834115 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the progression-related genes of diabetic nephropathy (DN) through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The gene expression dataset GSE14202 was downloaded from the GEO database for differential expression analysis. WGCNA v1.69 was used to perform co-expression analysis on differentially expressed genes. 25 modular genes were selected through WGCNA. The motif enrichment analysis was performed on 25 genes, and 34 motifs were obtained, of which 8 transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed. GENIE3 was applied to analyze the expression correlation of 8 differentially expressed TFs and 25 genes. Combined with the predicted TF-target gene relationship, 69 interactions between 8 TFs and 18 genes were obtained. The functional enrichment analysis of 18 genes showed that 7 key genes were obviously enriched in adaptive immune response and were clearly up-regulated in advanced DN patients. The expression of C1S, LAIR1, CD84, SIT1, SASH3, and CD180 in glomerular samples from DN patients was significantly up-regulated in compared with normal samples, and the expression of these genes was negatively correlated with GFR. We observed that in the in vitro cell model of DN, the relative expression levels of 5 key genes (except SASH3) were obviously elevated in the high-glucose group. Five key genes were identified to be related to the progression of DN. The findings of this study may provide new ideas and therapeutic targets for exploring the pathogenesis of DN.
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0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010554. [PMID: 36613994 PMCID: PMC9820614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the efficacy and safety of 0.1% RGN-259 ophthalmic solution (containing the regenerative protein thymosin ß4) in promoting the healing of persistent epithelial defects in patients with Stages 2 and 3 neurotrophic keratopathy. Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.0656), indicating a strong efficacy trend. Additional efficacy was seen in the significant healing (p = 0.0359) with no recurrent defects observed at day 43, two weeks after cessation of treatment, while the one healed placebo-treated subject at day 28 suffered a recurrence at day 43. The Mackie classification disease stage improved in the RGN-259-treated group at Days 29, 36, and 43 (p = 0.0818, 0.0625, and 0.0467, respectively). Time to complete healing also showed a trend towards efficacy (p = 0.0829, Kaplan-Meier) with 0.1% RGN-259. RGN-259-treated subjects had significant improvements at multiple time points in ocular discomfort, foreign body sensation, and dryness which were not seen in the placebo group. No significant adverse effects were observed. In summary, the use of 0.1% RGN-259 promotes rapid healing of epithelial defects in neurotrophic keratopathy, improves ocular comfort, and is safe for treating this challenging population of patients.
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Li L, Tian Y, Feng Y, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Zhan Y, Wang C. Improvement in Mung Bean Peptide on High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance Mice Using Untargeted Serum Metabolomics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:893270. [PMID: 35571892 PMCID: PMC9101312 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.893270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the potential regulatory mechanism of mung bean peptides (MBPs) on glucolipid metabolism in insulin-resistant mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) using untargeted serum metabolomics, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), intraperitoneal injection glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), insulin tolerance test (IPITT), and hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E). The regulatory effect of MBPs for alleviating insulin resistance was studied by measuring body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum insulin levels, C-Peptide levels, inflammatory and antioxidant factors, and histopathological observation of C57BL/6 mice. The experimental results showed that dietary intervention with MBPs (245 mg/kg/d) for 5 weeks significantly relieved insulin resistance in HFD mice. The body weight, insulin resistance index, and the levels of FBG, C-Peptide, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA in the serum of HFD mice significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conversely, SOD content and pancreatic β cell function index significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the damaged pancreatic tissue was repaired. One biomarker associated with insulin resistance was glycine. In addition, there were four important differential metabolites: pyroglutamate, D-glutamine, aminoadipic acid, and nicotinamide, involved in 12 metabolic pathway changes. It was found that MBPs may regulate amino acid, glycerol phospholipid, fatty acid, alkaloid, and nicotinamide metabolism to regulate the metabolic profile of HFD mice in a beneficial direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Library, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuchao Feng
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yingjun Jiang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Changyuan Wang
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Immunohistochemical Expression Pattern of FGFR1, FGFR2, RIP5, and HIP2 in Developing and Postnatal Kidneys of Dab1-/- ( yotari) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042025. [PMID: 35216141 PMCID: PMC8879463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore how Dab1 gene functional silencing influences the spatial and temporal expression patterns of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), receptor-interacting protein kinase 5 (RIP5), and huntingtin-interacting protein 2 (HIP2) in the developing and postnatal kidneys of the yotari mice as potential determinants of normal kidney formation and function. Dab1-/- animal kidneys exhibit diminished FGFR1/FGFR2 expression in all examined developmental stages, whereas RIP5 cell immunoreactivity demonstrated negligible variation. The HIP2 expression revealed a discernible difference during the postnatal period, where we noted a significant decrease in almost all the observed kidney structures of yotari animals. An extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression in yotari kidneys decreased in embryonic and postnatal developmental phases for which we can hypothesize that the Erk1/2 signaling pathway in the yotari mice kidneys is dependent on Reelin with Dab1 only partially implicated in Reelin-mediated MEK/Erk1/2 activation. The impairment of FGFR1 and FGFR2 expression suggests the involvement of the observed markers in generating the CAKUT phenotype resulting in renal hypoplasia. Our study demonstrates the critical role of HIP2 in reducing cell death throughout nephrogenesis and maturation in wild-type mice and indicates a possible connection between decreased HIP2 expression in postnatal kidney structures and observed podocyte injury in yotari. Our results emphasize the crucial function of the examined markers throughout normal kidney development and their potential participation in kidney pathology and diagnostics, where they might serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Hua X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Xu L, Shi Y, Yang D, Gu X, Wang S, Jia X, Xu F, Chen J, Ying X. Peptidome analysis of human intrauterine adhesion tissues and the identification of antifibrotic peptide. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:280-296. [PMID: 35965437 PMCID: PMC9376730 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a common clinical endometrial disease, which can severely damage the fertility and quality of life in women. This study aims to find the differentially expressed endogenous peptides and their possible roles in IUA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the peptidomic profiling of IUA tissues, and the differentially expressed peptides were screened out. Using real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry staining, the function of six endogenous peptides was verified in vitro. It was found that peptide 6 (T6) (peptide sequence: TFGGAPGFPLGSPLSSVFPR) could inhibit the expression of TGF-β1-induced cell fibrosis in human endometrial stromal cell line and primary human endometrial stromal cell at a concentration of 50 μmol/L. This study provides new targets for further clarifying the formation and prevention of IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
- Xiangdong Hua, Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Mochou Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China. Tel: +86-25-52226961, E-mail:
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Yaqian Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Dazhen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
- Xiaoyan Ying, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China. Tel: +86-25-58509900, E-mail:
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N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) mitigates the liver fibrosis via WTAP/m 6A/Ptch1 axis through Hedgehog pathway. Gene 2021; 813:146125. [PMID: 34921949 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an endogenous tetrapeptide with potential antifibrotic effect. However, the underlying mechanism in the anti-fibrosis is still unclear. Here, we try to investigate its biofunction and deeplying mechanism in liver fibrosis. Rats were administrated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for liver fibrosis model. The roles of AcSDKP on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were detected in vitro using isolated cells treated by TGF-β1. The m6A profie of HSCs was screened by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq). Results demonstrated that AcSDKP inhibited apoptosis through Hedgehog pathway in the CCl4-induced rat HSCs. Moreover, the administration of AcSDKP decreased the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase WTAP (Wilms' tumour 1-associated protein) expression. Mechanistically, WTAP targeted the 3'-UTR of Ptch1 mRNA, and administration of AcSDKP reduced the stability of Ptch1 mRNA. Thus, these findings revealed an anti-fibrosis axis of AcSDKP/WTAP/m6A/Ptch1 in liver fibrosis. Our results identify a novel role of AcSDKP in liver fibrosis via m6A modification and Hedgehog pathway, which helps us to shed light on the molecular mechanism in liver fibrosis progression.
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Liu N, Chen X, Song J, Chen M, Gong P, Jia W, Li G. Hypoglycemic effects of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides on high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics analysis. Food Funct 2021; 12:9994-10007. [PMID: 34505615 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (AAPs) on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice using metabolomic analysis. The results of fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, fasting serum insulin level, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and histopathological observation demonstrated that 200 mg per kg body weight per day AAP led to significant hypoglycemic activities. The metabolic profile of the mice was significantly changed after AAP intervention. 45 differential metabolites were screened as biomarkers for AAP adjuvant treatment, and AAPs' effects on the metabolism of amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, bile acids, and glycerophospholipids were analyzed. Thus, the current results elucidated the metabolic pathway of AAPs for T2DM alleviation and provided guidance for functional food adjuvant development for T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Juanna Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Mengyin Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Vodošek Hojs N, Bevc S, Ekart R, Piko N, Petreski T, Hojs R. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:561. [PMID: 34208285 PMCID: PMC8230766 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue and main cause of chronic kidney disease. Both diseases are also linked through high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is present in up to 40% of diabetic patients; therefore, prevention and treatment of DKD are of utmost importance. Much research has been dedicated to the optimization of DKD treatment. In the last few years, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) have experienced a renaissance in this field with the development of non-steroidal MRA. Steroidal MRA have known cardiorenal benefits, but their use is limited by side effects, especially hyperkalemia. Non-steroidal MRA still block the damaging effects of mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation (extracellular fluid volume expansion, inflammation, fibrosis), but with fewer side effects (hormonal, hyperkalemia) than steroidal MRA. This review article summarizes the current knowledge and newer research conducted on MRA in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vodošek Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Robert Ekart
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Nejc Piko
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Tadej Petreski
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Radovan Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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Garvin MR, Alvarez C, Miller JI, Prates ET, Walker AM, Amos BK, Mast AE, Justice A, Aronow B, Jacobson D. A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm. eLife 2020; 9:e59177. [PMID: 32633718 PMCID: PMC7410499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neither the disease mechanism nor treatments for COVID-19 are currently known. Here, we present a novel molecular mechanism for COVID-19 that provides therapeutic intervention points that can be addressed with existing FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. The entry point for the virus is ACE2, which is a component of the counteracting hypotensive axis of RAS. Bradykinin is a potent part of the vasopressor system that induces hypotension and vasodilation and is degraded by ACE and enhanced by the angiotensin1-9 produced by ACE2. Here, we perform a new analysis on gene expression data from cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from COVID-19 patients that were used to sequence the virus. Comparison with BALF from controls identifies a critical imbalance in RAS represented by decreased expression of ACE in combination with increases in ACE2, renin, angiotensin, key RAS receptors, kinogen and many kallikrein enzymes that activate it, and both bradykinin receptors. This very atypical pattern of the RAS is predicted to elevate bradykinin levels in multiple tissues and systems that will likely cause increases in vascular dilation, vascular permeability and hypotension. These bradykinin-driven outcomes explain many of the symptoms being observed in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garvin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Christiane Alvarez
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - J Izaak Miller
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Erica T Prates
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Angelica M Walker
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - B Kirtley Amos
- University of Kentucky, Department of HorticultureLexingtonUnited States
| | - Alan E Mast
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Amy Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare/General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineWest HavenUnited States
| | - Bruce Aronow
- University of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of Psychology, Austin Peay BuildingKnoxvilleUnited States
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