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Schneider LF, Mueller B, Nisie Tango R, Volpato CAM. Effect of coffee staining and simulated oral hygiene methods on the color and translucency of a nanoceramic resin. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:1020-1028. [PMID: 38445806 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the color and translucency of a nanoceramic resin subjected to hygiene practices and immersion in coffee over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens (n = 80, HT and LT, 0.5-mm thick) of a nanoceramic resin were obtained and were divided in groups according to the simulated oral hygiene: no intervention (NT), brushing with an electric brush and water (BN), brushing with an electric brush and toothpaste for 10 s (BT), and immersion in mouthwash for 30 s (MW). Oral hygiene practices were repeated after staining in coffee solution for 15, 48, 336, 1440, 8640, and 35,040 min. Spectral wavelengths were recorded with a spectrophotometer at each time. ∆E00, ∆L', ∆C', ∆H', and TP00 were calculated by CIEDE2000 and were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). RESULTS ANOVA showed significance among factors for ΔE00 (p < 0.05), with higher ΔE00 for NT-HT (11.7) and NT-LT (11.2). After T6 (2-year simulation), the lowest values were found for BT-HT (5.3) and BT-LT (4.9). All groups showed a reduction in lightness and translucency and increased chroma and hue. However, the smallest variations were found in the BT groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Brushing with toothpaste effectively minimized the color change of NCRs caused by coffee staining. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with toothpaste, might be important to minimize staining of nanoceramic resin restorations, especially in patients who frequently consume coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Schneider
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mueller
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Nisie Tango
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Ellakany P, Aly NM, Alameer ST, Alshehri T, Fouda SM. Assessment of color stability and translucency of various CAD/CAM ceramics of different compositions and Thicknesses: An in vitro study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:1019-1024. [PMID: 39035562 PMCID: PMC11255938 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Translucency and optical characteristics significantly affect the aesthetics of ceramic restorations. The introduction of new virgilite crystals to novel ceramic advanced lithium disilicate through a matrix firing process enhances the material's strength and aesthetic quality according to the manufacturer. Materials and Methods Four types of CAD/CAM ceramics; lithium disilicate (LD), leucite reinforced (LR), advanced lithium disilicate (ALD), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) exposed to different staining solutions (tea, cola, coffee, and distilled water). Each ceramic type had 120 specimens, divided into subgroups based on thickness (0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm). Color changes (ΔE00) and translucency parameters (TP00) were measured after thermocycling, and spectrophotometry was employed to evaluate ΔE00 and TP00 after 1, 7, and 30 days of exposure to the staining solutions. Results ZLS exhibited the lowest color stability, while lithium LD and ALD displayed the highest. Thickness significantly affected color stability, with 0.5 mm thickness showing the least change. The duration of exposure also impacted color changes, with 30 days causing the most significant shift. LD demonstrated the highest translucency. Coffee and tea induced more pronounced reductions in translucency and color stability compared to the control group. Conclusions Material structure, thickness, staining solution, and exposure duration significantly influenced the color stability and translucency of CAD/CAM ceramics, with LD and ALD demonstrating superior color stability and LD exhibiting the highest translucency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M. Aly
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shahad T. Alameer
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alshehri
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M. Fouda
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Bauer K, Carek A, Slokar Benić L, Badel T. Determination of the Color Change of Various Esthetic Monolithic Monochromatic Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3160. [PMID: 38998243 PMCID: PMC11242901 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Dental technology has developed materials for prosthetics that are very similar to natural teeth and offer a good balance between durability and esthetics; however, some of these materials are not very color-stable under the influence of external factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine and compare the color change (∆E00) of different esthetic monolithic monochromatic CAD/CAM materials after they have been thermocycled and treated with staining solutions. The color parameters were determined using a spectrophotometer on a white and black background. Five CAD/CAM materials were used for this study-CAD/CAM nanoceramic (GC Cerasmart270), CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), CAD/CAM polymer (Telio CAD), CAD/CAM composite (Tetric CAD) and CAD/CAM polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic). The test specimens produced were divided into groups and were thermocycled in distilled water. They were then stored for four weeks at 37 °C in either distilled water as a control liquid, black tea, instant coffee or red wine. The aim is also to evaluate the color changes as a function of the exposure time of the staining solutions. The results obtained were analyzed statistically. All CAD/CAM materials tend to discolor to varying degrees. Among the factors contributing to discoloration, red wine proved to be the most significant influencing factor. The conclusion from the results is that the color change is influenced by the type of material, the staining solution, the sample thickness, the color background and the aging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bauer
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Ivana Gundulića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Carek
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Ivana Gundulića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljerka Slokar Benić
- Faculty of Metallurgy, University of Zagreb, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44000 Sisak, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Badel
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Ivana Gundulića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ma X, Zhang X, Huang X, Liu F, He J, Mai S. Performance of low shrinkage Bis-EFMA based bulk-fill dental resin composites. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00182-9. [PMID: 38902144 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was evaluating the performance of new Bis-EFMA based bulk-fill composites with common methacrylate based composites and commercial dental composites. METHODS The Bis-EFMA monomer was synthesized and the novel Bis-EFMA based bulk-fill composites were prepared. The resin composite samples were co-cultured with human gingival epithelial cells and human dental pulp stem cells to test the biocompatibility. The edge adaptation was observed under a combination of stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The internal hardness was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester after one-time filling of cavities prepared in extracted teeth. After friction and wear test on the surface of the resin composites, the surface morphology and volume wear of each group were measured by the optical profilometer. The color stability was measured by a colorimeter. RESULTS Direct contact with human gingival epithelial cells and human dental pulp stem cells did not cause significant changes in their growth density and morphology, indicating good biocompatibility of Bis-EFMA group (p > 0.05). The continuous margin proportion of the Bis-EFMA group was as good as commercial bulk-fill composites (p > 0.05). The sectional microhardness results showed that the Bis-EFMA group had the highest microhardness. After the friction and wear test, the volume wear of the Bis-EFMA group was minimal, indicating its good wear resistance and mechanical strength. Color changes in all resin groups after 28 days of immersion were within the clinically acceptable range. SIGNIFICANCE The addition of Bis-EFMA demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, edge adaptation and color stability comparable to commonly used clinical bulk-fill composites, along with preferable mechanical strength, friction and wear resistance. Bis-EFMA based bulk-fill composites have the potential to be employed as a bulk filling material in commercial dental composite applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangya Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sui Mai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Krajangta N, Klaisiri A, Leelaponglit S, Intralawan N, Tiansuwan P, Pisethsalasai N. Color alteration of CAD/CAM 3D-printed, milled resin-ceramic hybrid material compared to enamel. Dent Mater J 2024; 43:386-393. [PMID: 38583992 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
To assess color and translucency change (∆E00 and ∆TP) of 3D-printed (Varseosmile crown plus, VS) and milled resin-ceramic hybrid material (Cerasmart, CS) compared to enamel (E) when immersed in distilled water (DW) and coffee (C). Sixty VS, CS, and E specimens were immersed in DW and C for 30 days. Statistics analysis using t-test and one-way ANOVA at p≤0.05. ∆E00 of VS, CS, and E significantly increased when immersed in coffee (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). E has more ∆E00 than VS and CS (p<0.001). The translucency of VS and CS was reduced after water and coffee immersion. The translucency of E was increased after immersion in water and coffee. ∆TP of VS, CS, and E were not different between immersion in water and coffee at p=0.08, p=0.43 and p=0.72, respectively. Therefore, DW and C have distinct effects on the ∆E00 and ∆TP among VS, CS and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawan Krajangta
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
| | - Awiruth Klaisiri
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
| | - Seelassaya Leelaponglit
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
| | - Nicha Intralawan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
| | - Pantaree Tiansuwan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University
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Doğu Kaya B, Yılmaz Atalı P, Özmen S, Öztürk S, Tarçın B. Effect of an Effervescent Multivitamin on Color and Surface Roughness of Micro-Hybrid Dental Resin Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1040. [PMID: 38473512 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of multivitamins has become widespread globally, yet there is a scarcity of studies investigating their impact on resin composite restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an effervescent multivitamin tablet on micro-hybrid dental resin composites' surface roughness and color. Fifty disc-shaped samples (8 × 2 mm, shade A2; n = 10) were prepared and polished using five different micro-hybrid resin composites (Pergamon, Dentac, Turkey; Estelite Posterior, Tokuyama, Japan; Geanial Anterior, GC, Japan; Charisma Opal, Kulzer, Germany; Beautifil II, Shofu, USA). Samples were immersed in 200 mL water to one effervescent multivitamin tablet (Redoxon Triple Action, Bayer) at 24 °C for 2 min a day in 24 h intervals for 30 days. All samples' surface roughness (Ra) and ΔE(L*a*b) measurements were recorded at the beginning and end of the 30 days. The Wald chi-square and a two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (significance level p < 0.05). The resin composite type and exposure to the multivitamin had a statistically significant effect on Ra values (p < 0.05). The resin composite type had a statistically significant effect on ΔE values, likely due to the higher mean value of BII (p = 0.040). The surface roughness and color of resin composites can be affected by multivitamins with a pH value of 3.0. Therefore, it is important to consider the patient's routine vitamin intake during resin composite selection. Additional research is required to explore the properties of different dental restorative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengü Doğu Kaya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Pınar Yılmaz Atalı
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Seda Özmen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34728, Turkey
| | - Selinsu Öztürk
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Bilge Tarçın
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
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Farshi P, Amamcharla J, Getty K, Smith JS. Effect of Immersion Time of Chicken Breast in Potato Starch Coating Containing Lysine on PhIP Levels. Foods 2024; 13:222. [PMID: 38254522 PMCID: PMC10814811 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of immersion time of chicken breasts in potato starch (PS) coating containing amino acids (AAs) on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) and to evaluate a possible mechanism to inhibit the formation of PhIP in chicken breasts during frying. The chicken breasts with standardized dimensions were dipped in the potato starch (PS) coating solution containing 0.25% w/v lysine (Lys) for different times (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). After drying the coating on the chickens, samples were fried at 195 °C for 7.5 min on each side. Results showed that the immersion time does not significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the PhIP level, suggesting that 15 min immersion time is enough for PhIP reduction compared to the control chicken samples (without coating). Phenylacetaldehyde (PheAce) was increased in chicken breast coated with PS-0.25% Lys after frying, suggesting that there should be another pathway to prevent the formation of PhIP by the addition of PS-0.25% Lys. Volatile compound analysis also confirmed this and showed increases in many aroma compounds in the coated chicken. Moreover, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were shown between the cooking loss percentage, color parameters, texture profile, and tenderness of chicken with the PS-0.25% coating and chicken without coating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Scott Smith
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (P.F.); (J.A.); (K.G.)
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Naffah N, Ounsi H, Ozcan M, Salameh Z. Evaluation of the Color Stability of Three Resin-Ceramic Materials Using a Spectrophotometer and a Digital Photography Software. Contemp Clin Dent 2024; 15:44-50. [PMID: 38707666 PMCID: PMC11068248 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_656_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin ceramics allow easier milling than glass ceramics but are suspected to be more stainable. Although Photoshop® is widely used for picture analysis, its potential for shade selection has not been properly assessed. Aim Purpose primary: To evaluate the color stability of three CAD/CAM resin ceramics and Lithium Disilicate. Secondary: to compare the color evaluation between a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade compact) and Photoshop software. Materials and Methods Three CAD/CAM resin ceramic materials (n = 10) and a fourth group of lithium disilicate were used. Half of each group were thermocycled (5°C and 55°C; 3000 cycles). All samples were immersed in colored beverages (coffee, tea and red wine) for 30 days. Values were obtained by spectrophotometry and photographs analyzed using Photoshop software. The parameters measured were CIEL*a*b, and the color difference (ΔE) was analyzed. A mixed model test was used to compare the results through time and materials (α = 0.05). The comparison between the spectrophotometer and Photoshop results was performed using the bivariate Pearson's correlation test. Results Lithium disilicate glass ceramic exhibited less color change (ΔE = 14) than resin ceramics (15.7 < ΔE < 18.7). The least change was noted with GC Cerasmart (ΔE = 15.7) followed by Vita Enamic (ΔE = 17*) and Brilliant Crios (ΔE = 18.7*). Spectrophotometer and Photoshop values showed low correlations. Conclusions Resin ceramics may suffer from color change in clinical use. Photoshop is technique sensitive; pictures are easily affected by the light conditions and camera settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Naffah
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Ounsi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Mutlu Ozcan
- University of Zurich, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziad Salameh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Nascimento VA, Bento VAA, Cruz KH, Silva LS, Pesqueira AA, Pellizzer EP. Color stability and surface roughness of resin-ceramics with different surface treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00567-X. [PMID: 37805289 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Surface treatments for resin-ceramics have been developed to obtain a smooth surface and improve color stability. However, a consensus on the best treatment for these materials is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the color stability and roughness of glass-ceramics versus resin-ceramics with different surface treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the study was registered in the open science framework (OSF) for in vitro studies. The population, intervention, control, and outcome (PICO) question was "Is there a difference in color stability and roughness between resin-ceramic vs vitreous ceramics in different surface treatment protocols?" A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases up to January 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical assessment guidelines for quasi-experimental studies were used for quality assessment. The meta-analysis was based on the inverse variance (IV) method (α=.05). RESULTS A total of 18 laboratory studies were published between 2015 and 2022, with a total of 2160 specimens, all of which were analyzed qualitatively. The meta-analysis indicated significantly less optical alteration for lithium disilicate ceramics (P<.01; MD: 2.69; 95% CI: 2.00-3.39; I²=89%, P<.01), even when compared with resin-ceramics with polish or sealants (P<.01; MD: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.59-3.30; I²=87%, P<.01) and (P<.01; MD: 3.24; 95% CI: 2.02-4.47; I²=89%, P<.01), while there was no significant difference in surface roughness (P=.08; MD: -0.71; CI 95%: -1.52 to 0.09; I²=87%, P<.01) (P=.33; MD: -0.31; CI 95%: -0.94 to 0.32; I²=87%, P<.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Resin-ceramics that have been polished or treated with sealants have lower color stability than glazed glass-ceramics; however, they are similar in terms of surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alves Nascimento
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Augusto Alves Bento
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin Henrique Cruz
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Scaion Silva
- Postgraduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Piza Pellizzer
- Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Alamoush RA, Yang J, Alhotan A, Haider J, Matinlinna JP, Elraggal A. The effect of in-office bleaching agents on the Vickers hardness and surface topography of polished and unpolished CAD/CAM composite materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15341. [PMID: 37714943 PMCID: PMC10504265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In-office bleaching, using hydrogen peroxide, is effective to remove dental enamel stains. However, bleaching agents can deteriorate surface properties of CAD-CAM materials. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of in-office bleaching agents on Vickers hardness and surface topography of polished and unpolished dental CAD-CAM composite materials (Grandio blocs, Lava Ultimate, BRILLIANT Crios, Cerasmart), and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network block (Vita Enamic). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups: unpolished or polished. The micro-hardness and surface topography of each group were measured before bleaching, after a 60 min bleaching period, and 24-h and one-month post-bleaching. In-office bleaching significantly influenced the Vickers hardness of both the polished and unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks, with Vita Enamic exhibiting the least hardness stability among all groups. Furthermore, in-office bleaching significantly influenced the surface roughness of unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks. There was a significant difference in hardness reduction between the polished and unpolished specimens for most of the investigated materials at different time points. The bleaching did not influence the surface roughness of the investigated polished group, except for Vita Enamic and Lava Ultimate. However, it did influence the surface roughness of the investigated materials in the unpolished group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Alamoush
- Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 11545, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alaaeldin Elraggal
- Operative Dentistry, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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11
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Dayı B, Öcal F. Evaluation of the effects of whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite on surface roughness and color change in restorative materials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15692. [PMID: 37465159 PMCID: PMC10351516 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of whitening toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite on the surfaces of restorative materials are not well known. This study evaluated the changes in surface roughness and color of coffee-stained restorative materials after brushing with nanohydroxyapatite and other whitening toothpastes. Methods Disc-shaped specimens were formed using microhybrid, nanohybrid, and supra-nano-filled composite (n = 30) and stained with a coffee solution. A brushing simulation was applied with toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite (Dentiste Plus White), perlite (Signal White System) and hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Optic White) for 7, 15, and 30 days. Color and surface roughness measurements were taken before and after brushing. Color change (∆E00) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system. Results Supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, and nanohybrid composite-Signal White System were the groups with the greatest color change observed on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. The smallest color change was seen in the microhybrid composite-Signal White System, microhybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, and nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White groups on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. No significant surface roughness changes were observed in the nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, or supra-nano-filled composite-Signal White System groups. Conclusions Whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite provided a high degree of color change in the short term and did not create significant surface roughness in nanohybrid or supra-nano-filled composites.
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Hickel R, Mesinger S, Opdam N, Loomans B, Frankenberger R, Cadenaro M, Burgess J, Peschke A, Heintze SD, Kühnisch J. Revised FDI criteria for evaluating direct and indirect dental restorations-recommendations for its clinical use, interpretation, and reporting. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2573-2592. [PMID: 36504246 PMCID: PMC10264483 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The FDI criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect dental restorations were first published in 2007 and updated in 2010. Meanwhile, their scientific use increased steadily, but several questions from users justified some clarification and improvement of the living document. MATERIALS AND METHODS An expert panel (N = 10) initiated the revision and consensus process that included a kick-off workshop and multiple online meetings by using the Delphi method. During and after each round of discussion, all opinions were collected, and the aggregated summary was presented to the experts aiming to adjust the wording of the criteria as precisely as possible. Finally, the expert panel agreed on the revision. RESULTS Some categories were redefined, ambiguities were cleared, and the descriptions of all scores were harmonized to cross-link different clinical situations with possible management strategies: reviewing/monitoring (score 1-4), refurbishment/reseal (score 3), repair (score 4), and replacement (score 5). Functional properties (domain F: fracture of material and retention, marginal adaptation, proximal contact, form and contour, occlusion and wear) were now placed at the beginning followed by biological (domain B: caries at restoration margin, hard tissue defects, postoperative hypersensitivity) and aesthetic characteristics (domain A: surface luster and texture, marginal staining, color match). CONCLUSION The most frequently used eleven categories of the FDI criteria set were revised for better understanding and handling. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The improved description and structuring of the criteria may help to standardize the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations and may enhance their acceptance by researchers, teachers, and dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sabine Mesinger
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niek Opdam
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Loomans
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Frankenberger
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Pediatric Dentistry Medical Center for Dentistry, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Milena Cadenaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and Children's Hospital "Burlo Garofolo," Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - John Burgess
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Arnd Peschke
- IvoclarVivadent AG, Research & Development, Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Alshehri A, Alhalabi F, Robaian A, Abuelqomsan MAS, Alshabib A, Ismail E, Alzamil F, Alotaibi N, Algamaiah H. No-Cap Flowable Bulk-Fill Composite: Physico-Mechanical Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081847. [PMID: 37111994 PMCID: PMC10144174 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A newer class of flowable bulk-fill resin-based composite (BF-RBC) materials requires no capping layer (Palfique Bulk flow, PaBF, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan). The objective of this study was to assess the flexural strength, microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability of PaBF compared to two BF-RBCs with different consistencies. (2) Methods: PaBF, SDR Flow composite (SDRf: Charlotte, NC, USA) and One Bulk fill (OneBF: 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) were evaluated for flexural strength with a universal testing machine, surface microhardness using a pyramidal Vickers indenter, and surface roughness using a high-resolution three-dimensional non-contact optical profiler, a and clinical spectrophotometer to measure the color stability of each BF-RBC material. (3) Results: OneBF presented statistically higher flexural strength and microhardness than PaBF or SDRf. Both PaBF and SDRf presented significantly less surface roughness compared with OneBF. Water storage significantly reduced the flexural strength and increased the surface roughness of all tested materials. Only SDRf showed significant color change after water storage. (4) Conclusions: The physico-mechanical properties of PaBF do not support its use without a capping layer in the stress bearing areas. PaBF showed less flexural strength compared with OneBF. Therefore, its use should be limited to a small restoration with minimal occlusal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshehri
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feras Alhalabi
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Robaian
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A S Abuelqomsan
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Ismail
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alzamil
- College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alotaibi
- College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Algamaiah
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Ferrini F, Paolone G, Di Domenico GL, Pagani N, Gherlone EF. SEM Evaluation of the Marginal Accuracy of Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Composite Single Crowns Created by CAD/CAM Method: Comparative Analysis of Different Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2413. [PMID: 36984293 PMCID: PMC10058296 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate the marginal accuracy of crowns created by CAD/CAM. (2) Methods: A customized chrome-cobalt (Cr-Co) implant abutment simulating a maxillary right first molar was fixed in a hemi-maxillary stone model and scanned. In total, 27 crowns were fabricated, including 9 lithium disilicate crowns, 9 composite crowns, and 9 zirconia crowns. The measurements were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Descriptive analysis was performed using the mean and standard deviation, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to determine whether the marginal discrepancies were significantly different between each group (p < 0.05). (3) Results: The lowest marginal gap value was reported for zirconia (21.45 ± 12.58 µm), followed by composite (44.7 ± 24.96 µm) and lithium disilicate (62.28 ± 51.8 µm). The Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in the mean marginal gaps between different materials. (4) Conclusions: The proposed digital workflow can be a viable alternative for fixed prosthetic rehabilitations. The best performance in terms of marginal gap was achieved by zirconia crowns, but all three materials demonstrate marginal closure below the clinically accepted threshold value (120 µm). Clinical significance: although significant differences were reported, the investigated CAD/CAM materials showed clinically acceptable marginal gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrini
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Paolone
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicolò Pagani
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Felice Gherlone
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Translucency of CAD/CAM and Printable Composite Materials for Permanent Dental Restorations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061443. [PMID: 36987234 PMCID: PMC10053127 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the translucency of CAD/CAM and printable composite materials for fixed dental prostheses (FDP). Eight A3 composite materials (7 CAD/CAM and 1 printable) for FPD were used to prepare a total of 150 specimens. CAD/CAM materials, all characterized by two different opacity levels, were: Tetric CAD (TEC) HT/MT; Shofu Block HC (SB) HT/LT; Cerasmart (CS) HT/LT; Brilliant Crios (BC) HT/LT; Grandio Bloc (GB) HT/LT; Lava Ultimate (LU) HT/LT, Katana Avencia (KAT) LT/OP. The printable system was Permanent Crown Resin. 1.0 mm-thick specimens were cut from commercial CAD/CAM blocks using a water-cooled diamond saw, or 3D printed. Measurements were performed using a benchtop spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Contrast Ratio (CR), Translucency Parameter (TP), and Translucency Parameter 00 (TP00) were calculated. One Way ANOVA followed by Tukey test for post hoc were performed for each of the translucency system. The tested materials exhibited a wide range of translucency values. CR ranged from 59 to 84, TP from 15.75 to 8.96, TP00 from 12.47 to 6.31. KAT(OP) and CS(HT) showed, respectively, the lowest and highest translucency for CR, TP and TP00. Due to the significant range of reported translucency values, clinicians should exercise caution when choosing the most appropriate material, especially considering factors such as substrate masking, and the necessary clinical thickness.
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Effect of aging on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials. J Dent 2023; 130:104423. [PMID: 36642325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of aging procedures on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials. METHODS 6 CAD/CAM composite materials (Brilliant CRIOS, Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Tetric CAD, Shofu Block HC, Grandio Blocs) were tested. 10 CAD/CAM fabricated specimens of each material polished according to manufacturers' recommendations, were subjected to one of the following aging procedures; immersion in coffee (30 days, 37οC), water thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5-55 °C) and photoaging (150,000 kJ/m2). Color, gloss and surface roughness measurements were performed before and after aging and the respective changes were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis tests, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (a = 0.05). RESULTS Color changes ranged from 3.03 to 4.13 after coffee immersion, from 1.33 to 2.55 after thermocycling and from 1.02 to 2.75 after photoaging. No statistically significant differences for ΔE*ab were found among materials after coffee immersion and thermocycling (p>0.05). Gloss changes ranged from -5.7 to -1.6 GU after coffee immersion, from -2.3 to 0.1 GU after thermocycling and from -4.4 to 0.5 GU after photoaging. No significant differences in gloss changes were found among materials after aging (p>0.05). Tetric CAD demonstrated the significantly lower gloss and the higher surface roughness after polishing. Except for gloss after thermocycling, aging procedures caused significant alteration of gloss and surface roughness parameters from baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS Aging procedures caused perceptible but acceptable color changes and small but visible gloss changes, while surface roughness parameters of the tested CAD/CAM composite materials were significantly affected by aging. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Aging procedures affected CAD/CAM composite materials indicating that these materials may be prone to color and surface alterations in the oral environment that could compromise the esthetics and the performance of the restorations. Clinical studies are needed to investigate the long-term behavior of the newly introduced CAD/CAM materials.
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Shiozawa M, Tsuchida Y, Suzuki T, Takahashi H. Discoloration of fiber-reinforced composite resin disc for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing after immersion in coffee and curry solutions. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:64-71. [PMID: 36244740 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the discoloration of fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRC) disc materials. The color differences (ΔEs) of three CAD/CAM disc materials, FRC with different fiber orientations, composite resin, and polyether-ether-ketones were evaluated after month-long immersion in water, coffee, and curry. The ΔEs of all materials after coffee and curry immersion increased with increasing immersion periods, while those after water immersion barely increased. FRC exhibited a smaller color difference and water sorption value than composite resin and a greater color difference and water sorption value than polyether-ether-ketones. The ΔEs after coffee immersion were significantly correlated with the water sorption value. The ΔE of FRC with fiber orientations perpendicular to the surface was greater than that of FRC with fiber orientations parallel to the surface, likely due to greater exposure of the matrix-fiber interface. This result suggested that the fiber orientations of FRC affected the discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shiozawa
- Department of Oral Prosthetic Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Digital Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Course for Oral Health Engineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Color Stability of Polymer-Based Composite CAD/CAM Blocks: A Systematic Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020464. [PMID: 36679343 PMCID: PMC9865673 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aims to evaluate the color stability of resin composite CAD/CAM blocks (CCB) when submitted to staining solutions. METHODS A systematic search was performed on different databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science). Search terms were: 'polymer infiltrated', 'polymer-based', 'resin nanoceramic', 'resin ceramic', 'hybrid composite', 'hybrid ceramic', 'composite ceramic', 'resin infiltrated', 'CAD-CAM', 'CAD/CAM', 'color stability', 'staining', 'staining susceptibility', 'color change', 'color difference'. INCLUSION CRITERIA in vitro articles published in the English language until 18 September 2022 without initial time restriction evaluating the color stability of CCB when submitted to staining solutions. EXCLUSION CRITERIA studies investigating color change induced by smoke or whitening treatments; studies not including a clinical evaluation of the results using the thresholds for color perceptibility and acceptability. Risk of bias assessment using the QUIN tool. FINDINGS Out of the 378 initially retrieved articles, 19 were included in this review. They investigated 17 different CCBs and different artificial staining by liquid protocols, including coffee, red wine, tea, and cola. CCBs exceeded clinical acceptability thresholds for color shift in 18 out of 19 studies, with a significantly higher color stability than conventional hybrid resin-based composites (RBCs), and a significantly lower color stability than ceramic materials. The identified differences in CCBs in color stability can be attributed to the material's composition, but also to the heterogeneity of staining procedures. Interpretation and clinical implication: Clinicians should be aware that, although to a lower degree when compared to RBCs used in direct or indirect procedures, CCBs undergo color changes to a higher degree in comparison to ceramic materials.
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Room-temperature rapid self-assembled biocompatible MOFs as an Instant, temporary tooth sealant. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Al Ahmari NM, Alahmari MA, Al Moaleem MM, Alshahrani RSA, Alqahtani FF, Mohammed WS, Al-Makramani BMA, Mehta V, Meto A, Meto A. Physical, Optical, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Materials after Coffee Immersion and Evaluation of Cleaning Impact with Different Oral Hygiene Tools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15047. [PMID: 36429767 PMCID: PMC9690395 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three oral hygiene tools, a regular toothbrush, an electronic toothbrush, and mouthwash, on the color stability of three different computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufactured (CAM) ceramic blocks. Feldspathic ceramic (Vita Triluxe Forte), hybrid resin ceramic (Vita Enamic), and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD) were used in this study. A CAD/CAM system and 81 (27 of each material) samples of ceramic blocks were used. All samples were immersed in black coffee for 15 days, and the coffee was changed twice per day. Using a spectrophotometer probe, samples on a grey background were scanned, and physical properties like surface hardness and depth were measured using interferometry and a 3D non-contact surface metrology. After 30 days of application of oral hygiene tools, instruments were used to measure various physical, mechanical, and optical properties. Vita Triluxe had the highest average color variation values (ΔE00) after 15 and 30 days of immersion in coffee in both regular and electronic toothbrushes. Moreover, IPS e.max CAD had the least ΔE00 values with no significant differences among the groups. The surface roughness (Ra) of the Vita Enamic ceramic increased when using a regular toothbrush, and the surface height (Rz) for the Vita Enamic ceramic increased when an electronic toothbrush was used. IPS e.max CAD had the greatest modules of elasticity forces, and Vita Triluxe Forte had the lowest when used with a regular toothbrush. The ΔE00 values of the tested materials were minimally increased or decreased after 30 days of cleaning, and all were clinically acceptable. Ra and Rz were the highest for Vita Enamic in comparison to the other groups. The highest percentage in IPS e.max CAD was associated with a type 1 fracture, whereas type 3 was predominantly observed with Vita Enamic, and type 2 in the Vita Triluxe group without significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Al Ahmari
- Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram A. Alahmari
- Saudi Board Prosthodontic Resident, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Al Moaleem
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibn al-Nafis for Medical Sciences, Sana’a 4337, Yemen
| | | | - Fatimah F. Alqahtani
- Dental Interns, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Saeed Mohammed
- Dental Interns, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar M. A. Al-Makramani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vini Mehta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India
| | - Aida Meto
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Aldent, 1007 Tirana, Albania
- Clinical Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Agron Meto
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Aldent, 1007 Tirana, Albania
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Tanthanuch S, Kukiattrakoon B, Naiyanart C, Promtong T, Yothinwatthanabamrung P, Pumpua S. Effect of Mouthwashes for COVID-19 Prevention on Surface Changes of Resin Composites. Int Dent J 2022:S0020-6539(22)00230-1. [PMID: 36443136 PMCID: PMC9581797 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of various mouthwashes for COVID-19 prevention on surface hardness, roughness, and colour changes of bulk-fill and conventional resin composites and determine the pH and titratable acidity of mouthwashes. METHODS Four hundred eighty specimens were fabricated in cylindrical moulds (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). Before immersion, baseline data of surface hardness, roughness, and colour values were recorded. Each product of specimens (Filtek Z350XT, Premise, Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, SonicFil 2) were divided into 4 groups for 0.2% povidone iodine, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and deionised water (serving as a control). The specimens were immersed in mouthwashes for 1 minute and then stored in artificial saliva until 24 hours. This process was repeated for 14 days. After immersion, surface hardness, roughness, and colour values of specimens were measured at 7 and 14 days. The data were statistically analysed by 2-way repeated analysis of variance, Tukey honestly significant difference, and t test (P < .05). RESULTS After immersion, all mouthwashes caused significantly lower surface hardness and greater roughness and colour values (P < .05) on all resin composites tested. CONCLUSIONS Mouthwashes had an effect on all resin composites evaluated leading to a significant decreased surface hardness and an increased roughness and colour values (P < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boonlert Kukiattrakoon
- Corresponding author. Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Kanchanavanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Yeslam HE, AlZahrani SJ. Time-dependent effect of intense capsule-coffee and bleaching on the color of resin-infiltrated enamel white spot lesions: an in vitro study. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14135. [PMID: 36221260 PMCID: PMC9548318 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common problem that can be conservatively managed by resin infiltration. Consumption of dark beverages such as coffee causes staining of dental hard tissues, which can deteriorate the esthetic qualities of treated WSLs. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of dark coffee heavy consumption on ICON® resin infiltrated WSLs and the influence of bleaching on them after staining. Methods Twenty surfaces from sound human extracted third molars were used in the study. Two square-shaped buccal and lingual window areas had artificially created WSLs (received buccal resin infiltration afterward). Using VITA Easyshade, the baseline ΔE was recorded. Espresso coffee was used to immerse all surfaces for 8 days. The color coordinates according to CIE LAB were recorded for all surfaces at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of immersion, and ΔE was calculated at each timepoint. After 8 days, in-office bleaching was applied to all surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions and the color. Coordinates and ΔE were recorded. For statistical analysis, an independent sample t-test was used to compare each group. A general linear mixed model (GLMM) repeated measure ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis of L*and changes due to staining over time. Results Analysis of time as a main effect on the L values of surfaces was statistically highly significant (p < 0.01). The interaction of time with surfaces under investigation and type of surface (test vs. control) as a main effect were non-significant (p = 0.47 and p = 0.35, respectively). Bleaching showed a significant difference in color lightness in both test and control surfaces compared to the mean L value at 8 days of staining (p < 0.01). Conclusion Capsule-coffee consumption gradually influences the esthetic of resin infiltration on treated teeth. However, bleaching materials might restore an esthetic shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin E. Yeslam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed J. AlZahrani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ebaya MM, Ali AI, El-Haliem HA, Mahmoud SH. Color stability and surface roughness of ormocer- versus methacrylate-based single shade composite in anterior restoration. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:430. [PMID: 36167560 PMCID: PMC9513900 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blending ability of universal shade composites and their stability in the oral environment are of great concern in restoring anterior teeth. This study aims to evaluate and compare the color stability and surface roughness of two single-shade composite restorations, ormocer-based composite (OBC) and methacrylate resin-based composite (RBC), after storing them in different staining media.
Materials and methods In this study, two universal shade composite restorative materials were tested: a nanohybrid OBC (Admira fusion X-tra, Voco) and a supra-nanofilled RBC (Omnichroma, Toukyama). In total, 60 cylindrical centralized cavities (diameter: 5 mm, depth: 2 mm) were prepared in sound extracted-human central incisors and divided into two equal groups according to the restorative material used (n = 30). According to the storage media, the teeth of each group were divided into three subgroups (n = 10): artificial saliva, black tea, and cola. The restoration color was evaluated for all teeth at baseline and after four weeks of storage. The color stability (∆E) was measured using a reflective spectrophotometer (X-Rite, model RM200QC, Neu-Isenburg, Germany). The surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using three-dimensional optical profilometry (Wyko, Model NT 1100, Veeco, Tucson, USA). Additionally, the extracted data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test.
Results In the baseline evaluation, there were no statistically significant differences with respect to color matching or surface roughness results between the two studied restorative materials. However, the differences were statistically significant after storing them in different media. Conclusion Universal composites showed satisfactory color matching with different teeth colors and accepted surface smoothness, whereas the aging procedure exerted a negative effect on their color stability and surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Ebaya
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf I Ali
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Huda Abed El-Haliem
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt
| | - Salah Hasab Mahmoud
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Algomhoria Street, Po (box) 35516, Mansoura, Aldakhlia, Egypt.
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Lee WF, Takahashi H, Huang SY, Zhang JZ, Teng NC, Peng PW. Effects of At-Home and In-Office Bleaching Agents on the Color Recovery of Esthetic CAD-CAM Restorations after Red Wine Immersion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3891. [PMID: 36146038 PMCID: PMC9503437 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of at-home and in-office bleaching agents on esthetic CAD-CAM materials after red wine immersion by measuring their optical properties. Sixty specimens were prepared out of three esthetic CAD-CAM materials: Vita Enamic, Celtra Duo, and Ceresmart (n = 20). All specimens were immersed in a red wine solution, and color measurements were performed. Specimens were randomly divided (n = 10) according to the bleaching procedure (in office, at home), bleaching durations were set to 3 time points, and color measurements were performed. According to the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) L* a* b* parameters, CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00), translucency parameters (TP00), and whiteness index values (ΔWID) after wine staining and after bleaching were calculated. Data were analyzed using the Mann−Whitney U-test, the Kruskal−Wallis test, and a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05). ΔE00, ΔTP00, and ΔWID decreased with an increase in bleaching treatment. ΔE00 after the final bleaching treatment of in-office bleaching ranged from 1.7 to 2.0, whereas those of in-office treatment ranged from 0.4 to 1.1. All ΔTP00 and ΔWID after the final treatment were below the 50:50% perceptibility thresholds (ΔTP00 < 0.6, and ΔWID < 0.7). Significant differences in ΔE00, ΔTP00, and ΔWID among esthetic CAD-CAM materials were found between CD and CE. In the present study, color recovery after at-home and in-office bleaching appeared to be material-dependent. In-office bleaching showed more effective recovery comparing to at-home bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Course for Oral Engineering, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Shiun-Yi Huang
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Zhen Zhang
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Peng
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Elsaka S, Taibah S, Elnaghy A. Effect of staining beverages and bleaching on optical properties of a CAD/CAM nanohybrid and nanoceramic restorative material. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:96. [PMID: 35346162 PMCID: PMC8958766 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the optical properties of nanohybrid Grandio (GR) and nanoceramic Lava Ultimate (LU) CAD/CAM restorative materials subjected to different beverage solutions and subsequently bleached. Methods Five groups of each restorative material (n = 20/group, shade A2-high translucent) were immersed in distilled water, coffee, tea, cola, and ginger for one week. Changes in whiteness index, translucency parameter, and color changes of the specimens were evaluated. The data of color measurements after staining, bleaching, and the residual differences were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests at the significance level of P < 0.05. Results LU and GR revealed the highest differences in whiteness index after coffee staining (P < 0.001). GR revealed lower translucency parameter differences after staining with coffee than LU (P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in translucency changes between LU and GR after staining with tea, cola, or ginger (P > 0.05). LU revealed significantly greater color changes than GR after staining (P < 0.001). Conclusions LU nanoceramic CAD/CAM restorative material revealed higher color changes than GR nanohybrid material. Staining beverage solutions had a distinct influence on the optical properties of the tested CAD/CAM restorative materials.
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Silva J, Engler MLPD, Baumgardt Barbosa Lima R, Jesús Suarez M, Guy Oliver Salomon JP, Maziero Volpato CA. Color stability of a resin nanoceramic after surface treatments, adhesive cementation, and thermal aging. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 127:498.e1-498.e8. [PMID: 34973836 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Whether color changes in resin nanoceramic (RNC) restorations can occur because of material and adhesive interface degradation is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color of RNCs submitted to surface treatments, cementation, and aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS RNC specimens (N=120) were produced with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The No Treatment-High/Low Translucency (NT-HT/LT) groups did not receive treatments; the Airborne-particle Abrasion-High/Low Translucency (AA-HT/LT) groups were airborne-particle abraded, and the Airborne-particle Abrasion Silane-High/Low Translucency (AASIL-HT/LT) groups received airborne-particle abrasion and a silane agent. Single specimens (n=60) were measured on a spectrophotometer before and after aging (50 000 cycles). The other half was mounted on composite resin bases and measured. The cleaned specimens were cemented (C) on the bases and measured (T0 and T1). ΔE00, ΔL', ΔC', and ΔH' were obtained by using the CIEDE2000 formula and analyzed by using ANOVA and repeated-measures ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were made by using the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). RESULTS For single specimens, the greatest ΔE00 values were observed in the AA-T1-LT resin (5.87). For mounted and cemented conditions, the greatest ΔE00 values were found in the AA-C-T1-LT resin (1.74), and the ΔE00 ranged from 0.75 (NT-OL) to 1.44 (AASIL-C-T1) for the HT resin (P<.001). The mounted and cemented specimens tended toward red and yellow, whereas lighter specimens were observed after cementation. CONCLUSIONS Aging affected the color of the RNCs evaluated. The single specimens showed greater color differences than the cemented specimens, reinforcing the importance of the adhesive cement in the optical behavior of thin restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Silva
- PhD student, Center for Education and Research on Dental Implants, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Madalena Lucia Pinheiro Dias Engler
- PhD student, Center for Education and Research on Dental Implants, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Baumgardt Barbosa Lima
- PhD student, Center for Education and Research on Dental Implants, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria Jesús Suarez
- Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Buccofacial Prosthesis, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Angela Maziero Volpato
- Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Adawi HA, Al Moaleem MM, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M, Qahhar MA, Muharraq SM, Alghazali NA. Assessment of Color Stainability of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Ceramic Materials After Hot and Cold Coffee Immersion at Different Time Intervals. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932745. [PMID: 34601487 PMCID: PMC8496336 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This spectrophotometric study assessed the color stability of CAD/CAM restorative materials with different exposed surfaces following staining by hot Arabic Qahwa and cold coffee. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-six specimens were fabricated from 3 different CAD/CAM ceramic materials: Vita Suprinity (Vita-S), Vita Enamic (Vita-E), and Vitablocs Mark II (Vitablocs-MII). We divided 32 specimens for each group into glazed or polished surfaces, with 16 specimens in each group, then subdivided them according to staining materials: Arabic Qahwa and Frappuccino Cold Coffee. Color of specimens was measured during immersion in staining materials (BEFORE) as baseline with (Vita classic) and (L, a, b), for average color changes (ΔE₀₀), then remeasured after 2, 4, and 12 weeks, and described as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd measurements for VITAPAN Classic shade and T1, T2, and T3 for ΔE00 values using the CIE L*a*b* equation. We performed ANOVA and then post hoc testing. RESULTS We found significant differences in ΔE₀₀ values during immersing in hot Arabic Qahwa and cold coffee for tested materials in glazed or polished specimens. Polished specimens of Vita-S and Vita-E had the highest color changing and staining compared to glazed surfaces. Vitablocs-MII had the best color stability through immersion periods. Moreover, there were changes in relation to VITAPAN Classic shade guide for both Vita-S and Vita-E specimens during different immersion periods. CONCLUSIONS Coffee caused staining and contamination of ceramic material. Values of ΔE₀₀ for tested ceramic materials were significantly different but were within the clinically acceptable range. Polished specimens showed higher staining; therefore, we highly recommend re-glazing of ceramic restorations to maintain color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz A. Adawi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Al Moaleem
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Al Ahmari
- Department of Prosthetic, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Department of Prosthetic, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Qahhar
- General Practitioner, Altuwal General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nabiel A. Alghazali
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Prosthodontics, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
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Odabas T, Hajiyev R, Gultekin A, Atakoglu OO, Harorli OT. Can We Prevent Coffee Stains on Teeth? J Med Food 2021; 24:1331-1339. [PMID: 34160286 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates whether some common beverages treated before coffee could protect or increase tooth staining caused by coffee. Initial color of 50 incisor teeth were measured with a spectrophotometer and recorded according to CIELAB color system. Teeth were randomly divided into five groups, water (control), milk, green tea, orange juice, and cola (n = 10) and were kept in selected beverage for 10 min. Immediately afterward, they were immersed in coffee and allowed to stand for 24 h. The treatment was repeated for 5 days. At the end of the fifth day, L*a*b* color measurements of the teeth were repeated. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium changes on representative teeth surfaces were also investigated with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Color differences were calculated with both CIEab and CIE00 formulas. Groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis test complemented by the Bonferroni correction and Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons (P = .05). The teeth submitted to coffee challenges after distillated water or beverages showed a perceptible color change. Soaking in cola or orange juice before coffee immersion caused severe tooth discoloration. All the beverages tested here were not able to protect the tooth from coffee staining. People should be informed that some acidic beverages consumed before a coffee can worsen the coffee-based tooth discolorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Odabas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Rufat Hajiyev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gultekin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Ozer Atakoglu
- Department of Geology, Engineering Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Tolga Harorli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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ŞİŞMANOĞLU S, GÜRCAN AT. Evaluation of Stain Susceptibility of Different CAD/CAM Blocks After Immersion in Coffee. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.840660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tango RN, Todorović A, Stamenković D, Karasan DN, Sailer I, Paravina RD. Effect of Staining and Aging on Translucency Parameter of CAD-CAM Materials. Acta Stomatol Croat 2021; 55:2-9. [PMID: 33867532 PMCID: PMC8033622 DOI: 10.15644/asc55/1/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate different intervals of exposure to staining solutions and artificial aging on translucency parameter (TP00) of CAD-CAM materials. Material and Methods One millimeter thick square-shaped specimens (N = 288) were cut from Cerasmart (CS), IPS e.max (IE), Lava Ultimate (LU), Shofu HC (SH), Vita Enamic (VE), and Vita Suprinity (VS) and were divided into laboratory and chairside polishing. Reflection wavelength spectra, CIE D65 standard illuminant, 2 ° standard observer, SCI, UV included, SAV aperture, 6 mm diameter, were recorded at 10 nm sensitivity against white and black calibration tiles using a benchtop spectrophotometer. Subsequently, they were converted into CIEDE 2000 TP00. After baseline measurements (T0), the specimens were divided as follows (n = 8): staining in coffee (C) and wine (W), for 60 (T1) and 120 hours (T2), and accelerated artificial aging (A). Artificial aging (ISO 4892-2 standard) was performed in two cycles of 150 KJ/m2, for T1 and T2, respectively. TP measurements were repeated at T1 and T2. Data of TP00 retention were submitted to analysis of variance and Fisher’s PLSD multiple comparison test (α=0.05). Results Fisher’s PLSD critical differences among materials, time intervals and staining/aging were 0.16, 0.11 and 0.11, respectively. SH showed the highest TP00 followed by LU > CS > IE = VS > VE. For all time intervals, the lowest TP00 retention was observed with C. W, and A presented similar values. Conclusions Translucency Parameter was a time and staining/aging-dependent material. In majority of cases, it decreased upon staining/aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Nisie Tango
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, State University of Sao Paulo School of Dentistry at Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil and Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics (HCBB), University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ana Todorović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Stamenković
- Private practice, Belgrade and Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics (HCBB), University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Duygu Narin Karasan
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irena Sailer
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rade Dušan Paravina
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics and Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics (HCBB), University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX
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Al-Haj Ali SN, Alsulaim HN, Albarrak MI, Farah RI. Spectrophotometric comparison of color stability of microhybrid and nanocomposites following exposure to common soft drinks among adolescents: an in vitro study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021; 22:675-683. [PMID: 33566286 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-021-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the color stability of a microhybrid and two nanocomposites after exposure to common soft drinks among adolescents. METHODS Ninety discs were prepared from a microhybrid (Filtek Z250) and two nanocomposites (Filtek Z350 and Tetric N-Ceram) (n = 30 each). Six discs from each material were then immersed in one of five drinks (iced tea, sports drink, orange juice, cola, and distilled water) for 15 days. Color measurement was performed at baseline and after 15 days using a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* system, and the change in color values as well as total color change (ΔE) was calculated and compared. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). RESULTS Significant change in color values and total color (ΔE > 3.3) was observed in the composite materials after immersion in the soft drinks compared to immersion in distilled water (ΔE < 3.3). The highest mean values were those of Filtek Z350, being significantly different from the rest of the materials. Independent of the composite material, iced tea resulted in the highest mean values, being significantly different from the rest of the drinks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION All soft drinks resulted in clinically unacceptable discoloration of the composite materials with maximum discoloration being that following immersion of composite materials, particularly Filtek Z350, in iced tea. Consequently, in dental practice, adolescents should be asked about their consumption of soft drinks, particularly iced tea, and made aware of their potential to discolor composite restorations if they are to receive them.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Al-Haj Ali
- Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, PO Box: 6700, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - H N Alsulaim
- College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Albarrak
- College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - R I Farah
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Color Stability of Dental Reinforced CAD/CAM Hybrid Composite Blocks Compared to Regular Blocks. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214722. [PMID: 33105868 PMCID: PMC7660196 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the color stability of dental reinforced computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) hybrid composite blocks to that of regular blocks. One hundred fifty disc-type specimens (n = 15) were prepared from five sets of hybrid composite blocks (Cerasmart-200/Cerasmart-300, KZR-CAD HR/KZR-CAD HR3, Estelite Block/ Estelite-P Block, Avencia Block/Avencia-P Block, Mazic Duro/Duro Ace). The specimen color and translucency parameter (TP) were assessed using a spectrophotometer before and after immersion in staining solutions (water, 10% ethanol, simulated red wine). Changes in color (ΔE) and translucency (ΔTP) of specimens were calculated. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Microstructural features of the hybrid composite blocks were also examined using FE-SEM. Immersion in deionized water or 10% ethanol made no significant color or translucency changes (except for Avencia-P Block); however, the simulated red wine caused significant changes to the color and translucency of almost all specimens, especially after 4 weeks of immersion. The reinforced hybrid blocks (except for Estelite-P Block and Duro Ace) showed lower color stability than corresponding regular blocks. Avencia-P Block showed significantly reduced color stability compared to Avencia Block. Even in deionized water and 10% ethanol, Avencia-P Block showed perceptible ΔE and decreased translucency. Estelite Block/ Estelite-P Block and Mazic Duro/Duro Ace showed better color stability than the other materials tested.
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Yang H, Chen R, Attin T, Cheng H, Yu H. Repolishing in situ eroded CAD/CAM restorative materials and human enamel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104125. [PMID: 33068923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repolishing on the surface microhardness (SMH), color change (ΔE), and translucency parameter (TP) of previously in situ eroded computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restorative materials and human enamel. Each of 8 volunteers wore an intraoral appliance containing 3 CAD/CAM restorative material specimens (IPS e.max CAD lithium disilicate ceramic, Lava Ultimate hybrid ceramic, and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) block) and 1 human enamel specimen. The specimens were subjected to in situ erosion cycles by rinsing with a cola drink (4 × 5 min/day) for 14 days. After erosion, the specimens were polished with a silicone polishing system (Ceramister, Shofu Inc, Kyoto, Japan). The SMH and color of the specimens were determined at baseline (T1), after erosion (T2), and after repolishing (T3). The ΔE and TP values of the specimens were further calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's test (α = 0.05). After erosion, a decrease in the SMH of the restorative materials and enamel was observed (all P < 0.001), and a decrease in the TP of the enamel was observed (P = 0.016). The ΔE values of the enamel (ΔE = 7.32) and Lava Ultimate (ΔE = 3.19) exceeded the clinically unacceptable threshold after erosion. After repolishing, the SMH of the restorative materials and enamel at T3 was significantly higher than that at T2 (all P < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the TP and ΔE values of the restorative materials and enamel between T2 and T3. In conclusion, erosion negatively affected the surface properties and appearance of the CAD/CAM restorative materials and human enamel. Repolishing contributed to restoring the compromised SMH of the eroded restorative materials and enamel to a certain extent. However, repolishing did not restore the color of the eroded restorative materials and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Run Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Cheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Koçak EF, Ekren O, Johnston WM, Uçar Y. Analysis of color differences in stained contemporary esthetic dental materials. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 126:438-445. [PMID: 32958303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Although contemporary analytical methods are available for application to data which exhibit a lack of equality of variances or a lack of normality in the error distribution, little guidance is provided for selecting the methods of data handling and analysis which best fit color difference data for stained esthetic materials. PURPOSE The purposes of this in vitro study were to apply information criteria of analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods of differing error distributions and covariance structures when analyzing color differences to determine the degree of alienation among 3 Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color difference formulae to assess the linearity of relationships among these formulae and to independently assess differences among various computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) materials in any color change after common forms of staining over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hybrid ceramic, resin nanoceramic, feldspathic-ceramic, and lithium-disilicate ceramic specimens (N=128) were subjected to staining from water, tea, coffee, and red wine over 1, 7, and 30 days, with color differences calculated from baseline. Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) values were determined for Gaussian and lognormal error distributions at covariance structures of standard variance components and compound-symmetry. The analysis of variance used to analyze any significant effects on these color differences was the one with the lowest AIC and BIC values. Then, for each solution, day, and CIE color difference formula, any significant difference in the color differences between all pairs of materials was found by Bonferroni-corrected Student t tests. Those statistically significant pairwise comparisons where the larger of the color differences met or exceeded the acceptability threshold were labeled as statistically and visually noteworthy. RESULTS For this color difference data set, the lognormal error distribution and the covariance structure of compound symmetry provided the best AIC and BIC. Because the interaction between material, solution, and day was statistically significant (P<.001), pairwise comparisons were made between all pairs of materials for each level of solution and day studied. Noteworthy differences were identified, where hybrid ceramic and resin nanoceramic each had color changes after staining in coffee and red wine that were greater than each of feldspathic-ceramic and lithium-disilicate ceramic. CONCLUSIONS AIC and BIC values evaluate distinctively the Gaussian and lognormal error distributions when analyzing highly varying color differences. Although there is a high linear correlation between the 3 color difference formulae studied, each formula is unique, and each represents a different assessment of the perceived color difference. CAD-CAM materials, staining liquids, and time points affected the notable color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Figen Koçak
- Lecturer, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry and the Abdi Sutcu Vocational School of Health Services, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - Orhun Ekren
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey; Associate Professor, Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - William M Johnston
- Professor Emeritus, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Yurdanur Uçar
- Professor, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey; Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey; Professor, Department Head, Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
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Al Amri MD, Labban N, Alhijji S, Alamri H, Iskandar M, Platt JA. In Vitro Evaluation of Translucency and Color Stability of CAD/CAM Polymer‐Infiltrated Ceramic Materials after Accelerated Aging. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:318-328. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad D. Al Amri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences College of Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Labban
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences College of Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alhijji
- Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alamri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences College of Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Platt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care Division of Dental Materials, Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN
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Gasparik C, Culic B, Varvara MA, Grecu A, Burde A, Dudea D. Effect of accelerated staining and bleaching on chairside CAD/CAM materials with high and low translucency. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:987-993. [PMID: 31511474 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of staining and bleaching on CAD/CAM materials with high (HT) and low translucency (LT or T). Samples were stored in coffee and subsequently bleached. CIELAB parameters were recorded at baseline, after coffee immersion, after bleaching. Translucency parameter (TP), whiteness index (WID) and color changes were calculated (ΔE00). Influence of staining and bleaching was analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA and color differences between materials were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Staining and bleaching significantly affected CIELAB parameters and WID for all materials (p<0.001). TP was significantly influenced by staining and bleaching for Crios and Enamic (p<0.05). Mean color differences were significantly different between materials (p<0.001). The greatest color changes due to staining were observed for Lava Ultimate while the lowest for e.max CAD. Both coffee staining and bleaching induced greater color changes for HT materials of the same brand compared to LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gasparik
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Bogdan Culic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Mihai Adrian Varvara
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Alexandru Grecu
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Alexandru Burde
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
| | - Diana Dudea
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
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Seyidaliyeva A, Rues S, Evagorou Z, Hassel AJ, Rammelsberg P, Zenthöfer A. Color stability of polymer‐infiltrated‐ceramics compared with lithium disilicate ceramics and composite. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2019; 32:43-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Seyidaliyeva
- Dental School, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stefan Rues
- Dental School, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Alexander J. Hassel
- Dental School, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Rammelsberg
- Dental School, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Zenthöfer
- Dental School, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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Barutçugil Ç, Bilgili D, Barutcigil K, Dündar A, Büyükkaplan UŞ, Yilmaz B. Discoloration and translucency changes of CAD-CAM materials after exposure to beverages. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 122:325-331. [PMID: 31307808 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Color and translucency changes of recently introduced composite resin blocks after long-term exposure to various staining agents have not been fully investigated. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color stainability and translucency changes of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials immersed in beverages with staining potential. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three types of CAD-CAM blocks were used: 3M Lava Ultimate (LU), GC Cerasmart (CS), and VITA Enamic (VE). Forty-five rectangular specimens (1.5-mm thickness) of each product were prepared. The specimens were divided into 3 subgroups (n=15 in each) according to the immersion beverage. The specimens were then immersed in distilled water, red wine, and coffee for 30 days. Color parameters (ΔE00), the translucency parameter, and the contrast ratio were determined after 24 hours and 1 month. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and the Wilcoxon, Freidman, and repeated measurement ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). RESULTS None of the materials showed clinically perceptible color changes except CS specimens immersed in coffee for 24 hours. The materials immersed in red wine and coffee for 1 month showed greater discoloration than those immersed in water (P<.05). The LU immersed in red wine showed the highest translucency changes, and VE was more resistant to translucency changes, as compared with the other materials tested. The contrast ratio values of the LU material were higher than those of the CS and VE materials in all the beverages. CONCLUSIONS The red wine and coffee caused significant changes in the color and translucency of these novel CAD-CAM materials after a long immersion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağatay Barutçugil
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Dilber Bilgili
- Research Assistant, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Kubilay Barutcigil
- Research Assistant, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Dündar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ulviye Şebnem Büyükkaplan
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Professor, Division of Restorative Sciences and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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