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Resveratrol Mitigates Diabetic Testicular Dysfunction, Endocrine Deficits, and Insulin Resistance via Suppression of Sperm-Endocrine Aberrations and Oxidative Inflammation in Rats. Andrologia 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6385767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) provokes reproductive impairments through endocrine disturbance, sperm deficits, and testicular oxidative inflammation. The study investigated the reproductive protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) against testicular oxidative inflammation, sperm/endocrine deficits, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin- (STZ-, 65 mg/kg) induced DM rat model. Male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (
): control, DM, RSV (150 mg/kg bw, orally), and RSV+DM group (21 days). The nontreated DM rats showed marked decreases in serum insulin, reproductive hormones (T, LH, and FSH), and lipid profile levels compared to control. The homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were adversely modulated. Sperm count and motility were profoundly decreased, whereas sperm abnormality was significantly increased. The testicular activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, along with inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10) were significantly dysregulated. The DM induced histopathological lesions compared to control rats. Interestingly, the RSV administration to DM rats attenuated the altered reproductive parameters, restored antioxidant mechanism, and anti-inflammatory responses with improved insulin resistance. RSV could prevent DM-induced reproductive deficits and insulin resistance via modulating oxidative stress-mediated testicular inflammation in rats.
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Mohammadzadeh A, Gol A. Synergistic properties of garlic and Citrullus colocynthis on reproductive injury caused by diabetes in male rats: Structural and molecular evidence. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14467. [PMID: 36219760 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the synergistic effect of garlic and Citrullus colocynthis on diabetic reproductive damage by suppressing the AGEs/RAGE/Nox-4 signaling pathway. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 7/group): Control, Diabetic, Diabetic+G (Garlic, 1 mL/100 g b.w), Diabetic+C (C. colocynthis, 10 mg/kg b.w) and Diabetic+GC (Garlic, 1 mL/100 g b.w and C. colocynthis, 10 mg/kg b.w) groups. At the end of the experimental period (30 days), in diabetic rats, glucose increased, and body & testis weight, luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels, and sperm count decreased significantly and histopathological injuries were observed. In addition, they have increased testicular apoptosis and oxidative stress. Also, the mechanism based on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)/receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)/NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox-4) was activated in diabetic rats. Separate consumption of garlic and C. colocynthis in Diabetic+G and Diabetic+C groups alleviated the negative adverse effect of diabetes to some extent, but when they were used in the combination form (Diabetic+GC) improvement was profound. Testis histopathology, increased body and testis weight, and enhanced capacity in protecting diabetic reproductive injury was seen. Decreases in testosterone and LH concentration and sperm count in diabetic rats were also reversed by combined administration of garlic and C. colocynthis. It regulated oxidative stress markers, meanwhile reducing caspase-3 immunoexpression. In addition, overexpression of RAGE, Nox-4 and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) was inhibited by the combination of garlic and C. colocynthis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes mellitus is wide spread all around the world with variety of complications in body including reproductive system in which patients suffer from physical and psychological aspects. Despite many efforts in providing agents for controlling diabetes and its complications, economic conditions of some countries make it difficult for people to provide costly medicine and as a result, they have to bear the complications until they pass away. However, traditional medicine is still finding its way, especially in poor countries with emphasis on medicinal plants. There have been many studies on plants to alleviate diabetes or its side effects. But, using one plant for long term, may be not so effective. Here, we attempted to find whether two plants from two different species can show more efficacy than each one alone. We noticed garlic and Citrullus colocynthis despite having beneficial effects when used alone, they could show synergistic effects in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghileh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Gol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Bendarska-Czerwińska A, Zmarzły N, Morawiec E, Panfil A, Bryś K, Czarniecka J, Ostenda A, Dziobek K, Sagan D, Boroń D, Michalski P, Pallazo-Michalska V, Grabarek BO. Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:970439. [PMID: 36733805 PMCID: PMC9887196 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that more and more couples suffer from fertility and pregnancy maintenance disorders. It is associated with impaired androgen secretion, which is influenced by many factors, ranging from genetic to environmental. It is also important to remember that fertility disorders can also result from abnormal anatomy of the reproductive male and female organ (congenital uterine anomalies - septate, unicornuate, bicornuate uterus; acquired defects of the uterus structure - fibroids, polyps, hypertrophy), disturbed hormonal cycle and obstruction of the fallopian tubes resulting from the presence of adhesions due to inflammation, endometriosis, and surgery, abnormal rhythm of menstrual bleeding, the abnormal concentration of hormones. There are many relationships between the endocrine organs, leading to a chain reaction when one of them fails to function properly. Conditions in which the immune system is involved, including infections and autoimmune diseases, also affect fertility. The form of treatment depends on infertility duration and the patient's age. It includes ovulation stimulation with clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, metformin use, and weight loss interventions. Since so many different factors affect fertility, it is important to correctly diagnose what is causing the problem and to modify the treatment regimen if necessary. This review describes disturbances in the hormone secretion of individual endocrine organs in the context of fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bendarska-Czerwińska
- Department of Molecular, Biology Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Katowice, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- American Medical Clinic, Katowice, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Bendarska-Czerwińska, ; Nikola Zmarzły, ; Beniamin Oskar Grabarek,
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Bendarska-Czerwińska, ; Nikola Zmarzły, ; Beniamin Oskar Grabarek,
| | - Emilia Morawiec
- Department of Molecular, Biology Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agata Panfil
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Kamil Bryś
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Justyna Czarniecka
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | | | - Dorota Sagan
- Medical Center Dormed Medical SPA, Busko-Zdroj, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, TOMMED Specjalisci od Zdrowia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Department of Molecular, Biology Gyncentrum Fertility Clinic, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, TOMMED Specjalisci od Zdrowia, Katowice, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Bendarska-Czerwińska, ; Nikola Zmarzły, ; Beniamin Oskar Grabarek,
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Effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp powder on antioxidant and proinflammatory genes in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1663-1674. [PMID: 34900818 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency or dysfunction. The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants known as oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and complications associated with DM. Chrysophyllum albidum is a seasonal fruit found to be rich in natural antioxidants. Methods DM was induced by high-fat diet dietary supplementation for 14 days followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Thirty-five experimental rats were then divided into seven groups viz.: non-diabetic control; diabetic control; metformin; diabetic and non-diabetic fed with 5 and 10% C. albidum fruit pulp powder (CAFPP). Fasting blood glucose was done with an automatic auto-analyzer and weights were monitored at three-day intervals. The expressions of Nrf2, SOD, CAT, GST, TNF-α, DPP4, and insulin were investigated using RT-PCR. Schrödinger suites was used for docking of C. albidum phytocompounds with insulin. Results Diabetic rats fed with CAFPP for thirteen days have their blood glucose lowered significantly (p < 0.05) and gained weight compared to diabetic control. CAFPP significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated Nrf2, CAT, GST, SOD, and insulin genes expression in the diabetic group relative to diabetic control with concomitant down-regulation of TNF-α and DPP4 genes expression. Molecular docking of compounds previously characterized from C. albidum revealed that they are potent ligands of insulin receptors. Conclusion The study revealed that CAFPP could be effective in the management of DM-related oxidative stress by up-regulating antioxidant and down-regulating pro-inflammatory genes expression. It also positively modulates genes associated with glucose metabolism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00921-0.
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Akomolafe SF, Olasehinde TA, Oladapo IF, Oyeleye SI. Diet Supplemented with Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (Sapotaceae) Fruit Pulp Improves Reproductive Function in Hypertensive Male Rats. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:540-556. [PMID: 34591290 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension has been implicated as a risk factor of reproductive disorders. High blood pressure may trigger impaired sperm quality and biomarkers of reproductive disorders. This study aims to investigate the effect of diet supplemented with Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp (FP) on sperm parameters, reproductive hormones, and antioxidant markers in testes and epididymis of hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10): normotensive control rats [NC], cyclosporine (25 mg/kg)-induced hypertensive rats [Hypert], hypertensive rats treated with captopril (10 mg/kg/day) [Hypert + Capt], hypertensive [Hypert + 2%FP and Hypert + 4%FP], and normotensive [2%FP and 4%FP] rats treated with 2% and 4% of diet supplemented with African star apple fruit's pulp [FP]. Hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure, diastolic, and systolic pressure), sperm count, sperm motility, reproductive hormones, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels were assessed. Diet supplemented with FP fed to hypertensive rats reduced mean arterial pressure, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Furthermore, FP improved sperm quality in hypertensive rats by increasing sperm count, sperm motility with a concomitant reduction in sperm abnormality. FP also increased 3β and 17β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase (3β-HSD and 17β -HSD) activities, as well as testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Besides, FP triggered a significant increase in 3β-HSD, 17β -HSD, and STAR expression in rats' testicular tissues. Diet supplemented with FP also reduced ROS and malondialdehyde levels and triggered an increase in thiol levels, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities. This study revealed that FP supplemented diet improved sexual function in cyclosporine-induced hypertensive rats by reducing blood pressure and modulation of sperm parameters, steroidogenic enzymes, and reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun F Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Private Mail Bag 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Tosin A Olasehinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Iyabo F Oladapo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Science and Technology, Ijero Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Sunday I Oyeleye
- Biomedical Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Ajayi AM, Adedapo ADA, Badaki VB, Oyagbemi AA, Adedapo AA. Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB and PPAR-γ. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111879. [PMID: 34225016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation arising from hyperglycaemia have been identified as important targets in mitigating hyperglycaemia-induced organ dysfunction in diabetics. Chrysophyllum albidum fruit is commonly consumed as fruit snacks because of its beneficial effects in diabetes management. This study aim to evaluate the protective mechanisms of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit extract (CAFE) in streptozotocin-induced rats involving attenuation of oxidative stress, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). CAFE was investigated for in vitro antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The rats were then treated with CAFE (100 and 200 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure parameters, lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, NF-κB and PPAR-γ were determined. The extract showed antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activities. CAFE significantly reduced STZ-induced hyperglycaemia after 7 and 14 days of treatment. CAFE also reduced STZ-induced elevation of diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and as well reduced atherogenic index in diabetic rats. It significantly decreased lipid peroxidation but increased the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers in the plasma, liver, kidney and pancreas. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CAFE significantly decreased hepatic and renal tissues NF-κB while increasing PPAR-γ gene expressions. The results of this study collectively showed the protective effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via modulation of oxidative stress and NF-κB/ PPAR-γ expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi M Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Aduragbenro D A Adedapo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Victoria B Badaki
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Adeolu A Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Oyetayo FL, Akomolafe SF, Balogun GB. Effects of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp on haemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory markers, antioxidant parameters and critical biomolecules associated with hypertension-in vivo. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:825-839. [PMID: 34120250 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp on haemodynamic parameters, pro-inflammatory markers, antioxidant parameters and critical biomolecules associated with hypertension in vivo were determined. Feeding with supplemented diet with pulp reduced heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels of hypertensive-treated groups. Moreover, hypertensive-treated groups fed with fruit pulp supplemented diets had significantly (p < 0.05) lower level of serum pro-inflammatory markers when compared to untreated hypertensive group. Furthermore, feeding with supplemented diet with pulp and captopril administration reduced AChE, BChE, ACE, and arginase activities of hypertensive-treated groups. The fruit pulp supplemented diet also increased antioxidant status of hypertensive-treated groups. This was supported by the histopathological examination of the kidney and heart tissues. These beneficial effects could in part be the explanations of ethnomedicinal uses of the fruit pulp in the management of hypertension. Nevertheless, the higher percentage inclusion of the pulp showed higher antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Lucy Oyetayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Seun Funmilola Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Gbemisola Beulah Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B. 5363, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
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Alabi TD, de Villiers C, du Plessis SS, Monsees TK, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. The Beneficial Role of Anchomanes difformis in STZ-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Wistar Rats. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4543-4560. [PMID: 33262627 PMCID: PMC7698316 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s270783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of diabetes mellitus has increasingly led to several diabetic complications. Diabetes is one of the major factors implicated in male reproductive system damage. Recent approaches such as the use of medicinal plants have been explored in the management of diabetes and associated complications. Anchomanes difformis (common name: children's umbrella) has been shown to possess anti-diabetic ability in animal model. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the potency of Achomanes difformis in ameliorating diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction. METHODS Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats with 10% fructose administration for 2 weeks and an intraperitoneal injection of 40mg/kgBW of streptozotocin. Aqueous extract (200mg and 400mg/kgBW) of Anchomanes difformis leaves was administered daily for 6 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups with a minimum of eight rats in each (8 rats in normal groups and 10 in diabetic groups). The impact of diabetes and treatment was investigated by estimating sperm concentration, motility indices, viability and morphological parameters in the normal, treatment controls and diabetic rats using CASA-SCA system. Histological examination of the testes and epididymis was performed. RESULTS Diabetes induction resulted in significant decrease in sperm concentration, viability and some motility parameters with 40% abnormalities in sperm morphology. The administration of Anchomanes difformis significantly increased sperm concentration and sperm viability, while it significantly improved the percentage of morphologically normal sperm in diabetic rats. Anchomanes difformis ameliorated testicular damage such as vacuolization and loss of germinal epithelium in the diabetic-treated rats when compared to the diabetic controls. CONCLUSION The potency Anchomanes difformis displayed against diabetic-induced damage in the reproductive system might be a new and promising tool in the management of male reproductive dysfunctions and associated complications in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Dorcas Alabi
- Phytomedicine & Phytochemistry Group, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Charon de Villiers
- PUDAC-Delft Animal Facility, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town7505, South Africa
| | - Stephan S du Plessis
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg7505, South Africa
| | - Thomas K Monsees
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville7535, South Africa
| | - Nicole L Brooks
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine & Phytochemistry Group, Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
- Correspondence: Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju Tel +27 219538495 Email
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