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Tamer C, Cavunt A, Durmaz Y, Ozan E, Kadi H, Kalayci G, Ozkan B, Isidan H, Albayrak H. Inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) vaccine and E.coli-expressed recombinant IPNV-VP2 subunit vaccine afford protection against IPNV challenge in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:205-211. [PMID: 34153431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious disease causing high mortality in juvenile trouts. Since there is no effective way to treatment against IPNV, early diagnosis and prevention play an important role in combating the disease. The different types of IPNV vaccines (inactive, live, recombinant, DNA, etc) have been produced from local isolates and have been used in developed countries. In Turkey, there is no commercial licensed vaccines against IPNV. Due to this reason, IPNV vaccine is needed in Turkey. The production of recombinant VP2 subunit vaccine (IPNV-VP2) and inactivated whole particle virus vaccine (IPNV-WPV) were attempted from selected isolate belong to sp serotype. For this purpose; the virus was produced in RTG-2 cell line and RT-PCR amplification was performed by using primers with restriction enzymes. The whole VP2 gene was cloned into a plasmid vector and VP2 was expressed by using E. coli expression system. A trial was conducted to determine the immunity ability of IPNV-VP2 and IPNV-WPV in rainbow trout. According to the SN50 assay, the IPNV-WPV stimulates immune response faster than the IPNV-VP2 vaccine. Besides, the relative percent of Survive (RPS) was detected as 79% in fish vaccinated with IPNV-WPV and 70% in fish vaccinated with IPNV-VP2. Thus, we can say that the recombinant vaccine of IPNV-VP2 is almost protected against IPNV infection as well as the inactive vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Tamer
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Samsun/Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Cavunt
- Samsun Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Yuksel Durmaz
- Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Emre Ozan
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Hamza Kadi
- Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Gulnur Kalayci
- Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir/Turkey
| | - Buket Ozkan
- Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir/Turkey
| | - Hakan Isidan
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Sivas/Turkey
| | - Harun Albayrak
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Samsun/Turkey
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2
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Oral Immunization of Larvae and Juvenile of Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum Does Not Influence Systemic Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080819. [PMID: 34451944 PMCID: PMC8402551 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum, a marine bacterial pathogen that causes vibriosis, is a recurrent pathogen of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture in the North Atlantic region because of its ability to visualize and prey on the ectoparasite sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on the skin of Atlantic salmon, and its performance in cold environments. Lumpfish immunity is critical for optimal performance and sea lice removal. Oral vaccine delivery at a young age is the desired method for fish immunization because is easy to use, reduces fish stress during immunization, and can be applied on a large scale while the fish are at a young age. However, the efficacy of orally delivered inactivated vaccines is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a V. anguillarum bacterin orally delivered to cultured lumpfish and contrasted it to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) boost delivery. We bio-encapsulated V. anguillarum bacterin in Artemia salina live-feed and orally immunized lumpfish larvae. Vaccine intake and immune response were evaluated by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, respectively. qPCR analyses showed that the oral immunization of lumpfish larvae resulted in a subtle stimulation of canonical immune transcripts such as il8b, il10, igha, ighmc, ighb, ccl19, ccl20, cd8a, cd74, ifng, and lgp2. Nine months after oral immunization, one group was orally boosted, and a second group was both orally and i.p. boosted. Two months after boost immunization, lumpfish were challenged with V. anguillarum (7.8 × 105 CFU dose−1). Orally boosted fish showed a relative percentage of survival (RPS) of 2%. In contrast, the oral and i.p. boosted group showed a RPS of 75.5% (p < 0.0001). V. anguillarum bacterin that had been orally delivered was not effective in lumpfish, which is in contrast to the i.p. delivered bacterin that protected the lumpfish against vibriosis. This suggests that orally administered V. anguillarum bacterin did not reach the deep lymphoid tissues, either in the larvae or juvenile fish, therefore oral immunization was not effective. Oral vaccines that are capable of crossing the epithelium and reach deep lymphoid tissues are required to confer an effective protection to lumpfish against V. anguillarum
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Veenstra KA, Wang T, Russell KS, Tubbs L, Ben Arous J, Secombes CJ. Montanide™ ISA 763A VG and ISA 761 VG induce different immune pathway responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when used as adjuvant for an Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:171-183. [PMID: 33940174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are the helper substances that increase vaccine efficacy by enhancing the potency and longevity of specific immune responses to antigens. Most existing fish vaccines are presented in the form of oil-based emulsions delivered by intraperitoneal injection. The characterization of their mode of action is a valuable aid to future vaccine development, particularly for the potential identification and stimulation of specific immunological pathways related to the desired protective response. This study characterized the expression of selected immune-related genes in the peritoneal cavity, head kidney and spleen following the administration of two adjuvanted-bacterial vaccines thought to induce humoral (Montanide™ ISA 763A VG) or humoral and cell mediated (Montanide™ ISA 761 VG) immune responses, to determine if differences in responsiveness are readily apparent. The most informative site was the spleen, where Montanide™ ISA 763A VG + bacterin gave rise to upregulation of genes driving T-cell/lymphoid responses, namely IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21. This combined with upregulation of IFNγ1 and IFNγ2, IL-4/13B2, p35A1 and p40 (B1 and C) indicated that the induction of Th1 and possibly Th2 immunity was occurring in fish vaccinated with this adjuvant. Perhaps the most intriguing finding was the lack of a detectable Th1 response in fish given Montanide™ ISA 761 VG + bacterin, suggesting some other arm of the immune system is activated to give protection. Whatever the reason for the different responses detected, it is clear from the present study that the adjuvant used has a major impact on the responses elicited. Since these differences are readily detectable it allows, in principle, their use to help select the most appropriate adjuvants for inclusion into fish vaccines, where the type of response elicited may need to be tailored to a particular pathogen to confer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Veenstra
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - K Spencer Russell
- Elanco Canada Ltd, Aquaculture Research and Development, P.O. Box 17, Victoria PE, C0A 2G0, Canada.
| | - Lincoln Tubbs
- Elanco Canada Ltd, Aquaculture Research and Development, P.O. Box 17, Victoria PE, C0A 2G0, Canada.
| | - Juliette Ben Arous
- Seppic, Paris La Défense, 50 Boulevard National, 92257, La Garenne Colombes, France.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Liu X, Sun W, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu J, Gao X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Impact of Aeromonas hydrophila and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus infections on susceptibility and host immune response in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:117-125. [PMID: 32653585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections with pathogenic microorganisms are common in aquaculture, resulting in more serious economic losses than single-pathogen infection. Infection of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) often occurs together with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) culture ponds. In this study, A. hydrophila and ISKNV were inoculated into Chinese perch to mimic individual infection, secondary infection, and mixed infection. The effects of concurrent infections on the susceptibility and the immune response of the host and changes in bacterial and viral load were studied. The results showed relatively complex interaction between ISKNV and A. hydrophila for different infection modes, acting in an antagonistic or synergistic manner. The experimental groups infected with a mixture of ISKNV and A. hydrophila showed higher mortality rate than groups infected with single-pathogen or secondary infection groups, suggesting a synergistic lethal effect of A. hydrophila and ISKNV co-infection. Serious clinical symptoms and obvious histopathological changes were observed in moribund fish under the mixed-infection condition. In addition, obviously higher mortalities were caused by secondary bacterial infections than the number caused by secondary viral infections. ISKNV-primary infection increased the mortality caused by secondary bacterial infections, but A. hydrophila-primary infection did not significantly increase the mortality caused by secondary viral infections. Co-infected fish showed high expression levels of IRF1, Mx, Viperin, Hepcidin, TNFα, and IL-1β mRNAs relative to the levels in healthy fish, which suggested that the co-infection of these two pathogens activated the host immune system and caused host inflammation. These results of infection with A. hydrophila and ISKNV provided the theoretical basis to analyze the pathogenic effects and interaction between pathogens, and could facilitate design of strategies for clinical prevention and control measures of outbreak of fulminant hemorrhagic disease and bacterial sepsis in Chinese perch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuangming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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5
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Marana MH, Sepúlveda D, Chen D, Al-Jubury A, Jaafar RM, Kania PW, Henriksen NH, Krossøy B, Dalsgaard I, Lorenzen N, Buchmann K. A pentavalent vaccine for rainbow trout in Danish aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:344-351. [PMID: 30851449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mariculture in Denmark is based on production of rainbow trout grown two years in fresh water followed by one growth season in sea cages. Although the majority of rainbow trout are vaccinated against the most serious bacterial pathogens - Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri, by the use of commercially available vaccines, disease outbreaks requiring treatment with antibiotics still occur. The present study tested the potential of a new experimental multicomponent vaccine that is based on local bacterial strains, isolated from rainbow trout in Danish waters, and thus custom-designed for Danish rainbow trout mariculture. The vaccination with the multicomponent vaccine resulted in protection against three relevant bacterial diseases (yersiniosis, furunculosis, vibriosis) under experimental conditions. We showed that i.p. injection of the vaccine induced specific antibody responses in trout against the different bacterial antigens and regulated expression of genes encoding SAA, C3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IgD and MHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hoare R, Jung SJ, Ngo TPH, Bartie K, Bailey J, Thompson KD, Adams A. Efficacy and safety of a non-mineral oil adjuvanted injectable vaccine for the protection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against Flavobacterium psychrophilum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:44-51. [PMID: 29017943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome which has had a major impact on global salmonid aquaculture. Recent outbreaks in Atlantic salmon in Scotland and Chile have added to the need for a vaccine to protect both salmon and trout. At present no licensed vaccines are available in Europe, leaving antibiotics as the only course of action to contain disease outbreaks. Outbreaks generally occur in fry at temperatures between 10 and 15 °C. Recently outbreaks in larger fish have given added impetus to the development of a vaccine which can provide long term protection from this highly heterogeneous pathogen. Most fish injectable vaccines are formulated with oil emulsion adjuvants to induce strong and long lasting immunity, but which are known to cause side effects. Alternative adjuvants are currently sought to minimise these adverse effects. The current study was performed to assess the efficacy of a polyvalent, whole cell vaccine containing formalin-inactivated F. psychrophilum to induce protective immunity in Atlantic salmon. The vaccine was formulated with an adjuvant containing squalene and aluminium hydroxide, and was compared to a vaccine formulated with a traditional oil adjuvant, Montanide ISA 760VG, and a non-adjuvanted vaccine. Duplicate groups of salmon (23.5 ± 6.8 g) were vaccinated with each of the vaccine formulations or phosphate buffered saline by intraperitoneal injection. Fish were challenged by intramuscular injection with F. psychrophilum six weeks post-vaccination to test the efficacy of the vaccines. Cumulative mortality reached 70% in the control salmon, while the groups of salmon that received vaccine had significantly lower mortality than the controls (p = 0.0001), with no significant difference in survival between vaccinated groups. The squalene/alum adjuvant was safe, more readily metabolised by the fish and induced less histopathological changes than the traditional oil adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hoare
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
| | - S-J Jung
- Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - T P H Ngo
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - K Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - J Bailey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - A Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Jaafar RM, Al-Jubury A, Dalsgaard I, MohammadKarami A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Effect of oral booster vaccination of rainbow trout against Yersinia ruckeri depends on type of primary immunization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:61-65. [PMID: 29097324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of rainbow trout against Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri can be successfully performed by administering vaccine (a bacterin consisting of formalin killed bacteria) by immersion, bath or injection. Booster immunization is known to increase the protection of fish already primed by one of these vaccination methods. Oral vaccination of trout (administering vaccine in feed) is an even more convenient way of presenting antigen to the fish but the effect of an oral booster has not previously been described in detail. The present work describes to what extent protection may be enhanced by oral boostering following priming with different administration methods. The study confirms that vaccination by 30 s dip into a bacterin (diluted 1:10) may confer a significant protection compared to non-vaccinated fish. The immunity may be optimized by booster immunization either provided as dip (most effective), bath (less effective) or orally (least effective). Oral immunization may be used as booster after dip but applied as a single oral application it induced merely a slight and statistically non-significant response. It is noteworthy that primary oral immunization followed by an oral booster vaccination showed a trend for an even weaker response. It should be investigated if continued exposure to a low antigen concentration - as performed by two oral immunizations - may induce tolerance to the pathogen and thereby leave the fish more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Asma MohammadKarami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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8
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Nguyen TD, Crosbie PBB, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. The effects of inactivation methods of Yersinia ruckeri on the efficacy of single dip vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1173-1176. [PMID: 29572883 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Nguyen
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P B B Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - B F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - A R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Veenstra KA, Wang T, Alnabulsi A, Douglas A, Russell KS, Tubbs L, Arous JB, Secombes CJ. Analysis of adipose tissue immune gene expression after vaccination of rainbow trout with adjuvanted bacterins reveals an association with side effects. Mol Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Vaccine-induced modulation of gene expression in turbot peritoneal cells. A microarray approach. Mol Immunol 2016; 75:188-99. [PMID: 27318565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We used a microarray approach to examine changes in gene expression in turbot peritoneal cells after injection of the fish with vaccines containing the ciliate parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi as antigen and one of the following adjuvants: chitosan-PVMMA microspheres, Freund́s complete adjuvant, aluminium hydroxide gel or Matrix-Q (Isconova, Sweden). We identified 374 genes that were differentially expressed in all groups of fish. Forty-two genes related to tight junctions and focal adhesions and/or actin cytoskeleton were differentially expressed in free peritoneal cells. The profound changes in gene expression related to cell adherence and cytoskeleton may be associated with cell migration and also with the formation of cell-vaccine masses and their attachment to the peritoneal wall. Thirty-five genes related to apoptosis were differentially expressed. Although most of the proteins coded by these genes have a proapoptotic effect, others are antiapoptotic, indicating that both types of signals occur in peritoneal leukocytes of vaccinated fish. Interestingly, many of the genes related to lymphocytes and lymphocyte activity were downregulated in the groups injected with vaccine. We also observed decreased expression of genes related to antigen presentation, suggesting that macrophages (which were abundant in the peritoneal cavity after vaccination) did not express these during the early inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity. Finally, several genes that participate in the inflammatory response were differentially expressed, and most participated in resolution of inflammation, indicating that an M2 macrophage response is generated in the peritoneal cavity of fish one day post vaccination.
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Jaafar RM, Chettri JK, Dalsgaard I, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Skov J, Buchmann K. Effects of adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763 A VG in rainbow trout injection vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:797-806. [PMID: 26492991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) caused by the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri is a major threat to freshwater production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) throughout all life stages. Injection vaccination of rainbow trout against Y. ruckeri infection has been shown to confer better protection compared to the traditionally applied immersion vaccination. It may be hypothesized, based on experience from other vaccines, that adjuvants may increase the protective level of ERM injection vaccines even more. Controlled comparative vaccination studies have been performed to investigate effects of the oil adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763 A VG (Seppic) when added to an experimental Y. ruckeri bacterin (containing both biotype 1 and 2 of serotype O1). A total of 1000 fish with mean weight 19 g was divided into five different groups (in duplicated tanks 2 × 100 fish per group) 1) non-vaccinated control fish (NonVac), 2) fish injected with a commercial vaccine (AquaVac(®) Relera™) (ComVac), 3) fish injected with an experimental vaccine (ExpVac), 4) fish injected with an experimental vaccine + adjuvant (ExpVacAdj) and 5) fish injected with adjuvant alone (Adj). Injection of the experimental vaccine (both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted) induced a significantly higher antibody (IgM) level, increased occurrence of IgM(+) cells in spleen tissue and significant up-regulation of several immune genes. Additional experiments using a higher challenge dosage suggested an immune enhancing effect of the adjuvant as the challenge produced 100% mortality in the NonVac group, 60% mortality in both of ComVac and Adj groups and only 13 and 2.5% mortalities in the ExpVac and the ExpVacAdj groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jiwan K Chettri
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Munang'andu HM, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø. A Review of the Immunological Mechanisms Following Mucosal Vaccination of Finfish. Front Immunol 2015; 6:427. [PMID: 26379665 PMCID: PMC4547047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal organs are principle portals of entry for microbial invasion and as such developing protective vaccines against these pathogens can serve as a first line of defense against infections. In general, all mucosal organs in finfish are covered by a layer of mucus whose main function is not only to prevent pathogen attachment by being continuously secreted and sloughing-off but it serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial compounds, complement, and immunoglobulins that degrade, opsonize, and neutralize invading pathogens on mucosal surfaces. In addition, all mucosal organs in finfish possess antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate cells of the adaptive immune system to generate long-lasting protective immune responses. The functional activities of APCs are orchestrated by a vast array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines found in all mucosal organs. The adaptive immune system in mucosal organs is made of humoral immune responses that are able to neutralize invading pathogens as well as cellular-mediated immune responses whose kinetics are comparable to those induced by parenteral vaccines. In general, finfish mucosal immune system has the capacity to serve as the first-line defense mechanism against microbial invasion as well as being responsive to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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Kumari J, Zhang Z, Swain T, Chi H, Niu C, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Transcription Factor T-Bet in Atlantic Salmon: Characterization and Gene Expression in Mucosal Tissues during Aeromonas Salmonicida Infection. Front Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26217339 PMCID: PMC4492157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor T-bet is expressed in a number of hematopoietic cell types in mammals and plays an essential role in the lineage determination of Th1 T-helper cells and is considered as an essential feature for both innate and adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. In the present study, we have identified and characterized the full-length Atlantic salmon T-bet cDNA (3502 bp). The putative primary structure of the polypeptide deduced from the cDNA sequence contained 612 aa, which possessed a T-box DNA binding domain. Phylogenetic study and gene synteny revealed it is as a homolog to mammalian T-bet. Quantitative PCR analysis of different tissues in healthy fish showed that salmon T-bet gene was highly expressed in spleen, followed by head kidney, and was expressed in intestine, skin, and liver at lower levels. Moreover, the time-dependent expression profile of T-bet, interferon gamma (IFNγ), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and natural killer enhancement factor in mucosal tissues during water-borne infection with live Aeromonas salmonicida, indicated the involvement of T-bet in mucosal immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Kumari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway ; Nofima , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Zuobing Zhang
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Trilochan Swain
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Heng Chi
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway ; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Cuijuan Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Roy Ambli Dalmo
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
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Chettri JK, Skov J, Jaafar RM, Krossøy B, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K. Comparative evaluation of infection methods and environmental factors on challenge success: Aeromonas salmonicida infection in vaccinated rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:485-495. [PMID: 25783001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When testing vaccine-induced protection an effective and reliable challenge method is a basic requirement and we here present a comparative study on different challenge methods used for infection of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with Aeromonas salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen eliciting furunculosis. Fish were vaccinated with three different adjuvanted trivalent vaccines containing formalin killed A. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum O1 and O2a. These were 1) the commercial vaccine Alpha Ject 3000, 2) an experimental vaccine with water in paraffin oil adjuvant, 3) an experimental vaccine with water in paraffin oil in water adjuvant. Fish were then exposed to A. salmonicida challenge using i.p. injection, cohabitation in freshwater, cohabitation in saltwater (15 ppt) or combined fresh/saltwater cohabitation. Cohabitation reflects a more natural infection mode and was shown to give better differentiation of vaccine types compared to i.p. injection of live bacteria. The latter infection mode is less successful probably due to the intra-abdominal inflammatory reactions (characterized in this study according to the Speilberg scale) induced by i.p. vaccination whereby injected live bacteria more effectively become inactivated at the site of injection. Compared to cohabitation in freshwater, cohabitation in saltwater was less efficient probably due to reduced survivability of A. salmonicida in saltwater, which was also experimentally verified in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Kumar Chettri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pérez-Cordón G, Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Calduch-Giner JA, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Interleukin gene expression is strongly modulated at the local level in a fish-parasite model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:201-208. [PMID: 24530812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to identify interleukin (IL)-related genes in the gilthead sea bream (GSB) (Sparus aurata L.) and how they are modulated by the parasite Enteromyxum leei, a myxozoan that causes severe enteritis with a strong inflammatory response. A Blast-X search of our transcriptomic GSB database (www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb) identified 16 new sequences encompassing seven ILs (IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12β, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-34), the interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2), and eight IL receptors (IL-R); IL-R1, IL-6RA, IL-6RB, IL-8RA, IL-10RA, IL-10RB, IL-18R1, and IL-22R. Except for ILF2, their expression, plus that of IL-1β, IL-1R2, IL-6, and TNF-α (from public repositories), were analysed by 96-well PCR array of samples of blood, spleen, head kidney, and intestine of GSB that were anally intubated with E. leei (recipient group, RCPT). Only the expression profile of the intestine of RCPT fish showed significant difference as compared to samples from PBS-inoculated fish. At 17 days post intubation (dpi), the expression of key pro-inflammatory ILs, such as IL-8, IL-8R, IL-12β, and TNFα was significantly up-regulated, whereas at 64 dpi, anti-inflammatory IL expression (IL-6, IL-6RB, IL-7, IL-10, IL-10RA, and IL-15) was predominant. These results indicate a modification of the IL expression at late times post infection, probably to protect the fish intestine from the parasite and damage inflicted by an excessive inflammatory response. Furthermore, the response is mainly mediated at the local level as no significant changes were detected in blood, spleen and head kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Pérez-Cordón
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Benedito-Palos
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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