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Osorio N, Martineau M, Fortea M, Rouget C, Penalba V, Lee CJ, Boesmans W, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Patel AV, Mondielli G, Conrod S, Labat-Gest V, Papin A, Sasabe J, Sweedler JV, Vanden Berghe P, Delmas P, Mothet JP. d-Serine agonism of GluN1-GluN3 NMDA receptors regulates the activity of enteric neurons and coordinates gut motility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537136. [PMID: 37131687 PMCID: PMC10153202 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of diverse molecularly defined classes of neurons embedded in the gastrointestinal wall and responsible for controlling the major functions of the gut. As in the central nervous system, the vast array of ENS neurons is interconnected by chemical synapses. Despite several studies reporting the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the ENS, their roles in the gut remain elusive. Here, by using an array of immunohistochemistry, molecular profiling and functional assays, we uncover a new role for d-serine (d-Ser) and non-conventional GluN1-GluN3 N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in regulating ENS functions. We demonstrate that d-Ser is produced by serine racemase (SR) expressed in enteric neurons. By using both in situ patch clamp recording and calcium imaging, we show that d-Ser alone acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the ENS independently of the conventional GluN1-GluN2 NMDARs. Instead, d-Ser directly gates the non-conventional GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs in enteric neurons from both mouse and guinea-pig. Pharmacological inhibition or potentiation of GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs had opposite effects on mouse colonic motor activities, while genetically driven loss of SR impairs gut transit and fluid content of pellet output. Our results demonstrate the existence of native GluN1-GluN3 NMDARs in enteric neurons and open new perspectives on the exploration of excitatory d-Ser receptors in gut function and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Osorio
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Virginie Penalba
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Cindy J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Amit V. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Grégoire Mondielli
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Conrod
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Amandine Papin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Delmas
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Aix-Marseille-Université, CNRS, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM UMR U862, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurophysiologie et Neuroscience de Marseille, UMR 7286, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn UMR9024, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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Spinal cord astrocyte P2X7Rs mediate the inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture on visceral hypersensitivity of rat with irritable bowel syndrome. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:43-53. [PMID: 35389158 PMCID: PMC9984627 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the role of P2X7 receptors in spinal cord astrocytes in the electroacupuncture-induced inhibition of visceral hypersensitivity (VH) in rats with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Visceral hypersensitivity of IBS was intracolonically induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension (CRD-20,40,60,80 mmHg) and abdominal withdrawal reflex scoring (AWRs) were recorded after electroacupuncture at bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoints to evaluate the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on visceral pain in rats with IBS. Fluorocitric acid (FCA), an astrocyte activity inhibitor, was injected intrathecally before electroacupuncture intervention and AWRs were recorded. Western blot and real-time qPCR were used to detect the expression of NMDA and P2X7 receptor to observe the regulation effect of electroacupuncture on NMDA receptor in the spinal cord of rats with visceral hypersensitivity. Intrathecal injection of P2X7 agonist or antagonist was administered before electroacupuncture treatment. To observe the effect of P2X7 receptor in spinal astrocytes on the inhibition of visceral hyperalgesia by electroacupuncture, the changes of AWR score, NMDA receptor in the spinal cord, and GFAP expression in astrocytes were detected. Inflammation of the colon had basically subsided at day 21 post-TNBS; persistent visceral hypersensitivity could be suppressed by electroacupuncture. This analgesic effect could be inhibited by FCA. The analgesic effect, downregulation of NMDA receptor NR1 subunit, and P2X7 protein of electroacupuncture were all reversed by FCA. P2X7 receptor antagonist A740003 can cooperate with EA to carry out analgesic effect in rats with visceral pain and downregulate the expression of NR1, NR2B, and GFAP in spinal dorsal horn. However, the P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP could partially reverse the analgesic effect of EA, inhibiting the downregulatory effect of EA on the expression of NR1, NR2B, and GFAP. These results indicate that EA may downregulate the expression of the NMDA receptor by inhibiting the P2X7 receptor in the spinal cord, thereby inhibiting spinal cord sensitization in IBS rats with visceral pain, in which astrocytes are an important medium.
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Cheng F, Fan Z, Lin C, Zhu Y, He H, Dai N, Du L. Effect of altered gut microbiota on visceral hypersensitivity of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome mice. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:1220-1230. [PMID: 36165068 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional bowel disorder characterized with visceral hypersensitivity. Previous studies indicated gut microbiota alteration associated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) dysregulation is associated with IBS development. The aim of the study is to explore the potential role of microbiota dysbiosis mediated visceral hypersensitivity in postinfectious-IBS (PI-IBS) mouse model. METHODS Four-week-old NIH mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control mice, PI-IBS mice, PI-IBS mice co-housing with normal mice, and PI-IBS mice were administrated with a cocktail of antibiotics. Trichinella spiralis infection established PI-IBS mouse model. Microbiota in cecal contents and feces were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. SCFAs were detected by gas chromatography. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was evaluated by ELISA, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) were examined by western blot. Visceral sensitivity was determined by abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distention. RESULTS Increased SCFAs were observed in cecal contents and feces in PI-IBS mice accompanied with higher 5-HT and NMDAR subunits expressions in ileum and colon. Visceral hypersensitivity was observed in PI-IBS mice compared to control mice. When administrated with antibiotics cocktails and co-housing with normal mice, PI-IBS mice showed decreased SCFAs, 5-HT, NMDAR subunits expressions, and improved visceral hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION Gut microbiota alteration induced increased SCFAs, 5-HT and NMDAR subunits expressions were associated with visceral hypersensitivity in PI-IBS mice. The critical role of gut microbiota in improving visceral hypersensitivity was further identified by treatment of antibiotics cocktail and co-housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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NMDA and AMPA receptor physiology and role in visceral hypersensitivity: a review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:471-477. [PMID: 35352689 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are excitatory neurotransmission receptors of the central nervous system and play vital roles in synaptic plasticity. Although not fully elucidated, visceral hypersensitivity is one of the most well-characterized pathophysiologic abnormalities of functional gastrointestinal diseases and appears to be associated with increased synaptic plasticity. In this study, we review the updated findings on the physiology of NMDARs and AMPARs and their relation to visceral hypersensitivity, which propose directions for future research in this field with evolving importance.
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Zhang L, Wang R, Chen Y, Yang P, Bai T, Song J, Hou X. EphrinB2/ephB2 activation facilitates colonic synaptic potentiation and plasticity contributing to long-term visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Life Sci 2022; 295:120419. [PMID: 35183555 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang B, Shi H, Cao S, Xie L, Ren P, Wang J, Shi B. Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms: A literature review. Biosci Trends 2022; 16:73-90. [PMID: 35153276 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2022.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haojun Shi
- Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Cao
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liangyu Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics, Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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7
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So SY, Savidge TC. Gut feelings: the microbiota-gut-brain axis on steroids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G1-G20. [PMID: 34730020 PMCID: PMC8698538 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intricate connection between central and enteric nervous systems is well established with emerging evidence linking gut microbiota function as a significant new contributor to gut-brain axis signaling. Several microbial signals contribute to altered gut-brain communications, with steroids representing an important biological class that impacts central and enteric nervous system function. Neuroactive steroids contribute pathologically to neurological disorders, including dementia and depression, by modulating the activity of neuroreceptors. However, limited information is available on the influence of neuroactive steroids on the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal function. In this review, we outline how steroids can modulate enteric nervous system function by focusing on their influence on different receptors that are present in the intestine in health and disease. We also highlight the potential role of the gut microbiota in modulating neuroactive steroid signaling along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sik Yu So
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Choo J, Heo G, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Posttranslational modifications as therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105412. [PMID: 33412276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of biological processes are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage, control diverse physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a better understanding of their implications in intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and colorectal cancer would provide a basis for the identification of novel biomarkers as well as attractive therapeutic targets. Posttranslational modifications can be common denominators, as well as distinct biomarkers, characterizing pathological differences of various intestinal diseases. This review provides experimental evidence that identifies changes in posttranslational modifications from patient samples, primary cells, or cell lines in intestinal disorders, and a summary of carefully selected information on the use of pharmacological modulators of protein modifications as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Mishima Y, Ishihara S. Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228664. [PMID: 33212919 PMCID: PMC7698457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, and accumulating evidence gained in both preclinical and clinical studies indicate the involvement of enteric microbiota in its pathogenesis. Gut resident microbiota appear to influence brain activity through the enteric nervous system, while their composition and function are affected by the central nervous system. Based on these results, the term “brain–gut–microbiome axis” has been proposed and enteric microbiota have become a potential therapeutic target in IBS cases. However, details regarding the microbe-related pathophysiology of IBS remain elusive. This review summarizes the existing knowledge of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IBS as well as recent progress related to microbiome-derived neurotransmitters, compounds, metabolites, neuroendocrine factors, and enzymes.
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Onpoaree N, Veeravigrom M, Sanpavat A, Suratannon N, Sintusek P. Unremitting diarrhoea in a girl diagnosed anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4866-4875. [PMID: 33195655 PMCID: PMC7642535 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i20.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in children; in contrast, in children with a weakened immune system, invasive CMV can occur. This is the first case report of a severe manifestation of CMV esophago-enterocolitis in a girl diagnosed with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis who received only a moderate dose of corticosteroid therapy.
CASE SUMMARY A 12-year-old-Thai girl presented with acute behavioural change and headache for 6 d. Electroencephalogram and positivity for NMDAR autoantibodies were compatible with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Hence, she received pulse methylprednisolone 10 mg/kg per day for 4 d and continued with prednisolone 1.2 mg/kg per day. On day 42 of corticosteroid therapy, she developed unremitting vomiting and diarrhoea. Endoscopy showed multiple ulcers and erythaematous mucosa along the gastrointestinal tract. Tissue CMV viral load and viral-infected cells confirmed CMV esophago-enterocolitis. Therefore, the patient received ganciclovir 5 mg/kg per dose every 12 h for 3 wk and then 5 mg/kg per dose once daily for 3 wk. Unremitting diarrhoea slowly improved from stool output 1-4 L per day to 1-2 L per day after 3 wk of treatment. Pulse methylprednisolone 20 mg/kg for 5 d was initiated and continued with prednisolone 1 mg/kg per day. After this repeated pulse methylprednisolone treatment, surprisingly, diarrhoea subsided. Immunologic work-up was performed to rule out underlying immune deficiency with unremarkable results.
CONCLUSION Unremitting diarrhoea from CMV esophago-enterocolitis subsided with antiviral and methylprednisolone therapy, implying the immune and NMDAR dysregulation in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norrapat Onpoaree
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Montida Veeravigrom
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anapat Sanpavat
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Narissara Suratannon
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Palittiya Sintusek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Najjar SA, Davis BM, Albers KM. Epithelial-Neuronal Communication in the Colon: Implications for Visceral Pain. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:170-181. [PMID: 31983457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity and pain result, at least in part, from increased excitability of primary afferents that innervate the colon. In addition to intrinsic changes in these neurons, emerging evidence indicates that changes in lining epithelial cells may also contribute to increased excitability. Here we review recent studies on how colon epithelial cells communicate directly with colon afferents. Specifically, anatomical studies revealed specialized synaptic connections between epithelial cells and nerve fibers and studies using optogenetic activation of the epithelium showed initiation of pain-like responses. We review the possible mechanisms of epithelial-neuronal communication and provide an overview of the possible neurotransmitters and receptors involved. Understanding the biology of this interface and how it changes in pathological conditions may provide new treatments for visceral pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Najjar
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Brian M Davis
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Nonionotropic Action of Endothelial NMDA Receptors on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability via Rho/ROCK-Mediated Phosphorylation of Myosin. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1778-1787. [PMID: 31953371 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0969-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is a crucial step in neuroinflammatory processes. We previously showed that N Methyl D Aspartate Receptor (NMDARs), expressed on cerebral endothelial cells forming the BBB, regulate immune cell infiltration across this barrier in the mouse. Here, we describe the mechanism responsible for the action of NMDARs on BBB permeabilization. We report that mouse CNS endothelial NMDARs display the regulatory GluN3A subunit. This composition confers to NMDARs' unconventional properties: these receptors do not induce Ca2+ influx but rather show nonionotropic properties. In inflammatory conditions, costimulation of human brain endothelial cells by NMDA agonists (NMDA or glycine) and the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator, previously shown to potentiate NMDAR activity, induces metabotropic signaling via the Rho/ROCK pathway. This pathway leads to an increase in permeability via phosphorylation of myosin light chain and subsequent shrinkage of human brain endothelial cells. Together, these data draw a link between NMDARs and the cytoskeleton in brain endothelial cells that regulates BBB permeability in inflammatory conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The authors describe how NMDARs expressed on endothelial cells regulate blood-brain barrier function via myosin light chain phosphorylation and increase in permeability. They report that these non-neuronal NMDARs display distinct structural, functional, and pharmacological features than their neuronal counterparts.
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Konturek TJ, Martinez C, Niesler B, van der Voort I, Mönnikes H, Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M. The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:531385. [PMID: 33519536 PMCID: PMC7840690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.531385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have implied a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in abdominal pain modulation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this study was to establish BDNF protein expression in human colonic biopsies and to show variation in IBS compared to controls. BDNF protein and mRNA levels were correlated with IBS symptom severity based on the IBS-symptom severity score (IBS-SSS). Biopsies from the descending colon and IBS-SSS were obtained from 10 controls and 20 IBS patients. Total protein of biopsies was extracted and assessed by ELISA and Western Blot. Total mRNA was extracted and gene expression measured by nCounter analysis. In IBS patients, symptom severity scores ranged from 124 to 486 (mean ± sem: 314.2 ± 21.2, >300 represents severe IBS) while controls ranged from 0 to 72 (mean ± sem: 27.7 ± 9.0, <75 represents healthy subjects, p < 0.001). IBS patients reported significantly more food malabsorption, former abdominal surgery and psychiatric comorbidities. BDNF protein was present in all samples and did not differ between IBS and controls or sex. Subgroup analysis showed that female IBS patients expressed significantly more BDNF mRNA compared to male patients (p < 0.05) and male IBS-D patients had higher IBS symptom severity scores and lower BDNF mRNA and protein levels compared to male controls (p < 0.05). Scatter plot showed a significant negative correlation between IBS-SSS and BDNF mRNA levels in the cohort of male IBS-D patients and their male controls (p < 0.05). We detected a high proportion of gastrointestinal surgery in IBS patients and confirmed food intolerances and psychiatric diseases as common comorbidities. Although in a small sample, we demonstrated that BDNF is detectable in human descending colon, with higher BDNF mRNA levels in female IBS patients compared to males and lower mRNA and protein levels in male IBS-D patients compared to male controls. Further research should be directed toward subgroups of IBS since their etiologies might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jan Konturek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Martinez
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility Heidelberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo van der Voort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Berlin Jewish Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Mönnikes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Martin Luther Hospital, Johannesstift Diakonie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Helios Clinic Rottweil, Rottweil, Germany
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Clinicopathological characteristics of dysplastic teratomous neuroglia with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108271. [PMID: 31756658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether unique pathological characteristics exist in teratomas that can trigger autoimmune anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. We compared a case of retroperitoneal teratoma associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and four control cases. The encephalitis-positive case showed that (i) more dysplastic neuroglia with higher Ki-67 labeling index values than the control cases, which met the diagnostic criteria of astrocytoma, (ii) the NMDAR subunit NR1 was expressed more abundantly in neuroglial tissue where many neuroglial cells co-expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NR1 and formed abnormally large cellular masses, (iii) intense NR1 expression occurs in squamous epithelium near neuroglial tissue and lymphocyte infiltration. This study showed that dysplastic neuroglial tissue resembling central nervous system tumors, which might promote autoimmunity, distinguished the case with NMDAR encephalitis from the controls. Additionally, abnormal expression of NR1 occurs in non-neural tissues and could be triggered by inflammation and participate in autoimmunity.
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Abstract
Beyond their well-known role in embryonic development of the central and peripheral nervous system, neurotrophins, particularly nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, exert an essential role in pain production and sensitization. This has mainly been studied within the framework of somatic pain, and even antibodies (tanezumab and fasinumab) have recently been developed for their use in chronic somatic painful conditions, such as osteoarthritis or low back pain. However, data suggest that neurotrophins also exert an important role in the occurrence of visceral pain and visceral sensitization. Visceral pain is a distressing symptom that prompts many consultations and is typically encountered in both 'organic' (generally inflammatory) and 'functional' (displaying no obvious structural changes in routine clinical evaluations) disorders of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. The present review provides a summary of neurotrophins as a molecular family and their role in pain in general and addresses recent investigations of the involvement of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in visceral pain, particularly that associated with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
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Hou RG, Fan L, Liu JJ, Cheng Y, Chang ZP, Wu B, Shao YY. Bile acid malabsorption is associated with diarrhea in acute phase of colitis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1328-1336. [PMID: 30383974 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs) critically depends on BA transporters and enzymes, which can be affected by inflammatory bowel disease. Diarrhea in colitis is believed to result in part from BA malabsorption. The work aimed to investigate whether diarrhea in colitis was associated with the expression of BA transporters, enzymes, and nuclear receptors. RT-qPCR and Western blot techniques were used to evaluate the gene and protein levels of Cyp7a1, Asbt, SHP, FXR, Ostβ in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic-acid-induced rat model of colitis. The total BAs (TBAs) levels were assayed using ELISA kits, and the individual BAs were measured by LC-MS/MS. Results showed that the fecal excretions of TBAs were significantly increased by 1.6-fold in acute stage of colitis. In ileum, Asbt was significantly decreased; however, there was a compensatory increase in Cyp7a1 level in liver. Moreover, FXR has a decreased tendency and the downstream target gene SHP was downregulated. Contrary to acute stage, molecular changes were completely reversible during the remission phase. Our results indicated that the expression of Asbt and Cyp7a1 were altered in acute colitis, which performed vital roles in maintaining BA homeostasis. Early medical manipulation of BA transporters and enzymes may help prevent diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Gang Hou
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Lei Fan
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Jun-Jin Liu
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Zhuang-Peng Chang
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Bei Wu
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Yun-Yun Shao
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
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Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC. Stress-Induced Chronic Visceral Pain of Gastrointestinal Origin. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:86. [PMID: 29213232 PMCID: PMC5702626 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is generally poorly localized and characterized by hypersensitivity to a stimulus such as organ distension. In concert with chronic visceral pain, there is a high comorbidity with stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. The mechanisms linking visceral pain with these overlapping comorbidities remain to be elucidated. Evidence suggests that long term stress facilitates pain perception and sensitizes pain pathways, leading to a feed-forward cycle promoting chronic visceral pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Early life stress (ELS) is a risk-factor for the development of IBS, however the mechanisms responsible for the persistent effects of ELS on visceral perception in adulthood remain incompletely understood. In rodent models, stress in adult animals induced by restraint and water avoidance has been employed to investigate the mechanisms of stress-induce pain. ELS models such as maternal separation, limited nesting, or odor-shock conditioning, which attempt to model early childhood experiences such as neglect, poverty, or an abusive caregiver, can produce chronic, sexually dimorphic increases in visceral sensitivity in adulthood. Chronic visceral pain is a classic example of gene × environment interaction which results from maladaptive changes in neuronal circuitry leading to neuroplasticity and aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling. One potential mechanism underlying the persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. While there are relatively few studies examining epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in visceral nociception, stress-induced visceral pain has been linked to alterations in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns within the brain, leading to increased expression of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. This review will discuss the potential neuronal pathways and mechanisms responsible for stress-induced exacerbation of chronic visceral pain. Additionally, we will review the importance of specific experimental models of adult stress and ELS in enhancing our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Lashermes A, Boudieu L, Barbier J, Sion B, Gelot A, Barnich N, Ardid D, Carvalho FA. Adherent-Invasive E. coli enhances colonic hypersensitivity and P2X receptors expression during post-infectious period. Gut Microbes 2017; 9:26-37. [PMID: 28806140 PMCID: PMC5914911 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1361091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are related gastrointestinal disorders characterized by abdominal pain associated with colonic hypersensitivity (CHS). Studies in humans have reported an abnormal colonization of Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) in the ileum of Crohn's disease (CD) patients associated with overexpression of the bacterial colonizing receptor CEACAM6. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether AIEC reference strain LF82 could induce intestinal impairment during infectious and/or post-infectious periods and subsequently the development of CHS. Transgenic mice overexpressing human CEACAM6 protein (TG) and their wild-type littermates were gavaged by CD-associated AIEC bacteria (reference strain LF82) or PBS for 3 d. Colonic hypersensitivity was assessed by colorectal distension (CRD) test during infectious (D4) and post-infectious periods (D21). Several markers of intestinal inflammation were monitored and the colonic expression of purinergic P2X receptors was quantified. At D4, an increased visceromotor response (VMR) to the CRD test was observed in TG mice infected with CD-associated AIEC LF82 in comparison with non-infected TG mice and persisted in a subgroup of infected animals at D21 after bacteria clearance. Increased VMR was associated with low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased intestinal permeability and expression of P2X 3, 4 and 7. This study shows that certain susceptible hosts infected with CD-associated AIEC bacteria can develop persistent CHS associated with low-grade inflammation and increased P2X receptors expression. Thus, CD-associated AIEC infection in CEACAM6 transgenic mice could be used as a novel post-infectious mouse model mimicking quiescent IBD with IBS-like symptoms such as visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Lashermes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludivine Boudieu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Barbier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Sion
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agathe Gelot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, M2iSH, USC-INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Antonio Carvalho
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, CHRN Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France,CONTACT Frédéric A. Carvalho, PhD Université d'Auvergne, INSERM 1107 NeuroDol, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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