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Kassir R, Roussel M, Abboud H, Godefroy O. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Bilinguals: What Is the Influence of the Language of Assessment? Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38699814 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilingualism's impact on cognitive assessment remains underexplored. This study analyzes the efficacy of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a screening tool for bilinguals, specifically examining the influence of language choice on balanced and unbalanced Lebanese bilinguals (Arabic-French) and its implications for diagnosing cognitive impairment. METHODS Ninety-three bilingual healthy controls (mean age = 67.99 ± 9.3) and 29 Alzheimer's disease patients (mean age = 77.2 ± 5.9), including 26 with mild and 3 with moderate dementia, underwent MMSE assessments in both Arabic and French. The study aimed to assess language impact on cognitive screening outcomes in different bilingual subtypes. RESULTS Sensitivity in screening for cognitive impairment using the MMSE varied based on language and bilingualism subtype. For unbalanced bilinguals, using the prominent language increased sensitivity. Conversely, in balanced bilinguals, employing the societal majority language enhanced sensitivity. This suggests that the conventional use of the non-prominent language in cognitive screening for foreigners/immigrants may result in a subtle loss of MMSE sensitivity. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the critical role of language choice in cognitive assessment for bilinguals. The MMSE's sensitivity is influenced by language selection, with clinical implications for screening procedures. Recommendations include using the prominent language for cognitive screening in dominant bilinguals and the societal majority language for balanced bilinguals. This nuanced approach aims to improve the accuracy and cultural sensitivity of cognitive screening in bilingual populations, addressing the gap in current assessment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Kassir
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- Research Laboratory in Neurosciences (LAREN), Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Martine Roussel
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Halim Abboud
- Department of Neurology, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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Morgenstern LB, Briceño EM, Mehdipanah R, Chang W, Lewandowski-Romps L, Gonzales XF, Levine DA, Langa KM, Garcia N, Khan N, Zahuranec DB, Heeringa SG. A Community-Based Study of Dementia in Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:649-658. [PMID: 38143352 PMCID: PMC10866536 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on the prevalence of cognitive impairment in Mexican American persons. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in those 65 years and older among Mexican American and non-Hispanic white individuals in a community. METHODS This was a population-based cohort study in Nueces County, Texas, USA. Participants were recruited using a random housing sample. The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment (HCAP) participant and informant protocol was performed after Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening. An algorithm was used to sort participants into diagnostic categories: no cognitive impairment, MCI, or dementia. Logistic regression determined the association of ethnicity with MCI and dementia controlling for age, gender, and education. RESULTS 1,901 participants completed the MoCA and 547 the HCAP. Mexican Americans were younger and had less educational attainment than non-Hispanic whites. Overall, dementia prevalence was 11.6% (95% CI 9.2-14.0) and MCI prevalence was 21.2% (95% CI 17.5-24.8). After adjusting for age, gender, and education level, there was no significant ethnic difference in the odds of dementia or MCI. Those with ≤11 compared with ≥16 years of education had much higher dementia [OR = 4.9 (95% CI 2.2-11.1)] and MCI risk [OR = 3.5 (95% CI 1.6-7.5)]. CONCLUSIONS Dementia and MCI prevalence were high in both Mexican American and non-Hispanic white populations. Mexican American persons had double the odds of mild cognitive impairment and this was attenuated when age and educational attainment were considered. Educational attainment was a potent predictor of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Morgenstern
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Emily M. Briceño
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Roshanak Mehdipanah
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wen Chang
- University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Xavier F. Gonzales
- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Department of Life Sciences, Corpus Christi, TX 78412
| | - Deborah A. Levine
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Nelda Garcia
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Noreen Khan
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Darin B. Zahuranec
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven G. Heeringa
- University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Grasso SM, Clark AL, Petersen M, O'Bryant S. Bilingual neurocognitive resiliency, vulnerability, and Alzheimer's disease biomarker correlates in Latino older adults enrolled in the Health and Aging Brain Study - Health Disparities (HABS-HD). ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12509. [PMID: 38089652 PMCID: PMC10711150 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of bilingualism on neuropsychological test performance in bilinguals with and without cognitive impairment are not well-understood and are relatively limited by small sample sizes of Latinos. METHODS Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), we explored patterns of cognitive performance and impairment across a large sample of community-dwelling bilingual and monolingual Latino older adults with (n = 180) and without (n = 643) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) enrolled in HABS-HD. RESULTS Bilinguals demonstrated cognitive resiliency in the form of significantly better performance on the Trail Making Test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, observed across the cognitively unimpaired and MCI groups. In contrast, bilinguals demonstrated cognitive vulnerability in the form of significantly poorer performance and higher impairment rates on phonemic fluency in the MCI phase, only. Follow-up analyses revealed less balanced bilinguals demonstrated poorer performance and higher impairment rates on this measure, supported by lower levels of plasma Aβ 42/40. DISCUSSION Patterns of cognitive performance and impairment differ as a function of bilingualism. Bilingualism must be considered when evaluating cognitive and biomarker outcomes in Latino older adults. Highlights Latino bilinguals perform better on measures of processing speed and coding.Latino bilinguals with MCI demonstrate cognitive vulnerability in verbal fluency.Less balanced bilinguals demonstrate greatest vulnerability anchored by Aβ 42/40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Grasso
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences Moody College of Communication The University of Texas (UT) at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Alexandra L Clark
- Department of Psychology College of Liberal Arts UT Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
- Department of Family Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
- Department of Family Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth Texas USA
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Vargas A, Zhang G, Shi X, Lisabeth LD, Morgenstern LB. Stroke Outcomes Among English- and Spanish-Speaking Mexican American Patients. Neurology 2023; 101:407-411. [PMID: 37045598 PMCID: PMC10501086 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether language preference was associated with 90-day poststroke outcomes among Mexican American (MA) patients. METHODS Patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage from the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2009-2018) were compared by language preference in 90-day neurologic, functional, and cognitive outcomes using weighted Tobit regression. Models were adjusted for demographics, initial NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), medical history, stroke characteristics, and insurance status. RESULTS Of 1,096 stroke patients, 926 were English-speaking and 170 were Spanish-only-speaking. Spanish speakers were older (p < 0.01), received less education (p < 0.01), had higher initial NIHSS values (p = 0.02), had higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (p < 0.01), and had lower prevalence of smoking (p = 0.01) than English speakers. In fully adjusted models, Spanish-only speakers had worse neurologic outcome (NIHSS, range 0-44 [higher worse], mean difference: 1.93, p < 0.01) but no difference in functional outcome measured by activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living or cognitive outcome compared with English speakers. DISCUSSION This population-based study found worse neurologic but similar functional and cognitive stroke outcomes among Spanish-only-speaking MA patients compared with English-speaking MA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vargas
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (A.V.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Biostatistics (G.Z., X.S.), and Stroke Program (L.D.L., L.B.M.), Michigan Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (A.V.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Biostatistics (G.Z., X.S.), and Stroke Program (L.D.L., L.B.M.), Michigan Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Xu Shi
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (A.V.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Biostatistics (G.Z., X.S.), and Stroke Program (L.D.L., L.B.M.), Michigan Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Lynda D Lisabeth
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (A.V.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Biostatistics (G.Z., X.S.), and Stroke Program (L.D.L., L.B.M.), Michigan Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (A.V.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Biostatistics (G.Z., X.S.), and Stroke Program (L.D.L., L.B.M.), Michigan Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.
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Briceño EM, Dhakal U, Sharma U, Adhikari N, Pradhan MS, Shrestha L, Jalan P, Rai J, Langa KM, Lee J, Ghimire D, Mendes de Leon CF. Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults in Nepal for Population-Based Dementia Ascertainment: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1339-1352. [PMID: 37980674 PMCID: PMC10739926 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The population of Nepal is rapidly aging, as in other low and middle-income countries, and the number of individuals living with Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias (ADRD) is expected to increase. However, information about the neuropsychological assessment of ADRD in Nepal is lacking. We first aimed to examine the needs, challenges, and opportunities associated with the neuropsychological assessment of older adults in Nepal for population-based ADRD ascertainment. Second, we introduce the Chitwan Valley Family Study-Study of Cognition and Aging in Nepal (CVFS-SCAN), which is poised to address these needs, and its collaboration with the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) international network. We reviewed the existing literature on the prevalence, risk factors, available neuropsychological assessment instruments, and sociocultural factors that may influence the neuropsychological assessment of older adults for ADRD ascertainment in Nepal. Our review revealed no existing population-based data on the prevalence of ADRD in Nepal. Very few studies have utilized formal cognitive assessment instruments for ADRD assessment, and there have been no comprehensive neuropsychological assessment instruments that have been validated for the assessment of ADRD in Nepal. We describe how the CVFS-SCAN study will address this need through careful adaptation of the HCAP instrument. We conclude that the development of culturally appropriate neuropsychological assessment instruments is urgently needed for the population-based assessment of ADRD in Nepal. The CVFS-SCAN is designed to address this need and will contribute to the growth of global and equitable neuropsychology and to the science of ADRD in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Briceño
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Usha Dhakal
- Department of Sociology & Gerontology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Institute for Social and Environmental Research-Nepal (ISER-N), Bharatpur-15, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Nabin Adhikari
- Institute for Social and Environmental Research-Nepal (ISER-N), Bharatpur-15, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Meeta S. Pradhan
- Institute for Social and Environmental Research-Nepal (ISER-N), Bharatpur-15, Chitwan, Nepal
| | | | | | - Janak Rai
- Central Department of Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Survey Research Center, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dirgha Ghimire
- Institute for Social and Environmental Research-Nepal (ISER-N), Bharatpur-15, Chitwan, Nepal
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Becker CJ, Heeringa SG, Chang W, Briceño EM, Mehdipanah R, Levine DA, Langa KM, Gonzales XF, Garcia N, Longoria R, Springer MV, Zahuranec DB, Morgenstern LB. Differential Impact of Stroke on Cognitive Impairment in Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic White Americans. Stroke 2022; 53:3394-3400. [PMID: 35959679 PMCID: PMC9613525 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between stroke and dementia is well established. Less is known about this association in underrepresented ethnic groups. In a large ethnically diverse cohort, we examined whether history of stroke was associated with cognitive impairment, and whether this relationship differed by ethnicity (Mexican American [MA] versus non-Hispanic White). METHODS This was a population-based cohort study conducted in Nueces County, TX, a biethnic community with a large and primarily nonimmigrant MA population. Residents aged ≥65 were recruited door-to-door or by telephone between May 2018 and December 2021. The primary exposure was history of stroke, obtained by self-report. Demographic, medical, and educational histories were also obtained. The primary outcome was the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a scale that evaluates multiple domains of cognitive performance. Scores were divided into 3 ordinal categories, roughly corresponding to normal cognition (MoCA 26-30), mild cognitive impairment (MoCA 20-25), or probable dementia (MoCA 0-19). RESULTS One thousand eight hundred one participants completed MoCA screening (55% female; 50% MA, 44% Non-Hispanic White, 6% other), of whom 12.4% reported history of stroke. Stroke prevalence was similar across ethnicities (X2 2.1; P=0.34). In a multivariable cumulative logit regression model for the ordinal cognition outcome, a stroke by ethnicity interaction was observed (P=0.01). Models stratified by ethnicity revealed that stroke was associated with cognitive impairment across ethnicities, but had greater impact on cognition in non-Hispanic Whites (cumulative odds ratio=3.81 [95% CI, 2.37-6.12]) than in MAs (cumulative odds ratio=1.58 [95% CI, 1.04-2.41]). Increased age and lower educational attainment were also associated with cognitive impairment, regardless of ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS History of stroke was associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment after controlling for other factors in both MA and Non-Hispanic White participants. The magnitude of the impact of stroke on cognition was less in MA than in Non-Hispanic White participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Becker
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Steven G Heeringa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.G.H., W.C., K.M.L.)
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.G.H., W.C., K.M.L.)
| | - Emily M Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (E.M.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.G.H., W.C., K.M.L.)
| | - Roshanak Mehdipanah
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education (R.M.), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.A.L., K.M.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.A.L., K.M.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Nelda Garcia
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Ruth Longoria
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Mellanie V Springer
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Darin B Zahuranec
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Department of Neurology (C.J.B., D.A.L., N.G., R.L., M.V.S., D.B.Z., L.B.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health (L.B.M.), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
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Mehdipanah R, Briceño EM, Heeringa SG, Gonzales XF, Levine DA, Langa KM, Garcia N, Longoria R, Chang W, Morgenstern LB. Neighborhood SES and Cognitive Function Among Hispanic/Latinx Residents: Why Where You Live Matters. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:574-581. [PMID: 35691843 PMCID: PMC10662479 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined the impacts of neighborhood SES and individual ethnicity and SES characteristics on cognitive function in aging populations. Hispanics/Latinx are more likely to have cognitive impairment and be community dwellers than non-Hispanic Whites. Neighborhood factors can have greater impacts on the relationship between Hispanics/Latinx and cognitive function. This study examines these relationships in Nueces County, Texas. METHODS A mixed-effects regression analysis of data from 1,140 older adults participating in the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi - Cognitive project from 2018 to 2020 was completed. Cognitive function was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, a cognitive screening measure. Participant addresses were geocoded to obtain census tracts, which were proxies for neighborhoods. Neighborhood SES was measured by household median income, percentage of Hispanic/Latinx residents, and percentage of residents aged ≥65 years with Medicaid, all from the American Community Survey. Interactions were used to examine the impact of neighborhood SES on ethnicity and cognitive function. RESULTS The sample consisted of 62.5% Hispanic/Latinx and 37.5% non-Hispanic White participants. Results from the F-statistics, test of effects, indicate that being older (F4,1138=45.04; p<0.001), being a man (F1,1130=4.35; p<0.050), having low education (F3,1121=40.83; p<0.001), completing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in Spanish (F1,1140=15.35; p<0.001), and being Hispanic/Latinx (F1,962=20.84; p<0.001) were all associated with lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Neighborhood income was positively associated (F1,69.6=6.95; p<0.050) with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Neighborhood income (β=0.32; p<0.050) and percentage with Medicaid (β=0.06; p<0.050) independently moderated the associations between ethnicity and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that neighborhood SES could further impact cognitive function independent of individual characteristics. This could be attributed to minimal resources in communities with lower SES, impacting policies and programs for older individuals, particularly those with worse cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Mehdipanah
- Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Emily M Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven G Heeringa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xavier F Gonzales
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Ann Arbor VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nelda Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ruth Longoria
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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