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Monjazeb S, Chang HV, Lyden PD. Before, during, and after: An Argument for Safety and Improved Outcome of Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Direct Oral Anticoagulant Treatment. Ann Neurol 2024. [PMID: 39258443 DOI: 10.1002/ana.27058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulants are the primary stroke prevention option in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anticoagulant use before stroke, however, might inhibit clinician comfort with thrombolysis if a stroke does occur. Resuming anticoagulants after ischemic stroke is also problematic for fear of hemorrhage. We describe extensive literature showing that thrombolysis is safe after stroke with direct anticoagulant use. Early reinstitution of direct anticoagulant treatment is associated with lower risk of embolic recurrence and lower hemorrhage risk. The use of direct anticoagulants before, during, and after thrombolysis appears to be safe and is likely to promote improved outcomes after ischemic stroke. ANN NEUROL 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Monjazeb
- Department of Neurology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute of the Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather V Chang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute of the Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute of the Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute of the Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Mohammadi H, Ariaei A, Ghobadi Z, Gorgich EAC, Rustamzadeh A. Which neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers method is better in theranostic of Alzheimer's disease? An umbrella review. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:403-417. [PMID: 38497046 PMCID: PMC10940808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are measured to evaluate physiological and pathological processes as well as responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be classified as diagnostic, prognostic, predictor, clinical, and therapeutic. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple biomarkers have been reported so far. Nevertheless, finding a specific biomarker in AD remains a major challenge. Three databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were selected with the keywords of Alzheimer's disease, neuroimaging, biomarker, and blood. The results were finalized with 49 potential CSF/blood and 35 neuroimaging biomarkers. To distinguish normal from AD patients, amyloid-beta42 (Aβ42), plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NFL) as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as the serum could be detected. Nevertheless, most of the biomarkers fairly change in the CSF during AD, listed as kallikrein 6, virus-like particles (VLP-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1). From the neuroimaging aspect, atrophy is an accepted biomarker for the neuropathologic progression of AD. In addition, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography (DTT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to detect AD. Using neuroimaging and CSF/blood biomarkers, in combination with artificial intelligence, it is possible to obtain information on prognosis and follow-up on the different stages of AD. Hence physicians could select the suitable therapy to attenuate disease symptoms and follow up on the efficiency of the prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Armin Ariaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Ghobadi
- Advanced Medical Imaging Ward, Pars Darman Medical Imaging Center, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Auob Rustamzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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3
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Boumali R, Urli L, Naim M, Soualmia F, Kinugawa K, Petropoulos I, El Amri C. Kallikrein-related peptidase's significance in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: A comprehensive survey. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00076-2. [PMID: 38608749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias constitute an important global health challenge. Detailed understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis constitutes a clue for the management of the disease. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), a lead family of serine proteases, have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the context of AD and associated cognitive decline. Hence, KLKs were proposed to display multifaceted impacts influencing various aspects of neurodegeneration, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. We propose here a comprehensive survey to summarize recent findings, providing an overview of the main kallikreins implicated in AD pathophysiology namely KLK8, KLK6 and KLK7. We explore the interplay between KLKs and key AD molecular pathways, shedding light on their significance as potential biomarkers for early disease detection. We also discuss their pertinence as therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions to develop innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at halting or ameliorating the progression of AD and associated dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilès Boumali
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Laureline Urli
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Meriem Naim
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Kiyoka Kinugawa
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France; AP-HP, Paris, France; Charles-Foix Hospital, Functional Exploration Unit for Older Patients, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
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4
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Scarisbrick IA. PARting Neuroinflammation with Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Pepducins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:8-11. [PMID: 38169447 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
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5
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Nashine S, Kenney MC. Effects of Humanin G (HNG) on angiogenesis and neurodegeneration markers in Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Mitochondrion 2024; 74:101818. [PMID: 38029849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced stages of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are characterized by retinal neurodegeneration and aberrant angiogenesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of AMD. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Humanin G (HNG), a cytoprotective mitochondrial-derived peptide, positively regulates cell proliferation, cell death, and the protein levels of angiogenesis and neurodegeneration markers, in normal (control) and AMD RPE transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines. These normal and AMD RPE transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines had identical nuclei derived from mitochondria-deficient ARPE-19 cell line, but differed in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content that was derived from clinically characterized AMD patients and normal (control) subjects. Cell lysates were extracted from untreated and HNG-treated AMD and normal (control) cybrid cell lines, and the Luminex XMAP multiplex assay was used to examine the protein levels of angiogenesis and neurodegeneration markers. Humanin G reduced Caspase-3/7-mediated apoptosis, improved cell proliferation, and normalized the protein levels of angiogenesis and neurodegeneration markers in AMD RPE cybrid cell lines, thereby suggesting Humanin G's positive regulatory role in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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6
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Furube E, Ohgidani M, Yoshida S. Systemic Inflammation Leads to Changes in the Intracellular Localization of KLK6 in Oligodendrocytes in Spinal Cord White Matter. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2645-2659. [PMID: 37067738 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Axonal injury and demyelination occur in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and the detachment of myelin from axons precedes its degradation. Paranodes are the areas at which each layer of the myelin sheath adheres tightly to axons. The destruction of nodal and paranodal structures during inflammation is an important pathophysiology of various neurological disorders. However, the underlying pathological changes in these structures remain unclear. Kallikrein 6 (KLK6), a serine protease produced by oligodendrocytes, is involved in demyelinating diseases. In the present study, we intraperitoneally injected mice with LPS for several days and examined changes in the localization of KLK6. Transient changes in the intracellular localization of KLK6 to paranodes in the spinal cord were observed during LPS-induced systemic inflammation. However, these changes were not detected in the upper part of brain white matter. LPS-induced changes were suppressed by minocycline, suggesting the involvement of microglia. Moreover, nodal lengths were elongated in LPS-treated wild-type mice, but not in LPS-treated KLK6-KO mice. These results demonstrate the potential involvement of KLK6 in the process of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Furube
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Hwang YS, Cho HJ, Park ES, Lim J, Yoon HR, Kim JT, Yoon SR, Jung H, Choe YK, Kim YH, Lee CH, Kwon YT, Kim BY, Lee HG. KLK6/PAR1 Axis Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Regulating Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells and Macrophages. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244101. [PMID: 36552865 PMCID: PMC9777288 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is associated with inflammatory diseases and neoplastic progression. KLK6 is aberrantly expressed in several solid tumors and regulates cancer development, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. However, the function of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we uncovered the mechanism underlying KLK6-mediated cross-talk between cancer cells and macrophages. Compared with wild-type mice, KLK6-/- mice showed less tumor growth and metastasis in the B16F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft model. Mechanistically, KLK6 promoted the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from macrophages via the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in an autocrine manner. TNF-α secreted from macrophages induced the release of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) from melanoma and lung carcinoma cells in a paracrine manner. The introduction of recombinant KLK6 protein in KLK6-/- mice rescued the production of TNF-α and CXCL1, tumor growth, and metastasis. Inhibition of PAR1 activity suppressed these malignant phenotypes rescued by rKLK6 in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that KLK6 functions as an important molecular link between macrophages and cancer cells during malignant progression, thereby providing opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sep Hwang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyung Choe
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheong won, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
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8
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Chen X, Zhang H, Hao H, Zhang X, Song H, He B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. Thrombin induces morphological and inflammatory astrocytic responses via activation of PAR1 receptor. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:189. [PMID: 35399122 PMCID: PMC8995373 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) will result in the significant elevation of thrombin production at lesion site via either breakage of blood-spinal cord barrier or upregulated expression within nerve cells. Thrombin-induced activation of the protease activated receptors (PARs) evokes various pathological effects that deteriorate the functional outcomes of the injured cord. The cellular consequences of thrombin action on the astrocytes, as well as the underlying mechanism are not fully elucidated by far. In the present study, SCI model of rats was established by contusion, and primary astrocytes were isolated for culture from newborn rats. The expression levels of thrombin and PAR1 receptor at lesion sites of the spinal cord were determined. The primary astrocytes cultured in vitro were stimulated with different concentration of thrombin, and the resultant morphological changes, inflammatory astrocytic responses, as well as PAR1-activated signal pathway of astrocytes were accordingly examined using various agonists or antagonists of the receptor. Thrombin was found to reverse astrocytic stellation, promote proliferation but inhibit migration of astrocytes. Furthermore, the serine protease was shown to facilitate inflammatory response of astrocytes through regulation of MAPKs/NFκB pathway. Our results have provided the morphological evidence of astrocytic reactivity in response to thrombin stimulation and its neuroinflammatory effects following SCI, which will be indicative for the fundamental insights of thrombin-induced neuropathology.
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Yoon H, Triplet EM, Simon WL, Choi CI, Kleppe LS, De Vita E, Miller AK, Scarisbrick IA. Blocking Kallikrein 6 promotes developmental myelination. Glia 2022; 70:430-450. [PMID: 34626143 PMCID: PMC8732303 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and implicated in demyelinating conditions. To gain insights into the significance of Klk6 to oligodendrocyte biology, we investigated the impact of global Klk6 gene knockout on CNS developmental myelination using the spinal cord of male and female mice as a model. Results demonstrate that constitutive loss of Klk6 expression accelerates oligodendrocyte differentiation developmentally, including increases in the expression of myelin proteins such as MBP, PLP and CNPase, in the number of CC-1+ mature oligodendrocytes, and myelin thickness by the end of the first postnatal week. Co-ordinate elevations in the pro-myelinating signaling pathways ERK and AKT, expression of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase, and myelin regulatory transcription factor were also observed in the spinal cord of 7d Klk6 knockouts. LC/MS/MS quantification of spinal cord lipids showed sphingosine and sphingomyelins to be elevated in Klk6 knockouts at the peak of myelination. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)-derived from Klk6 knockouts, or wild type OPCs-treated with a Klk6 inhibitor (DFKZ-251), also showed increased MBP and PLP. Moreover, inhibition of Klk6 in OPC cultures enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor-driven differentiation. Altogether, these findings suggest that oligodendrocyte-derived Klk6 may operate as an autocrine or paracrine rheostat, or brake, on pro-myelinating signaling serving to regulate myelin homeostasis developmentally and in the adult. These findings document for the first time that inhibition of Klk6 globally, or specifically in oligodendrocyte progenitors, is a strategy to increase early stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin production in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Elena De Vita
- University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Minnesota USA 55905
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10
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Kim HN, Triplet EM, Radulovic M, Bouchal S, Kleppe LS, Simon WL, Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor modulates astroglia-neuron trophic coupling and neural repair after spinal cord injury. Glia 2021; 69:2111-2132. [PMID: 33887067 PMCID: PMC8672305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is implicated in diverse neuropathologies from neurodegenerative conditions to neurotrauma. PAR1 knockout mice show improved outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI), however information regarding the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms is lacking. Here we demonstrate that genetic blockade of PAR1 in female mice results in improvements in sensorimotor co-ordination after thoracic spinal cord lateral compression injury. We document improved neuron preservation with increases in Synapsin-1 presynaptic proteins and GAP43, a growth cone marker, after a 30 days recovery period. These improvements were coupled to signs of enhanced myelin resiliency and repair, including increases in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and the abundance of myelin basic protein. These significant increases in substrates for neural recovery were accompanied by reduced astrocyte (Serp1) and microglial/monocyte (CD68 and iNOS) pro-inflammatory markers, with coordinate increases in astrocyte (S100A10 and Emp1) and microglial (Arg1) markers reflective of pro-repair activities. Complementary astrocyte-neuron co-culture bioassays suggest astrocytes with PAR1 loss-of-function promote both neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, the pro-neurite outgrowth effects of switching off astrocyte PAR1 were blocked by inhibiting TrkB, the high affinity receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor. Altogether, these studies demonstrate unique modulatory roles for PAR1 in regulating glial-neuron interactions, including the capacity for neurotrophic factor signaling, and underscore its position at neurobiological intersections critical for the response of the CNS to injury and the capacity for regenerative repair and restoration of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Samantha Bouchal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
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11
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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12
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Mella C, Figueroa CD, Otth C, Ehrenfeld P. Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Nervous System Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:166. [PMID: 32655372 PMCID: PMC7324807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine proteases that when dysregulated may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In the present review article, we describe what is known about their physiological and pathological roles with an emphasis on KLK6 and KLK8, two KLKs that are highly expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Altered expression and activity of KLK6 have been linked to brain physiology and the development of multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, altered levels of KLK6 in the brain and serum of people affected by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have been documented, pointing out to its function in amyloid metabolism and development of synucleinopathies. People who have structural genetic variants of KLK8 can suffer mental illnesses such as intellectual and learning disabilities, seizures, and autism. Increased expression of KLK8 has also been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Also, we discuss the possible link that exists between KLKs activity and certain viral infections that can affect the nervous system. Although little is known about the exact mechanisms that mediate KLKs function and their participation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders will open a new field to develop novel therapies to modulate their levels and/or activity and their harmful effects on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Mella
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D. Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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13
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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14
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Ghali GZ, Ghali MGZ. Nafamostat mesylate attenuates the pathophysiologic sequelae of neurovascular ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2217-2234. [PMID: 32594033 PMCID: PMC7749469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafamostat mesylate, an apparent soi-disant panacea of sorts, is widely used to anticoagulate patients undergoing hemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass, mitigate the inflammatory response in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, and reverse the coagulopathy of patients experiencing the commonly preterminal disseminated intravascular coagulation in the Far East. The serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in the setting of neurovascular ischemia. Nafamostat mesylate generates neuroprotective effects by attenuating the enzymatic activity of serine proteases, neuroinflammatory signaling cascades, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, downregulating excitotoxic transient receptor membrane channel subfamily 7 cationic currents, modulating the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways, and supporting neuronal survival (brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB/ERK1/2/CREB, nuclear factor kappa B. The effects collectively reduce neuronal necrosis and apoptosis and prevent ischemia mediated disruption of blood-brain barrier microarchitecture. Investigational clinical applications of these compounds may mitigate ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac, hepatic, renal, or intestinal transplant, preventing allograft rejection, and treating solid organ malignancies. Neuroprotective effects mediated by nafamostat mesylate support the wise conduct of randomized prospective controlled trials in Western countries to evaluate the clinical utility of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zaki Ghali
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA; Department of Toxicology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Huang M, Du J, Wang Y, Ma S, Hu T, Shang J, Yu Q, Zhu X, Zhang G, Cong B. Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase8 protects rat heart against acute ischemia reperfusion injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:1126-1133. [PMID: 31449861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) play important roles in acute cardiac injury and cardiac remodeling. However, the exact cardiac actions of KLK8 have not been determined. Transgenic rat overexpressing KLK8 was established to examine the role of KLK8 in the heart. Cardiac injury was induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and examined by infarct size measurement and TUNEL staining. The molecular mechanisms were investigated in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CMs). Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein levels. KLK8 protein level was significantly increased in the cardiac ischemic risk area. KLK8 overexpression mitigated I/R-induced cardiac injury, as evidenced by decreased infarct size and apoptosis in cardiac ischemic risk area in vivo. Via in vitro studies, it was found that KLK8 overexpression attenuated the Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) injury in CMs; both B2R and PAR2 antagonist significantly attenuated KLK8-induced protective actions under H/R injury. Moreover, KLK8 overexpressed CMs showed significant higher phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK1/2 and PKA under H/R stimulation; B2R antagonist attenuated the phosphorylation levels of Akt and ERK1/2, while PAR2 antagonist attenuated the phosphorylation levels of PKA and ERK1/2. KLK8 protects the heart against I/R-induced cardiac injury, which may represent a new therapeutic target in cardiac medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meineng Huang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiankui Du
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiyu Ma
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Binhai Cong
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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16
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Ruf W. Proteases, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1252-1254. [PMID: 29793990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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17
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Scarisbrick IA. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 orchestrates astrocyte form and function through proteinase activated receptor-dependent mechanisms. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1041-1052. [PMID: 29604205 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is the most abundant serine proteinase in the adult central nervous system (CNS), yet we know little regarding its physiological roles or mechanisms of action. Levels of Klk6 in the extracellular environment are dynamically regulated in CNS injury and disease positioning this secreted enzyme to affect cell behavior by potential receptor dependent and independent mechanisms. Here we show that recombinant Klk6 evokes increases in intracellular Ca2+ in primary astrocyte monolayer cultures through activation of proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR1). In addition, Klk6 promoted a condensation of astrocyte cortical actin leading to an elongated stellate shape and multicellular aggregation in a manner that was dependent on the presence of either PAR1 or PAR2. Klk6-evoked changes in astrocyte shape were accompanied by translocation of β-catenin from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. These data are exciting because they demonstrate that Klk6 can influence astrocyte plasticity through receptor-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, this study expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which kallikreins can contribute to neural homeostasis and remodeling and point to both PAR1 and PAR2 as new therapeutic targets to modulate astrocyte form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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18
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Choi CI, Yoon H, Drucker KL, Langley MR, Kleppe L, Scarisbrick IA. The Thrombin Receptor Restricts Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9360. [PMID: 29921916 PMCID: PMC6008392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is frequently increased in the CNS after injury yet little is known regarding its effects on neural stem cells. Here we show that the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mice lacking the high affinity receptor for thrombin, proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR1), show increased numbers of Sox2+ and Ki-67+ self-renewing neural stem cells (NSCs) and Olig2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors. SVZ NSCs derived from PAR1-knockout mice, or treated with a PAR1 small molecule inhibitor (SCH79797), exhibited enhanced capacity for self-renewal in vitro, including increases in neurosphere formation and BrdU incorporation. PAR1-knockout SVZ monolayer cultures contained more Nestin, NG2+ and Olig2+ cells indicative of enhancements in expansion and differentiation towards the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cultures of NSCs lacking PAR1 also expressed higher levels of myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein upon differentiation. Complementing these findings, the corpus callosum and anterior commissure of adult PAR1-knockout mice contained greater numbers of Olig2+ progenitors and CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes. Together these findings highlight PAR1 inhibition as a means to expand adult SVZ NSCs and to promote an increased number of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in vivo that may be of particular benefit in the context of neural injury where PAR1 agonists such as thrombin are deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kristen L Drucker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Physiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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21
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Nokkari A, Abou-El-Hassan H, Mechref Y, Mondello S, Kindy MS, Jaffa AA, Kobeissy F. Implication of the Kallikrein-Kinin system in neurological disorders: Quest for potential biomarkers and mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:26-50. [PMID: 29355711 PMCID: PMC6026079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent major health concerns in terms of comorbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite a tremendous increase in our understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in disease progression and prevention, the accumulated knowledge so far resulted in relatively moderate translational benefits in terms of therapeutic interventions and enhanced clinical outcomes. Aiming at specific neural molecular pathways, different strategies have been geared to target the development and progression of such disorders. The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is among the most delineated candidate systems due to its ubiquitous roles mediating several of the pathophysiological features of these neurological disorders as well as being implicated in regulating various brain functions. Several experimental KKS models revealed that the inhibition or stimulation of the two receptors of the KKS system (B1R and B2R) can exhibit neuroprotective and/or adverse pathological outcomes. This updated review provides background details of the KKS components and their functions in different neurological disorders including temporal lobe epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and glioma. Finally, this work will highlight the putative roles of the KKS components as potential neurotherapeutic targets and provide future perspectives on the possibility of translating these findings into potential clinical biomarkers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaly Nokkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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22
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Abdominal Vagal Afferents Modulate the Brain Transcriptome and Behaviors Relevant to Schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1634-1647. [PMID: 29326171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0813-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced activity of vagal efferents has long been implicated in schizophrenia and appears to be responsible for diminished parasympathetic activity and associated peripheral symptoms such as low heart rate variability and cardiovascular complications in affected individuals. In contrast, only little attention has been paid to the possibility that impaired afferent vagal signaling may be relevant for the disorder's pathophysiology as well. The present study explored this hypothesis using a model of subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) in male rats. SDA represents the most complete and selective vagal deafferentation method existing to date as it leads to complete disconnection of all abdominal vagal afferents while sparing half of the abdominal vagal efferents. Using next-generation mRNA sequencing, we show that SDA leads to brain transcriptional changes in functional networks annotating with schizophrenia. We further demonstrate that SDA induces a hyperdopaminergic state, which manifests itself as increased sensitivity to acute amphetamine treatment and elevated accumbal levels of dopamine and its major metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Our study also shows that SDA impairs sensorimotor gating and the attentional control of associative learning, which were assessed using the paradigms of prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition, respectively. These data provide converging evidence suggesting that the brain transcriptome, dopamine neurochemistry, and behavioral functions implicated in schizophrenia are subject to visceral modulation through abdominal vagal afferents. Our findings may encourage the further establishment and use of therapies for schizophrenia that are based on vagal interventions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present work provides a better understanding of how disrupted vagal afferent signaling can contribute to schizophrenia-related brain and behavioral abnormalities. More specifically, it shows that subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) in rats leads to (1) brain transcriptional changes in functional networks related to schizophrenia, (2) increased sensitivity to dopamine-stimulating drugs and elevated dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, and (3) impairments in sensorimotor gating and the attentional control of associative learning. These findings may encourage the further establishment of novel therapies for schizophrenia that are based on vagal interventions.
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23
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Kaneko N, Kawano S, Yasuda K, Hashiguchi Y, Sakamoto T, Matsubara R, Goto Y, Jinno T, Maruse Y, Morioka M, Hattori T, Tanaka S, Tanaka H, Kiyoshima T, Nakamura S. Differential roles of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 in malignant transformation and ΔNp63β-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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25
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Pampalakis G, Sykioti VS, Ximerakis M, Stefanakou-Kalakou I, Melki R, Vekrellis K, Sotiropoulou G. KLK6 proteolysis is implicated in the turnover and uptake of extracellular alpha-synuclein species. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14502-14515. [PMID: 27845893 PMCID: PMC5362421 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KLK6 is a serine protease highly expressed in the nervous system. In synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease, the levels of KLK6 inversely correlate with α-synuclein in CSF. Recently, we suggested that recombinant KLK6 mediates the degradation of extracellular α-synuclein directly and via a proteolytic cascade that involves unidentified metalloproteinase(s). Here, we show that recombinant and naturally secreted KLK6 can readily cleave α-synuclein fibrils that have the potential for cell-to-cell propagation in “a prion-like mechanism”. Importantly, KLK6-deficient primary cortical neurons have increased ability for α-synuclein fibril uptake. We also demonstrate that KLK6 activates proMMP2, which in turn can cleave α-synuclein. The repertoire of proteases activated by KLK6 in a neuronal environment was analyzed by degradomic profiling, which also identified ADAMTS19 and showed that KLK6 has a limited number of substrates indicating specific biological functions such as the regulation of α-synuclein turnover. We generated adenoviral vectors for KLK6 delivery and demonstrated that the levels of extracellular α-synuclein can be reduced by neuronally secreted KLK6. Our findings open the possibility to exploit KLK6 as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasia-Samantha Sykioti
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Methodios Ximerakis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stefanakou-Kalakou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece.,Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Walters G, Paulsen AR, Drucker K, Starski P, Wu J, Fairlie DP, Scarisbrick IA. Protease activated receptor 2 controls myelin development, resiliency and repair. Glia 2017; 65:2070-2086. [PMID: 28921694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are essential regulators of axonal energy homeostasis and electrical conduction and emerging target cells for restoration of neurological function. Here we investigate the role of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a unique protease activated G protein-coupled receptor, in myelin development and repair using the spinal cord as a model. Results demonstrate that genetic deletion of PAR2 accelerates myelin production, including higher proteolipid protein (PLP) levels in the spinal cord at birth and higher levels of myelin basic protein and thickened myelin sheaths in adulthood. Enhancements in spinal cord myelin with PAR2 loss-of-function were accompanied by increased numbers of Olig2- and CC1-positive oligodendrocytes, as well as in levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Parallel promyelinating effects were observed after blocking PAR2 expression in purified oligodendrocyte cultures, whereas inhibiting adenylate cyclase reversed these effects. Conversely, PAR2 activation reduced PLP expression and this effect was prevented by brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a promyelinating growth factor that signals through cAMP. PAR2 knockout mice also showed improved myelin resiliency after traumatic spinal cord injury and an accelerated pattern of myelin regeneration after focal demyelination. These findings suggest that PAR2 is an important controller of myelin production and regeneration, both in the developing and adult spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Grant Walters
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Alex R Paulsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Kristen Drucker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Phillip Starski
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
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Yoon H, Walters G, Paulsen AR, Scarisbrick IA. Astrocyte heterogeneity across the brain and spinal cord occurs developmentally, in adulthood and in response to demyelination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180697. [PMID: 28700615 PMCID: PMC5507262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as essential regulators of function and response to injury in the brain and spinal cord, yet very little is known about regional differences that exist. Here we compare the expression of key astroglial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-1 Family Member L1 (ALDH1L1)) across these disparate poles of the neuraxis, tracking their expression developmentally and in the context of demyelination. In addition, we document changes in the astrocyte regulatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and its signaling partner signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), in vivo and in vitro. Results demonstrate that GFAP expression is higher in the developing and adult spinal cord relative to brain. Comparisons between GFAP and ALDH1L1 expression suggest elevations in spinal cord GFAP during the early postnatal period reflect an accelerated appearance of astrocytes, while elevations in adulthood reflect higher expression by individual astrocytes. Notably, increases in spinal cord compared to whole brain GFAP were paralleled by higher levels of IL-6 and STAT3. Equivalent elevations in GFAP, GFAP/ALDH1L1 ratios, and in IL-6, were observed in primary astrocyte cultures derived from spinal cord compared to cortex. Also, higher levels of GFAP were observed in the spinal cord compared to the brain after focal demyelinating injury. Altogether, these studies point to key differences in astrocyte abundance and the expression of GFAP and IL-6 across the brain and spinal cord that are positioned to influence regional specialization developmentally and responses occurring in the context of injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Grant Walters
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Paulsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 exacerbates disease in an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1277-1286. [PMID: 27533119 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is elevated in the serum of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and is hypothesized to participate in inflammatory and neuropathogenic aspects of the disease. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the impact of systemic administration of recombinant Klk6 on the development and progression of MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). First, we determined that Klk6 expression is elevated in the spinal cord of mice with EAE at the peak of clinical disease and in immune cells upon priming with the disease-initiating peptide in vitro. Systemic administration of recombinant Klk6 to mice during the priming phase of disease resulted in an exacerbation of clinical symptoms, including earlier onset of disease and higher levels of spinal cord inflammation and pathology. Treatment of MOG35-55-primed immune cells with Klk6 in culture enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-17, while reducing anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. Together these findings provide evidence that elevations in systemic Klk6 can bias the immune system towards pro-inflammatory responses capable of exacerbating the development of neuroinflammation and paralytic neurological deficits. We suggest that Klk6 represents an important target for conditions in which pro-inflammatory responses play a critical role in disease development, including MS.
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Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: An overview. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:655-683. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Dominique P. Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256; Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology; Paris France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
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Waasdorp M, Duitman J, Spek CA. Plasmin reduces fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells in a protease-activated receptor-1 independent manner. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:152-156. [PMID: 29114573 PMCID: PMC5637235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) potentiates diabetic nephropathy (DN) as evident from reduced kidney injury in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Although thrombin is the prototypical PAR-1 agonist, anticoagulant treatment does not limit DN in experimental animal models suggesting that thrombin is not the endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Objectives To identify the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating diabetes-induced nephropathy. Methods Unbiased protease expression profiling in glomeruli from human kidneys with DN was performed using publically available microarray data. The identified prime candidate PAR-1 agonist was subsequently analysed for PAR-1-dependent induction of fibrosis in vitro. Results Of the 553 proteases expressed in the human genome, 247 qualified as potential PAR-1 agonists of which 71 were significantly expressed above background in diabetic glomeruli. The recently identified PAR-1 agonist plasmin(ogen), together with its physiological activator tissue plasminogen activator, were among the highest expressed proteases. Plasmin did however not induce mesangial proliferation and/or fibronectin deposition in vitro. In a PAR-1 independent manner, plasmin even reduced fibronectin deposition. Conclusion Expression profiling identified plasmin as potential endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Instead of inducing fibronectin expression, plasmin however reduced mesangial fibronectin deposition in vitro. Therefore we conclude that plasmin may not be the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating DN. Plasmin is highly expressed in kidneys of diabetic nephropathy patients. Plasmin limits fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells. Plasmin-dependent PAR-1 activation does not drive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Waasdorp
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,INSERM, UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Protease-activated receptor-1 deficiency protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33030. [PMID: 27618774 PMCID: PMC5020504 DOI: 10.1038/srep33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously administered activated protein C ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN) in a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)-dependent manner, suggesting that PAR-1 activation limits the progression of DN. Activation of PAR-1 in fibroblast-like cells, however, induces proliferation and extracellular matrix production, thereby driving fibrotic disease. Considering the key role of mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix production during DN, PAR-1 may in fact potentiate diabetes-induced kidney injury. To determine the net effect of PAR-1 in DN, streptozotocin-induced DN was studied in wild type and PAR-1 deficient mice. Subsequent mechanistic insight was obtained by assessing profibrotic responses of mesangial and tubular epithelial cells in vitro, following PAR-1 stimulation and inhibition. Despite having similar glucose levels, PAR-1 deficient mice developed less kidney damage after induction of diabetes, as evidenced by diminished proteinuria, plasma cystatin C levels, expansion of the mesangial area, and tubular atrophy. In vitro, PAR-1 signaling in mesangial cells led to increased proliferation and expression of matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. Conversely, a reduction in both proliferation and fibronectin deposition was observed in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Overall, we show that PAR-1 plays an important role in the development of DN and PAR-1 might therefore be an attractive therapeutic target to pursue in DN.
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Radulovic M, Yoon H, Wu J, Mustafa K, Scarisbrick IA. Targeting the thrombin receptor modulates inflammation and astrogliosis to improve recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:226-42. [PMID: 27145117 PMCID: PMC4930708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of serine protease activity is a common feature of neurological injury, but little is known regarding their mechanisms of action or whether they can be targeted to facilitate repair. In this study we demonstrate that the thrombin receptor (Protease Activated Receptor 1, (PAR1)) serves as a critical translator of the spinal cord injury (SCI) proteolytic microenvironment into a cascade of pro-inflammatory events that contribute to astrogliosis and functional decline. PAR1 knockout mice displayed improved locomotor recovery after SCI and reduced signatures of inflammation and astrogliosis, including expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and STAT3 signaling. SCI-associated elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 were also reduced in PAR1-/- mice and co-ordinate improvements in tissue sparing and preservation of NeuN-positive ventral horn neurons, and PKCγ corticospinal axons, were observed. PAR1 and its agonist's thrombin and neurosin were expressed by perilesional astrocytes and each agonist increased the production of IL-6 and STAT3 signaling in primary astrocyte cultures in a PAR1-dependent manner. In turn, IL-6-stimulated astrocytes increased expression of PAR1, thrombin, and neurosin, pointing to a model in which PAR1 activation contributes to increased astrogliosis by feedforward- and feedback-signaling dynamics. Collectively, these findings identify the thrombin receptor as a key mediator of inflammation and astrogliosis in the aftermath of SCI that can be targeted to reduce neurodegeneration and improve neurobehavioral recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Radulovic
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester 55905, MN, United States
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Karim Mustafa
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester 55905, MN, United States
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester 55905, MN, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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SERPINE2/Protease Nexin-1 in vivo multiple functions: Does the puzzle make sense? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:160-169. [PMID: 27545616 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of glial cells and fibroblasts allowed and lead to the identification SERPINE2/Protease Nexin-1 (SERPINE2/PN-1). Cellular, biochemical, immunological and molecular characterization substantiated its variable expression in many organs as a function of development, adult stages, pathological situations or following injury. It is not a circulating serpin, but as other members of the family, its target specificity is influenced by components of the extracellular matrix. The challenges are to identify where and when SERPINE2/PN-1 modulatory action becomes crucial or even possibly specific in a mosaic of feasible in vivo impacts. Data providing correlations are not sufficient to satisfy this aim. Genetically modified mice, or tissue derived thereof, provide interesting in vivo models to identify and study the relevance of this serpin. This review will highlight sometimes-intriguing results indicating a crucial impact of SERPINE2/PN-1, especially in the vasculature, the nervous system or the behavior of cancer cells in vivo. Data presently available will be discussed in an attempt to define general trends in the diversity of SERPINE2/PN-1 modes of action in vivo.
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Liu Y, Li C, Wang J, Fang Y, Sun H, Tao X, Zhou XF, Liao H. Nafamostat Mesilate Improves Neurological Outcome and Axonal Regeneration after Stroke in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4217-4231. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
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Hayama T, Kamio N, Okabe T, Muromachi K, Matsushima K. Kallikrein Promotes Inflammation in Human Dental Pulp Cells Via Protease-Activated Receptor-1. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1522-8. [PMID: 26566265 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), a serine protease, cleaves high-molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and pro-inflammatory peptide. In addition, KLKB1 activates plasminogen and other leukocyte and blood coagulation factors and processes pro-enkephalin, prorenin, and C3. KLKB1 has also been shown to cleave protease-activated receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells to regulate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. In this study, we investigated KLKB1-dependent inflammation and activation of protease-activated receptor-1 in human dental pulp cells. These cells responded to KLKB1 stimulation by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) , upregulating cyclooxygenase-2, and secreting prostaglandin E2 . Remarkably, SCH79797, an antagonist of protease-activated receptor-1, blocked these effects. Thus, these data indicate that KLKB1 induces inflammatory reactions in human dental tissues via protease-activated receptor 1. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1522-1528, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hayama
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamio
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tatsu Okabe
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Koichiro Muromachi
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsushima
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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Yoon H, Kleven A, Paulsen A, Kleppe L, Wu J, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F, Scarisbrick IA. Interplay between exercise and dietary fat modulates myelinogenesis in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:545-555. [PMID: 26826016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that the interplay between exercise training and dietary fat regulates myelinogenesis in the adult central nervous system. Mice consuming high fat with coordinate voluntary running wheel exercise for 7weeks showed increases in the abundance of the major myelin membrane proteins, proteolipid (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP), in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Expression of MBP and PLP RNA, as well that for Myrf1, a transcription factor driving oligodendrocyte differentiation were also differentially increased under each condition. Furthermore, expression of IGF-1 and its receptor IGF-1R, known to promote myelinogenesis, were also increased in the spinal cord in response to high dietary fat or exercise training. Parallel increases in AKT signaling, a pro-myelination signaling intermediate activated by IGF-1, were also observed in the spinal cord of mice consuming high fat alone or in combination with exercise. Despite the pro-myelinogenic effects of high dietary fat in the context of exercise, high fat consumption in the setting of a sedentary lifestyle reduced OPCs and mature oligodendroglia. Whereas 7weeks of exercise training alone did not alter OPC or oligodendrocyte numbers, it did reverse reductions seen with high fat. Evidence is presented suggesting that the interplay between exercise and high dietary fat increase SIRT1, PGC-1α and antioxidant enzymes which may permit oligodendroglia to take advantage of diet and exercise-related increases in mitochondrial activity to yield increases in myelination despite higher levels of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew Kleven
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alex Paulsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Borràs E, Cantó E, Choi M, Maria Villar L, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Chiva C, Montalban X, Vitek O, Comabella M, Sabidó E. Protein-Based Classifier to Predict Conversion from Clinically Isolated Syndrome to Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:318-28. [PMID: 26552840 PMCID: PMC4762525 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. In most patients, the disease initiates with an episode of neurological disturbance referred to as clinically isolated syndrome, but not all patients with this syndrome develop multiple sclerosis over time, and currently, there is no clinical test that can conclusively establish whether a patient with a clinically isolated syndrome will eventually develop clinically defined multiple sclerosis. Here, we took advantage of the capabilities of targeted mass spectrometry to establish a diagnostic molecular classifier with high sensitivity and specificity able to differentiate between clinically isolated syndrome patients with a high and a low risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Based on the combination of abundances of proteins chitinase 3-like 1 and ala-β-his-dipeptidase in cerebrospinal fluid, we built a statistical model able to assign to each patient a precise probability of conversion to clinically defined multiple sclerosis. Our results are of special relevance for patients affected by multiple sclerosis as early treatment can prevent brain damage and slow down the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borràs
- From the ‡Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; §Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Cantó
- ¶Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia. Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat). Institut de Receca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR). Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meena Choi
- ‖Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luisa Maria Villar
- **Department of Neurology and Immunology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - José Carlos Álvarez-Cermeño
- **Department of Neurology and Immunology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Cristina Chiva
- From the ‡Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; §Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- ¶Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia. Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat). Institut de Receca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR). Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Vitek
- ‖Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Manuel Comabella
- ¶Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia. Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat). Institut de Receca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR). Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- From the ‡Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; §Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Normal and Pathologic Processes. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:946572. [PMID: 26783378 PMCID: PMC4689925 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases that participate in proteolytic pathways and control protein levels in normal physiology as well as in several pathological conditions. Their complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions may induce inflammatory and immune responses and contribute to the neoplastic phenotype through the regulation of several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. This family of proteases, which includes one of the most useful cancer biomarkers, kallikrein-related peptidase 3 or PSA, also has a protective effect against cancer promoting apoptosis or counteracting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Therefore, they represent attractive therapeutic targets and may have important applications in clinical oncology. Despite being intensively studied, many gaps in our knowledge on several molecular aspects of KLK functions still exist. This review aims to summarize recent data on their involvement in different processes related to health and disease, in particular those directly or indirectly linked to the neoplastic process.
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Radulovic M, Yoon H, Wu J, Mustafa K, Fehlings MG, Scarisbrick IA. Genetic targeting of protease activated receptor 2 reduces inflammatory astrogliosis and improves recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:75-89. [PMID: 26316358 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory-astrogliosis exacerbates damage in the injured spinal cord and limits repair. Here we identify Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) as an essential regulator of these events with mice lacking the PAR2 gene showing greater improvements in motor coordination and strength after compression-spinal cord injury (SCI) compared to wild type littermates. Molecular profiling of the injury epicenter, and spinal segments above and below, demonstrated that mice lacking PAR2 had significantly attenuated elevations in key hallmarks of astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and neurocan) and in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)). SCI in PAR2-/- mice was also accompanied by improved preservation of protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ)-immunopositive corticospinal axons and reductions in GFAP-immunoreactivity, expression of the pro-apoptotic marker BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), and in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The potential mechanistic link between PAR2, STAT3 and astrogliosis was further investigated in primary astrocytes to reveal that the SCI-related serine protease, neurosin (kallikrein 6) promotes IL-6 secretion in a PAR2 and STAT3-dependent manner. Data point to a signaling circuit in primary astrocytes in which neurosin signaling at PAR2 promotes IL-6 secretion and canonical STAT3 signaling. IL-6 promotes expression of GFAP, vimentin, additional IL-6 and robust increases in both neurosin and PAR2, thereby driving the PAR2-signaling circuit forward. Given the significant reductions in astrogliosis and inflammation as well as superior neuromotor recovery observed in PAR2 knockout mice after SCI, we suggest that this receptor and its agonists represent new drug targets to foster neuromotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Radulovic
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Karim Mustafa
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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Panos M, Christophi GP, Rodriguez M, Scarisbrick IA. Differential expression of multiple kallikreins in a viral model of multiple sclerosis points to unique roles in the innate and adaptive immune response. Biol Chem 2015; 395:1063-73. [PMID: 25153387 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies provide a functional link between kallikrein 6 (Klk6) and the development and progression of disease in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine models. To evaluate the involvement of additional kallikrein family members, we compared Klk6 expression with four other kallikreins (Klk1, Klk7, Klk8, and Klk10) in the brain and spinal cord of mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, an experimental model of progressive MS. The robust upregulation of Klk6 and Klk8 in the brain during the acute phase of viral encephalitis and in the spinal cord during disease development and progression points to their participation in inflammation, demyelination, and progressive axon degeneration. More limited changes in Klk1, Klk7, and Klk10 were also observed. In addition, Klk1, Klk6, and Klk10 were dynamically regulated in T cells in vitro as a recall response to viral antigen and in activated monocytes, pointing to their activities in the development of adaptive and innate immune function. Together, these results point to overlapping and unique roles for multiple kallikreins in the development and progression of virus-mediated central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease, including activities in the development of the adaptive and innate immune response, in demyelination, and in progressive axon degeneration.
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Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Shavit-Stein E, Last D, Goez D, Daniels D, Bushi D, Gera O, Zibly Z, Mardor Y, Chapman J, Harnof S. Thrombin Activity and Thrombin Receptor in Rat Glioblastoma Model: Possible Markers and Targets for Intervention? J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:644-51. [PMID: 25691153 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas constitute a group of aggressive CNS cancers that have high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite extensive research, current therapeutic approaches enable survival beyond 2 years in rare cases only. Thrombin and its main CNS target, protease-activated receptor-1, have been implicated in tumor progression and brain edema. Our aim was to study protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) protein expression and thrombin-like activity levels in both in vitro and in vivo models of glioblastoma and correlate them with the volume of the surrounding edema. We measured the presence of PAR-1 protein using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and assessed thrombin activity in various glial and non-glial cell lines and in a CNS-1 glioma rat model using a thrombin-specific fluorescent assay. Thrombin activity was found to be highly elevated in various high-grade glioma cell lines as well as in non-glial malignant cell lines. In the CNS-1 glioma model, the level of PAR-1 fluorescence in the tumor was significantly elevated compared to adjacent regions of reactive gliosis or distant brain areas. The elevated level of thrombin activity observed in the high-grade glioma positively correlated with tumor-induced brain edema. In conclusion, thrombin is secreted from glioma cells and PAR-1 may be a new biological marker for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'ev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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Mao X, Del Bigio MR. Interference with protease-activated receptor 1 does not reduce damage to subventricular zone cells of immature rodent brain following exposure to blood or blood plasma. J Negat Results Biomed 2015; 14:3. [PMID: 25649264 PMCID: PMC4327806 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-014-0022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work showed that whole blood, plasma, and serum injections are damaging to the neonatal rodent brain in a model of intracerebral/periventricular hemorrhage. Thrombin alone is also damaging. In adult animal models of hemorrhagic stroke, the protease-activated (thrombin) receptor PAR1 mediates some of the brain damage. We hypothesized that PAR1 interference will reduce the adverse effects of blood products on immature rodent brain and cells. RESULTS Cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells from rats and mice were exposed to blood plasma with and without the PAR1 antagonists SCH-79797 or BMS-200261. In concentrations previously shown to have activity on brain cells, neither drug showed evidence of protection against the toxicity of blood plasma. Newborn mice (wild type, heterozygous, and PAR1 knockout) were subjected to intracerebral injection of autologous whole blood into the periventricular region of the frontal lobe. Cell proliferation, measured by Ki67 immunoreactivity in the subventricular zone, was suppressed at 1 and 2 days, and was not normalized in the knockout mice. Cell apoptosis, measured by activated caspase 3 immunoreactivity, was not apparent in the subventricular zone. Increased apoptosis in periventricular striatal cells was not normalized in the knockout mice. CONCLUSION Interference with the thrombin-PAR1 system does not reduce the adverse effects of blood on germinal cells of the immature rodent brain. PAR1 interference is unlikely to be a useful treatment for reducing the brain damage that accompanies periventricular (germinal matrix) hemorrhage, a common complication of premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P5, Canada.
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 401 Brodie Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P5, Canada.
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Drucker KL, Wu J, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor is a critical extracellular switch controlling myelination. Glia 2015; 63:846-59. [PMID: 25628003 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic white matter injuries in the perinatal period are a growing cause of cerebral palsy yet no neuroprotective strategies exist to prevent the devastating motor and cognitive deficits that ensue. We demonstrate that the thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor 1, PAR1) exhibits peak expression levels in the spinal cord at term and is a critical regulator of the myelination continuum from initiation to the final levels achieved. Specifically, PAR1 gene deletion resulted in earlier onset of spinal cord myelination, including substantially more Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes, more myelinated axons, and higher proteolipid protein (PLP) levels at birth. In vitro, the highest levels of PAR1 were observed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), being reduced with differentiation. In parallel, the expression of PLP and myelin basic protein (MBP), in addition to Olig2, were all significantly higher in cultures of PAR1-/- oligodendroglia. Moreover, application of a small molecule inhibitor of PAR1 (SCH79797) to OPCs in vitro increased PLP and MBP expression. Enhancements in myelination associated with PAR1 genetic deletion were also observed in adulthood as evidenced by higher amounts of MBP and thickened myelin sheaths across large, medium, and small diameter axons. Enriched spinal cord myelination in PAR1-/- mice was coupled to increases in extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT signaling developmentally. Nocturnal ambulation and rearing activity were also elevated in PAR1-/- mice. These studies identify the thrombin receptor as a powerful extracellular regulatory switch that could be readily targeted to improve myelin production in the face of white matter injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, their receptors and inflammatory signalling: the Oxford South Parks Road connection. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3196-211. [PMID: 25521749 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In keeping with the aim of the Paton Memorial Lecture to 'facilitate the historical study of pharmacology', this overview, which is my distinct honour to write, represents a 'Janus-like' personal perspective looking both backwards and forwards at the birth and growth of 'receptor molecular pharmacology' with special relevance to inflammatory diseases. The overview begins in the Oxford Department of Pharmacology in the mid-1960s and then goes on to provide a current perspective of signalling by proteinases. Looking backwards, the synopsis describes the fruitful Oxford Pharmacology Department infrastructure that Bill Paton generated in keeping with the blueprint begun by his predecessor, J H Burn. Looking forwards, the overview illustrates the legacy of that environment in generating some of the first receptor ligand-binding data and providing the inspiration and vision for those like me who were training in the department at the same time. With apologies, I mention only in passing a number of individuals who benefitted from the 'South Parks Road connection' using myself as one of the 'outcome study' examples. It is also by looking forward that I can meet the complementary aim of summarizing the lecture presented at a 'BPS 2014 Focused Meeting on Cell Signalling' to provide an overview of the role of proteinases and their signalling mechanisms in the setting of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Kallikrein-related peptidase-6 (KLK6) mRNA expression is an independent prognostic tissue biomarker of poor disease-free and overall survival in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4673-85. [PMID: 24430362 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family of tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases possess important prognostic value in cancer. Moreover, the oncogenic role of kallikrein-related peptidase-6 (KLK6) in colorectal cancer has been well documented so far. This study investigated the prognostic value of KLK6 mRNA expression as a molecular tissue biomarker in colorectal adenocarcinoma. For this purpose, KLK6 mRNA expression was studied in 110 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and 39 paired noncancerous colorectal specimens. A dramatic upregulation of KLK6 mRNA expression was observed in colorectal tumors. KLK6 mRNA overexpression was associated with high depth of tumor invasion, presence of distant metastases, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage of patients. Furthermore, KLK6 mRNA expression was shown to predict poor disease-free and overall survival independently of patient gender, age, tumor size, location, histological subtype, grade, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, TNM stage, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that colorectal adenocarcinoma patients with negative regional lymph nodes (N0) and those without distant metastases (M0) harboring KLK6 mRNA-positive colorectal tumors tended to relapse and die earlier than N0 and M0 patients with KLK6 mRNA-negative colorectal adenocarcinoma. Thus, KLK6 mRNA expression could be considered as an independent, unfavorable molecular prognostic biomarker in colorectal adenocarcinoma, with additional prognostic value in patients without regional or distant metastases.
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Kallikrein cascades in traumatic spinal cord injury: in vitro evidence for roles in axonopathy and neuron degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:1072-89. [PMID: 24128681 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikreins (KLKs) are a family of 15 secreted serine proteases with emerging roles in neurologic diseases. To illuminate their contributions to the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI), we evaluated acute through chronic changes in the immunohistochemical appearance of 6 KLKs (KLK1, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, and KLK9) in postmortem human traumatic SCI cases, quantified their RNA expression levels in experimental murine SCI, and assessed the impact of recombinant forms of each enzyme toward murine cortical neurons in vitro. Temporally and spatially distinct changes in KLK expression were observed with partially overlapping patterns between human and murine SCI, including peak elevations (or reductions) during the acute and subacute periods. Kallikrein 9 showed the most marked changes and remained chronically elevated. Importantly, a subset of KLKs (KLK1, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, and KLK9) were neurotoxic toward primary neurons in vitro. Kallikrein immunoreactivity was also observed in association with swollen axons and retraction bulbs in the human SCI cases examined. Together, these findings demonstrate that elevated levels of a significant subset of KLKs are positioned to contribute to neurodegenerative changes in cases of CNS trauma and disease and, therefore, represent new potential targets for the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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