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Simatos D, Jacobs IE, Dobryden I, Nguyen M, Savva A, Venkateshvaran D, Nikolka M, Charmet J, Spalek LJ, Gicevičius M, Zhang Y, Schweicher G, Howe DJ, Ursel S, Armitage J, Dimov IB, Kraft U, Zhang W, Alsufyani M, McCulloch I, Owens RM, Claesson PM, Knowles TPJ, Sirringhaus H. Effects of Processing-Induced Contamination on Organic Electronic Devices. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300476. [PMID: 37661594 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are a family of pi-conjugated compounds used in many applications, such as displays, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, their susceptibility to processing-induced contamination is not well understood. Here, it is shown that many organic electronic devices reported so far may have been unintentionally contaminated, thus affecting their performance, water uptake, and thin film properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify contaminants originating from the glovebox atmosphere and common laboratory consumables used during device fabrication. Importantly, this in-depth understanding of the sources of contamination allows the establishment of clean fabrication protocols, and the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with improved performance and stability. This study highlights the role of unintentional contaminants in organic electronic devices, and demonstrates that certain stringent processing conditions need to be met to avoid scientific misinterpretation, ensure device reproducibility, and facilitate performance stability. The experimental procedures and conditions used herein are typical of those used by many groups in the field of solution-processed organic semiconductors. Therefore, the insights gained into the effects of contamination are likely to be broadly applicable to studies, not just of OFETs, but also of other devices based on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Illia Dobryden
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Bioeconomy and Health, Department of Material and Surface Design, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Małgorzata Nguyen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Deepak Venkateshvaran
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jérôme Charmet
- School of Engineering-HE-Arc Ingénierie, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mindaugas Gicevičius
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John Armitage
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OAS, UK
| | - Per M Claesson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Bridson JH, Abbel R, Smith DA, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Solving a microplastic dilemma? Evaluating additive release with a dynamic leaching method for microplastic assessment (DyLeMMA). MethodsX 2023; 10:102221. [PMID: 37255577 PMCID: PMC10225925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and plastic additives are contaminants of emerging environmental concern. Static leaching methods are commonly applied to assess the rate and extent of additive release from microplastics. However, this approach may not be representative of environmental conditions where near infinite dilution or percolation commonly occur. We evaluated three different approaches for assessing additive leaching under environmentally relevant sink conditions, culminating in the refinement and validation of DyLeMMA (Dynamic Leaching Method for Microplastic Assessment). Analysis was performed using a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method enabling targeted quantification of additives and screening for non-intentionally added substances. Using four different plastics, sink conditions were maintained over the duration of the test, thereby avoiding solubility limited release and ensuring environmental relevance. Background contamination from ubiquitous additive chemicals was minimised, thereby providing good sensitivity and specificity. Resulting data, in the form of additive release curves, should prove suitable for fitting to release models and derivation of parameters describing additive leaching from microplastics.Key attributes of DyLeMMA:•Environmentally relevant dynamic leaching method for microplastics, demonstrated to maintain sink conditions over the test duration,•Simple, fast, and cost-effective approach without complication of using a solid phase sink,•Provide data suitable for understanding microplastic leaching kinetics and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A. Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Grant L. Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Ochirbat E, Zbonikowski R, Sulicka A, Bończak B, Bonarowska M, Łoś M, Malinowska E, Hołyst R, Paczesny J. Heteroaggregation of virions and microplastics reduces the number of active bacteriophages in aqueous environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:665-677. [PMID: 36785877 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the effects of microplastics on the viability of the bacteriophages in an aqueous environment. Bacteriophages (phages), that is, viruses of bacteria, are essential in homeostasis. It is estimated that phages cause up to 40% of the death of all bacteria daily. Any factor affecting phage activity is vital for the whole food chain and the ecology of numerous niches. We hypothesize that the number of active phages decreases due to the virions' adsorption on microplastic particles or by the released leachables from additives used in the production of plastic, for example, stabilizers, plasticizers, colorants, and reinforcements. We exposed three diverse phages, namely, T4 (tailed), MS2 (icosahedral), and M13 (filamentous), to 1 mg/mL suspension of 12 industrial-grade plastics [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, high-impact polystyrene, poly-ε-caproamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride] shredded to obtain microparticles of radius ranging from 2 to 50 μm. The effect of leachables was measured upon exposure of phages not to particles themselves but to the buffer preincubated with microplastics. A double-overlay plaque counting method was used to assess phage titers. We employed a classical linear regression model to verify which physicochemical parameters (65 variables were tested) govern the decrease of phage titers. The key finding is that adsorption mechanisms result in up to complete scavenging of virions, whereas leachables deactivate up to 50% of phages. This study reveals microplastic pollution's plausible and unforeseen ecotoxicological effect causing phage deactivation. Moreover, phage transmission through adsorption can alter the balance of the food chain in the new environment. The effect depends mainly on the zeta potentials of the polymers and the phage type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhlin Ochirbat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Zbonikowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sulicka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Bończak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Łoś
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Phage Consultants, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Hołyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Creydt M, Wegner B, Gnauck A, Hörner R, Hummert C, Fischer M. Food authentication in the routine laboratory: Determination of the geographical origin of white asparagus using a simple targeted LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS approach. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rogers HB, Zhou LT, Kusuhara A, Zaniker E, Shafaie S, Owen BC, Duncan FE, Woodruff TK. Dental resins used in 3D printing technologies release ovo-toxic leachates. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129003. [PMID: 33515896 PMCID: PMC7957323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We recently engineered the first female reproductive tract on a chip (EVATAR), to enable sex-based ex vivo research. To increase the scalability and accessibility of EVATAR, we turned to 3D printing (3DP) technologies, selecting two biocompatible 3DP resins, Dental SG (DSG) and Dental LT (DLT) to generate 3DP microphysiologic platforms. Due to the known sensitivity of reproductive cells to leachable compounds, we first screened for toxicity of these biomaterials using an in vitro mammalian oocyte maturation assay. Culture of mouse oocytes in 3DP plates using conventionally treated DSG resin resulted in rapid oocyte degeneration. Oxygen plasma treatment of the surface of printed DSG resin prevented this degeneration, and the majority of the resulting oocytes progressed through meiosis in vitro. However, 57.0% ± 37.2% of the cells cultured in the DSG resin plates exhibited abnormal chromosome morphology compared to 19.4% ± 17.3% of controls cultured in polystyrene. All tested DLT resin conditions, including plasma treatment, resulted in complete and rapid oocyte degeneration. To identify the ovo-toxic component of DLT, we analyzed DLT leachate using mass spectroscopy. We identified Tinuvin 292, a commercial light stabilizer, as a major component of the DLT leachate, which resulted in a dose-dependent disruption of meiotic progression and increase in chromosomal abnormalities with oocyte exposure, showing significant ovo-toxicity in mammals. Severe reproductive toxicity induced by in vitro exposure to these 3D-printed resins highlights potential risks of deploying insufficiently characterized materials for biomedical applications and underscores the need for more rigorous evaluation and designation of biocompatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter B Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Luhan T Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Atsuko Kusuhara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Emily Zaniker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Saman Shafaie
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research Center (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Benjamin C Owen
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research Center (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Choi G, Villanger GD, Drover SSM, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nethery RC, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Øvergaard KR, Herring AH, Skogan AH, Biele G, Aase H, Engel SM. Prenatal phthalate exposures and executive function in preschool children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106403. [PMID: 33524667 PMCID: PMC7945722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked with altered neurodevelopment, including externalizing behaviors and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the implicated metabolite, neurobehavioral endpoint, and child sex have not always been consistent across studies, possibly due to heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental instruments. The complex set of findings may be synthesized using executive function (EF), a construct of complex cognitive processes that facilitate ongoing goal-directed behaviors. Impaired EF can be presented with various phenotypes of poor neurodevelopment, differently across structured conditions, home/community, or preschool/school. We evaluated the relationship between prenatal phthalate exposure and comprehensive assessment of preschool EF. METHODS Our study comprised 262 children with clinically significant/subthreshold ADHD symptoms and 78 typically developing children who were born between 2003 and 2008 and participated in the Preschool ADHD Substudy, which is nested within a population-based prospective cohort study, the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa). Twelve phthalate metabolites were measured from urine samples that their mothers had provided during pregnancy, at 17 weeks' gestation. All children, at approximately 3.5-years, took part in a detailed clinical assessment that included parent-and teacher-rated inventories and administered tests. We used instruments that measured constructs related to EF, which include a parent-and teacher-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P) and three performance-based tests: A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY), Stanford-Binet intelligence test V (SB5), and the cookie delay task (CDT). The standard deviation change in test score per interquartile range (IQR) increase in phthalate metabolite was estimated with multivariable linear regression. We applied weighting in all models to account for the oversampling of children with clinically significant or subthreshold symptoms of ADHD. Additionally, we assessed modification by child sex and potential co-pollutant confounding. RESULTS Elevated exposure to mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) during pregnancy was associated with poorer EF, across all domains and instruments, in both sex. For example, an IQR increase in MBzP was associated with poorer working memory rated by parent (1.23 [95% CI: 0.20, 2.26]) and teacher (1.13 [0.14, 2.13]) using BRIEF-P, and administered tests such as SB5 (no-verbal: 0.19 [0.09, 0.28]; verbal: 0.13 [0.01, 0.25]). Adverse associations were also observed for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), although results varied by instruments. EF domains reported by parents using BRIEF-P were most apparently implicated, with stronger associations among boys (e.g., MnBP and inhibition: 2.74 [1.77, 3.72]; MiBP and inhibition: 1.88 [0.84, 2.92]) than among girls (e.g., MnBP and inhibition: -0.63 [-2.08, 0.83], interaction p-value: 0.04; MiBP and inhibition: -0.15 [-1.04, 0.74], interaction p-value: 0.3). Differences by sex, however, were not found for the teacher-rated BRIEF-P or administered tests including NEPSY, SB5, and CDT. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Elevated mid-pregnancy MBzP, MiBP, and MnBP were associated with more adverse profiles of EF among preschool-aged children across a range of instruments and raters, with some associations found only among boys. Given our findings and accumulating evidence of the prenatal period as a critical window for phthalate exposure, there is a timely need to expand the current phthalate regulations focused on baby products to include pregnancy exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giehae Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Samantha S M Drover
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel C Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin R Øvergaard
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Global Health Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annette H Skogan
- The National Centre for Epilepsy, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido Biele
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Adsorption of bacteriophages on polypropylene labware affects the reproducibility of phage research. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7387. [PMID: 33795704 PMCID: PMC8016829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobicity is one of the most critical factors governing the adsorption of molecules and objects, such as virions, on surfaces. Even moderate change of wetting angle of plastic surfaces causes a drastic decrease ranging from 2 to 5 logs of the viruses (e.g., T4 phage) in the suspension due to adsorption on polymer vials' walls. The effect varies immensely in seemingly identical containers but purchased from different vendors. Comparison of glass, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene containers revealed a threshold in the wetting angle of around 95°: virions adsorb on the surface of more hydrophobic containers, while in more hydrophilic vials, phage suspensions are stable. The polypropylene surface of the Eppendorf-type and Falcon-type can accommodate from around 108 PFU/ml to around 1010 PFU/ml from the suspension. The adsorption onto the container’s wall might result in complete scavenging of virions from the bulk. We developed two methods to overcome this issue. The addition of surfactant Tween20 and/or plasma treatment provides a remedy by modulating surface wettability and inhibiting virions' adsorption. Plastic containers are essential consumables in the daily use of many bio-laboratories. Thus, this is important not only for phage-related research (e.g., the use of phage therapies as an alternative for antibiotics) but also for data comparison and reproducibility in the field of biochemistry and virology.
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A method to rapidly analyze the simultaneous release of multiple pharmaceuticals from electrospun fibers. Int J Pharm 2020; 574:118871. [PMID: 31765769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun fibers are a commonly used cell scaffold and have also been used as pharmaceutical delivery devices. In this study, we developed a method to analyze the release of multiple pharmaceuticals from a single electrospun fiber scaffold and determine how each pharmaceutical's loading concentration affects the release rate of each pharmaceutical. Our analysis methods were tested on electrospun fibers loaded with two pharmaceuticals: 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN) and ibuprofen. Pharmaceutical concentration in electrospun fibers ranged from 1.5% to 8.5% by weight. We found that 6AN release was dependent on the concentration of 6AN and ibuprofen loaded into the fibers, while ibuprofen release was only dependent on the loading concentration of ibuprofen but not 6AN. Unexpectedly, ibuprofen release became dependent on both 6AN and ibuprofen loading concentrations when fibers were aged for 1-month post-fabrication at room temperature in the laboratory followed by a 4-hour incubation inside the cell culture incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2. One additional discovery was an unknown signal that was attributed to the medical grade syringes used for electrospinning, which was easily removed using our method. These results demonstrate the utility of the methods developed here and indicate multiple agents can be released concomitantly from electrospun fibers to meet the demands of more complex tissue engineering approaches. Future work will focus on analysis of pharmaceutical release profiles to exploit the dependencies on pharmaceutical loading concentrations.
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Samokhin A, Sotnezova K, Revelsky I. Predicting the absence of an unknown compound in a mass spectral database. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:439-444. [PMID: 31180725 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719855503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Only a small subset of known organic compounds (amenable for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) is present in the largest mass spectral databases (such as NIST or Wiley). Nevertheless, library search algorithms available in the market are not able to predict the absence of a compound in the database. In the present work, we have tried to implement such prediction by means of supervised classification. Training and validation set contained 1500 and 750 compounds, respectively. Two prediction sets (containing 750 and about 3000 mass spectra) were considered. The easiest-to-use models were built with only one input variable: match factor of the best candidate or InLib factor (both parameters were calculated within MS Search (NIST) software). Multivariate classification models were built by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA); match factors of top n candidates were used as input variables. PLS-DA was found to be the most effective approach. The prediction efficiency strongly depended on the 'uniqueness' of mass spectra presented in the test set. PLS-DA model was able to correctly predict the absence of a compound in the database in 29.9% for prediction set #1 and in 74.4% for prediction set #2 (only 1.3% and 2.5% of compounds actually presented in the database were wrongly classified).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Samokhin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Sotnezova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Revelsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Walpitagama M, Carve M, Douek AM, Trestrail C, Bai Y, Kaslin J, Wlodkowic D. Additives migrating from 3D-printed plastic induce developmental toxicity and neuro-behavioural alterations in early life zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105227. [PMID: 31226596 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of exposure to 3D-printed plastics as well as potential migration of toxic chemicals from 3D-printed plastics remains largely unexplored. In this work we applied leachates from plastics fabricated using a stereolithography (SLA) process to early developmental stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity. Migration of unpolymerized photoinitiator, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCHPK) from a plastic solid phase to aqueous media at up to 200 mg/L in the first 24 h was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both plastic extracts (LC50 22.25% v/v) and 1-HCHPK (LC50 60 mg/L) induced mortality and teratogenicity within 48 h of exposure. Developmental toxicity correlated with in situ generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an increase in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation markers and enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in embryos exposed to concentrations as low as 20% v/v for plastic extracts and 16 mg/L for 1-HCHPK. ROS-induced cellular damage led to induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis which could be pharmacologically inhibited with both antioxidant ascorbic acid and a pan-caspase inhibitor. Neuro-behavioral analysis showed that exposure to plastic leachates reduced spontaneous embryonic movement in 24-36 hpf embryos. Plastic extracts in concentrations above 20% v/v induced rapid retardation of locomotion, changes in photomotor response and habituation to photic stimuli with progressive paralysis in 120 hpf larvae. Significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with lack of any CNS-specific apoptotic phenotypes as well as lack of changes in motor neuron density, axonal growth, muscle segment integrity or presence of myoseptal defects were detected upon exposure to plastic extracts during embryogenesis. Considering implications of the results for environmental risk assessment and the growing usage of 3D-printing technologies, we speculate that some 3D-printed plastic waste may represent a significant and yet very poorly uncharacterized environmental hazard that merits further investigation on a range of aquatic and terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanga Walpitagama
- The Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Megan Carve
- The Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Alon M Douek
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Charlene Trestrail
- The Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yutao Bai
- The Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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Peng J, Zhao Y, Hong Y, Burkhalter RS, Hogue CL, Tran E, Wei L, Romeo L, Dolley-Sonneville P, Melkoumian Z, Liang X, Fang Y. Chemical Identity and Mechanism of Action and Formation of a Cell Growth Inhibitory Compound from Polycarbonate Flasks. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaopeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Lai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | | | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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12
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In situ hydrogels enhancing postoperative functional recovery by reducing iron overload after intracerebral haemorrhage. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hewitt JA, Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. Accelerating Biomedical Discoveries through Rigor and Transparency. ILAR J 2017; 58:115-128. [PMID: 28575443 PMCID: PMC6279133 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in reproducing published research findings have garnered a lot of press in recent years. As a funder of biomedical research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has taken measures to address underlying causes of low reproducibility. Extensive deliberations resulted in a policy, released in 2015, to enhance reproducibility through rigor and transparency. We briefly explain what led to the policy, describe its elements, provide examples and resources for the biomedical research community, and discuss the potential impact of the policy on translatability with a focus on research using animal models. Importantly, while increased attention to rigor and transparency may lead to an increase in the number of laboratory animals used in the near term, it will lead to more efficient and productive use of such resources in the long run. The translational value of animal studies will be improved through more rigorous assessment of experimental variables and data, leading to better assessments of the translational potential of animal models, for the benefit of the research community and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Hewitt
- Judith A. Hewitt, PhD, is the Chief of the Research Resources Section in the Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Liliana L. Brown, PhD, is a Program Officer in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, is the Director of the Division of Comparative Medicine within the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Franziska Grieder, DVM, PhD, is the Director of the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Shai D. Silberberg, PhD, is the Director of Research Quality at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda MD.
| | - Liliana L. Brown
- Judith A. Hewitt, PhD, is the Chief of the Research Resources Section in the Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Liliana L. Brown, PhD, is a Program Officer in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, is the Director of the Division of Comparative Medicine within the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Franziska Grieder, DVM, PhD, is the Director of the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Shai D. Silberberg, PhD, is the Director of Research Quality at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda MD.
| | - Stephanie J. Murphy
- Judith A. Hewitt, PhD, is the Chief of the Research Resources Section in the Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Liliana L. Brown, PhD, is a Program Officer in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, is the Director of the Division of Comparative Medicine within the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Franziska Grieder, DVM, PhD, is the Director of the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Shai D. Silberberg, PhD, is the Director of Research Quality at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda MD.
| | - Franziska Grieder
- Judith A. Hewitt, PhD, is the Chief of the Research Resources Section in the Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Liliana L. Brown, PhD, is a Program Officer in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, is the Director of the Division of Comparative Medicine within the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Franziska Grieder, DVM, PhD, is the Director of the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Shai D. Silberberg, PhD, is the Director of Research Quality at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda MD.
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- Judith A. Hewitt, PhD, is the Chief of the Research Resources Section in the Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Liliana L. Brown, PhD, is a Program Officer in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies, in the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, MD. Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, is the Director of the Division of Comparative Medicine within the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Franziska Grieder, DVM, PhD, is the Director of the Office of Infrastructure Programs in the Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Shai D. Silberberg, PhD, is the Director of Research Quality at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda MD.
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Chow ET, Mahalingaiah S. Cosmetics use and age at menopause: is there a connection? Fertil Steril 2016; 106:978-90. [PMID: 27545020 PMCID: PMC5027605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have been evaluated for potential deleterious health impact: parabens, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and siloxanes. A review of the ingredients in the best-selling and top-rated products of the top beauty brands in the world, as well as a review of highlighted chemicals by nonprofit environmental organizations, reveals 11 chemicals and chemical families of concern: butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene, coal tar dyes, diethanolamine, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, parabens, phthalates, 1,4-dioxane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, talc/asbestos, and triclosan. Age at menopause can be affected by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, failure of DNA repair, oxidative stress, shortened telomere length, and ovarian toxicity. There is a lack of available studies to make a conclusion regarding cosmetics use and age at menopause. What little data there are suggest that future studies are warranted. Women with chronic and consistent use of cosmetics across their lifespan may be a population of concern. More research is required to better elucidate the relationship and time windows of vulnerability and the effects of mixtures and combinations of products on ovarian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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Tumanov S, Bulusu V, Gottlieb E, Kamphorst JJ. A rapid method for quantifying free and bound acetate based on alkylation and GC-MS analysis. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 27594997 PMCID: PMC5009658 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetyl-CoA is a key metabolic intermediate with roles in the production of energy and biomass, as well as in metabolic regulation. It was recently found that acetate is crucial for maintaining acetyl-CoA production in hypoxic cancer cells. However, the availability of free acetate in the tumor environment and how much tumor cells consume remains unknown. Similarly, much is still to be learned about changes in the dynamics and distribution of acetylation in response to tumor-relevant conditions. The analysis of acetate is non-trivial, and to help address these topics, we developed a rapid and robust method for the analysis of both free and bound acetate in biological samples. RESULTS We developed a sensitive and high-throughput method for the analysis of acetate based on alkylation to its propyl derivative and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method facilitates simultaneous quantification of both (12)C- and (13)C-acetate, shows high reproducibility (< 10 % RSD), and has a wide linear range of quantification (2-2000 μM). We demonstrate the method's utility by measuring free acetate uptake by cultured cancer cells and by quantifying total acetylation (using hydrolysis) in separate cellular compartments. Additionally, we measure free acetate in tissues and bio-fluids and show that there are considerable differences in acetate concentrations between organs in vivo, providing insights into its complex systemic metabolism and availability for various types of tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our approach for the quantification of acetate is straightforward to implement using widely available equipment and reagents, and will aid in in-depth investigation of various aspects of acetate metabolism. It is also readily adaptable to the analysis of formate and short-chain fatty acids, making it highly relevant to the cancer metabolism community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Tumanov
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Vinay Bulusu
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Jurre J. Kamphorst
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
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16
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Yao CH, Liu GY, Yang K, Gross RW, Patti GJ. Inaccurate quantitation of palmitate in metabolomics and isotope tracer studies due to plastics. Metabolomics 2016; 12. [PMID: 27721678 PMCID: PMC5049887 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Palmitate, the typical end product released from fatty acid synthase, is of interest to many researchers performing metabolomics. Although palmitate can be readily detected by using mass spectrometry, many metabolomic platforms involve the use of plastic consumables that introduce a competing background signal of palmitate. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to quantify palmitate contamination in metabolomics and isotope tracer studies and to examine the reliability of approaches for reducing error. METHODS We measured the quantitative error introduced by palmitate contamination from 4 vendors of plastic consumables used in combination with several different extraction solvents. RESULTS The background palmitate signal was as much as sixfold higher than the biological palmitate signal from 4 million 3T3-L1 cells. Importantly, the palmitate contamination signal was highly variable between plastic consumables (even within the same lot) and therefore could not be accurately removed by subtracting the background as measured from a blank. In addition to affecting relative and absolute quantitation, the palmitate background signal from disposable plastics also led to the underestimation of labeled palmitate in isotope tracer experiments. CONCLUSION When measuring palmitate standard solutions, the best results were obtained when glass vials and glass pipettes were used. However, much of the palmitate background signal could be eliminated by pre-rinsing plastic vials and plastic pipette tips with methanol prior to sample introduction. For isotope tracer studies, error could also be minimized by estimating palmitate enrichment from palmitoylcarnitine, which does not have a competing contamination signal from plastic consumables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard W Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bioorganic and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Yagi A, Miyanaga S, Shrestha R, Takeda S, Kobayashi S, Chiba H, Kamiya H, Hui SP. A fatty acid profiling method using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for improvement of assisted reproductive technology. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 456:100-106. [PMID: 26947967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) can be useful to improve in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study aims to find out an association between embryonic growth and embryonic uptake of free fatty acid (FFA) from culture media by using LC-HRMS. METHODS Embryos (n=55) from 15 couples undergoing IVF were studied. An embryo was cultivated for up to 6 days in a 20 μl-medium drop under mineral oil, and classified by a morphological grading system into the good-growth group (n=32; good quality blastocysts) and the poor-growth group (n=23; non-blastocysts). The control study was set up without embryo. Extracted ion chromatogram of FFAs was collected in negative-ion mode for each medium sample obtained after use. RESULTS The percent change from control to sample in mass area for docosahexaenoic acid showed a decrease in the good-growth group than that in the poor-growth group (p<0.05). Decrease in %change of docosahexaenoic acid might indicate proper embryonic growth. Similar but insignificant change was observed for other essential FFAs, but not for non-essential FFAs. CONCLUSION The proposed metabolomic approach using LC-HRMS might be a powerful tool for non-invasive evaluation of embryonic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yagi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Kamiya Ladies Clinic, Kita-3, Nishi-2, Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyanaga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rojeet Shrestha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Kamiya
- Kamiya Ladies Clinic, Kita-3, Nishi-2, Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Robinson SD, Lee TW, Christie DL, Birch NP. Tissue plasminogen activator inhibits NMDA-receptor-mediated increases in calcium levels in cultured hippocampal neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26500501 PMCID: PMC4598481 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in neurotransmission, acting as essential mediators of many forms of synaptic plasticity, and also modulating aspects of development, synaptic transmission and cell death. NMDAR-induced responses are dependent on a range of factors including subunit composition and receptor location. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease that has been reported to interact with NMDARs and modulate NMDAR activity. In this study we report that tPA inhibits NMDAR-mediated changes in intracellular calcium levels in cultures of primary hippocampal neurons stimulated by low (5 μM) but not high (50 μM) concentrations of NMDA. tPA also inhibited changes in calcium levels stimulated by presynaptic release of glutamate following treatment with bicucculine/4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Inhibition was dependent on the proteolytic activity of tPA but was unaffected by α2-antiplasmin, an inhibitor of the tPA substrate plasmin, and receptor-associated protein (RAP), a pan-ligand blocker of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, two proteins previously reported to modulate NMDAR activity. These findings suggest that tPA can modulate changes in intracellular calcium levels in a subset of NMDARs expressed in cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons through a mechanism that involves the proteolytic activity of tPA and synaptic NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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Iakovlev VV, Guelcher SA, Bendavid R. Degradation of polypropylene in vivo: A microscopic analysis of meshes explanted from patients. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:237-248. [PMID: 26315946 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene meshes, originally introduced for hernia repair, are presently utilized in several anatomical sites. Several million are implanted annually worldwide. Depending on the device, up to 10% will be excised to treat complications. The excised meshes can provide material to study the complications, however, they have remained underutilized over the last decades and the mechanisms of complications continue to be incompletely understood. The fundamental question as to whether polypropylene degrades in vivo is still debated. We have examined 164 excised meshes using conventional microscopy to search for features of polypropylene degradation. Four specimens were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. The degraded material, detected by its ability to absorb dyes in the degradation nanopores, formed a continuous layer at the surface of the mesh fibers. It retained birefringence, inclusions of non-degraded polypropylene, and showed ability to meld with the non-degraded fiber core when heated by the surgical cautery. Several features indicated that the degradation layer formed in vivo: inflammatory cells trapped within fissures, melting caused by cautery of excision surgery, and gradual but progressive growth of the degradation layer while in the body. Cracking of the degraded material indicated a contribution to clinically important mesh stiffening and deformation. Chemical products of degradation need to be analyzed and studied for their role in the mesh-body interactions. The described methods can also be used to study degradation of other materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 237-248, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Iakovlev
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Division of Pathology and Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert Bendavid
- Department of Surgery, Shouldice Hospital, Thornhill, Canada
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20
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Tumanov S, Bulusu V, Kamphorst JJ. Analysis of Fatty Acid Metabolism Using Stable Isotope Tracers and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:197-217. [PMID: 26358906 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells can synthesize fatty acids by ligating multiple acetyl units from acetyl-CoA. This is followed by desaturation and elongation reactions to produce a variety of fatty acids required for proper cellular functioning. Alternatively, exogenous lipid sources can contribute to cellular fatty acid pools. Here, we present a method based on incorporation of (13)C-carbon from labeled substrates into fatty acids and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. The resulting labeling patterns can be used to determine (1) (13)C-enrichment of lipogenic acetyl-CoA, (2) the relative contributions of synthesis and uptake, and (3) absolute fatty acid fluxes. We begin by providing a background and general principles regarding the use of stable isotopes to study fatty acid metabolism. We then proceed with detailing procedures for sample preparation and both GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of isotope incorporation. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of the resulting fatty acid-labeling patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Tumanov
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vinay Bulusu
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute & Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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