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Zhang R, Wang H, Cheng X, Fan K, Gao T, Qi X, Gao S, Zheng G, Dong H. High estrogen induces trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to a macrophage-like phenotype resulting in aortic inflammation via inhibiting VHL/HIF1a/KLF4 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:9876-9898. [PMID: 38843385 PMCID: PMC11210252 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen is thought to have a role in slowing down aging and protecting cardiovascular and cognitive function. However, high doses of estrogen are still positively associated with autoimmune diseases and tumors with systemic inflammation. First, we administered exogenous estrogen to female mice for three consecutive months and found that the aorta of mice on estrogen develops inflammatory manifestations similar to Takayasu arteritis (TAK). Then, in vitro estrogen intervention was performed on mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS cells). Stimulated by high concentrations of estradiol, MOVAS cells showed decreased expression of contractile phenotypic markers and increased expression of macrophage-like phenotypic markers. This shift was blocked by tamoxifen and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) inhibitors and enhanced by Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) interaction inhibitors. It suggests that estrogen-targeted regulation of the VHL/HIF-1α/KLF4 axis induces phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In addition, estrogen-regulated phenotypic conversion of VSMC to macrophages is a key mechanism of estrogen-induced vascular inflammation, which justifies the risk of clinical use of estrogen replacement therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Animals
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Mice
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Female
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/metabolism
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/genetics
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Phenotype
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Inflammation/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Keyi Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaotong Qi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Siqi Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Hassanzadeh S, Sabetvand M, Sardar R, Aryanpour R, Namjoo Z. Spinal Cord Injury Model Mitochondria Connect Altered Function with Defects of Mitochondrion Morphology: an Ultrastructural Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2241-2248. [PMID: 37870678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The key role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disease patients is well documented. Recent studies claimed that mitochondrial regulatory dysfunction might play a role in ongoing cell death and dysfunction. In the present study, we characterized ultrastructural morphometry of mitochondrial alterations occurring at the level of motor neuron cell bodies in SCI-induced rats. We applied 17β-estradiol (E2) to determine whether it can improve mitochondria structural integrity of motor neurons. We used a rat model of acute SCI generated by spinal cord contusion at the T9-T10 level, followed by tissue processing 21 days post-SCI. Samples were divided into five groups: laminectomy, SCI, vehicle, SCI + 25 µg/kg E2, and SCI + 10 µg/kg E2. Assessments included analysis of hind limb motor recovery, quantifying tissue repair, and evaluation of morphological changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in motor neurons by transmission electron microscopy. In the E2-treated groups, especially the group receiving 25 µg/kg E2, less irregular mitochondria were observed, as there was a significant reduction in swelling or vacuolization, or fragmentation compared to the SCI group. Furthermore, E2 significantly reduced membrane rupture in the SCI group. E2 could be a proper therapeutic agent to relieve mitochondrial deleterious effects on neurons in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sabetvand
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Sardar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Aryanpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Wang R, Bai J. Pharmacological interventions targeting the microcirculation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:35-42. [PMID: 37488841 PMCID: PMC10479866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction that severely compromises an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. These adverse outcomes are closely related to the complex mechanism of spinal cord injury, the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons, and the inhibitory environment formed by traumatic injury. Disruption to the microcirculation is an important pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. A number of therapeutic agents have been shown to improve the injury environment, mitigate secondary damage, and/or promote regeneration and repair. Among them, the spinal cord microcirculation has become an important target for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Drug interventions targeting the microcirculation can improve the microenvironment and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. These drugs target the structure and function of the spinal cord microcirculation and are essential for maintaining the normal function of spinal neurons, axons, and glial cells. This review discusses the pathophysiological role of spinal cord microcirculation in spinal cord injury, including its structure and histopathological changes. Further, it summarizes the progress of drug therapies targeting the spinal cord microcirculation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ray SK. TUNEL-n-DIFL Method for Detection and Estimation of Apoptosis Specifically in Neurons and Glial Cells in Mixed Culture and Animal Models of Central Nervous System Diseases and Injuries. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:1-26. [PMID: 38427225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Detection of merely apoptosis does not reveal the type of central nervous system (CNS) cells that are dying in the CNS diseases and injuries. In situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis specifically in neurons or glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) can unveil valuable information for designing therapeutics for protection of the CNS cells and functional recovery. A method was first developed and reported from our laboratory for in situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis precisely in neurons and glial cells using in vitro and in vivo models of CNS diseases and injuries. This is a combination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and double immunofluorescent labeling (DIFL) or simply TUNEL-n-DIFL method for in situ detection and estimation of amount of apoptosis in a specific CNS cell type. An anti-digoxigenin (DIG) IgG antibody conjugated with 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) for blue fluorescence, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for green fluorescence, or Texas Red (TR) for red fluorescence can be used for in situ detection of apoptotic cell DNA, which is earlier labeled with TUNEL using alkali-stable DIG-11-dUTP. A primary anti-NeuN (neurons), anti-GFAP (astrocytes), anti-MBP (oligodendrocytes), or anti-OX-42 (microglia) IgG antibody and a secondary IgG antibody conjugated with one of the above fluorophores (other than that of ani-DIG antibody) are used for in situ detection of apoptosis in a specific CNS cell type in the mixed culture and animal models of the CNS diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Sánchez-Torres S, Orozco-Barrios C, Salgado-Ceballos H, Segura-Uribe JJ, Guerra-Araiza C, León-Cholula Á, Morán J, Coyoy-Salgado A. Tibolone Improves Locomotor Function in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15285. [PMID: 37894971 PMCID: PMC10607734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) harms patients' health and social and economic well-being. Unfortunately, fully effective therapeutic strategies have yet to be developed to treat this disease, affecting millions worldwide. Apoptosis and autophagy are critical cell death signaling pathways after SCI that should be targeted for early therapeutic interventions to mitigate their adverse effects and promote functional recovery. Tibolone (TIB) is a selective tissue estrogen activity regulator (STEAR) with neuroprotective properties demonstrated in some experimental models. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TIB on apoptotic cell death and autophagy after SCI and verify whether TIB promotes motor function recovery. A moderate contusion SCI was produced at thoracic level 9 (T9) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Subsequently, animals received a daily dose of TIB orally and were sacrificed at 1, 3, 14 or 30 days post-injury. Tissue samples were collected for morphometric and immunofluorescence analysis to identify tissue damage and the percentage of neurons at the injury site. Autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3-I/LC3-II, p62) and apoptotic (Caspase 3) markers were also analyzed via Western blot. Finally, motor function was assessed using the BBB scale. TIB administration significantly increased the amount of preserved tissue (p < 0.05), improved the recovery of motor function (p < 0.001) and modulated the expression of autophagy markers in a time-dependent manner while consistently inhibiting apoptosis (p < 0.05). Therefore, TIB could be a therapeutic alternative for the recovery of motor function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Carlos Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ángel León-Cholula
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (S.S.-T.); (H.S.-C.); (Á.L.-C.)
| | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
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Zhao JY, Sheng XL, Li CJ, Qin T, He RD, Dai GY, Cao Y, Lu HB, Duan CY, Hu JZ. Metformin promotes angiogenesis and functional recovery in aged mice after spinal cord injury by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1553-1562. [PMID: 36571362 PMCID: PMC10075126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury. However, its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear. Considering the essential role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process, we hypothesized that metformin activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in endothelial cells, thereby promoting microvascular regeneration in aged mice after spinal cord injury. In this study, we established young and aged mouse models of contusive spinal cord injury using a modified Allen method. We found that aging hindered the recovery of neurological function and the formation of blood vessels in the spinal cord. Treatment with metformin promoted spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in vitro. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of metformin in an in vivo model promoted endothelial cell proliferation and increased the density of new blood vessels in the spinal cord, thereby improving neurological function. The role of metformin was reversed by compound C, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway likely regulates metformin-mediated angiogenesis after spinal cord injury. These findings suggest that metformin promotes vascular regeneration in the injured spinal cord by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, thereby improving the neurological function of aged mice after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Run-Dong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health; Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Yue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Xu Y, Geng Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Qi J, Li F, Hu X, Chen Y, Si H, Li Y, Wang X, Xu H, Kong J, Cai Y, Wu A, Ni W, Xiao J, Zhou K. Cyclic helix B peptide alleviates proinflammatory cell death and improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102767. [PMID: 37290302 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of proinflammatory programmed cell death, were recently found to play important roles in spinal cord injury (SCI). Moreover, cyclic helix B peptide (CHBP) was designed to maintain erythropoietin (EPO) activity and protect tissue against the adverse effects of EPO. However, the protective mechanism of CHBP following SCI is still unknown. This research explored the necroptosis- and pyroptosis-related mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of CHBP after SCI. METHODS Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and RNA sequencing were used to identify the molecular mechanisms of CHBP for SCI. A mouse model of contusion SCI was constructed, and HE staining, Nissl staining, Masson staining, footprint analysis and the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) were applied for histological and behavioural analyses. qPCR, Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were utilized to analyse the levels of necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy and molecules associated with the AMPK signalling pathway. RESULTS The results revealed that CHBP significantly improved functional restoration, elevated autophagy, suppressed pyroptosis, and mitigated necroptosis after SCI. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, attenuated these beneficial effects of CHBP. Furthermore, CHBP-triggered elevation of autophagy was mediated by the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB, and this effect was due to stimulation of the AMPK-FOXO3a-SPK2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signalling pathways. CONCLUSION CHBP acts as a powerful regulator of autophagy that improves functional recovery by alleviating proinflammatory cell death after SCI and thus might be a prospective therapeutic agent for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yibo Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yi jishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Feida Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yituo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haipeng Si
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jianzhong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Kim HN, McCrea MR, Li S. Advances in molecular therapies for targeting pathophysiology in spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:171-187. [PMID: 37017093 PMCID: PMC10148912 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2194532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects 25,000-50,000 people around the world each year and there is no cure for SCI patients currently. The primary injury damages spinal cord tissues and secondary injury mechanisms, including ischemia, apoptosis, inflammation, and astrogliosis, further exacerbate the lesions to the spinal cord. Recently, researchers have designed various therapeutic approaches for SCI by targeting its major cellular or molecular pathophysiology. AREAS COVERED Some strategies have shown promise in repairing injured spinal cord for functional recoveries, such as administering neuroprotective reagents, targeting specific genes to promote robust axon regeneration of disconnected spinal fiber tracts, targeting epigenetic factors to enhance cell survival and neural repair, and facilitating neuronal relay pathways and neuroplasticity for restoration of function after SCI. This review focuses on the major advances in preclinical molecular therapies for SCI reported in recent years. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in developing novel and effective repairing strategies for SCI is encouraging, but many challenges remain for future design of effective treatments, including developing highly effective neuroprotectants for early interventions, stimulating robust neuronal regeneration with functional synaptic reconnections among disconnected neurons, maximizing the recovery of lost neural functions with combination strategies, and translating the most promising therapies into human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Madeline R. McCrea
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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The neuroprotective effects of estrogen and estrogenic compounds in spinal cord injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105074. [PMID: 36736846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is damaged from either a traumatic event or disease. SCI is characterised by multiple injury phases that affect the transmission of sensory and motor signals and lead to temporary or long-term functional deficits. There are few treatments for SCI. Estrogens and estrogenic compounds, however, may effectively mitigate the effects of SCI and therefore represent viable treatment options. This review systematically examines the pre-clinical literature on estrogen and estrogenic compound neuroprotection after SCI. Several estrogens were examined by the included studies: estrogen, estradiol benzoate, Premarin, isopsoralen, genistein, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Across these pharmacotherapies, we find significant evidence that estrogens indeed offer protection against myriad pathophysiological effects of SCI and lead to improvements in functional outcomes, including locomotion. A STRING functional network analysis of proteins modulated by estrogen after SCI demonstrated that estrogen simultaneously upregulates known neuroprotective pathways, such as HIF-1, and downregulates pro-inflammatory pathways, including IL-17. These findings highlight the strong therapeutic potential of estrogen and estrogenic compounds after SCI.
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10
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Olakowska E, Wlaszczuk A, Turek A, Borecka A, Liskiewicz A, Wawro D, Kasperczyk J, Jedrzejowska-Szypulka H. Effects of 17-β-estradiol released from shape-memory terpolymer rods on sciatic nerve regeneration after injury and repair with chitosan nerve conduit in female rats. J Appl Biomed 2022; 20:87-97. [PMID: 36218129 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess 17-β-estradiol (E2) influence on sciatic nerve regeneration after injury followed by a repair with chitosan conduit in ovariectomized female rats. The study was performed in 2 groups (n = 16) of rats: OVChit - after excision of a fragment of the sciatic nerve, a chitosan conduit was implanted; OVChitE10 group - additionally to chitosan conduit, shape-memory terpolymer rods based on poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide- co-trimethylene carbonate) releasing 17-β-estradiol for 20 weeks were implanted. The mean number of regenerating axons and mean fiber area were significantly greater in 17-β-estradiol-treated animals. In this group, the infiltrate of leukocytes was diminished. The presence of 17-β-estradiol receptors alpha and beta in motoneurons in the spinal cord were discovered. This may indicate the location where 17-β-estradiol affects the regeneration of the injured nerve. Estradiol released from the terpolymer rods for 20 weeks could enhance, to some extent, sciatic nerve regeneration after injury, and diminish the inflammatory reaction. In the future, 17-β-estradiol entrapped in terpolymer rods could be used in the repair of injured peripheral nerves, but there is a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Olakowska
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Wlaszczuk
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Turek
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Borecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Liskiewicz
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wawro
- Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Halina Jedrzejowska-Szypulka
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Huang JH, He H, Chen YN, Liu Z, Romani MD, Xu ZY, Xu Y, Lin FY. Exosomes derived from M2 Macrophages Improve Angiogenesis and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through HIF-1α/VEGF Axis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101322. [PMID: 36291255 PMCID: PMC9599527 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that contain a variety of mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins. They are capable of being released by a variety of cells and are essential for cell–cell communication. The exosomes produced by cells have shown protective benefits against spinal cord damage (SCI). Recently, it was discovered that M2 macrophages aid in the angiogenesis of numerous illnesses. However, the functional role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes on SCI is unclear. Here, we investigate the pro-angiogenesis of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes on SCI. We founded that M2 macrophage exosomes alleviated tissue damage and enhanced functional recovery post-SCI. We discovered that M2 macrophage exosome administration increased angiogenesis after SCI in vivo using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence labeling, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, the expression of the pro-angiogenesis factors, HIF-1α and VEGF, were enhanced with the treatment of the M2 macrophage exosomes. Furthermore, we found that M2 macrophage exosomes enhanced neurogenesis after SCI in vivo. In vitro, we found that M2 macrophage exosomes can be taken up by the brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) and that they enhanced the tube formation, migration, and proliferation of bEnd.3 cells. Furthermore, by using special siRNA to inhibit HIF-1α expression, we observed that the expression of VEGF decreased, and the tube formation, migration, and proliferation of bEnd.3 cells were attenuated with the treatment of HIF-1α-siRNA. In conclusion, our findings reveal that M2 macrophage exosomes improve neurological functional recovery and angiogenesis post-SCI, and this process is partially associated with the activation of the HIF-1/VEGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hu Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yong-Neng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Social Economy and Business Administration, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea
| | - Manini Daudi Romani
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhao-Yi Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Fei-Yue Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-133-5822-8767; Fax: +86-591-88217190
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12
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Jafari A, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H, Pashapour S, Sadeghpour S, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. An overview of possible pivotal mechanisms of Genistein as a potential phytochemical against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A hypothesis. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14345. [PMID: 35866873 PMCID: PMC9350103 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has been caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It is a global problem that humanity has not yet found a definitive solution for it. In this regard, a global effort has been done to find effective or potential adjuvant therapies in order to fight this infection. Genistein is a small, biologically active phytoestrogen flavonoid that is found in high amounts in soy and plants of the Fabaceae family. This important compound is known due to its anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Additionally, protective effects of genistein have been reported in different pathological conditions through modulating intracellular pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, NF‐κB, PPARγ, AMPK, and Nrf2. Scientific evidence suggests that genistein could have a potential role to treat COVID‐19 through its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects. Furthermore, it appears to interfere with intracellular pathways involved in viral entry into the cell. This review provides a basis for further research and development of clinical applications of genistein as a potential alternative therapy to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in COVID‐19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | | | - Sarvin Pashapour
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sonia Sadeghpour
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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13
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Tsivelekas KK, Evangelopoulos DS, Pallis D, Benetos IS, Papadakis SA, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Angiogenesis in Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Treatment. Cureus 2022; 14:e25475. [PMID: 35800787 PMCID: PMC9246426 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) provokes the onset of an intricate pathological process. Initial primary injury ruptures local micro-neuro-vascularcomplex triggering the commencement of multi-factorial secondary sequences which exert significant influence on neurological deterioration progress. Stimulating by local ischemia, neovascularization pathways emerge to provide neuroprotection and improve functional recovery. Although angiogenetic processes are prompted, newly formed vascular system is frequently inadequate to distribute sufficient blood supply and improve axonal recovery. Several treatment interventions have been endeavored to achieve the optimal conditions in SCI microenvironment, enhancing angiogenesis and improve functional recovery. In this study we review the revascularization pathogenesis and importance within the secondary processes and condense the proangiogenic influence of several angiogenetic-targeted treatment interventions.
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14
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Premarin Reduces Neurodegeneration and Promotes Improvement of Function in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042384. [PMID: 35216504 PMCID: PMC8875481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy is available for treating SCI. Previously, low doses of estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) were shown to improve the post-injury outcome in a rat SCI model. However, the range of associated side effects makes advocating its therapeutic use difficult. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the therapeutic efficacy of Premarin (PRM) in SCI. PRM is an FDA-approved E2 (10%) formulation, which is used for hormone replacement therapy with minimal risk of serious side effects. The effects of PRM on SCI were examined by magnetic resonance imaging, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot analysis in a rat model. SCI animals treated with vehicle alone, PRM, E2 receptor antagonist (ICI), or PRM + ICI were graded in a blinded way for locomotor function by using the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. PRM treatment for 7 days decreased post-SCI lesion volume and attenuated neuronal cell death, inflammation, and axonal damage. PRM also altered the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in favor of cell survival and improved angiogenesis and microvascular growth. Increased expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ following PRM treatment and their inhibition by ER inhibitor indicated that the neuroprotection associated with PRM treatment might be E2-receptor mediated. The attenuation of glial activation with decreased inflammation and cell death, and increased angiogenesis by PRM led to improved functional outcome as determined by the BBB locomotor scale. These results suggest that PRM treatment has significant therapeutic implications for the improvement of post-SCI outcome.
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15
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Kim Y, Roh EJ, Joshi HP, Shin HE, Choi H, Kwon SY, Sohn S, Han I. Bazedoxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Promotes Functional Recovery in a Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011012. [PMID: 34681670 PMCID: PMC8537911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In research on various central nervous system injuries, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) has shown two main effects: neuroprotection by suppressing the inflammatory response and remyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and oligodendrocyte proliferation. We examined the effects of BZA in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells, and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability and angiogenesis were evaluated in a human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). In vivo experiments were carried out on female Sprague Dawley rats subjected to moderate static compression SCI. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with either vehicle or BZA (1mg/kg pre-SCI and 3 mg/kg for 7 days post-SCI) daily. BZA decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells and preserved BSCB disruption in hCMEC/D3 cells. In the rats, BZA reduced caspase-3 activity at 1 day post-injury (dpi) and suppressed phosphorylation of MAPK (p38 and ERK) at dpi 2, hence reducing the expression of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine. BZA also led to remyelination at dpi 20. BZA contributed to improvements in locomotor recovery after compressive SCI. This evidence suggests that BZA may have therapeutic potential to promote neuroprotection, remyelination, and functional outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyoung Kim
- School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Eun Ji Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Hari Prasad Joshi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
| | - Hae Eun Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Su Yeon Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wang L, Liu J, Xu J, Zhang W, Wang R. Coupling of GPR30 mediated neurogenesis and protection with astroglial Aromatase-STAT3 signaling in rat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111394. [PMID: 34274445 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-30 (GPR30) agonist G1 serves as a viable alternative neuroprotectant of 17β-estradiol (E2) to attenuate neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Aromatase, the key enzyme of E2 biosynthesis, is widely expressed in animal and human brain, and its expression and activity are mediated by selective estrogen receptor modulators. In the present study, we explored the long-term protective and reparative effects of G1 in ovariectomized rats after GCI. We used the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to elucidate whether G1 and brain-derived E2 together induce beneficial effects. Our results showed that G1 administration for 28 days a) significantly increased neurogenesis in the hippocampal sub-granular zone and CA1 regions; b) declined CA1 neuronal impairment in a long-term fashion; c) enhanced expression of synaptic proteins and cognitive function; d) and prevented reactive astrocytes loss, wherein aromatase and brain-derived estrogen levels were markedly increased. Additionally, expression and activation of transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were increased in CA1 astrocytes of G1-treated animals. Letrozole abolished all of the observed benefits of G1. Our results suggest that GPR30 activation mediates long-term neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the hippocampus following GCI, with potential mechanism coupling with the activation of astroglial aromatase-STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Public Health of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China; Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Public Health of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China; Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- School of Public Health of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China; Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- School of Public Health of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China; Dementia and Dyscognitive Key Lab, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063210, China.
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17
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Shams R, Banik NL, Haque A. Implications of enolase in the RANKL-mediated osteoclast activity following spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:1453-1457. [PMID: 34539043 PMCID: PMC8445338 DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2021.017659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by damage to the spinal cord, resulting in loss of function, mobility, and sensation. Although increasingly prevalent in the US, no FDA-approved therapy exists due to the unfortunate complexity of the condition, and the difficulties of SCI may be furthered by the development of SCI-related complications, such as osteoporosis. SCI demonstrates two crucial stages for consideration: the primary stage and the secondary stage. While the primary stage is suggested to be immediate and irreversible, the secondary stage is proposed as a promising window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Enolase, a metabolic enzyme upregulated after SCI, performs non-glycolytic functions, promoting inflammatory events via extracellular degradative actions and increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serves as a biomarker of functional damage to neurons following SCI, and the inhibition of NSE has been demonstrated to reduce signs of secondary injury of SCI and to ameliorate dysfunction. This Viewpoint article involves enolase activation in the regulation of RANK-RANKL pathway and summarizes succinctly the mechanisms influencing osteoclast-mediated resorption of bone in SCI. Our laboratory proposes that inhibition of enolase activation may reduce SCI-induced inflammatory response and decrease osteoclast activity, limiting the chances of skeletal tissue loss in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Shams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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18
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Nishimura K, Takata K. Combination of Drugs and Cell Transplantation: More Beneficial Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies Targeting Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169047. [PMID: 34445753 PMCID: PMC8396512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation therapy using pluripotent/multipotent stem cells has gained attention as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury. To fully realize the potential of cell transplantation therapy, new therapeutic options that increase cell engraftments must be developed, either through modifications to the grafted cells themselves or through changes in the microenvironment surrounding the grafted region. Together these developments could potentially restore lost neuronal function by better supporting grafted cells. In addition, drug administration can improve the outcome of cell transplantation therapy through better accessibility and delivery to the target region following cell transplantation. Here we introduce examples of drug repurposing approaches for more successful transplantation therapies based on preclinical experiments with clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing is an advantageous drug development strategy because drugs that have already been clinically approved can be repurposed to treat other diseases faster and at lower cost. Therefore, drug repurposing is a reasonable approach to enhance the outcomes of cell transplantation therapies for neurological diseases. Ideal repurposing candidates would result in more efficient cell transplantation therapies and provide a new and beneficial therapeutic combination.
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19
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Tan H, Tang Y, Li J, He T, Zhou M, Hu S. Prognosis Evaluation Using 18F-Alfatide II PET in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury Treated With Estrogen. Mol Imaging 2021; 19:1536012120909199. [PMID: 32129146 PMCID: PMC7057400 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120909199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe dysfunction below injured segment and poses a great pressure to the individual and society. In this study, we applied 18F-alfatide II positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to monitor angiogenesis in an SCI model after estrogen (E2) treatment, as well as to evaluate the prognosis in a noninvasive manner. The SCI model was established with male rats and the rats were randomly divided into E2-treated group (SCI + E2) and E2-untreated group (SCI). Sham group was also used as control (Sham). The angiogenesis after SCI was monitored by 18F-alfatide II PET/CT and verified by immunofluorescence of CD31 and CD61. We also evaluated the level of E2 and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were determined to evaluate the exercise capacity of the rats in all 3 groups. Our results showed that the BBB score of SCI + E2 group was significantly different from that of SCI group (P < .05) and Sham group (P < .01). The uptake of 18F-alfatide II was positively correlated with the expression level of GAP43, both of which reached the peak at day 7 after injury. CD31 and CD61 immunostaining further verified increased angiogenesis in E2-treated SCI lesions. We concluded that 18F-alfatide II PET/CT can monitor the angiogenesis status after SCI in vivo and it may help clinician predict the progression of patients with SCI. This may benefit the study of vascular repair after SCI and provide a tool for evaluation of SCI treatment in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpei Tan
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Li
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuo Hu
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Yao C, Cao X, Yu B. Revascularization After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2021; 12:631500. [PMID: 33995118 PMCID: PMC8119644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.631500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex pathological process. The initial mechanical damage is followed by a progressive secondary injury cascade. The injury ruptures the local microvasculature and disturbs blood-spinal cord barriers, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Although endogenous angiogenesis is triggered, the new vessels are insufficient and often fail to function normally. Numerous blood vessel interventions, such as proangiogenic factor administration, gene modulation, cell transplantation, biomaterial implantation, and physical stimulation, have been applied as SCI treatments. Here, we briefly describe alterations and effects of the vascular system on local microenvironments after SCI. Therapies targeted at revascularization for SCI are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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21
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The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063057. [PMID: 33802713 PMCID: PMC8002377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However, beyond immobilization-related lack of long bone loading, multiple mechanisms of SCI-related bone density loss are incompletely understood. Recent findings suggest neuronal impairment and disability may lead to an upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes bone resorption. Disruption of Wnt signaling and dysregulation of RANKL may also contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI-related osteoporosis. Estrogenic effects may protect bones from resorption by decreasing the upregulation of RANKL. This review will discuss the current proposed physiological and cellular mechanisms explaining osteoporosis associated with SCI. In addition, we will discuss emerging pharmacological and physiological treatment strategies, including the promising effects of estrogen on cellular protection.
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22
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Wang H, Zhou WX, Huang JF, Zheng XQ, Tian HJ, Wang B, Fu WL, Wu AM. Endocrine Therapy for the Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:590570. [PMID: 33390881 PMCID: PMC7773784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.590570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of physical disability and leads to patient dissatisfaction with their quality of life. Patients with SCI usually exhibit severe clinical symptoms, including sensory and motor dysfunction below the injured levels, paraplegia, quadriplegia and urinary retention, which can exacerbate the substantial medical and social burdens. The major pathological change observed in SCI is inflammatory reaction, which induces demyelination, axonal degeneration, and the apoptosis and necrosis of neurons. Traditional medical treatments are mainly focused on the recovery of motor function and prevention of complications. To date, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the cellular and molecular mechanism of SCI and have proposed lots of effective treatments, but the clinical applications are still limited due to the complex pathogenesis and poor prognosis after SCI. Endocrine hormones are kinds of molecules that are synthesized by specialized endocrine organs and can participate in the regulation of multiple physiological activities, and their protective effects on several disorders have been widely discussed. In addition, many studies have identified that endocrine hormones can promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery in individuals with central nervous system diseases. Therefore, studies investigating the clinical applications of endocrine hormones as treatments for SCI are necessary. In this review, we described the neuroprotective roles of several endocrine hormones in SCI; endocrine hormone administration reduces cell death and promotes functional repair after SCI. We also proposed novel therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xian Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hai-Jun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Li Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Modalities Associated with Skeletal Muscle Loss Following Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120933. [PMID: 33276534 PMCID: PMC7761577 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to loss of strength, sensation, locomotion and other body functions distal to the lesion site. Individuals with SCI also develop secondary conditions due to the lack of skeletal muscle activity. As SCI case numbers increase, recent studies have attempted to determine the best options to salvage affected musculature before it is lost. These approaches include pharmacotherapeutic options, immunosuppressants, physical activity or a combination thereof. Associated biomarkers are increasingly used to determine if these treatments aid in the protection and reconstruction of affected musculature.
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24
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Cox A, Capone M, Matzelle D, Vertegel A, Bredikhin M, Varma A, Haque A, Shields DC, Banik NL. Nanoparticle-Based Estrogen Delivery to Spinal Cord Injury Site Reduces Local Parenchymal Destruction and Improves Functional Recovery. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:342-352. [PMID: 32680442 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients sustain significant functional impairments; this is causally related to restricted neuronal regeneration after injury. The ensuing reactive gliosis, inflammatory cascade, and glial scar formation impede axonal regrowth. Although systemic anti-inflammatory agents (steroids) have been previously administered to counteract this, no current therapeutic is approved for post-injury neuronal regeneration, in part because of related side effects. Likewise, therapeutic systemic estrogen levels exhibit neuroprotective properties, but dose-dependent side effects are prohibitive. The current study thus uses low-dose estrogen delivery to the spinal cord injury (SCI) site using an agarose gel patch embedded with estrogen-loaded nanoparticles. Compared to controls, spinal cords from rodents treated with nanoparticle site-directed estrogen demonstrated significantly decreased post-injury lesion size, reactive gliosis, and glial scar formation. However, axonal regeneration, vascular endothelial growth factor production, and glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor levels were increased with estrogen administration. Concomitantly improved locomotor and bladder functional recovery were observed with estrogen administration after injury. Therefore, low-dose site-directed estrogen may provide a future approach for enhanced neuronal repair and functional recovery in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Cox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alexey Vertegel
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mikhail Bredikhin
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Abhay Varma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Polcyn R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Hossain A, Chandran R, Banik NL, Haque A. Enolase inhibition alters metabolic hormones and inflammatory factors to promote neuroprotection in spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104788. [PMID: 32650031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enolase inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy currently being investigated for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) as it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, alters metabolic factors, and reduces gliosis in acute SCI. Herein, the role of enolase in SCI has been examined to better understand the effects of this enzyme on inflammation, metabolic hormones, glial cell activation, and neuroprotection under these shorter injury conditions. Immunohistochemical analyses of inflammatory markers vimentin, Cox-2, and caspase-1 indicated that enolase inhibition attenuated the elevated levels of inflammation seen following SCI. Iba1, GFAP, NFP, and CSPG staining indicated that enolase inhibition with prolonged administration of ENOblock reduced microglia/astrocyte activation and lead to enhanced neuroprotection in SCI. An analysis of metabolic hormones revealed that ENOblock treatment significantly upregulated plasma concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon, and insulin hormones as compared to vehicle-treated controls (Mann-Whitney, p ≤ 0.05). ENOblock did not have a significant effect on plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide. Interestingly, ENOblock treatment inhibited chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), which is produced by activated glia and serves to block regrowth of axons across the lesion site following injury. An increased level of NeuN and MBP with reduced caspase-1 was detected in SCI tissues after ENOblock treatment, suggesting preservation of myelin and induction of neuroprotection. ENOblock also induced improved motor function in SCI rats, indicating a role for enolase in modulating inflammatory and metabolic factors in SCI with important implications for clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Polydatin alleviates traumatic spinal cord injury by reducing microglial inflammation via regulation of iNOS and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rezk S, Althani A, Abd-elmaksoud A, Kassab M, Farag A, Lashen S, Cenciarelli C, Caceci T, Marei H. Effects of estrogen on Survival and Neuronal Differentiation of adult human olfactory bulb neural stem Cells Transplanted into Spinal Cord Injured Rats.. [DOI: 10.1101/571950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study we developed an excitotoxic spinal cord injury (SCI) model using kainic acid (KA) to evaluate of the therapeutic potential of human olfactory bulb neural stem cells (h-OBNSCs) for spinal cord injury (SCI). In a previous study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of these cells for SCI; all transplanted animals showed successful engraftment. These cells differentiated predominantly as astrocytes, not motor neurons, so no improvement in motor functions was detected. In the current study we used estrogen as neuroprotective therapy before transplantation of OBNSCs to preserve some of endogenous neurons and enhance the differentiation of these cells towards neurons. The present work demonstrated that the h-GFP-OBNSCs were able to survive for more than eight weeks after sub-acute transplantation into injured spinal cord. Stereological quantification of OBNSCs showed approximately a 2.38-fold increase in the initial cell population transplanted. 40.91% of OBNSCs showed differentiation along the neuronal lineages, which was the predominant fate of these cells. 36.36% of the cells differentiated into mature astrocytes; meanwhile 22.73% of the cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Improvement in motor functions was also detected after cell transplantation.
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28
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Farag A, Lashen S, Eltaysh R. Histoarchitecture restoration of cerebellar sub-layers as a response to estradiol treatment following Kainic acid-induced spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:309-323. [PMID: 30788578 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-02992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the major impacts of spinal cord injury (SCI) is the cerebellar neurological malfunction and deformation of its sub-layers. This could be due to the enormous innervation of the spinocerebellar tract from the posterior gray horn in the spinal cord to the ipsilateral cerebellum. Although the neuroprotective role of estradiol in spinal cord (SC) injuries, as well as its ability to delay secondary cell death changes, is well-known, its effect on cerebellar layers is not fully investigated. In this study, a SCI model was achieved by injection of Kainic acid into SC of adult Male Wistar rats in order to assess the effects of SCI on the cerebellum. The animals were classified into SCI group (animals with SCI), estradiol-treated group (animals with SCI and received estradiol), control groups, and sham control group. The microscopical examination 24 h after induction of SCI revealed that KA induced the most characteristics of neurodegeneration including astrocytic propagation and microglial activation. The estradiol was injected intraperitoneally 20 min after induction of SCI, and the samples were collected at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. Histologically, the estradiol reduced the inflammatory response, enhanced the recovery of molecular, granular, and Purkinje cell layers, and therefore aided in the restoration of layer organization. These findings were also confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and gene expression profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Farag
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Gomhoria St., P.O. box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - S Lashen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Gomhoria St., P.O. box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - R Eltaysh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Gomhoria St., P.O. box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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29
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Otzel DM, Conover CF, Ye F, Phillips EG, Bassett T, Wnek RD, Flores M, Catter A, Ghosh P, Balaez A, Petusevsky J, Chen C, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Jiron JM, Bose PK, Borst SE, Wronski TJ, Aguirre JI, Yarrow JF. Longitudinal Examination of Bone Loss in Male Rats After Moderate-Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:79-91. [PMID: 30218117 PMCID: PMC8349506 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate mechanisms of bone loss after spinal cord injury (SCI), we evaluated the time-course of cancellous and cortical bone microarchitectural deterioration via microcomputed tomography, measured histomorphometric and circulating bone turnover indices, and characterized the development of whole bone mechanical deficits in a clinically relevant experimental SCI model. 16-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T9 laminectomy (SHAM, n = 50) or moderate-severe contusion SCI (n = 52). Outcomes were assessed at 2-weeks, 1-month, 2-months, and 3-months post-surgery. SCI produced immediate sublesional paralysis and persistent hindlimb locomotor impairment. Higher circulating tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (bone resorption marker) and lower osteoblast bone surface and histomorphometric cancellous bone formation indices were present in SCI animals at 2-weeks post-surgery, suggesting uncoupled cancellous bone turnover. Distal femoral and proximal tibial cancellous bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number were markedly lower after SCI, with the residual cancellous network exhibiting less trabecular connectivity. Periosteal bone formation indices were lower at 2-weeks and 1-month post-SCI, preceding femoral cortical bone loss and the development of bone mechanical deficits at the distal femur and femoral diaphysis. SCI animals also exhibited lower serum testosterone than SHAM, until 2-months post-surgery, and lower serum leptin throughout. Our moderate-severe contusion SCI model displayed rapid cancellous bone deterioration and more gradual cortical bone loss and development of whole bone mechanical deficits, which likely resulted from a temporal uncoupling of bone turnover, similar to the sequalae observed in the motor-complete SCI population. Low testosterone and/or leptin may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying bone deterioration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Ean G Phillips
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Taylor Bassett
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Micah Flores
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrea Catter
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Payal Ghosh
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Alexander Balaez
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jason Petusevsky
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yongxin Gao
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Prodip K Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, HSC PO Box 100236, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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30
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El‐Tahawy NFG, Abdel Hafez SMN, Ramzy MM, Zenhom NM, Abdel‐Hamid HA. Effect of experimentally induced hypertension on cerebellum of postmenopausal rat. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12941-12955. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maggie M Ramzy
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Minia University Minia Egypt
| | - Nagwa M. Zenhom
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Minia University Minia Egypt
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31
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Lv R, Du L, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Polydatin attenuates spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and microglia apoptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Life Sci 2018; 217:119-127. [PMID: 30481506 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating central lesions, resulting in serious locomotor deficit. Polydatin is a glucoside of resveratrol with proven anti-cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether polydatin could alleviate SCI in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCI rats induced by a weight-drop device were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 20 or 40 mg/kg polydatin. Then the locomotor function of SCI rats was evaluated by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, spinal cord edema was measured by the wet/dry weight method, oxidative stress markers were detected by commercial kits and cell apoptosis status was measured by TUNEL staining. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production and apoptosis status were detected in murine microglia BV2 cells treated with 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and 4.0 μM polydatin. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins involved in nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway was measured by western blot. KEY FINDINGS Our data showed that polydatin treatment improved locomotor performance of SCI rats, as well as reduced oxidative stress and inhibited apoptosis by enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. In addition, polydatin was found to up-regulate Nrf2 activity and the inhibitory effects of polydatin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia was neutralized by silencing Nrf2 using specific siRNA. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that polydatin may protect the spinal cord from SCI by suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis via improving Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxiao Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Synchrotron Radiation Imaging Reveals the Role of Estrogen in Promoting Angiogenesis After Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018. [PMID: 29529001 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The efficacy of estrogen on vessel angiogenesis in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model was evaluated by synchrotron radiation. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate the change in injured spinal cord vessels and used the synchrotron radiation to investigate the effect of estrogen on vessel angiogenesis and functional recovery in a rat model of SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The promotion of angiogenesis after SCI may be a therapeutic target in the treatment of SCI. Estrogen has been reported to improve locomotor recovery after SCI. However, how estrogen regulates angiogenesis in acute SCI and enhances neurological functional recovery has not been fully characterized. METHODS Synchrotron radiation imaging combined with histological methods was used to image angiogenesis in acute spinal cord treatment with estrogen in rats. RESULTS Synchrotron radiation imaging vividly demonstrated three-dimensional vessel changes in the spinal cord after injury. The imaging showed that vessel number, vessel volume fraction, and vessel connectivity value in the groups treated with estrogen after SCI were significantly increased compared to control groups (P < 0.05). Vessel angiogenesis increased in groups treated with estrogen compared with control rats, which was confirmed with histological staining. Estrogen treatment also attenuated the injury-induced lesion area compared with control groups and improved locomotor functional recovery after SCI. CONCLUSION The results indicated that synchrotron radiation is a powerful imaging tool for visualizing angiogenesis after acute SCI. Estrogen treatment exerted a neuroprotective effect on acute SCI treatment by promoting angiogenesis and reducing the injury-induced lesion area could be recommended as a potential preclinical treatment approach for acute SCI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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33
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Huang YC, Yuan ZF, Yang CH, Shen YJ, Lin JY, Lai CJ. Estrogen Modulates the Sensitivity of Lung Vagal C Fibers in Female Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 30026705 PMCID: PMC6041459 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is mainly characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), which is associated with hyperreactive airway diseases and lung inflammation. Sensitization of lung vagal C fibers (LVCFs) induced by inflammatory mediators may play a central role in the pathogenesis of airway hypersensitivity. In females, estrogen interferes with inflammatory signaling pathways that may modulate airway hyperreactivity. In this study, we investigated the effects of IH on the reflex and afferent responses of LVCFs to chemical stimulants and lung inflammation in adult female rats, as well as the role of estrogen in these responses. Intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were exposed to room air (RA) or IH for 14 consecutive days. On day 15, IH enhanced apneic responses to right atrial injection of chemical stimulants of LVCFs (e.g., capsaicin, phenylbiguanide, and α,β-methylene-ATP) in intact anesthetized females. Rats subjected to OVX prior to IH exposure exhibited an augmented apneic response to the same dose of stimulants compared with rats subjected to other treatments. Apneic responses to the stimulants were completely abrogated by bilateral vagotomy or perivagal capsaicin treatment, which blocked the neural conduction of LVCFs. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that in IH-exposed rats, OVX potentiated the excitability of LVCFs to stimulants. Moreover, LVCF hypersensitivity in rats subjected to OVX prior to IH exposure was accompanied by enhanced lung inflammation, which was reflected by elevated inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung lipid peroxidation, and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines. Supplementation with 17β-estradiol (E2) at a low concentration (30 μg/ml) but not at high concentrations (50 and 150 μg/ml) prevented the augmenting effects of OVX on LVCF sensitivity and lung inflammation caused by IH. These results suggest that ovarian hormones prevent the enhancement of LVCF sensitivity and lung inflammation by IH in female rats, which are related to the effect of low-dose estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Huang
- Department of Chest Section, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Master Program in Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Zung Fan Yuan
- Master Program in Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Huan Yang
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jhih Shen
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Yi Lin
- Department of Chest Section, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Master Program in Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Ching Jung Lai
- Master Program in Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
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Chen NF, Sung CS, Wen ZH, Chen CH, Feng CW, Hung HC, Yang SN, Tsui KH, Chen WF. Therapeutic Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:252. [PMID: 29740270 PMCID: PMC5924817 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is prepared by centrifuging fresh blood in an anticoagulant state, and harvesting the platelet-rich portion or condensing platelets. Studies have consistently demonstrated that PRP concentrates are an abundant source of growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and epithelial growth factor (EGF). The complex mechanisms underlying spinal cord injury (SCI) diminish intrinsic repair and neuronal regeneration. Several studies have suggested that growth factor-promoted axonal regeneration can occur for an extended period after injury. More importantly, the delivery of exogenous growth factors contained in PRP, such as EGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β, has neurotrophic effects on central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of PRP on CNS injuries or neurodegenerative diseases. According to our review of relevant literature, no study has investigated the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) PRP injection into the injured spinal cord and activation of intrinsic mechanisms. In the present study, we directly injected i.t. PRP into rat spinal cords and examined the effects of PRP on normal and injured spinal cords. In rats with normal spinal cords, PRP induced microglia and astrocyte activation and PDGF-B and ICAM-1 expression. In rats with SCIs, i.t. PRP enhanced the locomotor recovery and spared white matter, promoted angiogenesis and neuronal regeneration, and modulated blood vessel size. Furthermore, a sustained treatment (a bolus of PRP followed by a 1/3 dose of initial PRP concentration) exerted more favorable therapeutic effects than a single dose of PRP. Our findings suggest by i.t. PRP stimulate angiogenesis, enhancing neuronal regeneration after SCI in rats. Although PRP induces minor inflammation in normal and injured spinal cords, it has many advantages. It is an autologous, biocompatible, nontoxic material that does not result in a major immune response. In addition, based on its safety and ease of preparation, we hypothesize that PRP is a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Nan Yang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Fujian, China
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35
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Du ZR, Feng XQ, Li N, Qu JX, Feng L, Chen L, Chen WF. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in microglia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 43:11-20. [PMID: 29747742 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genistein (GEN), a phytoestrogen that is extracted from leguminous plants, can bind to estrogen receptor and exert biological effects. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a novel membrane estrogen receptor, has been reported to be involved in the anti-inflammatory process. In the present study, using BV2 microglial cell line and primary microglial culture, we evaluated the involvement of GPER in the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia activation. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of genistein were investigated in LPS-induced microglial activation in murine BV2 microglial cell line and primary microglial culture. Anti-inflammatory properties of genistein were determined by MTT, real time PCR, ELISA and western blot analysis. The pharmacological blockade and lentivirus-mediated siRNA knockdown of GPER were used to study the underlying mechanism. RESULTS The results showed that genistein exerted inhibitory effects on LPS-induced expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Pre-treatment with GPER antagonist G15 could significantly block the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of genistein on LPS-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways could also be blocked by G15. Lentivirus-mediated siRNA knockdown of GPER significantly inhibited the anti-inflammatory effects of genistein in BV2 cells. Further study revealed that genistein treatment could increase the gene and protein expressions of GPER in BV2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that genistein exerts anti-inflammatory effects in microglial cells via GPER activation. These beneficial effects of genistein may represent a new strategy for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Feng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiang-Xue Qu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Colón JM, González PA, Cajigas Á, Maldonado WI, Torrado AI, Santiago JM, Salgado IK, Miranda JD. Continuous tamoxifen delivery improves locomotor recovery 6h after spinal cord injury by neuronal and glial mechanisms in male rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:109-121. [PMID: 29037533 PMCID: PMC5723542 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
No treatment is available for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients often arrive to the hospital hours after SCI suggesting the need of a therapy that can be used on a clinically relevant window. Previous studies showed that Tamoxifen (TAM) treatment 24h after SCI benefits locomotor recovery in female rats. Tamoxifen exerts beneficial effects in male and female rodents but a gap of knowledge exists on: the therapeutic window of TAM, the spatio-temporal mechanisms activated and if this response is sexually dimorphic. We hypothesized that TAM will favor locomotor recovery when administered up-to 24h after SCI in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats received a thoracic (T10) contusion using the MACSIS impactor followed by placebo or TAM (15mg/21days) pellets in a therapeutic window of 0, 6, 12, or 24h. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 7, 14, 28 or 35days post injury (DPI) to study the molecular and cellular changes in the acute and chronic stages. Immediate or delayed therapy (t=6h) improved locomotor function, increased white matter spared tissue, and neuronal survival. TAM reduced reactive gliosis during chronic stages and increased the expression of Olig-2. A significant difference was observed in estrogen receptor alpha between male and female rodents from 2 to 28 DPI suggesting a sexually dimorphic characteristic that could be related to the behavioral differences observed in the therapeutic window of TAM. This study supports the use of TAM in the SCI setting due to its neuroprotective effects but with a significant sexually dimorphic therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Colón
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Pablo A González
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Ámbar Cajigas
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Wanda I Maldonado
- University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Neuroregeneration Division, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences Department, Carolina, PR 00984, USA.
| | - Aranza I Torrado
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - José M Santiago
- University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Neuroregeneration Division, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences Department, Carolina, PR 00984, USA.
| | - Iris K Salgado
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Jorge D Miranda
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Physiology, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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37
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Atallah A, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Grange-Messent V. Chronic depletion of gonadal testosterone leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and inflammation in male mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3161-3175. [PMID: 28256950 PMCID: PMC5584691 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16683961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A dysfunction in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with many neurological and metabolic disorders. Although sex steroid hormones have been shown to impact vascular tone, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses, there are still no data on the role of testosterone in the regulation of BBB structure and function. In this context, we investigated the effects of gonadal testosterone depletion on the integrity of capillary BBB and the surrounding parenchyma in male mice. Our results show increased BBB permeability for different tracers and endogenous immunoglobulins in chronically testosterone-depleted male mice. These results were associated with disorganization of tight junction structures shown by electron tomography and a lower amount of tight junction proteins such as claudin-5 and ZO-1. BBB leakage was also accompanied by activation of astrocytes and microglia, and up-regulation of inflammatory molecules such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Supplementation of castrated male mice with testosterone restored BBB selective permeability, tight junction integrity, and almost completely abrogated the inflammatory features. The present demonstration that testosterone transiently impacts cerebrovascular physiology in adult male mice should help gain new insights into neurological and metabolic diseases linked to hypogonadism in men of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Atallah
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Valérie Grange-Messent
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
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38
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Raghava N, Das BC, Ray SK. Neuroprotective effects of estrogen in CNS injuries: insights from animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:15-29. [PMID: 28845391 PMCID: PMC5567743 DOI: 10.2147/nan.s105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the estrogens that are biosynthesized in the human body, 17β-estradiol (estradiol or E2) is the most common and the best estrogen for neuroprotection in animal models of the central nervous system (CNS) injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and ischemic brain injury (IBI). These CNS injuries are not only serious health problems, but also enormous economic burden on the patients, their families, and the society at large. Studies from animal models of these CNS injuries provide insights into the multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of E2 and also suggest the possibility of translating the therapeutic efficacy of E2 in the treatment SCI, TBI, and IBI in humans in the near future. The pathophysiology of these injuries includes loss of motor function in the limbs, arms and their extremities, cognitive deficit, and many other serious consequences including life-threatening paralysis, infection, and even death. The potential application of E2 therapy to treat the CNS injuries may become a trend as the results are showing significant therapeutic benefits of E2 for neuroprotection when administered into the animal models of SCI, TBI, and IBI. This article describes the plausible mechanisms how E2 works with or without the involvement of estrogen receptors and provides an overview of the known neuroprotective effects of E2 in these three CNS injuries in different animal models. Because activation of estrogen receptors has profound implications in maintaining and also affecting normal physiology, there are notable impediments in translating E2 therapy to the clinics for neuroprotection in CNS injuries in humans. While E2 may not yet be the sole molecule for the treatment of CNS injuries due to the controversies surrounding it, the neuroprotective effects of its metabolite and derivative or combination of E2 with another therapeutic agent are showing significant impacts in animal models that can potentially shape the new treatment strategies for these CNS injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Raghava
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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39
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Haque A, Capone M, Matzelle D, Cox A, Banik NL. Targeting Enolase in Reducing Secondary Damage in Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2777-2787. [PMID: 28508172 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex debilitating condition leading to permanent life-long neurological deficits. The complexity of SCI suggests that a concerted multi-targeted therapeutic approach is warranted to optimally improve function. Damage to spinal cord is complicated by an increased detrimental response from secondary injury factors mediated by activated glial cells and infiltrating macrophages. While elevation of enolase especially neuron specific enolase (NSE) in glial and neuronal cells is believed to trigger inflammatory cascades in acute SCI, alteration of NSE and its subsequent effects in acute SCI remains unknown. This study measured NSE expression levels and key inflammatory mediators after acute SCI and investigated the role of ENOblock, a novel small molecule inhibitor of enolase, in a male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat SCI model. Serum NSE levels as well as cytokines/chemokines and metabolic factors were evaluated in injured animals following treatment with vehicle alone or ENOblock using Discovery assay. Spinal cord samples were also analyzed for NSE and MMPs 2 and 9 as well as glial markers by Western blotting. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and NSE, alterations of metabolic factors and expression of MMPs in spinal cord tissues after treatment with ENOblock (100 µg/kg, twice). These results support the hypothesis that activation of glial cells and inflammation status can be modulated by regulation of NSE expression and activity. Analysis of SCI tissue samples by immunohistochemistry confirmed that ENOblock decreased gliosis which may have occurred through reduction of elevated NSE in rats. Overall, elevation of NSE is deleterious as it promotes extracellular degradation and production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and metabolic factors which activates glia and damages neurons. Thus, reduction of NSE by ENOblock may have potential therapeutic implications in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - April Cox
- FirstString Research, Mt. Pleasant, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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40
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Henderson YO, Nalloor R, Vazdarjanova A, Murphy AZ, Parent MB. Sex-dependent effects of early life inflammatory pain on sucrose intake and sucrose-associated hippocampal Arc expression in adult rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:1-8. [PMID: 28108332 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons, which are critical for episodic memory, form a memory of a meal and inhibit the initiation of the next meal and the amount ingested during that meal. In support, we showed previously that (1) consuming a sucrose meal induces expression of the synaptic plasticity marker activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in dHC neurons and (2) reversible inactivation of these neurons immediately following a sucrose meal accelerates the onset of the next meal and increases the size of that meal. These data suggest that hippocampal-dependent memory inhibits intake; therefore, the following experiments were conducted to determine whether hippocampal-dependent memory impairments are associated with increased intake. We reported recently that one episode of early life inflammatory pain impairs dHC-dependent memory in adult rats. The present study determined whether neonatal inflammatory pain also increases sucrose intake and attenuates sucrose-associated Arc expression. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intraplantar injection of the inflammatory agent carrageenan (1%) on the day of birth and sucrose intake and sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression were measured in adulthood. Neonatal inflammatory pain increased sucrose intake in adult female and male rats, decreased sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression in female rats, and tended to have a similar effect on Arc expression in male rats. Neonatal inflammatory pain significantly decreased the interval between two sucrose meals in female but not in male rats. Morphine administration at the time of insult attenuated the effects of injury on sucrose intake. Collectively, these findings indicate that one brief episode of inflammatory pain on the day of birth has a long long-lasting, sex-dependent impact on intake of a palatable food in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko O Henderson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Rebecca Nalloor
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 3526, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
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41
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d'Anglemont de Tassigny X. Outlook on the neuroprotective effect of estrogen. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1799-1800. [PMID: 29239320 PMCID: PMC5745828 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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42
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Chen MR, Dai P, Wang SF, Song SH, Wang HP, Zhao Y, Wang TH, Liu J. BDNF Overexpression Exhibited Bilateral Effect on Neural Behavior in SCT Mice Associated with AKT Signal Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2585-2597. [PMID: 27278760 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a severe health problem in worldwide, was commonly associated with functional disability and reduced quality of life. As the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was substantial event in injured spinal cord, we hypothesized whether BDNF-overexpression could be in favor of the recovery of both sensory function and hindlimb function after SCI. By using BDNF-overexpression transgene mice [CMV-BDNF 26 (CB26) mice] we assessed the role of BDNF on the recovery of neurological behavior in spinal cord transection (SCT) model. BMS score and tail-flick test was performed to evaluate locomotor function and sensory function, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the location and the expression of BDNF, NeuN, 5-HT, GAP-43, GFAP as well as CGRP, and the level of p-AKT and AKT were examined through western blot analysis. BDNF overexpressing resulted in significant locomotor functional recovery from 21 to 28 days after SCT, compared with wild type (WT)+SCT group. Meanwhile, the NeuN, 5-HT and GAP-43 positive cells were markedly increased in ventral horn in BDNF overexpression animals, compared with WT mice with SCT. Moreover, the crucial molecular signal, p-AKT/AKT has been largely up-regulated, which is consistent with the improvement of locomotor function. However, in this study, thermal hyperpathia encountered in sham (CB26) group and WT+SCT mice and further aggravated in CB26 mice after SCT. Also, following SCT, the significant augment of positive-GFAP astrocytes and CGRP fibers were found in WT+SCT mice, and further increase was seen in BDNF over-expression transgene mice. BDNF-overexpression may not only facilitate the recovery of locomotor function via AKT pathway, but also contributed simultaneously to thermal hyperalgesia after SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Rong Chen
- Animal Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Ping Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Molecular Clinic Institute, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Shu-Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Molecular Clinic Institute, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Shu-Hua Song
- Key Laboratory of National Physical Health and Altitude Training Adaptation in Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hang-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Physical Health and Altitude Training Adaptation in Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Molecular Clinic Institute, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Animal Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Molecular Clinic Institute, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Animal Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China.
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43
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Ray SK, Samntaray S, Banik NL. Future directions for using estrogen receptor agonists in the treatment of acute and chronic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1418-1419. [PMID: 27857741 PMCID: PMC5090840 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Supriti Samntaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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