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Peng CJ, Chen S, Yan SY, Zhao JN, Luo ZW, Qian Y, Zhao GL. Mechanism underlying the effects of exercise against type 2 diabetes: A review on research progress. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1704-1711. [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i8.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as one of the important and effective non-drug therapies used for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in certain nations. The present report summarizes the latest findings from the research on the beneficial effect of exercise on T2D. The objectives were to provide references for the theoretical study and the clinical practice of exercise-based management of T2D, in addition to identify the limitations of the existing literature, thereby provide direction for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jian Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su-Ying Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Department of Outpatient, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhao
- Department of Outpatient, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Fan X, Yang M, Lang Y, Lu S, Kong Z, Gao Y, Shen N, Zhang D, Lv Z. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:442. [PMID: 38910210 PMCID: PMC11194272 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease, known as a glomerular disease, arises from a metabolic disorder impairing renal cell function. Mitochondria, crucial organelles, play a key role in substance metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming as a compensatory mechanism to fulfill energy needs for survival and growth, attracting scholarly attention in recent years. Studies indicate that mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming significantly influences the pathophysiological progression of DKD. Alterations in kidney metabolism lead to abnormal expression of signaling molecules and activation of pathways, inducing oxidative stress-related cellular damage, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and autophagy irregularities, culminating in renal fibrosis and insufficiency. This review delves into the impact of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on DKD pathogenesis, emphasizing the regulation of metabolic regulators and downstream signaling pathways. Therapeutic interventions targeting renal metabolic reprogramming can potentially delay DKD progression. The findings underscore the importance of focusing on metabolic reprogramming to develop safer and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yating Lang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shangwei Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhijuan Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Katsanos CS, Tran L, Hoffman N, Roust LR, De Filippis EA, Mandarino LJ, Johnsson K, Belohlavek M, Buras MR. Impaired Suppression of Plasma Lipid Extraction and its Partitioning Away from Muscle by Insulin in Humans with Obesity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598550. [PMID: 38915696 PMCID: PMC11195248 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Context Humans with obesity and insulin resistance exhibit lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle, but the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of lipid in the muscle of these individuals remain unknown. Objective We investigated how plasma insulin modulates the extraction of circulating triglycerides (TGs) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) from dietary and endogenous sources in the muscle of lean, insulin-sensitive humans (Lean-IS) and contrasted these responses to those in humans with obesity and insulin resistance (Obese-IR). Methods The studies were performed in a postprandial state associated with steady-state plasma TG concentrations. The arterio-venous blood sampling technique was employed to determine the extraction of circulating lipids across the forearm muscle before and after insulin infusion. We distinguished kinetics of TGs and NEFAs from dietary sources across muscle from those from endogenous sources by incorporating stable isotope-labeled triolein in ingested fat. Results Plasma insulin rapidly suppressed the extraction of plasma TGs from endogenous, but not dietary, sources in the Lean-IS, but same response was absent in the Obese-IR. Furthermore, in the muscle of Lean-IS, plasma insulin decreased the extraction of circulating NEFAs from both dietary and endogenous sources, but in Obese-IR subjects this response was absent for NEFAs from dietary sources. Conclusions Partitioning of circulating lipids away from the skeletal muscle when plasma insulin increases, such as during the postprandial period, is impaired in humans with obesity and insulin resistance. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01860911 ).
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Lian X, Cheng Y, Kang H. New insights of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the pathological progression of metabolic syndromes. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112018. [PMID: 38588630 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and coronary artery diseases which are grouped as metabolic syndrome. Rather than being a storage for energy, the adipocytes could synthesis and secret diverse hormones and molecules, named as adipokines. Under obese status, the adipocytes are dysfunctional with excessively producing the inflammatory related cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Concerning on the vital role of adipokines, it is proposed that one of the critical pathological factors of obesity is the dysfunctional adipocytic pathways. Among these adipokines, acylation stimulating protein, as an adipokine synthesized by adipocytes during the process of cell differentiation, is shown to activate the metabolism of triglyceride (TG) by regulating the catabolism of glucose and free fatty acid (FFA). Recent attention has paid to explore the underlying mechanism whereby acylation stimulating protein influences the biological function of adipocyte and the pathological development of obesity. In the present review, we summarized the progression of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the physiological and hormonal catabolism which affects fat distribution. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms which acylation stimulating protein regulates the metabolism of adipose tissue and the process of metabolic syndrome were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lian
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiyuan Kang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Brath MSG, Alsted SD, Sahakyan M, Mark EB, Frøkjær JB, Rasmussen HH, Østergaard LR, Christensen RB, Weinreich UM. Association between the Static and Dynamic Lung Function and CT-Derived Thoracic Skeletal Muscle Measurements-A Retrospective Analysis of a 12-Month Observational Follow-Up Pilot Study. Adv Respir Med 2024; 92:123-144. [PMID: 38525774 PMCID: PMC10961694 DOI: 10.3390/arm92020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with low skeletal muscle mass and severe airway obstruction have higher mortality risks. However, the relationship between dynamic/static lung function (LF) and thoracic skeletal muscle measurements (SMM) remains unclear. This study explored patient characteristics (weight, BMI, exacerbations, dynamic/static LF, sex differences in LF and SMM, and the link between LF and SMM changes. METHODS A retrospective analysis of a 12-month prospective follow-up study patients with stable COPD undergoing standardized treatment, covering mild to severe stages, was conducted. The baseline and follow-up assessments included computed tomography and body plethysmography. RESULTS This study included 35 patients (17 females and 18 males). This study revealed that females had more stable LF but tended to have greater declines in SMM areas and indices than males (-5.4% vs. -1.9%, respectively), despite the fact that females were younger and had higher LF and less exacerbation than males. A multivariate linear regression showed a negative association between the inspiratory capacity/total lung capacity ratio (IC/TLC) and muscle fat area. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest distinct LF and BC progression patterns between male and female patients with COPD. A low IC/TLC ratio may predict increased muscle fat. Further studies are necessary to understand these relationships better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Solholt Godthaab Brath
- Respiratory Research Aalborg (Reaal), Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (E.B.M.); (J.B.F.); (H.H.R.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sisse Dyrman Alsted
- Department of General Medicine, North Region Hospital–Hjørring, 9800 Hjørring, Denmark;
| | - Marina Sahakyan
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.S.); (R.B.C.)
| | - Esben Bolvig Mark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (E.B.M.); (J.B.F.); (H.H.R.)
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Brøndum Frøkjær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (E.B.M.); (J.B.F.); (H.H.R.)
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.S.); (R.B.C.)
| | - Henrik Højgaard Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (E.B.M.); (J.B.F.); (H.H.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Danish Nutrition Science Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Nutrition and Intestinal Failure, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Dietetic and Nutritional Research, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lasse Riis Østergaard
- Medical Informatics Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Ulla Møller Weinreich
- Respiratory Research Aalborg (Reaal), Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (E.B.M.); (J.B.F.); (H.H.R.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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Kang X, Gao Y, Fukada SI, Miao H. FAP senescence: a critical event in muscle regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:195. [PMID: 37165025 PMCID: PMC10172357 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Institute of Medicine and Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University); Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - So-Ichiro Fukada
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hongming Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Vogt ÉL, Von Dentz MC, Rocha DS, Model JFA, Kowalewski LS, Silveira D, de Amaral M, de Bittencourt Júnior PIH, Kucharski LC, Krause M, Vinagre AS. Acute effects of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout performed in fast or fed states on cell metabolism and signaling: Comparison between lean and obese rats. Life Sci 2023; 315:121357. [PMID: 36634864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Although the benefits of exercise can be potentiated by fasting in healthy subjects, few studies evaluated the effects of this intervention on the metabolism of obese subjects. This study investigated the immediate effects of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout performed in fast or fed states on the metabolism of gastrocnemius and soleus of lean and obese rats. MAIN METHODS Male rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks to induce obesity or were fed standard diet (SD). After this period, the animals were subdivided in groups: fed and rest (FER), fed and exercise (30 min treadmill, FEE), 8 h fasted and rest (FAR) and fasted and exercise (FAE). Muscle samples were used to investigate the oxidative capacity and gene expression of AMPK, PGC1α, SIRT1, HSF1 and HSP70. KEY FINDINGS In relation to lean animals, obese animals' gastrocnemius glycogen decreased 60 %, triglycerides increased 31 %; glucose and alanine oxidation decreased 26 % and 38 %, respectively; in soleus, triglycerides reduced 46 % and glucose oxidation decreased 37 %. Exercise and fasting induced different effects in glycolytic and oxidative muscles of obese rats. In soleus, fasting exercise spared glycogen and increased palmitate oxidation, while in gastrocnemius, glucose oxidation increased. In obese animals' gastrocnemius, AMPK expression decreased 29 % and SIRT1 increased 28 % in relation to lean. The AMPK response was more sensitive to exercise and fasting in lean than obese rats. SIGNIFICANCE Exercise and fasting induced different effects on the metabolism of glycolytic and oxidative muscles of obese rats that can promote health benefits in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éverton Lopes Vogt
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maiza Cristina Von Dentz
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Felipe Argenta Model
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Stahlhöfer Kowalewski
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diane Silveira
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marjoriane de Amaral
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Júnior
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kucharski
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Krause
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anapaula Sommer Vinagre
- Comparative Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory (LAMEC), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Many GM, Sanford JA, Sagendorf TJ, Hou Z, Nigro P, Whytock K, Amar D, Caputo T, Gay NR, Gaul DA, Hirshman M, Jimenez-Morales D, Lindholm ME, Muehlbauer MJ, Vamvini M, Bergman B, Fern Ndez FM, Goodyear LJ, Ortlund EA, Sparks LM, Xia A, Adkins JN, Bodine SC, Newgard CB, Schenk S. Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.527012. [PMID: 36778330 PMCID: PMC9915732 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.527012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) is a dynamic storage and secretory organ that regulates systemic homeostasis, yet the impact of endurance exercise training and sex on its molecular landscape has not been fully established. Utilizing an integrative multi-omics approach with data generated by the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC), we identified profound sexual dimorphism in the dynamic response of rat scWAT to endurance exercise training. Despite similar cardiorespiratory improvements, only male rats reduced whole-body adiposity, scWAT adipocyte size, and total scWAT triglyceride abundance with training. Multi-omic analyses of adipose tissue integrated with phenotypic measures identified sex-specific training responses including enrichment of mTOR signaling in females, while males displayed enhanced mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Overall, this study reinforces our understanding that sex impacts scWAT biology and provides a rich resource to interrogate responses of scWAT to endurance training.
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Lagacé JC, Paquin J, Tremblay R, St-Martin P, Tessier D, Plourde M, Riesco E, Dionne IJ. The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:4638. [PMID: 36364900 PMCID: PMC9653898 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known risk factors of T2D. Younger first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2D patients have shown early metabolic alterations, which could limit exercise's ability to prevent T2D. Thus, the objective was to determine whether exercise metabolism was altered during submaximal exercise in FDR postmenopausal women. Nineteen inactive postmenopausal women (control: 10, FDR: 9) aged 60 to 75 years old underwent an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with intensity ranging from 40 to 70% of peak power output. Participants consumed 50 mg of 13C-palmitate 2 h before the test. At the end of each stage, glucose, lactate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and 13C-palmitate were measured in plasma, and 13CO2 was measured in breath samples. Gas exchanges and heart rate were both monitored continuously. There were no between-group differences in substrate oxidation, plasma substrate concentrations or 13C recovered in plasma or breath. Interestingly, despite exercising at a similar relative intensity to control, FDR were consistently at a lower percentage of heart rate reserve. Overall, substrate plasma concentration and oxidation are not affected by family history of T2D in postmenopausal women and therefore not a participating mechanism in the altered response to exercise previously reported. More studies are required to better understand the mechanisms involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagacé
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Paquin
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Renaud Tremblay
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Philippe St-Martin
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Daniel Tessier
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eléonor Riesco
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, 1036, Rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500, Boul. De l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Tang Y, Song S, Peng J, Zhang Q, Lin W. An ultrasensitive lipid droplet-targeted NIR emission fluorescent probe for polarity detection and its application in liver disease diagnosis. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6974-6982. [PMID: 36000501 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared to normal cells, cancer cells require more energy supply during proliferation and metabolism. In living cells, in addition to mitochondria, lipid droplets are also an important organelle for providing energy. Studies have shown that the number and distribution of lipid droplets change significantly during the production of lesions in cells. At this stage, the predisposing factors for the development of cellular lesions are not clear, thus leading to limitations in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as liver injury, fatty liver, and hepatitis. To meet the urgent challenge, we used a near-infrared emission fluorescent probe SSR-LDs based on the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT) to detect polarity changes within intracellular lipid droplets. The probe SSR-LDs has ultra-sensitive polarity sensitivity, excellent chemical stability and photo-stability. In addition, by comparing normal and cancer cells through cell imaging experiments, we found that the robust probe has the ability to sensitively monitor the changes in lipid droplet polarity in the living cells. More importantly, using the constructed fluorescent probe, we have achieved an in vitro fluorescence detection of liver injury and fatty liver, and the detection of hepatitis at the in vivo level. The unique fluorescent probe SSR-LDs is expected to serve as a powerful tool for the medical diagnosis of diseases related to lipid droplet polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Sirui Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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11
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Hu MM, Chen JH, Zhang QQ, Song ZY, Shaukat H, Qin H. Sesamol counteracts on metabolic disorders of middle-aged alimentary obese mice through regulating skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:8231. [PMID: 35382382 PMCID: PMC8941404 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, obesity is a significant public problem, especially when aging. Sesamol, a phenolic lignan present in sesame seeds, might have a positive effect on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity associated with aging. Objective The purpose of current research study was to explore salutary effects and mechanisms of sesamol in treating alimentary obesity and associated metabolic syndrome in middle-aged mice. Methods C57BL/6J mice aged 4–6 weeks and 6–8 months were assigned to the young normal diet group, middle-aged normal diet group, middle-aged HFD group, and middle-aged HFD + sesamol group. At the end of experiment, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed; the levels of lipids and oxidative stress-related factors in the serum and skeletal muscle were detected using chemistry reagent kits; lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle was observed by oil red O staining; the expressions of muscular glucose and lipid metabolism associated proteins were measured by Western blotting. Results Sesamol decreased the body weight and alleviated obesity-associated metabolism syndrome in middle-aged mice, such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Moreover, muscular metabolic disorders were attenuated after treatment with sesamol. It increased the expression of glucose transporter type-4 and down-regulated the protein levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4, implying the increase of glucose uptake and oxidation. Meanwhile, sesamol decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and up-regulated the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and the level of carnitine palmityl transferase 1α, which led to the declined lipogenesis and the increased lipolysis and lipid oxidation. In addition, the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway was triggered by sesamol, from which it is understood how sesamol enhances glucose and lipid metabolism. Conclusions Sesamol counteracts on metabolic disorders of middle-aged alimentary obese mice through regulating skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism, which might be associated with the stimulation of the SIRT1/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Hu
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Yu Song
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Horia Shaukat
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Cui N, Li H, Dun Y, Ripley-Gonzalez JW, You B, Li D, Liu Y, Qiu L, Li C, Liu S. Exercise inhibits JNK pathway activation and lipotoxicity via macrophage migration inhibitory factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:961231. [PMID: 36147562 PMCID: PMC9485555 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expressed in hepatocytes can limit steatosis during obesity. Lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is mediated in part by the activation of the stress kinase JNK, but whether MIF modulates JNK in lipotoxicity is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of MIF in regulating JNK activation and high-fat fostered liver lipotoxicity during simultaneous exercise treatment. Fifteen mice were equally divided into three groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat and exercise groups. High-fat feeding for extended periods elicited evident hyperlipemia, liver steatosis, and cell apoptosis in mice, with inhibited MIF and activated downstream MAPK kinase 4 phosphorylation and JNK. These effects were then reversed following prescribed swimming exercise, indicating that the advent of exercise could prevent liver lipotoxicity induced by lipid overload and might correlate to the action of modulating MIF and its downstream JNK pathway. Similar detrimental effects of lipotoxicity were observed in in vitro HepG2 cells palmitic acid treatment. Suppressed JNK reduced the hepatocyte lipotoxicity by regulating the BCL family, and the excess JNK activation could also be attenuated through MIF supplementation or exacerbated by MIF siRNA administration. The results found suggest that exercise reduces lipotoxicity and inhibits JNK activation by modulating endogenous hepatic MIF in NAFLD. These findings have clinical implications for the prevention and intervention of patients with immoderate diet evoked NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Cui
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaoshan Dun
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Ripley-Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Baiyang You
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dezhao Li
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cui Li
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Suixin Liu,
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13
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Chen M, Zhou L, Chen S, Shangguan R, Qu Y, Sun J. Acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on postexercise intramuscular lipid metabolism in rats. Physiol Res 2021; 70:735-743. [PMID: 34505529 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from exercise refers to the period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. It is a dynamic period in which many physiological changes occur. A large amount of research has evaluated the effect of training on intramuscular lipid metabolism. However, data are limited regarding intramuscular lipid metabolism during the recovery period. In this study, lipid metabolism-related proteins were examined after a single bout of exercise in a time-dependent way to explore the mechanism of how exercise induces intramuscular lipid metabolism adaptation. Firstly, all rats in the exercise group underwent a five-week training protocol (HIIT, five times/week), and then performed a more intense HIIT session after 72 h of the last-time five-week training. After that, rats were sampled in a time-dependent way, including 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h following the acute training session. Our results discovered that five weeks of HIIT increased the content of intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and enhanced the lipolytic and lipogenesis-related proteins in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, IMTG content decreased immediately post HIIT and gradually increased to baseline levels 48 h postexercise, continuing to over-recover up to 96 h postexercise. Following acute exercise, lipolytic-related proteins showed an initial increase (6-12 h) before decreasing during recovery. Conversely, lipogenesis-related proteins decreased following exercise (6-12 h), then increased in the recovery period. Based on the changes, we speculate that skeletal muscle is predominated by lipid oxidative at the first 12 h postexercise. After this period, lipid synthesis-related proteins increased, which may be the result of body recovery. Together, these results may provide insight into how the lipid metabolism-related signaling changes after chronic and acute HIIT and how protein levels lipid metabolism correlates to IMTG recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Mengeste AM, Rustan AC, Lund J. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1582-1595. [PMID: 34464025 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Comparing energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle and primary skeletal muscle cells in obesity, while focusing on glucose and fatty acid metabolism, shows many common changes. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes is decreased by obesity, whereas differences in basal glucose metabolism are inconsistent among studies. With respect to fatty acid metabolism, there is an increased uptake and storage of fatty acids and a reduced complete lipolysis, suggesting alterations in lipid turnover. In addition, fatty acid oxidation is decreased, probably at the level of complete oxidation, as β -oxidation may be enhanced in obesity, which indicates mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolic changes in skeletal muscle with obesity promote metabolic inflexibility, ectopic lipid accumulation, and formation of toxic lipid intermediates. Skeletal muscle also acts as an endocrine organ, secreting myokines that participate in interorgan cross talk. This review highlights interventions and some possible targets for treatment through action on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Effects of exercise in vivo on obesity have been compared with simulation of endurance exercise in vitro on myotubes (electrical pulse stimulation). Possible pharmaceutical targets, including signaling pathways and drug candidates that could modify lipid storage and turnover or increase mitochondrial function or cellular energy expenditure through adaptive thermogenic mechanisms, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel M Mengeste
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Chen S, Zhou L, Sun J, Qu Y, Chen M. The Role of cAMP-PKA Pathway in Lactate-Induced Intramuscular Triglyceride Accumulation and Mitochondria Content Increase in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709135. [PMID: 34588991 PMCID: PMC8473783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic product of exercise, lactate, has long been recognized to promote lipid accumulation by activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) and inhibition of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP -PKA) pathway in adipose tissue. Whether lactate causes a similar process in skeletal muscle is unclear. Lactate might also improve mitochondria content in skeletal muscle; however, the mechanism is not clarified either. In this study, using intramuscular injection of lactate to the gastrocnemius and intraperitoneal injection of forskolin (activator of cAMP-PKA pathway), we identified the role of the cAMP-PKA pathway in lactate-induced intramuscular triglyceride accumulation and mitochondrial content increase. The intramuscular triglyceride level in the gastrocnemius increased after 5weeks of lactate injection (p<0.05), and this effect was blocked by forskolin injection (p<0.05). Corresponding expression level changes of GPR81, P-PKA/PKA, P-CREB/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), and proteins related to lipid metabolism suggest that lactate could induce intramuscular triglyceride accumulation partly through the inhibition of the cAMP-PKA pathway. Meanwhile, the intramuscular expression of citrate synthase (CS) and the activity of CS increased after 5weeks of lactate injection (p<0.05), but the change of CS expression was not blocked by forskolin injection, suggesting other mechanisms might exist. Consequently, exploration for other potential mechanisms that might contribute to the lactate-induced mitochondria content increase was conducted. We found an increase in the contents of lactate-related metabolites in skeletal muscle mitochondria after acute lactate injection (the p-value of each analysis is less than 0.05). LHDA was also validated to exist in mitochondria in this study. These results provide a possibility for metabolism-related mechanisms of lactate-induced mitochondria content increase. Future study is needed to validate this hypothesis. In conclusion, lactate-induced intramuscular triglyceride accumulation is achieved by inhibition of lipolysis, and this process is regulated by the cAMP-PKA pathway. Promoted lipogenesis also contributes to lactate-induced triglyceride accumulation, and this process might also be regulated by the cAMP-PKA pathway. Lactate injection might increase mitochondria content and cAMP-PKA pathway might have a limited contribution, while other metabolism-related mechanisms might play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingquan Sun
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,School of Physical Education and Sports, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Sports Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Tanaka S, Madokoro S, Inaoka PT, Yamazaki T. Blood lipid profile changes in type 2 diabetic rats after tail suspension and reloading. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:84. [PMID: 34334135 PMCID: PMC8327430 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effects of the tail suspension and reloading on the protein and lipid metabolism in muscle and blood in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are unclear. This study evaluated the hypothesis that skeletal muscle catabolism is greater in T2DM than in non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) rats and that the activity-dependent changes in the intramuscular lipid accumulation and blood lipid profile are poorer in T2DM than in non-DM rats. Methods T2DM and non-DM rats were suspended for two weeks followed by reloading for two weeks. The muscle and blood were then examined. Results In contrast to our hypothesis, there was no marked difference between the T2DM and non-DM groups in terms of the skeletal muscle catabolism and activity-dependent changes in intramuscular lipid accumulation. However, the blood lipid profile increased in the T2DM group compared to the non-DM group. One interesting finding in this study was the decrease in non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels after one week of reloading followed by a significant increase in the non-HDL cholesterol levels after two weeks of reloading in the T2DM group. Conclusion These results suggest that a dramatic increase in activity after a period of inactivity may rapidly improve the blood lipid profile in T2DM rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01511-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Madokoro
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Pleiades Tiharu Inaoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
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17
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Aerobic training associated with an active lifestyle exerts a protective effect against oxidative damage in hypothalamus and liver: The involvement of energy metabolism. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:116-129. [PMID: 34303768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation resistance protein 1 (OXR1) is of scientific interest due its role in protecting tissues against oxidative stress, DNA mutations and tumorigenesis, but little is known regarding strategies to increase OXR1 in different tissues. As an improved antioxidant defense may result from a high total amount of physical activity, the present study was designed to determine whether an active lifestyle including aerobic training exercise and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) can increase OXR1. We have built a large cage (LC) that allows animals to move freely, promoting an increase in SPA in comparison to a small cage (SC). METHODS We examined the effects of aerobic training applied for 8 weeks on SPA and OXR1 of C57BL/6 J mice living in two types of housing (SC and LC). OXR1 protein was studied in hypothalamus, muscle and liver, which were chosen due to their important role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. RESULTS LC-mice were more active than SC-mice as determined by SPA values. Despite both trained groups exhibiting similar gains in aerobic capacity, only trained mice kept in a large cage (but not for trained mice housed in SC) exhibited high OXR1 in the hypothalamus and liver. Trained mice housed in LC that exhibited an up-regulation of OXR1 also were those who exhibited an energy-expensive metabolism (based on metabolic parameters). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aerobic training associated with a more active lifestyle exerts a protective effect against oxidative damage and may be induced by changes in energy metabolism.
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18
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Zhang X, Xu D, Chen M, Wang Y, He L, Wang L, Wu J, Yin J. Impacts of Selected Dietary Nutrient Intakes on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity and Applications to Early Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1305-1316. [PMID: 33418570 PMCID: PMC8321846 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest tissue in the body, skeletal muscle not only plays key roles in movement and glucose uptake and utilization but also mediates insulin sensitivity in the body by myokines. Insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle is a major feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A weakened response to insulin could lead to muscle mass loss and dysfunction. Increasing evidence in skeletal muscle cells, rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans has shown that restriction of caloric or protein intake positively mediates insulin sensitivity. Restriction of essential or nonessential amino acids was reported to facilitate glucose utilization and regulate protein turnover in skeletal muscle under certain conditions. Furthermore, some minerals, such as zinc, chromium, vitamins, and some natural phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, berberine, astragalus polysaccharide, emodin, and genistein, have been shown recently to protect skeletal muscle cells, mice, or humans with or without diabetes from insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss the roles of nutritional interventions in the regulation of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. A comprehensive understanding of the nutritional regulation of insulin signaling would contribute to the development of tools and treatment programs for improving skeletal muscle health and for preventing T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Doudou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
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19
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Ezzatvar Y, Izquierdo M, García-Hermoso A. Effect of exercise on myosteatosis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:245-255. [PMID: 33180646 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue typically contains only small amounts of adipose tissue, and the excess deposition of adiposity is considered a pathological phenomenon termed myosteatosis. Several studies have assessed the effects of exercise alone on the severity of myosteatosis, and some studies have reported promising results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of exercise interventions on myosteatosis (i.e., lipid infiltration and muscle radiation attenuation). Studies were identified through a systematic search of three databases and limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on evaluating the effect of exercise interventions on lipid infiltration and/or muscle attenuation in adults. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and 12 were included in the meta-analysis (n = 465, 84.7% women). The volume of lipid infiltration was decreased in the exercise group compared with the control group [Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.74 to -0.16; P = 0.008, I2 = 0%], and the degree of muscle radiation attenuation was increased (Hedges' g = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.22 to 1.13; P = 0.009, I2 = 59.3%). Based on meta-regression analyses, there were no significant effects of mean age at baseline (lipid infiltration, β = -0.008, 95% CI, -0.035 to 0.019; P = 0.495; muscle radiation attenuation, β = -0.013, 95% CI, -0.036 to 0.011; P = 0.248) and intervention duration (lipid infiltration, β = -0.008, 95% CI, -0.028 to 0.010; P = 0.311; muscle radiation attenuation, β = -0.018, 95% CI, -0.050 to 0.014; P = 0.230) on the effect size estimates. Overall, our findings indicate that exercise can significantly improve muscle quality in populations at risk of developing obesity and sarcopenia-related disability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscle tissue typically contains only small amounts of adipose tissue, and the excess deposition of adiposity is considered a pathological phenomenon termed myosteatosis. The volume of lipid infiltration tissue was decreased in the exercise group compared with the control group, and muscle attenuation coefficient was increased. Based on the meta-regression analyses, the mean age at baseline and intervention duration did not affect the effect size estimates for lipid infiltration tissue and muscle radiation attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Nemec M, Vernerová L, Laiferová N, Balážová M, Vokurková M, Kurdiová T, Oreská S, Kubínová K, Klein M, Špiritović M, Tomčík M, Vencovský J, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Altered dynamics of lipid metabolism in muscle cells from patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is ameliorated by 6 months of training. J Physiol 2020; 599:207-229. [PMID: 33063873 DOI: 10.1113/jp280468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Regular exercise improves muscle functional capacity and clinical state of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). In our study, we used an in vitro model of human primary muscle cell cultures, derived from IIM patients before and after a 6-month intensive supervised training intervention to assess the impact of disease and exercise on lipid metabolism dynamics. We provide evidence that muscle cells from IIM patients display altered dynamics of lipid metabolism and impaired adaptive response to saturated fatty acid load compared to healthy controls. A 6-month intensive supervised exercise training intervention in patients with IIM mitigated disease effects in their cultured muscle cells, improving or normalizing their capacity to handle lipids. These findings highlight the putative role of intrinsic metabolic defects of skeletal muscle in the pathogenesis of IIM and the positive impact of exercise, maintained in vitro by yet unknown epigenetic mechanisms. ABSTRACT Exercise improves skeletal muscle function, clinical state and quality of life in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). Our aim was to identify disease-related metabolic perturbations and the impact of exercise in skeletal muscle cells of IIM patients. Patients underwent a 6-month intensive supervised training intervention. Muscle function, anthropometric and metabolic parameters were examined and muscle cell cultures were established (m. vastus lateralis; Bergström needle biopsy) before and after training from patients and sedentary age/sex/body mass index-matched controls. [14 C]Palmitate was used to determine fat oxidation and lipid synthesis (thin layer chromatography). Cells were exposed to a chronic (3 days) and acute (3 h) metabolic challenge (the saturated fatty acid palmitate, 100 μm). Reduced oxidative (intermediate metabolites, -49%, P = 0.034) and non-oxidative (diglycerides, -38%, P = 0.013) lipid metabolism was identified in palmitate-treated muscle cells from IIM patients compared to controls. Three days of palmitate exposure elicited distinct regulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPHOS) complex IV and complex V/ATP synthase (P = 0.012/0.005) and adipose triglyceride lipase in patients compared to controls (P = 0.045) (immunoblotting). Importantly, 6 months of training in IIM patients improved lipid metabolism (CO2 , P = 0.010; intermediate metabolites, P = 0.041) and activation of AMP kinase (P = 0.007), and nearly normalized palmitate-induced changes in OxPHOS proteins in myotubes from IIM patients, in parallel with improvements of patients' clinical state. Myotubes from IIM patients displayed altered dynamics of lipid metabolism and impaired response to metabolic challenge with saturated fatty acid. Our observations suggest that metabolic defects intrinsic to skeletal muscle could represent non-immune pathomechanisms, which can contribute to muscle weakness in IIM. A 6-month training intervention mitigated disease effects in muscle cells in vitro, indicating the existence of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nemec
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Vernerová
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Laiferová
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Balážová
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Vokurková
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Kurdiová
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - S Oreská
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Kubínová
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Klein
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Špiritović
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Tomčík
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Ukropec
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Ukropcová
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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21
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Genders AJ, Holloway GP, Bishop DJ. Are Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria a Cause or Consequence of Insulin Resistance? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186948. [PMID: 32971810 PMCID: PMC7554894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major site of glucose uptake following a meal, skeletal muscle has an important role in whole-body glucose metabolism. Evidence in humans and animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes suggests that alterations in mitochondrial characteristics accompany the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. However, it is unclear whether changes in mitochondrial content, respiratory function, or substrate oxidation are central to the development of insulin resistance or occur in response to insulin resistance. Thus, this review will aim to evaluate the apparent conflicting information placing mitochondria as a key organelle in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-9556
| | - Graham P. Holloway
- Dept. Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
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22
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Guo X, Puttabyatappa M, Domino SE, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: Prenatal testosterone-induced changes in epigenetic modulators and gene expression in metabolic tissues of female sheep. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 514:110913. [PMID: 32562712 PMCID: PMC7397566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone (T)-treated female sheep manifest peripheral insulin resistance and tissue-specific changes in insulin sensitivity with liver and muscle manifesting insulin resistance accompanied by inflammatory, oxidative and lipotoxic state. In contrast, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues are insulin sensitive in spite of VAT manifesting changes in inflammatory and oxidative state. We hypothesized that prenatal T-induced changes in tissue-specific insulin resistance arise from disrupted lipid storage and metabolism gene expression driven by changes in DNA and histone modifying enzymes. Changes in gene expression were assessed in liver, muscle and 4 adipose (VAT, SAT, epicardiac [ECAT] and perirenal [PRAT]) depots collected from control and prenatal T-treated female sheep. Prenatal T-treatment increased lipid droplet and metabolism genes PPARA and PLIN1 in liver, SREBF and PLIN1 in muscle and showed a trend for decrease in PLIN2 in PRAT. Among epigenetic modifying enzymes, prenatal T-treatment increased expression of 1) DNMT1 in liver and DNMT3A in VAT, PRAT, muscle and liver; 2) HDAC1 in ECAT, HDAC2 in muscle with decrease in HDAC3 in VAT; 3) EP300 in VAT and ECAT; and 4) KDM1A in VAT with increases in liver histone acetylation. Increased lipid storage and metabolism genes in liver and muscle are consistent with lipotoxicity in these tissues with increased histone acetylation likely contributing to increased liver PPARA. These findings are suggestive that metabolic defects in prenatal T-treated sheep may arise from changes in key genes mediated, in part, by tissue-specific changes in epigenetic-modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzi Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | | | - Steven E Domino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA.
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23
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Guitton J, Bandet CL, Mariko ML, Tan-Chen S, Bourron O, Benomar Y, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism in the Regulation of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:E1682. [PMID: 32668665 PMCID: PMC7407406 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pathophysiological condition where excess free fatty acids (FFA) target and promote the dysfunctioning of insulin sensitive tissues and of pancreatic β cells. This leads to the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, which culminates in the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). FFA, which accumulate in these tissues, are metabolized as lipid derivatives such as ceramide, and the ectopic accumulation of the latter has been shown to lead to lipotoxicity. Ceramide is an active lipid that inhibits the insulin signaling pathway as well as inducing pancreatic β cell death. In mammals, ceramide is a key lipid intermediate for sphingolipid metabolism as is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P levels have also been associated with the development of obesity and T2D. In this review, the current knowledge on S1P metabolism in regulating insulin signaling in pancreatic β cell fate and in the regulation of feeding by the hypothalamus in the context of obesity and T2D is summarized. It demonstrates that S1P can display opposite effects on insulin sensitive tissues and pancreatic β cells, which depends on its origin or its degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Guitton
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Cecile L. Bandet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed L. Mariko
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Sophie Tan-Chen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bourron
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Diabétologie et Maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yacir Benomar
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
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24
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Nocetti D, Espinosa A, Pino-De la Fuente F, Sacristán C, Bucarey JL, Ruiz P, Valenzuela R, Chouinard-Watkins R, Pepper I, Troncoso R, Puente L. Lipid droplets are both highly oxidized and Plin2-covered in hepatocytes of diet-induced obese mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1368-1376. [PMID: 32585124 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-fat diet feeding is associated with obesity and accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to the development of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This condition is characterized by the presence of a high number of intrahepatic lipid droplets (LDs), with changes in the perilipin pattern covering them. This work aimed to describe the distribution of perilipin (Plin) 2, an LD-associated protein involved in neutral lipid storage, and Plin5, which favors lipid oxidation in LD, and to evaluate lipid peroxidation through live-cell visualization using the lipophilic fluorescent probe C11-BODIPY581/591 in fresh hepatocytes isolated from mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6J adult mice were divided into control and HFD groups and fed with a control diet (10% fat, 20% protein, and 70% carbohydrates) or an HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrates) for 8 weeks. The animals fed the HFD showed a significant increase of Plin2 in LD of hepatocytes. LD from HFD-fed mice have a stronger lipid peroxidation level than control hepatocytes. These data provide evidence that obesity status is accompanied by a higher degree of lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes, both in the cytoplasm and in the fats stored inside the LD. Novelty Our study shows that lipid droplets from isolated hepatocytes in HFD-fed mice have a stronger lipid peroxidation level than control hepatocytes. C11-BODIPY581/591 is a useful tool to measure the initial level of intracellular lipid peroxidation in single isolated hepatocytes. Perilipins pattern changes with HFD feeding, showing an increase of Plin2 covering lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nocetti
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1010069, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380463, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2340000, Chile.,Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380463, Chile
| | | | - Camila Sacristán
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José Luis Bucarey
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2340000, Chile
| | - Paulina Ruiz
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Inés Pepper
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Luis Puente
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
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25
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Opazo-Ríos L, Mas S, Marín-Royo G, Mezzano S, Gómez-Guerrero C, Moreno JA, Egido J. Lipotoxicity and Diabetic Nephropathy: Novel Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2632. [PMID: 32290082 PMCID: PMC7177360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is characterized by the ectopic accumulation of lipids in organs different from adipose tissue. Lipotoxicity is mainly associated with dysfunctional signaling and insulin resistance response in non-adipose tissue such as myocardium, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. Serum lipid abnormalities and renal ectopic lipid accumulation have been associated with the development of kidney diseases, in particular diabetic nephropathy. Chronic hyperinsulinemia, often seen in type 2 diabetes, plays a crucial role in blood and liver lipid metabolism abnormalities, thus resulting in increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Excessive lipid accumulation alters cellular homeostasis and activates lipogenic and glycogenic cell-signaling pathways. Recent evidences indicate that both quantity and quality of lipids are involved in renal damage associated to lipotoxicity by activating inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell-death. The pathological effects of lipotoxicity have been observed in renal cells, thus promoting podocyte injury, tubular damage, mesangial proliferation, endothelial activation, and formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. Therefore, this review examines the recent preclinical and clinical research about the potentially harmful effects of lipids in the kidney, metabolic markers associated with these mechanisms, major signaling pathways affected, the causes of excessive lipid accumulation, and the types of lipids involved, as well as offers a comprehensive update of therapeutic strategies targeting lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Opazo-Ríos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Sebastián Mas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Gema Marín-Royo
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Carmen Gómez-Guerrero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
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26
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Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Polenova NV, Kosyura SD, Nikitjuk DB, Starodubova AV. Characteristics of Blood Lipid Profiles of Professional Athletes: A Literature Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:98-102. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191213115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity significantly affects lipid status. In this literature review, the specific features
of athletes blood lipid profiles were analysed. Professional athletes blood lipid status was found considerably
preferable compared to sex- and age-matched sedentary population. Regardless of endurance or power type of
sports activities, athletes perform lower levels of TC, LDL-C and TG and comparable or higher blood levels of
HDL-C. The differences in blood lipids levels and sports disciplines were introduced. Although there are much
more factors as diet, place of origin, training regime, and even genetic predisposition that should be taken into
consideration for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurgita R. Varaeva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N. Livantsova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V. Polenova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana D. Kosyura
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy B. Nikitjuk
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
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27
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Reidy PT, Mahmassani ZS, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Summers SA, Drummond MJ. Influence of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Aging: Spotlight on Muscle Ceramides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041514. [PMID: 32098447 PMCID: PMC7073171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular lipid accumulation has been associated with insulin resistance (IR), aging, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. A substantial body of evidence has implicated ceramides, a sphingolipid intermediate, as potent antagonists of insulin action that drive insulin resistance. Indeed, genetic mouse studies that lower ceramides are potently insulin sensitizing. Surprisingly less is known about how physical activity (skeletal muscle contraction) regulates ceramides, especially in light that muscle contraction regulates insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate studies (rodent and human) concerning the relationship between skeletal muscle ceramides and IR in response to increased physical activity. Our review of the literature indicates that chronic exercise reduces ceramide levels in individuals with obesity, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. However, metabolically healthy individuals engaged in increased physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity independent of changes in skeletal muscle ceramide content. Herein we discuss these studies and provide context regarding the technical limitations (e.g., difficulty assessing the myriad ceramide species, the challenge of obtaining information on subcellular compartmentalization, and the paucity of flux measurements) and a lack of mechanistic studies that prevent a more sophisticated assessment of the ceramide pathway during increased contractile activity that lead to divergences in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, 420 S Oak St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Lanchais K, Capel F, Tournadre A. Could Omega 3 Fatty Acids Preserve Muscle Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Nutrients 2020; 12:E223. [PMID: 31952247 PMCID: PMC7019846 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a high prevalence of death due to cardiometabolic diseases. As observed during the aging process, several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia, are frequently associated to RA. These abnormalities could be closely linked to alterations in lipid metabolism. Indeed, RA patients exhibit a lipid paradox, defined by reduced levels of total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol whereas the CVD risk is increased. Moreover, the accumulation of toxic lipid mediators (i.e., lipotoxicity) in skeletal muscles can induce mitochondrial dysfunctions and insulin resistance, which are both crucial determinants of CVD and sarcopenia. The prevention or reversion of these biological perturbations in RA patients could contribute to the maintenance of muscle health and thus be protective against the increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases, dysmobility and mortality. Yet, several studies have shown that omega 3 fatty acids (FA) could prevent the development of RA, improve muscle metabolism and limit muscle atrophy in obese and insulin-resistant subjects. Thereby, dietary supplementation with omega 3 FA should be a promising strategy to counteract muscle lipotoxicity and for the prevention of comorbidities in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Lanchais
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), 28 Place Henri Dunant—BP 38, UFR Médecine, UMR1019, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (K.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Frederic Capel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), 28 Place Henri Dunant—BP 38, UFR Médecine, UMR1019, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (K.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Anne Tournadre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), 28 Place Henri Dunant—BP 38, UFR Médecine, UMR1019, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (K.L.); (A.T.)
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service de rhumatologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Meex RCR, Blaak EE, van Loon LJC. Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1205-1217. [PMID: 31240819 PMCID: PMC6852205 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and muscle mass loss often coincide in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, and it is well established that obesity and derangements in lipid metabolism play an important role in the development of insulin resistance in these individuals. Specifically, increased adipose tissue mass and dysfunctional adipose tissue lead to systemic lipid overflow and to low-grade inflammation via altered secretion of adipokines and cytokines. Furthermore, an increased flux of fatty acids from the adipose tissue may contribute to increased fat storage in the liver and in skeletal muscle, resulting in an altered secretion of hepatokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. Recent studies suggest that obesity and lipid derangements in adipose tissue can also lead to the development of muscle atrophy, which would make insulin resistance and muscle atrophy two sides of the same coin. Unfortunately, the exact relationship between lipid accumulation, type 2 diabetes, and muscle atrophy remains largely unexplored. The aim of this review is to discuss the relationship between type 2 diabetes and muscle loss and to discuss some of the joint pathways through which lipid accumulation in organs may affect peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ferrara D, Montecucco F, Dallegri F, Carbone F. Impact of different ectopic fat depots on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21630-21641. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ferrara
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa—Italian Cardiovascular Network Genoa Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa—Italian Cardiovascular Network Genoa Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa—Italian Cardiovascular Network Genoa Italy
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Local In Vivo Measures of Muscle Lipid and Oxygen Consumption Change in Response to Combined Vitamin D Repletion and Aerobic Training in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040930. [PMID: 31027191 PMCID: PMC6521174 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramyocellular (IMCL), extramyocellular lipid (EMCL), and vitamin D deficiency are associated with muscle metabolic dysfunction. This study compared the change in [IMCL]:[EMCL] following the combined treatment of vitamin D and aerobic training (DAT) compared with vitamin D (D), aerobic training (AT), and control (CTL). Male and female subjects aged 60–80 years with a BMI ranging from 18.5–34.9 and vitamin D status of ≤32 ng/mL (25(OH)D) were recruited to randomized, prospective clinical trial double-blinded for supplement with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) (10,000 IU × 5 days/week) or placebo was provided for 13 weeks and treadmill aerobic training during week 13. Gastrocnemius IMCL and EMCL were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and MRI. Hybrid near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy measured hemodynamics. Group differences in IMCL were observed when controlling for baseline IMCL (p = 0.049). DAT was the only group to reduce IMCL from baseline, while a mean increase was observed in all other groups combined (p = 0.008). IMCL reduction and the corresponding increase in rVO2 at study end (p = 0.011) were unique to DAT. Vitamin D, when combined with exercise, may potentiate the metabolic benefits of exercise by reducing IMCL and increasing tissue-level VO2 in healthy, older adults.
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Vidal-Puig A, Enerback S. "Obesity-associated metabolic complications, the second wave of the tsunami" 14th Key Symposium. J Intern Med 2018; 284:447-449. [PMID: 30141829 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Enerback
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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