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Mhaibes AH, Safi IN, Haider J. The influence of the addition of titanium oxide nanotubes on the properties of 3D printed denture base materials. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 39154366 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, the effects of adding titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2) to 3D-printed denture base resin on the mechanical and physical properties of denture bases were examined for the first time. METHODS The specimens were digitally created using 3D builder software from Microsoft Corporation through computer-aided design. In accordance with the test specifications for transverse strength, impact strength, hardness, surface roughness, and color stability, specimens were designed and printed with certain dimensions following relevant standards. TiO2 nanotubes (diameter: 15-30 nm and length: 2-3 μm) were added to the 3D-printed denture base resin (DentaBase, Asiga, Australia) at 1.0% and 1.5% by weight. Flexural strength, impact strength (Charpy impact), hardness, surface roughness, and color stability were evaluated, and the collected data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping were used to evaluate the dispersion of the nanotubes. RESULTS Compared with those of the control group (0.0 wt.% TiO2 nanotubes), the average flexural, impact, and hardness values of the 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% TiO2 nanotube reinforcement groups increased significantly. Both nanocomposite groups showed significant color changes compared to that of the pure resin, and there was a considerable reduction in the surface roughness of the nanocomposites compared to that of the control group. CONCLUSION Adding TiO2 nanotubes to 3D-printed denture base materials at 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% could enhance the mechanical and physical properties of the material, leading to better clinical performance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In terms of clinical applications, 3D-printed denture base material has been shown to be a viable substitute for traditional heat-cured materials. By combining this with nanotechnology, existing dentures could be significantly enhanced, promoting extended service life and patient satisfaction while addressing the shortcomings of the current standard materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwr Hasan Mhaibes
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ihab Nabeel Safi
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Mohamed PA, Ibrahim YM, Hanno KIH, Abdul-Monem MM. Evaluation of microhardness, degree of conversion, and abrasion resistance of nanoglass and multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced three-dimensionally printed denture base resins. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 39138863 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of nanoglass (NG) particles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes' (MWCNTs) addition on Vickers hardness (VH), degree of conversion (DC), and abrasion resistance of 3D-printed denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D-printed denture base resin was reinforced using silanized NG and MWCNTs to obtain four groups: Control, 0.25 wt% NG reinforced resin, 0.25 wt% MWCNTs reinforced resin, and a combination group of 0.25 wt% of both fillers. All specimens (N = 176) were tested before and after thermal aging (600 cycles) for VH (n = 22), DC, and abrasion resistance (n = 22). Abrasion resistance specimens were subjected to 60,000 brushing strokes, and then assessed for surface roughness (Ra) and weight loss. Specimens were then scanned with a benchtop scanner before and after abrasion to produce a color map of topographical changes from superimposed images. Data were analyzed using ANOVA tests followed by Tukey post hoc test. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare percent change among groups, followed by Dunn post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The interaction between nanofiller content and thermal cycling displayed a significant effect on VH and DC. The 0.25% NG expressed the highest VH before aging but revealed the highest percent decrease after aging. Nanofiller content, thermal aging, and brushing displayed a significant interaction impact on the Ra values. CONCLUSIONS The addition of nanofillers resulted in an overall improvement in resin microhardness and abrasion resistance. The 0.25% MWCNTs group revealed the lowest Ra with the least percent change in VH and DC, while the combination one displayed the least change in weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pansai Ashraf Mohamed
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yomna Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Mahmoud Abdul-Monem
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt
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Kim HT, Jo YH, Jee EB, Yoon HI, Yilmaz B. Effect of postpolymerization time and atmosphere on surface properties and biofilm formation in additively manufactured resins for definitive restorations. J Dent 2024; 147:105143. [PMID: 38906456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how postpolymerization time (PPT) and atmosphere (PPA) influence the surface properties, protein adsorption, and microbial adhesion of two types of additively manufactured (AM) resins used for definitive restorations. METHODS Two different types of commercially available AM resins for definitive restorations (UR and CR) were used to create disk-shaped specimens. These specimens were divided into eight groups based on resin type (UR and CR), PPT (standard or extended), and PPA (air or nitrogen). After postpolymerization, the surface roughness (Ra and Sa) and surface free energy (SFE) of all specimens were measured. The study also evaluated protein adsorption, microbial attachment, and cytotoxicity. A non-parametric factorial analysis of variance with post-hoc analyses was conducted, using a significance level (α) of 0.05. RESULTS The Ra and Sa values for CR were higher than those for UR, regardless of PPT or PPA (P < 0.05). For UR, SFE was higher with extended PPT compared to standard PPT. CR had higher SFE than UR under standard PPT. The interaction between PPT and PPA had a significant effect on protein adsorption (P < 0.05). When PPT was standard, nitrogen significantly increased protein adsorption compared to air. The interaction between resin type and PPA, and between resin type and PPT, significantly affected microbial adhesion (P < 0.05). The changes in PPT or PPA did not affect the cytotoxicity of either AM resin. CONCLUSION Surface properties, protein adsorption, and microbial attachment were influenced by the interactions among PPT, PPA, and resin type. These factors can have implications for resin-based definitive restorations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES Clinicians should understand the impact of PPT and PPA on the surface properties of AM resins for definitive restorations, particularly regarding protein adsorption and microbial adhesion. Additionally, the type of AM resin (based on chemical composition) could affect its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hyeon Jo
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Byeol Jee
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-In Yoon
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Majeed HF, Hamad TI, Bairam LR. Enhancing 3D-printed denture base resins: A review of material innovations. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241263484. [PMID: 39043200 PMCID: PMC11271118 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241263484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The limited physical and mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), the current gold standard, necessitates exploring improved denture base materials. While three-dimensional (3D) printing offers accuracy, efficiency, and patient comfort advantages, achieving superior mechanics in 3D-printed denture resins remains challenging despite good biocompatibility and esthetics. This review investigates the potential of innovative materials to address the limitations of 3D-printed denture base materials. Thus, this article is organized to provide a comprehensive overview of recent efforts to enhance 3D-printed denture base materials, highlighting advancements. It critically examines the impact of incorporating various nanoparticles (zirconia, titania, etc.) on these materials' physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, it delves into recent strategies for nanofiller surface treatment and biocompatibility evaluation and explores potential future directions for polymeric composites in denture applications. The review finds that adding nanoparticles significantly improves performance compared to unmodified resins, and properties can be extensively enhanced through specific modifications, particularly silanized nanoparticles. Optimizing 3D-printed denture acrylics requires a multifaceted approach, with future research prioritizing novel nanomaterials and surface modification techniques for a novel generation of superior performance, esthetically pleasing, and long-lasting dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Fikrat Majeed
- Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Thekra Ismael Hamad
- Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Latifa R Bairam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
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Albadwi MM, Elsheikh HA, Abozaed HW, ELdegla HEA, Mostafa AZH, Emera RMK. Impact of adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles to the 3D printable acrylic resin base material for implant-retained overdentures: A clinical comparative parallel study. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00354-8. [PMID: 38862339 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Three-dimensionally (3D) printed acrylic resin base materials have been adopted in prosthetic dentistry. However, their mechanical and biological properties require improvement. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles to a 3D printable acrylic resin base material for a 2-implant-retained complete mandibular overdenture in terms of peri-implant tissue health, surface roughness, and biofilm formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty edentulous patients were enrolled in this clinical parallel study. All patients received maxillary complete dentures opposing a 2-implant-retained mandibular overdenture. The participants were randomly divided into 2 equal groups according to the mandibular overdenture base material, nonmodified 3D printable acrylic resin (control group) or 3D printable acrylic resin base material modified with 3.0 wt% zirconium oxide nanoparticles (study group). Peri-implant tissue health and surface roughness were measured immediately at the insertion of the mandibular overdenture (T0), after 3 months (T1), and after 6 months (T2). Microbiological assessment of the denture base was done after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of overdenture use. The data were analyzed using a statistical software program. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, paired t test, and Fisher exact test were used to compare distributed data. The Mann Whitney U test and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to compare distributed data at different times (α=.05). RESULTS The gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and surface roughness values at the baseline, 3 months, and 6 months were statistically higher with the nonmodified compared with the modified group (P=.001). Regarding the microbiological analysis, the nonmodified group also had a statistically higher mean bacterial and Candida albicans count than the modified group (P<.05). No significant increase in the bacteria was found in the nonmodified group with time (P=.252), but, for the modified group, a statistically significant decrease in bacteria count was found with time (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles to a 3D printable acrylic resin base material was found to be promising. This addition improved the peri-implant tissue health and decreased surface roughness and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Albadwi
- PhD student, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; and Assistant Lecturer, Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Elmergib University, Al Khums, Libya.
| | - Heba A Elsheikh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Heba W Abozaed
- Associate Professor, Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Heba E A ELdegla
- Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine-Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aisha Z H Mostafa
- Professor, Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Radwa M K Emera
- Professor, Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; and Director, Mansoura Manchester Dental Program, Mansoura, Egypt
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Saini RS, Bavabeedu SS, Quadri SA, Gurumurthy V, Kanji MA, Okshah A, Binduhayyim RIH, Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Mosaddad SA, Heboyan A. Mapping the research landscape of nanoparticles and their use in denture base resins: a bibliometric analysis. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:95. [PMID: 38814562 PMCID: PMC11139848 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles are increasingly used in dentistry for various applications, including enhancing the mechanical properties of denture base resins. This study aimed to comprehensively review and analyze the research landscape of nanoparticles and their effect on the flexural strength of denture base resins to identify key research areas and trends and to highlight the importance of collaboration between authors and institutions. METHODS A Bibliometric Analysis was conducted using the Keywords "Nanoparticle*" AND "Denture*" OR "CAD/CAM." The literature search from the WOS database was restricted to the publication years 2011 to 2022. RESULTS Key findings encompass an increase in research publications but a decline in citations. Saudi Arabia, China, and Iraq led this research, with specific institutions excelling. Notable journals with high impact factors were identified. Authorship patterns show variations in citation impact. Additionally, keyword analysis revealed that current research trends offer insights into influential authors and their networks. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of nanoparticles and denture base resins reveals a dynamic and evolving landscape that emphasizes the importance of collaboration, staying current with research trends, and conducting high-quality research in this ever-evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder S Saini
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Masroor Ahmed Kanji
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Okshah
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mario Alberto Alarcón-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qasr-e-Dasht Street, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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AlGhamdi MA, Alatiyyah FM, Almedarham RF, Al Dawood ZH, Alshaikhnasser FY, Alboryh SY, Khan SQ, Abualsaud R, Gad MM. Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:665. [PMID: 38668159 PMCID: PMC11053498 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of additives such as ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2NP or SiO2NP) on the hardness, surface roughness, and color stability of 3D printed provisional restorations. Two hundred samples in total were printed using 3D printed resins (ASIGA, and NextDent). Each resin was modified with ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs in two different concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%), while one group was kept unmodified (n = 10). Disc-shaped (15 × 2.5 mm) samples were designed and printed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. Printed discs were evaluated for color changes through parameters CIELAB 2000 system (ΔE00), hardness using Vickers hardness test, and surface roughness (Ra) using a noncontact profilometer. After calculating the means and standard deviations, a three-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were performed at α = 0.05. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs to ASIGA and NextDent resins significantly increased the hardness at a given level of concentration (0.5% or 1%) in comparison with pure (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two modified groups per resin type (p > 0.05). The highest hardness value was detected in 1% ZrO2NPs with 29.67 ± 2.3. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs had no effect on the Ra (p > 0.05), with 1% ZrO2NPs showing the highest value 0.36 ± 0.04 µm with NextDent resin. ZrO2NPs induced higher color changes (∆E00), ranging from 4.1 to 5.8, while SiO2NPs showed lower values, ranging from 1.01 to 1.85, and the highest mean ∆E00 was observed in the 1% ZrO2NPs group and NextDent resin. The incorporation of ZrO2NPs and SiO2NPs in 3D printed provisional resins increased the hardness without affecting the surface roughness. The optical parameters were significantly affected by ZrO2NPs and less adversely affected by SiO2NPs. Consequently, care must be taken to choose a concentration that will improve the materials' mechanical performance without detracting from their esthetic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram A. AlGhamdi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Fatimah M. Alatiyyah
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (R.F.A.); (Z.H.A.D.); (F.Y.A.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Rawan F. Almedarham
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (R.F.A.); (Z.H.A.D.); (F.Y.A.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Zainab H. Al Dawood
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (R.F.A.); (Z.H.A.D.); (F.Y.A.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Farah Y. Alshaikhnasser
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (R.F.A.); (Z.H.A.D.); (F.Y.A.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Shaymaa Y. Alboryh
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.M.A.); (R.F.A.); (Z.H.A.D.); (F.Y.A.); (S.Y.A.)
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem Abualsaud
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (R.A.)
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Nam NE, Hwangbo NK, Kim JE. Effects of surface glazing on the mechanical and biological properties of 3D printed permanent dental resin materials. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:273-282. [PMID: 37245959 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the surface glazing effect on the mechanical and biological properties of three-dimensional printed dental permanent resins.Methods Specimens were prepared using Formlabs, Graphy Tera Harz permanent, and NextDent C&B temporary crown resins. Specimens were divided into three groups: samples with untreated surfaces, glazed surfaces, and sand-glazed surfaces. The flexural strength, Vickers hardness, color stability, and surface roughness of the samples were analyzed to identify their mechanical properties. Their cell viability and protein adsorption were analyzed to identify their biological properties.Results The flexural strength and Vickers hardness of the samples with sand glazed and glazed surfaces were significantly increased. The color change was higher for surface untreated samples than that for the samples with sand-glazed and glazed surfaces. The surface roughness of the samples with sand-glazed and glazed surfaces was low. The samples with sand-glazed and glazed surfaces have low protein adsorption ability and high cell viability.Conclusions Surface glazing increased the mechanical strength, color stability, and cell compatibility, while reducing the Ra and protein adsorption of 3D-printed dental resins. Thus, a glazed surface exhibited a positive effect on the mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Eun Nam
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Hwangbo
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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AlGhamdi MA, Alatiyyah FM, Dawood ZHA, Alshaikhnasser FY, Almedarham RF, Alboryh SY, Elakel A, Akhtar S, Khan SQ, Gad MM. Flexural strength of 3D-printed nanocomposite provisional resins: Impact of SiO 2 and ZrO 2 nanoparticles and printing orientations in vitro. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38357722 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the influence of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) addition and printing orientation on the flexural strength (FS) of provisional three-dimensional (3D) printing resins undergoing thermal cycling (TC). METHODS Three dimensional-printed resin (NextDent C&B MFH) was used to fabricate 300 bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm3 ). The ZrO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs specimens were divided into two groups, then subdivided into three groups, based on the nanoparticle concentration (i.e., 0 wt% (original group), 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt%). Each concentration was printed in three printing orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°). The printed specimens were exposed to 5000 cycles of TC, followed by a three-point bending test to assess the FS. Fracture surface analysis was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). For data analysis, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc were utilized (α = 0.05). RESULTS Compared to the original material, the addition of ZrO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs had a significantly positive impact on the FS, (P > 0.001). After TC, the FS of the original group decreased significantly and had the lowest value. The highest FS value was observed in 1% ZrO2 NPs at 0°. Regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, the 0° orientation consistently showed a higher FS, compared to the 45° and 90° orientations. At all orientations (i.e., 0°, 45°, and 90°), the FS significantly increased with the addition of NPs, compared with that of the original material (P > 0.001). TC had a significantly negative effect on the FS of the unmodified groups. However, no significant differences existed in FS among the modified groups after TC. CONCLUSION The addition of SiO2 NPs and ZrO2 NPs increased the FS of the 3D-printed provisional resin. Regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, the 0° orientation had the higher FS. TC had an effect on the original resin, whereas it had no significant effect on the nanoparticle-modified resins. In clinical practice, 3D-printed provisional nanocomposite resins printed at the 0° orientation could be recommended for long-term dental provisional restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram A AlGhamdi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah M Alatiyyah
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab H Al Dawood
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rawan F Almedarham
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaymaa Y Alboryh
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elakel
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Kim MC, Byeon DJ, Jeong EJ, Go HB, Yang SY. Color stability, surface, and physicochemical properties of three-dimensional printed denture base resin reinforced with different nanofillers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1842. [PMID: 38253714 PMCID: PMC10803297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Various materials have been introduced for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of dentures. In this study, the color stability and surface and physicochemical properties of 3D-printed denture base resins with four types of nanofiller particles were evaluated. Al2O3, ZnO, CeZr, and SiO2 nanofillers were added to a 3D printable denture base-resin matrix and subjected to digital light processing. The specimens were immersed in Coke, coffee, black tea, or distilled water for 6 days. For the assessment of color differences, 6 samples were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. In a separate investigation, surface properties of 10 samples were examined, while a different set of 6 samples was used to analyze water sorption and solubility. All experimental groups exhibited higher color stability in Coke than the control group. However, the groups containing ZnO and CeZr had lower color stability in coffee and black tea than the control group. Moreover, they had agglomerated nanofillers and lower gloss than the control group. Compared with that of the control group, the contact angle of the CeZr group and microhardness of the ZnO group were not significantly different. Water sorption was higher in the Al2O3 group, whereas the solubility of the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. The results demonstrated the significant effect of ZnO and CeZr nanofillers on the color stability of the dentures when exposed to discoloring beverages. These results will facilitate the development of fillers that enhance the resistance of 3D printed denture base resins to discoloration in the oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chae Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Jung Byeon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eo-Jin Jeong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Go
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Song-Yi Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
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Altarazi A, Haider J, Alhotan A, Silikas N, Devlin H. 3D printed denture base material: The effect of incorporating TiO 2 nanoparticles and artificial ageing on the physical and mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2023; 39:1122-1136. [PMID: 37839997 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), subjected to a physical ageing process. METHODS Acrylic denture base samples were prepared by a Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technique reinforced with different concentrations (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) of silanated TiO2 NPs. The resulting nanocomposite materials were characterized in terms of degree of conversion (DC), and sorption/solubility flexural strength, impact strength, Vickers hardness and Martens hardness and compared with unmodified resin and conventional heat-cured (HC) material. The nanocomposites were reassessed after subjecting them to ageing in artificial saliva. A fractured surface was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS The addition of TiO2 NPs into 3D-printed resin significantly improved flexural strength/modulus, impact strength, Vickers hardness, and DC, while also slightly enhancing Martens hardness compared to the unmodified resin. Sorption values did not show any improvements, while solubility was reduced significantly. The addition of 0.10 wt% NPs provided the highest performance amongst the other concentrations, and 0.75 wt% NPs showed the lowest. Although ageing degraded the materials' performance to a certain extent, the trends remained the same. SEM images showed a homogenous distribution of the NPs at lower concentrations (0.10 and 0.25 wt%) but revealed agglomeration of the NPs with the higher concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 wt%). SIGNIFICANCE The outcomes of this study suggested that the incorporation of TiO2 NPs (0.10 wt%) into 3D-printed denture base material showed superior performance compared to the unmodified 3D-printed resin even after ageing in artificial saliva. The nanocomposite has the potential to extend service life of denture bases in future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Altarazi
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugh Devlin
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Mohamed PA, Fahmy AE, El Shabrawy SM. Three-dimensionally printed denture base resins modified by nanoglass particles and carbon nanotubes. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:797.e1-797.e9. [PMID: 37684140 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Three-dimensionally (3D) printed denture base resins exhibit inferior mechanical properties compared with conventional and milled ones, a problem affecting their long-term clinical use. Improved 3D printed resins are required. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether a 3D printed denture base resin with nanoglass particles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) would exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nanoglass particles and MWCNTs were silane coated and added to the resin to obtain the following groups: Control, resin modified with nanoglass particles with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; resin modified with MWCNTs with 2 percentages, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%; and a combination group with 0.25 wt% of each filler type. The printed specimens (N=330) were tested before and after thermocycling (600 cycles) for flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (n=22) by using a universal testing machine and for impact strength (IS) (n=22) by using a Charpy impact tester. The fractured impact specimens were then evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface roughness (Ra) (n=11) was assessed by using a profilometer. For data analysis, the 2-way ANOVA test was used for the analysis of FS, elastic modulus, and IS, and the 3-way ANOVA test was used for Ra with a subsequent Tukey post hoc test. Percentage change was compared among groups by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn post hoc test with Bonferroni correction (α=.05). RESULTS The filler content and thermocycling revealed a significant main interaction effect (P<.001) on FS, elastic modulus, and IS, with the 0.5% nanoglass group displaying the highest percentage decrease after thermocycling. The SEM images of fractured impact specimens revealed a brittle failure in the control and nanoglass groups. In contrast, the groups containing MWCNTs and the combination group displayed intermediate to ductile failure. Moreover, a significant inclusive interaction effect (P<.001) was found between the filler content, thermocycling, and polishing on surface roughness, with the 0.5% nanoglass group revealing the highest percentage increase in Ra of the polished surface after aging. CONCLUSIONS The addition of nanoglass and MWCNTs led to a significant improvement in the FS, elastic modulus, and IS of the 3D printed resin. The combination group displayed the least percentage change among all groups regarding the FS and IS, displaying intermediate to ductile failure. The control revealed the least percentage change in elastic modulus after thermocycling but with lower peak values compared with all other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pansai A Mohamed
- Instructor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Amal E Fahmy
- Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sonia M El Shabrawy
- Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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An S, Evans JL, Hamlet S, Love RM. The mechanical properties of 3D printed denture base resin incorporating essential oil microcapsules. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:189-201. [PMID: 37662856 PMCID: PMC10471502 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating microcapsules containing plant essential oils. Materials and Methods Denture base specimens containing up to 3% w/v essential oil microcapsule powders (MCPs), i.e., eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, menthol, and tea tree, in two resins (Detax and NextDent 3D+) were 3D printed using two printers (Asiga and NextDent 5100). The dispersion and interaction of the MCPs in the resin were assessed by SEM while the mechanical properties of the incorporated denture base including flexural strength (MPa), flexural modulus (MPa), Vickers hardness (VHN), and surface roughness (Ra) were also subsequently evaluated. Statistical analysis of any differences in mean values was determined using a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc testing (α = .05). Results The spherical shape of the MCPs was maintained during the mixing and polymerization/printing process. However, the Detax-Asiga group showed significant agglomeration of the MCPs even at the lowest MCP concentration levels (0.5% w/v). Overall, as the microcapsule concentration increased, the mean flexural strength decreased, though the menthol MCP groups remained compliant with the ISO standard. The flexural modulus and harness remained relatively unchanged, and the flexural modulus complied with the ISO standard regardless of the MCP concentration. Surface roughness increased with the addition of the MCPs but also remained below that required for clinical acceptance. Conclusion Incorporation of microencapsulated plant essential oils into 3D printed denture base resin was successfully achieved. While incorporation negatively influenced flexural strength and surface roughness, little effect on flexural modulus and Vickers hardness was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve An
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Lesleigh Evans
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Hamlet
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Matthew Love
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Oh R, Lim JH, Lee CG, Lee KW, Kim SY, Kim JE. Effects of washing solution temperature on the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of 3D-Printed dental resin material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105906. [PMID: 37178635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of digital manufacturing, particularly additive manufacturing using three-dimensional (3D) printing, is expanding in the field of dentistry. 3D-printed resin appliances must undergo an essential process, post-washing, to remove residual monomers; however, the effect of the washing solution temperature on the biocompatibility and mechanical properties remains unclear. Therefore, we processed 3D-printed resin samples under different post-washing temperatures (without temperature control (N/T), 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) for different durations (5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) and evaluated the degree of conversion rate, cell viability, flexural strength, and Vickers hardness. Increasing the washing solution temperature significantly improved the degree of conversion rate and cell viability. Conversely, increasing the solution temperature and time decreased the flexural strength and microhardness. This study confirmed that the washing temperature and time influence the mechanical and biological properties of the 3D-printed resin. Washing 3D-printed resin at 30 °C for 30 min was most efficient to maintain optimal biocompatibility and minimize changes of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojee Oh
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea; Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gyu Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea; Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Kim
- Dental Hospital, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Petousis M, Moutsopoulou A, Korlos A, Papadakis V, Mountakis N, Tsikritzis D, Ntintakis I, Vidakis N. The Effect of Nano Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO 2)-Optimized Content in Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Matrices on Their Thermomechanical Response in 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1906. [PMID: 37446421 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of nanoparticles (NPs) in zirconium oxide (ZrO2) as a strengthening factor of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyamide 12 (PA12) thermoplastics in material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) is reported herein for the first time. Using a melt-mixing compounding method, zirconium dioxide nanoparticles were added at four distinct filler loadings. Additionally, 3D-printed samples were carefully examined for their material performance in various standardized tests. The unfilled polymers were the control samples. The nature of the materials was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric studies. Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze their morphological characteristics. Zirconium dioxide NPs showed an affirmative reinforcement tool at all filler concentrations, while the optimized material was calculated with loading in the range of 1.0-3.0 wt.% (3.0 wt.% for PA12, 47.7% increase in strength; 1.0 wt.% for PLA, 20.1% increase in strength). PA12 and PLA polymers with zirconium dioxide in the form of nanocomposite filaments for 3D printing applications could be used in implementations using thermoplastic materials in engineering structures with improved mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, Sindos, 574 00 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntintakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 714 10 Heraklion, Greece
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Khattar A, Alghafli JA, Muheef MA, Alsalem AM, Al-Dubays MA, AlHussain HM, AlShoalah HM, Khan SQ, AlEraky DM, Gad MM. Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO 2 Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:591. [PMID: 36770550 PMCID: PMC9921268 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a commonly used material, as it is biocompatible and relatively cheap. However, its mechanical properties and weak antibiofilm activity are major concerns. With the development of new technology, 3D-printed resins are emerging as replacements for PMMA. Few studies have investigated the antibiofilm activity of 3D-printed resins. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity and surface roughness of a 3D-printed denture base resin modified with different concentrations of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs). A total of 60 resin disc specimens (15 × 2 mm) were fabricated and divided into six groups (n = 10). The groups comprised a heat-polymerized resin (PMMA) group, an unmodified 3D-printed resin (NextDent) group, and four 3D-printed resin groups that were modified with ZrO2 NPs at various concentrations (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%). All specimens were polished using a conventional method and then placed in a thermocycler machine for 5000 cycles. Surface roughness (Ra, µm) was measured using a non-contact profilometer. The adhesion of Candida albicans (C. albicans) was measured using a fungal adhesion assay that consisted of a colony forming unit assay and a cell proliferation assay. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A Mann-Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparison, and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The lowest Ra value (0.88 ± 0.087 µm) was recorded for the PMMA group. In comparison to the PMMA group, the 3% ZrO2 NPs 3D-printed group showed a significant increase in Ra (p < 0.025). For the 3D-printed resins, significant differences were found between the groups with 0% vs. 3% ZrO2 NPs and 3% vs. 5% ZrO2 NPs (p < 0.025). The highest Ra value (0.96 ± 0.06 µm) was recorded for the 3% ZrO2 NPs group, and the lowest Ra values (0.91 ± 0.03 µm) were recorded for the 0.5% and 5% ZrO2 NPs groups. In terms of antifungal activity, the cell proliferation assay showed a significant decrease in the C. albicans count for the 0.5% ZrO2 NPs group when compared with PMMA and all other groups of 3D-printed resins. The group with the lowest concentration of ZrO2 NPs (0.5%) showed the lowest level of C. albicans adhesion of all the tested groups and showed the lowest Candida count (0.29 ± 0.03). The addition of ZrO2 NPs in low concentrations did not affect the surface roughness of the 3D-printed resins. These 3D-printed resins with low concentrations of nanocomposites could be used as possible materials for the prevention and treatment of denture stomatitis, due to their antibiofilm activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Khattar
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawad A. Alghafli
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Muheef
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alsalem
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Dubays
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M. AlHussain
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M. AlShoalah
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M. AlEraky
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Khattar A, Alsaif MH, Alghafli JA, Alshaikh AA, Alsalem AM, Almindil IA, Alsalman AM, Alboori AJ, Al-Ajwad AM, Almuhanna HM, Khan SQ, AlRumaih HS, Gad MM. Influence of ZrO 2 Nanoparticle Addition on the Optical Properties of Denture Base Materials Fabricated Using Additive Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4190. [PMID: 36500813 PMCID: PMC9738665 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the translucency of 3D-printed denture base resins modified with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) under thermal cycling. A total of 110 specimens were fabricated and divided into 3 groups according to the materials, i.e., heat-polymerized resin, and 3D-printed resins (NextDent, and ASIGA). The 3D-printed resins were modified with 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of ZrO2NPs. All the specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles. The translucency was measured using a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the heat-polymerized resin had considerably higher translucency than the 3D-printed resins. Compared to the unmodified group, the translucency decreased significantly after adding 5% ZrO2NPs to NextDent and 3% ZrO2NPs to ASIGA resins. The highest translucency was achieved for NextDent by adding 0.5% ZrO2NPs and for ASIGA without any ZrO2NPs. It was found that the average concentration level in ASIGA was significantly higher than that in NextDent. These findings revealed that 3D-printed resins have lower translucency than heat-polymerized acrylic resin, and adding ZrO2NPs at low concentrations did not affect the translucency of the 3D-printed resins. Therefore, in terms of translucency, 3D-printed nanocomposite denture base resins could be considered for clinical applications when ZrO2NPs are added at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Khattar
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Alsaif
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawad A. Alghafli
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Alshaikh
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alsalem
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Almindil
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam M. Alsalman
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali J. Alboori
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Ajwad
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M Almuhanna
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad S. AlRumaih
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Dulaijan YA, Alsulaimi L, Alotaibi R, Alboainain A, Alalawi H, Alshehri S, Khan SQ, Alsaloum M, AlRumaih HS, Alhumaidan AA, Gad MM. Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Hardness of 3D Printed Resins. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196822. [PMID: 36234163 PMCID: PMC9571863 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of printing parameters on the surface characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed denture base resins (DBRs) is neglected. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of printing orientation and post-curing time on the surface roughness and hardness. One conventional heat-polymerized (HP) resin and two 3D-printing resins (NextDent (ND) and ASIGA (AS)) were used to fabricate a total of 250-disc (10 × 2.5 mm) specimens. ND and AS specimens were printed with different orientations (0-, 45-, and 90-degree) and each orientation group was subjected to four post-curing times (30, 60, 90, 120 min). Printed specimens were thermo-cycled (10,000 cycles) followed by the measuring of surface roughness (Profilometer (Ra)) and hardness (a Vickers hardness (VH)). ANOVA and post hoc tests were used for data analysis (α = 0.05) at significant levels. AS and ND showed no significant changes in Ra when compared with HP (p ˃ 0.05), except the 45-degree orientation (AS/90 min and AS/120 min) significantly increased surface roughness (p ˂ 0.001). There was no significant difference in Ra with different orientations and post-curing time for both materials AS and ND (p ˃ 0.05). Compared with HP, 3D-printed DBRs showed low VH values (p ˂ 0.001). For AS, 90-degree orientation showed a significant decrease in VH at 60, 90, and 120 min when compared with 0- and 45-degree orientation (p ˂ 0.001), while ND showed no significant difference in VH with different printing orientations (p ˃ 0.05). The VH of AS and ND improved when increasing post-curing time to 120 min (p ˂ 0.001), and the printing orientations and post-curing time did not affect the Ra of 3D-printed DBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leenah Alsulaimi
- Fellowship of Pediatric Dentistry Program, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Alotaibi
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Alboainain
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haidar Alalawi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alshehri
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaloum
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3183, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 3183, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad S. AlRumaih
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Dulaijan YA, Alsulaimi L, Alotaibi R, Alboainain A, Akhtar S, Khan SQ, Al-Ghamdi M, Gad MM. Effect of printing orientation and post-curing time on the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. J Prosthodont 2022; 32:45-52. [PMID: 35902078 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of printing orientation combined with different post-curing times on the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 480 rectangular specimens with the dimensions of 64×10×3.3 mm were designed and fabricated from two 3D printed acrylic resins and one heat-polymerized resin (HP). 3D-printed groups were divided into 3 groups according to printing orientations (0-, 45-, 90-degree); each group was subdivided into 4 groups according to post-curing time (30, 60, 90, 120 min.). All specimens were subjected to thermal cycling (10,000 cycles) before testing flexural strength. Fractured surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS The result of this study showed that the highest flexural strength values of 3D-printed resin (NextDent, and ASIGA) were in 0-degree groups. Also, the flexural strength values increased when post-curing time was increased regardless of the printing orientation and the highest flexural strength was recorded at 120 min post-curing time in all orientations. SEM analysis showed rougher surface with irregular lamellae which represented a ductile fracture confirming that high energy is required for crack propagation and these features markedly increased as post-curing time increased. CONCLUSION The results showed that the 0-degree orientation groups showed higher flexural strength compared to other groups. Similarly, with increased post-curing time, the flexural strength increased. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A Al-Dulaijan
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | | | - Reema Alotaibi
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | | | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Soban Q Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Maram Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
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Alshaikh AA, Khattar A, Almindil IA, Alsaif MH, Akhtar S, Khan SQ, Gad MM. 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Denture-Base Resins: Effect of ZrO 2 Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Surface Properties In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142451. [PMID: 35889675 PMCID: PMC9315924 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the low mechanical performances of 3D-printed denture base resins, ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were incorporated into different 3D-printed resins and their effects on the flexure strength, elastic modulus, impact strength, hardness, and surface roughness were evaluated. A total of 286 specimens were fabricated in dimensions per respective test and divided according to materials into three groups: heat-polymerized as a control group and two 3D-printed resins (NextDent and ASIGA) which were modified with 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.% ZrO2NPs. The flexure strength and elastic modulus, impact strength, hardness, and surface roughness (µm) were measured using the three-point bending test, Charpy’s impact test, Vickers hardness test, and a profilometer, respectively. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). The results showed that, in comparison to heat-polymerized resin, the unmodified 3D-printed resins showed a significant decrease in all tested properties (p < 0.001) except surface roughness (p = 0.11). In between 3D-printed resins, the addition of ZrO2NPs to 3D-printed resins showed a significant increase in flexure strength, impact strength, and hardness (p < 0.05) while showing no significant differences in surface roughness and elastic modulus (p > 0.05). Our study demonstrated that the unmodified 3D-printed resins showed inferior mechanical behavior when compared with heat-polymerized acrylic resin while the addition of ZrO2NPs improved the properties of 3D-printed resins. Therefore, the introduced 3D-printable nanocomposite denture-base resins are suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Alshaikh
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.K.); (I.A.A.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman Khattar
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.K.); (I.A.A.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Almindil
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.K.); (I.A.A.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Majed H. Alsaif
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (A.K.); (I.A.A.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.M.G.); Tel.: +966-592502080 (M.M.G.)
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.M.G.); Tel.: +966-592502080 (M.M.G.)
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Jeon S, Jo YH, Yoon HI, Han JS. Effect of phytochemical-filled microcapsules with antifungal activity on material properties and dimensional accuracy of denture base resin for three-dimensional printing. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:178. [PMID: 35562746 PMCID: PMC9107106 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the material properties and dimensional accuracy of three-dimensionally (3D) printed denture base containing microcapsules with antifungal phytochemicals are lacking. METHODS Two types of phytochemicals (phytoncide A and B) with antifungal activity were microencapsulated. The 3D-printed denture base specimens with minimum and maximum effective concentrations of microcapsules (6 and 8 wt% for phytoncide A; 15 and 25 wt% for phytoncide B) were prepared. The morphological changes of C. albicans on 3D-printed denture base with microcapsules was microscopically observed. The degree of conversion of 3D-printed denture base with microcapsules investigated. The microhardness and flexural strength values were also measured to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture bases. The dimensional accuracy (trueness) of the specimens with microcapsules was measured as root-mean-square values (RMS) for the whole, upper, and side surfaces of the specimens as well as their total height. For the degree of conversion, microhardness, and flexural strength values, the Kruskal-Wallis analysis and a post-hoc comparison using Mann-Whitney U test was performed. For the analysis of trueness (RMS), the one-way analysis of variance and a post-hoc comparison using Tukey's method was conducted (α = 0.05). RESULTS At both maximum and minimum effective concentrations of microcapsules, cell surface disruption or membrane breakdown of fungal cells were observed in the specimens. The groups with microcapsules (both phytoncide A- and B-filled) showed significantly lower microhardness and elastic modulus values than the control group (all, P = 0.001). For the trueness, all the RMS values of the whole, upper, and side surfaces of the specimens with microcapsules were less than 100 µm, although significantly higher than those without (all, P = 0.001). The mean flexural strength values of the groups with phytoncide A-filled microcapsule were higher than 65 MPa, not statistically different from that of the control group (all, P > 0.05). However, the groups with phytoncide B-filled microcapsules showed significantly lower values than the control (all, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, the 3D-printed denture base containing 6 wt% of phytoncide A-filled microcapsules was clinically acceptable in terms of antifungal activity, dimensional accuracy, and flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Jeon
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hyeon Jo
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-In Yoon
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Suk Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
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Gad MM, Alshehri SZ, Alhamid SA, Albarrak A, Khan SQ, Alshahrani FA, Alqarawi FK. Water Sorption, Solubility, and Translucency of 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10030042. [PMID: 35323244 PMCID: PMC8947006 DOI: 10.3390/dj10030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the water sorption, solubility, and translucency of 3D-printed denture base resins (NextDent, FormLabs, and Asiga), compare them to heat-polymerized acrylic denture base resins, and assess their performance under the effects of thermal cycling. A total of 80 acrylic disc specimens were used in the current study, categorized into four groups (n = 10); in one group, the samples were fabricated conventionally with a heat-polymerizing process (control), while the other three groups were fabricated digitally from different 3D-printed reins (NextDent, FormLabs, and Asiga). Specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturers’ recommendations and immersed in distilled water for 48 h at 37 °C. Data on water sorption, solubility, and translucency measurements (T1) were obtained. All the specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles, and then the measures were repeated using the same method (T2). Data analysis was attained via ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). The type of resin significantly affected the values of water sorption, solubility, and translucency (p < 0.001). The water sorption of 3D-printed resins was increased significantly in comparison to control with or without a thermal cycling effect. In terms of solubility, a significant increase in 3D-printed resins before thermocycling was observed; however, after thermocycling, Asiga had a significantly low value compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Thermal cycling increased the water sorption and solubility of all tested materials. In comparison to control, the translucency of the 3D-printed resins was significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The translucency was significantly decreased per material in terms of the thermal cycling effect (before and after). NextDent showed significantly low translucency values (p < 0.001) compared to the other groups. All 3D-printed resin groups had higher water sorption and solubility and lower translucency values in comparison to the heat-polymerized resin group. Regardless of resin types, thermal cycling adversely affected all tested properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (F.K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-592502080
| | - Saleh Z. Alshehri
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (S.Z.A.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Shahad A. Alhamid
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (S.Z.A.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alanoud Albarrak
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (S.Z.A.); (S.A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faris A. Alshahrani
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Firas K. Alqarawi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (F.K.A.)
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