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Conjaerts JAP, Videler AC, Schepman R, Elfeddali I, Rosowsky E, van Alphen SPJ. Clinical Staging for Personality Disorders in Older Adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024:8919887241254467. [PMID: 38809516 DOI: 10.1177/08919887241254467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This scientific research aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a clinical staging (CS) model for personality disorders (PDs) in older adults. The CS model could provide valuable insights into the life course of personality pathology, prognosis, and treatment decisions for PDs in older adults. METHODS/DESIGN The study employed an international Delphi methodology with three rounds and involved 21 experts. RESULTS Consensus was achieved on 12 out of 17 statements, confirming the viability of a CS model for PDs in older adults. The proposed model incorporates the Alternative Model for PDs, criterion A, and integrates life course information, distinguishing between chronic PD, re-emergent PD, late-onset PD, and past PD. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that international experts support the implementation of a CS model for PDs in older adults, considering both the severity of personality functioning and the retrospective life course of PD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A P Conjaerts
- Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Videler
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence Body Mind and Health, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Schepman
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Iman Elfeddali
- Clinical Center of Excellence of Personality Disorders and Developmental Disorders in Older Adults, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, PersonaCura, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tranzo department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence Body Mind and Health, GGz Breburg Mental Health Center, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Erlene Rosowsky
- Department of Clinical Psychology William James College, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Clinical Center of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology (PE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Wright AJ, Weston SJ, Norton S, Voss M, Bogdan R, Oltmanns TF, Jackson JJ. Prospective self- and informant-personality associations with inflammation, health behaviors, and health indicators. Psychol Health 2022; 41:121-133. [PMID: 35238582 PMCID: PMC9775638 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality influences many aspects of the health process. It is unclear to what extent self- and informant-reports of the Big Five offer incremental validity for the prediction of inflammatory biomarkers and whether inflammation provides a unique pathway between personality and indicators of physical health, independent of health behaviors. METHOD Using data from older adults (N = 1,630) enrolled in the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network study, we tested whether self- and informant-reported Big Five traits show unique associations with inflammation (IL-6, CRP, TNF-α). Further, we tested whether inflammation and health behaviors indirectly link personality to health-related quality of life, body mass index, and chronic disease burden using longitudinal mediation in a structural equation modeling framework. RESULTS Self-reports, informant-reports, and general trait factors of personality predicted future inflammatory biomarker levels (unstandardized regression coefficients ranged -.08 to .07 for self, -.13 to -.10 for informants, and -.16 to -.11 for general). Additionally, all assessment methods of personality were associated with the indicators of physical health through biomarker and health behavior pathways. Effects were primarily found for conscientiousness and neuroticism; IL-6 and CRP were the biomarkers with the most indirect effects; and indirect paths overall emerged more frequently through health behaviors, but this varied by outcome. CONCLUSIONS Self- and informant-reports provided unique predictive validity of inflammatory biomarkers. Findings highlight the benefits of using of multiple assessments of personality and the importance of examining multiple, distinct pathways by which personality might influence health to understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship more fully. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Frowijn I, Vos LMW, Masthoff E, Bogaerts S. We Don't Choose Whom We Love: Predictors for Romantic Attraction to Villains. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:802988. [PMID: 35656346 PMCID: PMC9152079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Why are women (not) romantically attracted to dark personalities or villains, which might be a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization? In the current study, it is opted to investigate how adult attachment, maladaptive personality traits, and acceptance of couple violence in women predict romantic attraction to heroic/villainous characters using structural equation modeling (SEM). METHOD First, a pilot study was conducted in 122 heterosexual women (aged 16-25) to select male TV characters. This resulted in the selection of six villains and 10 heroes for the main study, in which 194 other heterosexual women (aged 16-25) were asked to rate the pictures of TV characters through an online questionnaire. This was combined with self-report measures of maladaptive personality traits, acceptance of couple violence, and adult attachment. These variables were entered into a SEM model to assess model fit. RESULTS Overall, women rated heroes higher on physical appearance (pilot study) and romantic attraction (main study) compared to villains. We found different direct effects of avoidant (negative) and anxious (positive) attachment styles on romantic attraction to heroes. Moreover, maladaptive personality traits fully mediated the positive effect of avoidant attachment style on romantic attraction to villains. DISCUSSION Despite the limitations of the study design (e.g., low N, low notoriety of the TV characters), this study emphasizes that women are generally more romantically attracted to heroes (vs. villains). Besides, there are different predictors of romantic attraction to heroes and villains, which requires further investigation, especially in the context of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Frowijn
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Lisa M W Vos
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Erik Masthoff
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation (FARID), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation (FARID), Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Cruitt PJ, Hill PL, Oltmanns TF. Personality pathology predicts increased informant-reported, but not performance-based, cognitive decline: Findings from two samples. Personal Disord 2022; 13:30-40. [PMID: 33507791 PMCID: PMC8475501 DOI: 10.1037/per0000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between normal-range personality and cognitive aging has demonstrated consistent, modest effects. The current investigation increases our understanding of unhealthy cognitive aging by testing whether personality disorders (PDs), specifically borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PDs, show prospective associations with the onset of cognitive problems. Interpersonal stressful life events and social support were expected to mediate these relationships. The current investigation used data from 2 longitudinal studies of older adulthood: the Alzheimer's disease Research Center cohort (ADRC, N = 434, Mage = 69.95, 56% women) and the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network study (SPAN, N = 1,058, Mage = 65.92, 54% women). The ADRC study administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess cognitive ability/memory. Borderline PD was measured with a composite from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The SPAN study administered self-, informant, and interview measures of the three PDs; a free-recall task; and an informant report measure of cognitive problems. Borderline PD features exhibited cross-sectional correlations with memory (ADRC: r = -.11; SPAN: all rs = -.08), general cognitive ability (ADRC: r = -.11), and informant-reported cognitive problems (rs ranged from .15 to .39). Most importantly, borderline PD features predicted an increase in informant-reported cognitive problems in SPAN participants (standardized bs = .13 and .15) over a 2-year period, but they did not predict a deterioration in the performance-based cognitive measures in either study. Avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PDs exhibited little association with cognitive aging. Neither interpersonal variable mediated any of these effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Cruitt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Psychology Doctoral Internship Program, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Patrick L. Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Thomas F. Oltmanns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. Five-Factor Model Personality Disorder Traits, Health Behaviors, Health Perceptions, and Insomnia Symptoms in Older Adults. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:801-S10. [PMID: 33779278 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2021_35_506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits predict physical health outcomes, including health behaviors, disease, and mortality. Maladaptive traits of personality disorders may predict even more variance in physical health indicators. Dimensional models of maladaptive personality traits are replacing categorical models of personality disorder, and the Five-Factor Model of personality disorder (FFMPD) is a useful dimensional model of maladaptive traits. However, there has been little work investigating the criterion validity of the FFMPD. The present study serves as a broad initial overview of the FFMPD scales in the prediction of health behaviors, heath perceptions, and insomnia symptoms across two time points in a representative community sample of older adults (N = 1,060). Findings indicate that the FFMPD scales explain a significant amount of variance in the physical health variables across time. Exploratory analyses indicate that the FFMPD traits have incremental validity over covariates, normal-range personality traits, and personality disorder criteria.
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Hanegraaf L, Hohwy J, Verdejo-Garcia A. Latent classes of maladaptive personality traits exhibit differences in social processing. J Pers 2021; 90:615-630. [PMID: 34714935 PMCID: PMC9545362 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social processing (SP) deficits manifest across numerous mental disorders. However, this research has been plagued by heterogeneity and a piecemeal approach whereby skills are examined in isolation rather than as part of an integrated cognitive system. Here, we combined two dimensional frameworks of psychopathology to address these limitations. METHOD We utilized the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) to distill trait-related heterogeneity within a community sample (n = 200), and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 'Systems for Social Processes' to comprehensively assess SP. We first applied latent class analyses (LCA) to derive AMPD-based groups and subsequently contrasted the performance of these groups on a SP test battery that we developed to align with the RDoC SP constructs. RESULTS Our LCA yielded four distinct subgroups. The recognizable trait profiles and psychopathological symptoms of these classes suggested they were clinically meaningful. The subgroups differed in their SP profiles: one displayed deficits regarding the self, a second displayed deficits in understanding others, a third displayed more severe deficits including affiliation problems, whilst the fourth showed normal performance. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the link between clusters of maladaptive personality traits and distinctive profiles of SP deficits, which may inform research on disorders involving SP dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hanegraaf
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jakob Hohwy
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Philosophy Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Roso-Bas F, Alonso-Llobregat MD, Bento L, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Herraez I, Garcia-Dilla P, Vallespir C, Rado F, Rodriguez R, Garcia-Pallarols F, Aguirre I, Bargay J, Sampol A, Salar A, Gutierrez A. Analysis of Personality Traits in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081631. [PMID: 33921383 PMCID: PMC8069925 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly-curable malignancy mostly affecting young people. As far as we know, there is no published study that has analyzed personality profiles in HL nor their potential role in lymphomagenesis, natural history, or response to treatment. We aim to explore the personality traits of HL patients, as well as the prevalence of mental disorders and suicide ideas. We retrospectively identified all alive HL patients from three centers (Son Espases and Son Llatzer University Hospitals and Hospital del Mar of Barcelona) for using NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form. Patients with HL showed significantly higher neuroticism scores and lower conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness. Considering maladaptive personality traits, HL patients showed higher levels of detachment and psychoticism. All of these translated into the fact that HL patients showed more than double the prevalence of mental illnesses (41%) and more than triple the prevalence of suicidal ideation or attempts than the general population (15 and 6%, respectively). An exploratory analysis of biomarkers associated with HL personality traits showed that higher scores of neuroticism correlated with more elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and red cell distribution width (RDW), suggesting a potential link between neuroticism and proinflammatory activity in HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Roso-Bas
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Dolores Alonso-Llobregat
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Leyre Bento
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
- Unit of Lymphoma, Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Blanca Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (B.S.-G.); (P.G.-D.); (F.G.-P.); (A.S.)
- IMIM, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Herraez
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Hematology. Son Llatzer University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Garcia-Dilla
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (B.S.-G.); (P.G.-D.); (F.G.-P.); (A.S.)
| | - Catalina Vallespir
- Service of Psychiatry, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (C.V.); (F.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Francesca Rado
- Service of Psychiatry, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (C.V.); (F.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Raquel Rodriguez
- Psychosocial Support Team, Son Llatzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Francesc Garcia-Pallarols
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (B.S.-G.); (P.G.-D.); (F.G.-P.); (A.S.)
| | - Irache Aguirre
- Service of Psychiatry, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (C.V.); (F.R.); (I.A.)
| | - Joan Bargay
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Hematology. Son Llatzer University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Sampol
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Salar
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (B.S.-G.); (P.G.-D.); (F.G.-P.); (A.S.)
- IMIM, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gutierrez
- Clinical Practice and Biology of the Hematological Malignancies Research Group, IdISBa, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (M.D.A.-L.); (L.B.); (I.H.); (J.B.); (A.S.)
- Unit of Lymphoma, Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(8)-7120-5000 (ext. 65115)
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Romirowsky A, Zweig R, Glick Baker L, Sirey JA. The Relationship Between Maladaptive Personality and Social Role Impairment in Depressed Older Adults in Primary Care. Clin Gerontol 2021; 44:192-205. [PMID: 30362909 PMCID: PMC6486454 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2018.1536687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Personality pathology is associated with impaired social functioning in adults, though further evidence is needed to examine the individual contributions of personality traits and processes to social functioning in depressed older adults. This study is a secondary analysis examining the relationship between maladaptive personality traits and processes and social role impairment in depressed older adults in primary care. Methods: Participants (N = 56) were 77% female and ranged in age between 55-89 (M = 66.82, SD = 8.75). Personality pathology was measured by maladaptive traits (NEO-FFI) and processes (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; IIP-PD-15). Individual variable as well as combined predictive models of social role impairment were examined. Results: Higher neuroticism (β = 0.30, p < .05), lower agreeableness (β = -0.35 p < .001) and higher IIP-PD-15 (β = 0.28, p < .01) scores predicted greater impairment in social role functioning. A combined predictive model of neuroticism and IIP-PD-15 scores predicted unique variance in social role impairment (R2 = .71). Conclusion: These results link select personality traits and interpersonal processes to social role impairment, suggesting that these are indicators of personality pathology in older adults. Clinical Implications: These findings lend preliminary support for clinical screening of personality pathology in depressed older adults utilizing both personality trait and process measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Zweig
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University
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Cachioni M, Delfino LL, Alonso V, Yassuda MS, Batistoni SST, Melo RC, Rodrigues MADDC. Predictors of Wellbeing Among Older Adults Participants of a U3A. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e37102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to identify predictive factors for subjective and psychological well-being in a sample of 265 older adults enrolled in the University of the Third Age (U3A). The scales used were: General Satisfaction with Life Scale and referenced to the domains, Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Personal Development Scale. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that being 70 or older and male was associated with the subjective well-being and having higher education level was associated with psychological well-being. It was concluded that sociodemographic characteristics of the interviewed elders enrolled in U3A can be important attributes that influence well-being.
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Bangash A. Personality disorders in later life: epidemiology, presentation and management. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYDespite the enormous amount of literature on medical care of older people, personality disorders in late life have been given little attention. Clinicians tend not to assign this diagnosis to older adults in view of limited research into, and therefore limited awareness of, this topic. This article aims to promote better understanding of this subject in view of the growing population of older people and hence an expected increase in the number of personality disorder cases.
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Laskoski PB, Serralta FB, Barros AJS, Teche SP, Hauck S, Eizirik CL. From Soma To Psyche: An Outcome Evaluation Of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy In A Patient With Somatic Symptoms And Chronic Diseases. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/bjp.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cruitt PJ, Oltmanns TF. Unemployment and the Relationship between Borderline Personality Pathology and Health. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019; 82:103863. [PMID: 32863466 PMCID: PMC7448725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that employment may buffer against the negative health outcomes associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of the current analyses was to examine unemployment and the BPD-health relationship prospectively. Participants were 1,536 older adults in a longitudinal study of health and aging, with repeated measures of physical health, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction. We measured BPD features using multiple sources at baseline, and used principal components analysis to obtain latent scores. Multilevel models indicated that unemployment experiences did not moderate the prospective relationship between BPD features and physical health or life satisfaction, but did strengthen the positive relationship between BPD features and depressive symptoms. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of recovery for individuals with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Cruitt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Thomas F Oltmanns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Cruitt PJ, Oltmanns TF. Age-related outcomes associated with personality pathology in later life. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 21:89-93. [PMID: 29073530 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methodological advances enable the latest research on personality pathology in later life to turn toward understanding the role personality pathology plays in age-related outcomes. Despite indications that some features of personality disorders fade in later life, a prevalence rate of approximately 10 percent has been established for adults aged 50 or older. Personality disorder features have been linked to suicidal ideation, poorer physical health, and cognitive decline in later life. Given these associations, the literature on treatment of personality disorders in this age group is surprisingly scant. Future research needs to address this lack in order to provide guidelines for the use of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders with older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Cruitt
- From the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Thomas F Oltmanns
- From the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Balsis S, Loehle-Conger E, Busch AJ, Ungredda T, Oltmanns TF. Self and informant report across the borderline personality disorder spectrum. Personal Disord 2017; 9:429-436. [PMID: 28857585 DOI: 10.1037/per0000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features may be unaware of or unwilling to report their own personality or maladaptive behaviors, which complicates the assessment of BPD. Informants who know the individuals with BPD features may be uniquely suited to aid in the personality assessment of these individuals. The present study analyzed the comparative ability of individuals (targets) and informants to report BPD features across the continuum of BPD severity. The sample consisted of 1387 targets, ages 55 to 65 (56% women), who were recruited for an epidemiological longitudinal study examining the effects of PDs on health and social functioning. Each target nominated an informant who provided information about the target's personality. Results indicated relatively low levels of agreement between perspectives and that informants reported BPD symptoms with more precision and at lower levels of BPD severity than targets. The benefits of including an informant perspective when measuring the BPD continuum are discussed; these benefits may include gains in reliability and improvement in the prediction of outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Cruitt PJ, Oltmanns TF. Incremental Validity of Self- and Informant Report of Personality Disorders in Later Life. Assessment 2017; 25:324-335. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117706020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research shows moderate agreement between different sources of information when assessing personality disorders (PDs) in older adults. The differences between measurement methods appear to be not only the result of measurement error, but also an indication that each source holds nonredundant information relevant to PD diagnosis. The current article examines three sources of diagnostic information (self-report, informant report, and clinical interview) and the utility of these instruments in predicting important outcomes in older adulthood. We analyzed data from 1,630 adults between the ages of 55 and 64 years participating in a longitudinal study of later life. PD symptomatology was assessed using multiple methods, which were then used to predict health, marital satisfaction, and cognitive decline. All three sources contributed significantly to the prediction of these outcomes, with important implications for the assessment of older adults in research and clinical settings.
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Hengartner MP, van der Linden D, Bohleber L, von Wyl A. Big Five Personality Traits and the General Factor of Personality as Moderators of Stress and Coping Reactions Following an Emergency Alarm on a Swiss University Campus. Stress Health 2017; 33:35-44. [PMID: 26877146 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an online survey including 306 participants aged 18-64 years to assess the general factor of personality (GFP) and Big Five personality traits in relation to individual stress and coping reactions following a shooting emergency alarm at a Swiss university campus. Although the emergency eventually turned out to be a false alarm, various witnesses showed pronounced distress owing to a vast police operation. The GFP structure was replicated using two alternative modelling approaches. Neuroticism related substantially to acute fear and traumatic distress as well as to more enduring maladaptive coping. Agreeableness was negatively associated with the coping strategy of medication use, whereas both agreeableness and conscientiousness related positively to social activity following the emergency. The GFP related moderately to peri-traumatic distress and showed a substantial negative association with medication use and a strong positive association with social activity. In conclusion, both the GFP and Big Five traits significantly moderate stress responses following a stressful life event. The GFP predominantly relates to socially adaptive coping, whereas in particular neuroticism accounts for acute stress reactions such as fear and traumatic distress. These findings support the notion that personality influences how persons react in the face of adversity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hengartner
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Bohleber
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes von Wyl
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Zurich, Switzerland
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Harris MA, Brett CE, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Johnson W. Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing: Preliminary Findings in Two Scottish Samples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2016; 30:438-455. [PMID: 27867259 PMCID: PMC5111597 DOI: 10.1002/per.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations that personality traits are related to later-life health and wellbeing have inspired considerable interest in exploring the mechanisms involved. Other factors, such as cognitive ability and education, also show longitudinal influences on health and wellbeing, but it is not yet clear how all these early-life factors together contribute to later-life health and wellbeing. In this preliminary study, we assessed hypothesised relations among these variables across the life course, using structural equation modelling in a sample assessed on dependability (a personality trait related to conscientiousness) in childhood, cognitive ability and social class in childhood and older age, education, and health and subjective wellbeing in older age. Our models indicated that both health and subjective wellbeing in older age were influenced by childhood IQ and social class, via education. Some older-age personality traits mediated the effects of early-life variables, on subjective wellbeing in particular, but childhood dependability did not show significant associations. Our results therefore did not provide evidence that childhood dependability promotes older-age health and wellbeing, but did highlight the importance of other early-life factors, particularly characteristics that contribute to educational attainment. Further, personality in later life may mediate the effects of early-life factors on health and subjective wellbeing. © 2016 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Caroline E Brett
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Ackerman RA, Corretti CA. Pathological Personality Traits and Intimacy Processes within Roommate Relationships. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Problems with intimacy constitute an important area of interpersonal dysfunction in those with personality pathology. Drawing on the interpersonal process model of intimacy, the present research used a longitudinal dyadic design of same–sex roommate pairs (n = 103) to address how certain pathological personality traits (i.e. Negative Affect, Detachment, and Antagonism) relate to the development of disclosure, perceived responsiveness, and closeness. We expected that participants’ pathological traits would be linked to both their own and their roommate's intimacy development, and that the mechanisms underlying these links would include the endorsement of interpersonal values and/or the dispositional expression of interpersonal behaviour in the roommate relationship. Our findings demonstrate that interpersonal motives and/or behaviours primarily help to explain how individuals with higher levels of Detachment manifest difficulty with intimacy. Implications of our findings for research on personality pathology, normative traits, and intimacy are discussed. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ackerman
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Conrad A. Corretti
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Abstract
The pervasive effect of personality disorder is often overlooked in clinical practice, both as an important moderator of mental state and physical disorders, and as a disorder that should be recognised and managed in its own right. Contemporary research has shown that maladaptive personality (when personality traits are extreme and associated with clinical distress or psychosocial impairment) is common, can be recognised early in life, evolves continuously across the lifespan, and is more plastic than previously believed. These new insights offer opportunities to intervene to support more adaptive development than before, and research shows that such intervention can be effective. Further research is needed to improve classification, assessment, and diagnosis of personality disorder across the lifespan; to understand the complex interplay between changes in personality traits and clinical presentation over time; and to promote more effective intervention at the earliest possible stage of the disorder than is done at present. Recognition of how personality disorder relates to age and developmental stage can improve care of all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles Newton-Howes
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Imperial College, Hammersmith, London, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Chanen
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Personality focuses on the importance of considering both personality and relationship forces when examining physical and psychological health. The nine articles presented in this issue employed a variety of research designs, theoretical rationales, health outcomes, and advanced statistical methodologies in order to better understand how both individual differences and social factors are relevant to our health. These articles embody several prominent themes: Conscientiousness is a robust predictor of health; traits beyond the Five-Factor Model should be considered in attempts to understand personality, relationships, and health; links among personality, relationships, and health begin early in life; and relationship transitions are consequential to health. It is hoped that these studies inspire personality researchers to consider the relationship context of health and relationship researchers to consider individual differences when attempting to understand health behaviors and outcomes.
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