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Lauharatanahirun N, Maciejewski DF, Kim-Spoon J, King-Casas B. Risk-related brain activation is linked to longitudinal changes in adolescent health risk behaviors. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 63:101291. [PMID: 37672817 PMCID: PMC10485595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle adolescence is the period of development during which youth begin to engage in health risk behaviors such as delinquent behavior and substance use. A promising mechanism for guiding adolescents away from risky choices is the extent to which adolescents are sensitive to the likelihood of receiving valued outcomes. Few studies have examined longitudinal change in adolescent risky decision making and its neural correlates. To this end, the present longitudinal three-wave study (Nw1 = 157, Mw1= 13.50 years; Nw2 = 148, Mw2= 14.52 years; Nw3 = 143, Mw3= 15.55 years) investigated the ontogeny of mid-adolescent behavioral and neural risk sensitivity, and their baseline relations to longitudinal self-reported health risk behaviors. Results showed that adolescents became more sensitive to risk both in behavior and the brain during middle adolescence. Across three years, we observed lower risk-taking and greater risk-related activation in the bilateral insular cortex. When examining how baseline levels of risk sensitivity were related to longitudinal changes in real-life health risk behaviors, we found that Wave 1 insular activity was related to increases in self-reported health risk behaviors over the three years. This research highlights the normative maturation of risk-related processes at the behavioral and neural levels during mid-adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
| | - Dominique F Maciejewski
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, USA.
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Herd T, Jacques K, Brieant A, Noll JG, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Parenting, emotion regulation, and externalizing symptomatology as adolescent antecedents to young adult health risk behaviors. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:632-640. [PMID: 36658680 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study used longitudinal data to elucidate how trajectories of negative parenting across adolescence are associated with young adult health risk behaviors (HRBs) by testing difficulties with emotion regulation and externalizing symptomatology as sequential underlying mediators. The sample included 167 adolescents (53% males, Mage = 14 at Time 1 and Mage = 18 at Time 5) who were assessed five times. Adolescents self-reported on negative parenting, emotion regulation, externalizing symptomatology, and engagement in HRBs. Results suggest that increasingly negative parenting across adolescence has adverse consequences for emotion regulation development and in turn, externalizing symptomatology, which confers risk for young adult HRBs. Results offer insights towards mechanisms for prevention and intervention and public health policy aimed at reducing the prevalence and consequences of engagement in HRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toria Herd
- College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Jacques
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennie G Noll
- College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Lindenmuth M, Herd T, Brieant A, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Neural Cognitive Control Moderates the Longitudinal Link between Hedonia and Substance Use across Adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 55:101111. [PMID: 35472691 PMCID: PMC9061620 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedonic dysregulation is evident in addiction and substance use disorders, but it is not clearly understood how hedonic processes may interact with brain development related to cognitive control to influence risky decision making and substance use during adolescence. The present study used prospective longitudinal data to clarify the role of cognitive control in the link between hedonic experiences and the development of substance use during adolescence. Participants included 167 adolescents (53% male) assessed at four time points, annually. Adolescents participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session where blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response was monitored during the Multi-Source- Interference Task to assess cognitive control. Substance use and hedonia were assessed using self-report. A two-group growth curve model of substance use with hedonia as a time-varying covariate indicated that higher levels of hedonia predicted higher substance use, but only in adolescents with higher activation in the frontoparietal regions and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive control. Results elucidate the moderating effects of neural cognitive control on associations between hedonia and adolescent substance use, suggesting that lower cognitive control functioning in the brain may exacerbate risk for substance use promoted by hedonia. Increased risk-taking in adolescence may be due to immature cognitive processes combined with heightened reward seeking. The role of hedonia in the development of substance use behavior is not clearly understood. Using RDoC framework, the roles positive valence and cognitive systems in the development of substance use were examined. Results suggest that less efficient neural cognitive functioning may serve as risk for substance use promoted by hedonia. Implications include promoting cognitive control related to risky decision making in the presence of potential rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
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McQuaid GA, Darcey VL, Patterson AE, Rose EJ, VanMeter AS, Fishbein DH. Baseline brain and behavioral factors distinguish adolescent substance initiators and non-initiators at follow-up. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1025259. [PMID: 36569626 PMCID: PMC9780121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1025259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier substance use (SU) initiation is associated with greater risk for the development of SU disorders (SUDs), while delays in SU initiation are associated with a diminished risk for SUDs. Thus, identifying brain and behavioral factors that are markers of enhanced risk for earlier SU has major public health import. Heightened reward-sensitivity and risk-taking are two factors that confer risk for earlier SU. Materials and methods We characterized neural and behavioral factors associated with reward-sensitivity and risk-taking in substance-naïve adolescents (N = 70; 11.1-14.0 years), examining whether these factors differed as a function of subsequent SU initiation at 18- and 36-months follow-up. Adolescents completed a reward-related decision-making task while undergoing functional MRI. Measures of reward sensitivity (Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System; BIS-BAS), impulsive decision-making (delay discounting task), and SUD risk [Drug Use Screening Inventory, Revised (DUSI-R)] were collected. These metrics were compared for youth who did [Substance Initiators (SI); n = 27] and did not [Substance Non-initiators (SN); n = 43] initiate SU at follow-up. Results While SI and SN youth showed similar task-based risk-taking behavior, SI youth showed more variable patterns of activation in left insular cortex during high-risk selections, and left anterior cingulate cortex in response to rewarded outcomes. Groups displayed similar discounting behavior. SI participants scored higher on the DUSI-R and the BAS sub-scale. Conclusion Activation patterns in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex may serve as a biomarker for earlier SU initiation. Importantly, these brain regions are implicated in the development and experience of SUDs, suggesting differences in these regions prior to substance exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldie A. McQuaid
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Goldie A. McQuaid,
| | - Valerie L. Darcey
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- The Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amanda E. Patterson
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emma Jane Rose
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ashley S. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Diana H. Fishbein
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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5
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Korucuoglu O, Harms MP, Kennedy JT, Golosheykin S, Astafiev SV, Barch DM, Anokhin AP. Adolescent Decision-Making Under Risk: Neural Correlates and Sex Differences. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2690-2706. [PMID: 31828300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased propensity for risk taking is a hallmark of adolescent behavior with significant health and social consequences. Here, we elucidated cortical and subcortical regions associated with risky and risk-averse decisions and outcome evaluation using the Balloon Analog Risk Task in a large sample of adolescents (n = 256, 56% female, age 14 ± 0.6), including the level of risk as a parametric modulator. We also identified sex differences in neural activity. Risky decisions engaged regions that are parts of the salience, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal networks, but only the insula was sensitive to increasing risks in parametric analyses. During risk-averse decisions, the same networks covaried with parametric levels of risk. The dorsal striatum was engaged by both risky and risk-averse decisions, but was not sensitive to escalating risk. Negative-outcome processing showed greater activations than positive-outcome processing. Insula, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, middle, rostral, and superior frontal areas, rostral and caudal anterior cingulate cortex were activated only by negative outcomes, with a subset of regions associated with negative outcomes showing greater activation in females. Taken together, these results suggest that safe decisions are predicted by more accurate neural representation of increasing risk levels, whereas reward-related processes play a relatively minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Korucuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael P Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Semyon Golosheykin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Serguei V Astafiev
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Kim-Spoon J, Herd T, Brieant A, Peviani KM, Lauharatanahirun N, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, King-Casas B. Bidirectional links between adolescent brain function and substance use moderated by cognitive control. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:427-436. [PMID: 32640083 PMCID: PMC8124751 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No clear consensus exists as to whether neurodevelopmental abnormalities among substance users reflect predisposing neural risk factors, neurotoxic effects of substances, or both. Using a longitudinal design, we examined developmental patterns of the bidirectional links between neural mechanisms and substance use throughout adolescence. METHOD 167 adolescents (aged 13-14 years at Time 1, 53% male) were assessed annually four times. Risk-related neural processing was assessed by blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the insula during a lottery choice task, cognitive control by behavioral performance during the Multi-Source Interference Task, and substance use by adolescents' self-reported cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. RESULTS Latent change score modeling indicated that greater substance use predicted increased insula activation during risk processing, but the effects of insula activation on changes in substance use were not significant. The coupling effect from substance use to insula activation was particularly strong for adolescents with low cognitive control, which supports the theorized moderating role of cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS Our results elucidate how substance use may alter brain development to be biased toward maladaptive decision-making, particularly among adolescents with poor cognitive control. Furthermore, the current findings underscore that cognitive control may be an important target in the prevention and treatment of adolescent substance use given its moderating role in the neuroadaptive effects of substance use on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kristin M. Peviani
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA,Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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7
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Elder J, Brieant A, Lauharatanahirun N, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Insular Risk Processing Predicts Alcohol Use Via Externalizing Pathway in Male Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 31790350 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Male adolescents exhibit greater impulsivity and externalizing symptomatology relative to female adolescents. Furthermore, externalizing symptomatology has been associated with greater alcohol use and differential anterior insula functioning. The current longitudinal study on adolescents examined whether activity in the anterior insula, when processing uncertain outcomes and representing risk, is directly associated with gender differences in later adolescent alcohol use frequency, as well as indirectly through externalizing symptomatology. METHOD Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether gender moderated these associations in a sample of 161 adolescents (53% male) with repeated annual measurements over 3 years. We monitored responding of a region implicated in risk processing during an economic lottery choice task involving uncertain outcomes. Self-reported externalizing symptomatology and alcohol use frequency were collected at all time points. RESULTS Results indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of anterior insula processing during the task at Time 1 on alcohol use at Time 3 through externalizing symptomatology at Time 2 for male, but not female, adolescents. Externalizing symptomatology predicted alcohol use for both male and female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest gender differences in vulnerability to later alcohol use, specifically in terms of how a neurobiological susceptibility to risk insensitivity may disproportionately influence male adolescents' externalizing symptomatology. Male adolescents who do not effectively integrate risk-related signals are likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, which in turn are related to later alcohol use. Findings also suggest differential roles of risk-related brain function that contribute to gendered pathways to adolescent health-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Elder
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,United States Army Research Laboratory, Human Resources and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.,Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
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8
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Targeting cognitive and emotional regulatory skills for smoking prevention in low-SES youth: A randomized trial of mindfulness and working memory interventions. Addict Behav 2020; 104:106262. [PMID: 31918169 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research to date provides striking evidence that youth from low socio-economic status (SES) households are at an increased risk for smoking. Converging evidence from developmental studies, psychopathology studies, intervention studies, and basic research on self-control abilities have identified working memory and distress tolerance as potential crucial modifiable risk factors to prevent smoking onset in this cohort. To confirm the value of these mechanistic targets, this randomized trial was designed to evaluate the influence of working memory and distress tolerance interventions on risk of smoking initiation. Recruiting primarily from low-income community afternoon programs, we randomized 93 adolescents to one of three intervention conditions, all of which were a prelude to a smoking-prevention informational intervention: (1) a working memory intervention, (2) a mindfulness training intervention to target distress tolerance, and (3) a wellness-focused control condition. Despite a number of adherence efforts, engagement in treatment was limited, and under these conditions no significant evidence was found either for differential efficacy for smoking prevention or for intervention effects on mechanistic targets. However, working memory capacity and distress tolerance were found to be negatively related to smoking propensity. As such, our mechanistic targets-working memory and distress tolerance--may well be processes undergirding smoking, despite the fact that our interventions did not adequately engage these targets.
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9
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Brains of a feather flocking together? Peer and individual neurobehavioral risks for substance use across adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 31:1661-1674. [PMID: 31387665 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of heightened susceptibility to peer influences, and deviant peer affiliation has well-established implications for the development of psychopathology. However, little is known about the role of brain functions in pathways connecting peer contexts and health risk behaviors. We tested developmental cascade models to evaluate contributions of adolescent risk taking, peer influences, and neurobehavioral variables of risk processing and cognitive control to substance use among 167 adolescents who were assessed annually for four years. Risk taking at Time 1 was related to substance use at Time 4 indirectly through peer substance use at Time 2 and insular activation during risk processing at Time 3. Furthermore, neural cognitive control moderated these effects. Greater insular activation during risk processing was related to higher substance use for those with greater medial prefrontal cortex activation during cognitive control, but it was related to lower substance use among those with lower medial prefrontal cortex activation during cognitive control. Neural processes related to risk processing and cognitive control play a crucial role in the processes linking risk taking, peer substance use, and adolescents' own substance use.
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Asscheman JS, Deater-Deckard K, Lauharatanahirun N, van Lier PAC, Koot S, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Associations between peer attachment and neural correlates of risk processing across adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100772. [PMID: 32452458 PMCID: PMC7042418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of increased risk-taking behavior where individual differences in risk taking may relate to both adverse and positive experiences with peers. Yet, knowledge on how risk processing develops in the adolescent brain and whether this development is related to peer attachment is limited. In this longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we collected data from 167 adolescents (53% male) followed for four annual assessments across ages 13-17 years. At each assessment, participants completed a lottery choice task to assess neural risk processing and reported on their perceived attachment to peers and parents. Behaviorally, risk-preference on the lottery choice task decreased linearly with age. Neural activation during risk processing was consistently found in the insula and dACC across the four assessments and increased linearly from ages 13-17 years. Furthermore, higher peer attachment was related to greater right insula risk processing for males but not for females, even after controlling for parental attachment. The magnitudes of this association did not change with age. Findings demonstrate that neural risk processing shows maturation across adolescence and high peer attachment may be associated with low risk taking by heightening neural sensitivity to potential risks for male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Susanne Asscheman
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01002, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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11
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Li M, Lauharatanahirun N, Steinberg L, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J, Deater-Deckard K. Longitudinal link between trait motivation and risk-taking behaviors via neural risk processing. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100725. [PMID: 31733522 PMCID: PMC6939871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has emphasized the importance of the motivational system in risky decision-making, yet the mechanisms through which individual differences in motivation may influence adolescents' risk-taking behaviors remain to be determined. Based on developmental neuroscience literature illustrating the importance of risk processing in explaining individual differences in value-based decision making, we examined risk processing as a potential mediator of the association between trait motivations and adolescents' risk-taking behaviors. The sample consisted of 167 adolescents (47% females) annually assessed for three years (13-14 years of age at Time 1). Approach and avoidance motivations were measured using adolescent self-report. Risk preference was estimated based on adolescents' decisions during a modified economic lottery choice task with neural risk processing being measured by blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the bilateral insular cortex for chosen options. Adolescents' risk-taking behaviors were assessed by laboratory-based risky decision making using the Stoplight task. Longitudinal mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of approach motivation, such that higher motivation was correlated with increases in risk-taking behaviors via decreases in neural activation in the bilateral insular cortex during risk processing. The findings illustrate a neural pathway through which approach motivation is translated into the vulnerability to risk taking development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Li
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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Elder J, Brieant A, Lauharatanahirun N, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Insular Risk Processing Predicts Alcohol Use Via Externalizing Pathway in Male Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:602-613. [PMID: 31790350 PMCID: PMC6900996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Male adolescents exhibit greater impulsivity and externalizing symptomatology relative to female adolescents. Furthermore, externalizing symptomatology has been associated with greater alcohol use and differential anterior insula functioning. The current longitudinal study on adolescents examined whether activity in the anterior insula, when processing uncertain outcomes and representing risk, is directly associated with gender differences in later adolescent alcohol use frequency, as well as indirectly through externalizing symptomatology. METHOD Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether gender moderated these associations in a sample of 161 adolescents (53% male) with repeated annual measurements over 3 years. We monitored responding of a region implicated in risk processing during an economic lottery choice task involving uncertain outcomes. Self-reported externalizing symptomatology and alcohol use frequency were collected at all time points. RESULTS Results indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of anterior insula processing during the task at Time 1 on alcohol use at Time 3 through externalizing symptomatology at Time 2 for male, but not female, adolescents. Externalizing symptomatology predicted alcohol use for both male and female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest gender differences in vulnerability to later alcohol use, specifically in terms of how a neurobiological susceptibility to risk insensitivity may disproportionately influence male adolescents' externalizing symptomatology. Male adolescents who do not effectively integrate risk-related signals are likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, which in turn are related to later alcohol use. Findings also suggest differential roles of risk-related brain function that contribute to gendered pathways to adolescent health-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Elder
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Human Resources and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
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Meisel SN, Fosco WD, Hawk LW, Colder CR. Mind the gap: A review and recommendations for statistically evaluating Dual Systems models of adolescent risk behavior. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100681. [PMID: 31404858 PMCID: PMC6969358 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to Dual Systems models (Casey et al., 2008; Luna and Wright, 2016; Steinberg, 2008), a rapidly-developing socioemotional system and gradually-developing cognitive control system characterize adolescent brain development. The imbalance hypothesis forwarded by Dual Systems models posits that the magnitude of the imbalance between these two developing systems should predict the propensity for engaging in a variety of risk behaviors. The current integrative review argues that the excitement generated by the imbalance hypothesis and its implications for explaining adolescent risk behaviors has not been meet with equal efforts to rigorously test this hypothesis. The goal of the current review is to help guide the field to consider appropriate and rigorous methods of testing the imbalance hypothesis. First, we review the analytic approaches that have been used to test the imbalance hypothesis and outline statistical and conceptual limitations of these approaches. Next, we discuss the utility of two longitudinal analytic approaches (Latent Difference Scores and Growth Mixture Modeling) for testing the imbalance hypothesis. We utilize data from a large community adolescent sample to illustrate each approach and argue that Latent Difference Scores and Growth Mixture Modeling approaches enhance the specificity and precision with which the imbalance hypothesis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Meisel
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States.
| | - Whitney D Fosco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, United States
| | - Larry W Hawk
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States
| | - Craig R Colder
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States
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14
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Kim-Spoon J, Lauharatarahirun N, Peviani K, Brieant A, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, King-Casas B. Longitudinal pathways linking family risk, neural risk processing, delay discounting, and adolescent substance use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:655-664. [PMID: 30809804 PMCID: PMC6791121 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current theories in neuroscience emphasize the crucial role of individual differences in the brain contributing to the development of risk taking during adolescence. Yet, little is known about developmental pathways through which family risk factors are related to neural processing of risk during decision making, ultimately contributing to health risk behaviors. Using a longitudinal design, we tested whether neural risk processing, as affected by family multi-risk index, predicted delay discounting and substance use. METHOD One hundred and fifty-seven adolescents (aged 13-14 years at Time 1, 52% male) were assessed annually three times. Family multi-risk index was measured by socioeconomic adversity, household chaos, and family risk-taking behaviors. Delay discounting was assessed by a computerized task, substance use by questionnaire data, and risk-related neural processing by blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during a lottery choice task. RESULTS Family multi-risk index at Time 1 was related to adolescent substance use at Time 3 (after controlling for baseline substance use) indirectly through heightened amygdala sensitivity to risks and greater delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS Our results elucidate the crucial role of neural risk processing in the processes linking family multi-risk index and the development of substance use. Furthermore, risk-related amygdala activation and delay discounting are important targets in the prevention and treatment of substance use among adolescents growing up in high-risk family environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Lauharatarahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
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15
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Kahn RE, Chiu PH, Deater-Deckard K, Hochgraf AK, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. The Interaction Between Punishment Sensitivity and Effortful Control for Emerging Adults' Substance Use Behaviors. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1299-1310. [PMID: 29308966 PMCID: PMC6168062 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1407790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the dual systems perspective, high reward sensitivity and low punishment sensitivity in conjunction with deficits in cognitive control may contribute to high levels of risk taking, such as substance use. OBJECTIVE The current study examined whether the individual components of effortful control (inhibitory control, attentional control, and activation control) serve as regulators and moderate the association between reward or punishment sensitivity and substance use behaviors. METHOD A total of 1,808 emerging adults from a university setting (Mean age = 19.48; 72% female) completed self-report measures of reward and punishment sensitivity, effortful control, and substance use. RESULTS Findings indicated significant two-way interactions for punishment sensitivity and inhibitory control for alcohol and marijuana use. The form of these interactions revealed a significant negative association between punishment sensitivity and alcohol and marijuana use at low levels of inhibitory control. No significant interactions emerged for reward sensitivity or other components of effortful control. CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting the dual systems theorized to influence risk taking behavior interact to make joint contributions to health risk behaviors such as substance use in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kahn
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA
| | - Pearl H Chiu
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA.,b Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke , Virginia , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke , Virginia , USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- d Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Anna K Hochgraf
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA.,b Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke , Virginia , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke , Virginia , USA.,e Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia , USA
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Lauharatanahirun N, Maciejewski D, Holmes C, Deater-Deckard K, Kim-Spoon J, King-Casas B. Neural Correlates of Risk Processing Among Adolescents: Influences of Parental Monitoring and Household Chaos. Child Dev 2018; 89:784-796. [PMID: 29383709 PMCID: PMC7185185 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent risky behavior is related to developmental changes in decision-making processes and their neural correlates. Yet, research investigating how the family environment relates to risk processing in the adolescent brain is limited. In this study, longitudinal data were collected from 167 adolescents (13-15 years, 53% male) who self-reported household chaos and their parent's monitoring practices, and completed a decision-making task during functional MRI at Time 1 and Time 2 (1 year apart). Parental knowledge was positively related to insular risk processing only among adolescents in low-chaos environments at both time points. Results highlight environmental correlates of insular risk processing in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States of America
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States of America
| | - Dominique Maciejewski
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States of America
- GGZinGeest and Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States of America
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States of America
| | | | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States of America
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States of America
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17
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Maciejewski D, Lauharatanahirun N, Herd T, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Neural cognitive control moderates the association between insular risk processing and risk-taking behaviors via perceived stress in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:150-158. [PMID: 29525416 PMCID: PMC6969092 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the initiation of risk-taking behaviors. We examined the longitudinal interplay between neural correlates of risk processing and cognitive control in predicting risk-taking behaviors via stress. The sample consisted of 167 adolescents (53% males) who were assessed twice (MAgeTime1 = 14.13, MAgeTime2 = 15.05). Neural risk processing was operationalized as blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior insula during a lottery choice task and neural cognitive control as BOLD responses during an inhibitory control task. Adolescents reported on perceived stress and risk-taking behaviors. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that low insular risk processing predicted increases in perceived stress, while perceived stress did not predict changes in insular risk processing across one year. Moreover, significant moderation by neural cognitive control indicated that low insular risk processing predicted increases in risk-taking behaviors via increases in perceived stress among adolescents with poor neural cognitive control, but not among adolescents with good neural cognitive control. The results suggest that risk processing in the anterior insular cortex plays an important role in stress experience and risk-taking behaviors particularly for vulnerable adolescents with poor neural cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Maciejewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States.
| | - Jacob Lee
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States.
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18
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Kim-Spoon J, Kahn RE, Lauharatanahirun N, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, Chiu PH, King-Casas B. Executive functioning and substance use in adolescence: Neurobiological and behavioral perspectives. Neuropsychologia 2017; 100:79-92. [PMID: 28416327 PMCID: PMC5518609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current review is guided by the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the regulating role of executive functioning (Carver et al., 2009) and presents studies that elucidate the ways that executive functioning (inhibition and working memory) explain individual differences in adolescent substance use independently or by regulating the reactive system (reward and punishment sensitivity). Behavioral studies indicate that main effects of executive functioning on adolescent substance use are often nonsignificant or weak in effect sizes. In contrast, emerging evidence suggests consistent and stronger regulating effects of executive functioning over reward and punishment sensitivity. Functional neuroimaging studies reveal significant associations between executive functioning task-related hemodynamic responses and substance use with strong effect sizes. There is also direct evidence from studies testing statistical interactions of the regulating effects of EF-related brain activation, and indirect evidence in studies examining functional connectivity, temporal discounting, and reinforced control. We note key future directions and ways to address limitations in existing work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Kahn
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Pearl H Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
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Kahn RE, Holmes C, Farley JP, Kim-Spoon J. Delay Discounting Mediates Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality and Risky Sexual Behavior for Low Self-Control Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:1674-87. [PMID: 26202153 PMCID: PMC4530086 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parent-adolescent relationship quality and delay discounting may play important roles in adolescents' sexual decision making processes, and levels of self-control during adolescence could act as a buffer within these factors. This longitudinal study included 219 adolescent (55 % male; mean age = 12.66 years at Wave 1; mean age = 15.10 years at Wave 2) and primary caregiver dyads. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to determine whether delay discounting mediated the association between parent-adolescent relationship quality and adolescents' risky sexual behavior and how this mediated association may differ between those with high versus low self-control. The results revealed parent-adolescent relationship quality plays a role in the development of risky sexual behavior indirectly through levels of delay discounting, but only for adolescents with low self-control. These findings could inform sex education policies and health prevention programs that address adolescent risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kahn
- Department of Psychology (MC 0436), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA,
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