1
|
Tian Y, Hou Z, Zhu G, Zhang Q, Zhu W, Feng H, Pan W, Li Q, Ge R, Chen Z. Self-reported Infection Status, Knowledge and Associated Factors of Monkeypox Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Jiaxing, China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2250. [PMID: 39160485 PMCID: PMC11334323 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of September 2023, more than 1,000 cases of monkeypox (mpox) have been reported in China. Based on the available evidence, men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for mpox infection. This study aimed to analyses the self-reported infection status, knowledge, attitude and influencing factors of monkeypox among MSM in Jiaxing City, China. METHODS A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2023 to gather data on participants' socio-demographic profiles, mpox-related knowledge, sexual behavior characteristics, and other potentially related information to mpox knowledge. Multivariate regression modeling was employed to analyze the factors influencing the level of mpox-related knowledge. RESULTS A total of 562 MSM were recruited; 4.3% self-reported being HIV-positive, 83.3% of respondents had heard of mpox, and 2.3% of them reported having suspected symptoms. 89.7% of respondents were willing to be vaccinated against mpox, but only 24.8% had a high level of knowledge about mpox. The main factors influencing knowledge of mpox were education level, household registration, homosexual anal intercourse in the past 6 months, and taking the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of mpox among MSM living in the Jiaxing area needs to be enhanced, but willingness to get vaccinated is high. Educational level, household location, sexual behavior and PrEP use have important effects on knowledge of mpox. Individuals exhibiting symptoms indicative of suspected mpox had a diminutive consultation frequency, and it is imperative to augment screening efforts for mpox symptoms within specific demographic groups to prevent the underreporting of mpox cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Tian
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhigang Hou
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wutong Zhu
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Weizhe Pan
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Zhejiang Firefly Public Welfare Organization, Jiaxing, China
| | - Rui Ge
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashley CN, Broni E, Wood CM, Okuneye T, Ojukwu MPT, Dong Q, Gallagher C, Miller WA. Identifying potential monkeypox virus inhibitors: an in silico study targeting the A42R protein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351737. [PMID: 38500508 PMCID: PMC10945028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (now Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging threat to global health. In the time span of only six months, from May to October 2022, the number of MPXV cases breached 80,000 and many of the outbreaks occurred in locations that had never previously reported MPXV. Currently there are no FDA-approved MPXV-specific vaccines or treatments, therefore, finding drugs to combat MPXV is of utmost importance. The A42R profilin-like protein of the MPXV is involved in cell development and motility making it a critical drug target. A42R protein is highly conserved across orthopoxviruses, thus A42R inhibitors may work for other family members. This study sought to identify potential A42R inhibitors for MPXV treatment using computational approaches. The energy minimized 3D structure of the A42R profilin-like protein (PDB ID: 4QWO) underwent virtual screening using a library of 36,366 compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), AfroDb, and PubChem databases as well as known inhibitor tecovirimat via AutoDock Vina. A total of seven compounds comprising PubChem CID: 11371962, ZINC000000899909, ZINC000001632866, ZINC000015151344, ZINC000013378519, ZINC000000086470, and ZINC000095486204, predicted to have favorable binding were shortlisted. Molecular docking suggested that all seven proposed compounds have higher binding affinities to A42R (-7.2 to -8.3 kcal/mol) than tecovirimat (-6.7 kcal/mol). This was corroborated by MM/PBSA calculations, with tecovirimat demonstrating the highest binding free energy of -68.694 kJ/mol (lowest binding affinity) compared to the seven shortlisted compounds that ranged from -73.252 to -97.140 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the 7 compounds in complex with A42R demonstrated higher stability than the A42R-tecovirimat complex when subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The protein-ligand interaction maps generated using LigPlot+ suggested that residues Met1, Glu3, Trp4, Ile7, Arg127, Val128, Thr131, and Asn133 are important for binding. These seven compounds were adequately profiled to be potential antivirals via PASS predictions and structural similarity searches. All seven potential lead compounds were scored Pa > Pi for antiviral activity while ZINC000001632866 and ZINC000015151344 were predicted as poxvirus inhibitors with Pa values of 0.315 and 0.215, and Pi values of 0.052 and 0.136, respectively. Further experimental validations of the identified lead compounds are required to corroborate their predicted activity. These seven identified compounds represent solid footing for development of antivirals against MPXV and other orthopoxviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N. Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Chanyah M. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Tunmise Okuneye
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Mary-Pearl T. Ojukwu
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Carla Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Pockenvirusinfektionen in der Dermatologie: Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-96. [PMID: 38212918 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Familie Poxviridae umfasst derzeit 22 Gattungen, die Wirbeltiere infizieren können. Humanpathogene Pockenviren gehören den Gattungen Ortho‐, Para‐, Mollusci‐ und Yatapoxvirus an. Bis zur Eradikation der Variola vera im Jahr 1979 waren die Pocken, im Volksmund auch Blattern genannt, eine schwerwiegende Gesundheitsbedrohung für die Bevölkerung. Noch heute sind Dermatologen mit zahlreichen Pockenvirusinfektionen konfrontiert, wie den Bauernhofpocken, die als Zoonosen nach Tierkontakten in ländlichen Gebieten oder nach Massenversammlungen auftreten können. In den Tropen können Erkrankungen durch Tanapox‐ oder Vaccinia‐Viren zu den Differenzialdiagnosen gehören. Dellwarzen sind weltweit verbreitet und werden in bestimmten Fällen als sexuell übertragbare Pockenvirusinfektion angesehen. In jüngster Zeit hatten sich Mpox (Affenpocken) zu einer gesundheitlichen Notlage von internationaler Tragweite entwickelt, die eine rasche Identifizierung und angemessene Behandlung durch Dermatologen und Infektiologen erfordert. Fortschritte und neue Erkenntnisse über Epidemiologie, Diagnose, klinische Manifestationen und Komplikationen sowie Behandlung und Prävention von Pockenvirusinfektionen erfordern ein hohes Maß an Fachwissen und interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen Virologie, Infektiologie und Dermatologie. Dieser CME‐Artikel bietet einen aktualisierten systematischen Überblick, um praktizierende Dermatologen bei der Identifizierung, Differenzialdiagnose und Behandlung klinisch relevanter Pockenvirusinfektionen zu unterstützen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, Fachgebiet Sexuell übertragbare bakterielle Krankheitserreger, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-93. [PMID: 38085140 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae currently comprises 22 genera that infect vertebrates. Of these, members of the Ortho-, Para-, Mollusci- and Yatapoxvirus genera have been associated with human diseases of high clinical relevance in dermatology. Historically, smallpox had been a notorious health threat until it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979. Today, dermatologists are confronted with a variety of poxviral infections, such as farmyard pox, which occurs as a zoonotic infection after contact with animals. In the tropics, tanapox or vaccinia may be in the differential diagnosis as neglected tropical dermatoses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection accounts for significant disease burden worldwide and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection in certain scenarios. Recently, mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern, requiring rapid recognition and appropriate management by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. Advances and new insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and complications, treatment, and prevention of poxviral infections require a high level of expertise and interdisciplinary skills from healthcare professionals linking virology, infectious diseases, and dermatology. This CME article provides a systematic overview and update to assist the practicing dermatologist in the identification, differential diagnosis, and management of poxviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- German Reference Laboratory for Gonococci, Unit Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens, Department for Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castejon-Ramirez S, Pennington J, Beene H, Hysmith N, Ost S. A Case of Neonatal Monkeypox Treated With Oral Tecovirimat. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023061198. [PMID: 38148743 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-061198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Monkeypox virus outbreak erupted in May 2022, infection has been reported across all ages. Few cases exist in the medical literature about Monkeypox infection in neonates, and little is known about its clinical manifestations, disease course, or side effects of available antiviral agents in this age group. In this report, we describe the case of a 10-day-old neonate from the southern United States who presented with fevers and generalized papulopustular rash. She was treated empirically as a febrile neonate but mpox infection was suspected early because of the characteristic exanthem and its similarity to her mother's rash that she had developed a few days before the patient's presentation. Oral tecovirimat was initiated on the third day of admission and mpox was later confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The patient tolerated oral tecovirimat well and experienced a favorable outcome without lasting effects of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Castejon-Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - John Pennington
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hayley Beene
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
| | - Nicholas Hysmith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
| | - Shelley Ost
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frantzis I, Ungar SP, Soma VL, Knutsen D, Mazo D, Zucker J. Mpox in Children: 3 Cases. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2022061047. [PMID: 38239109 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the 2022 mpox outbreak mostly affected adults, its effect on children and adolescents was also substantial. In this report, we describe the clinical course and treatment of the first 3 known cases of mpox in children in New York City. These cases are instructive because they illustrate various routes of transmission, clinical presentations, and diagnostic challenges that differ from previous reports of mpox in endemic countries and previous mpox outbreaks. Of note is that each of the 3 patients received treatment with tecovirimat under an US Food and Drug Administration expanded access investigational new drug application and improved without exhibiting adverse reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijaya L Soma
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Dorothy Knutsen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dana Mazo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jason Zucker
- Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parikh T, Goti A, Yashi K, Dankhara N, Kadam S, Dihora R, Paiwal K, Parmar N. Monkeypox in humans: Transmission, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and all recent updates. World J Clin Infect Dis 2023; 13:31-36. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v13.i4.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is monitoring an epidemic of monkeypox infection in the United States. The outbreak is now global and more than 6900 cases have already been reported. There are 83 confirmed cases among children and adolescents, as shown in the report published on November 3, 2022, in the USA. However, monkeypox in pediatric patients is still infrequent (< 0.3% of total cases). Among cases in the United States, 16 cases were in children < 5 years, 12 in the age group 5-12 years, and 55 cases in adolescents 13-17 years old. In the adolescent age group, 89% were male. For children < 12 years of age, close physical contact with an adult household with monkeypox was the primary exposure, but for adolescents, male-to-male sexual contact was found more frequently. The CDC advised United States healthcare providers to remain vigilant for patients with a rash resembling monkeypox, even if there is no history of travel to a country with high risk. This article summarizes the history and epidemiology of monkeypox with a specific emphasis on clinical features and management in pediatric patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taral Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton Health Center, Harrisburg, PA 17104, United States
| | - Ashish Goti
- Department of Pediatric, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Kanica Yashi
- Adult Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Nilesh Dankhara
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Sandhya Kadam
- Department of Pediatric, Family Healthcare Network, Visalia, CA 93277, United States
| | - Ramesh Dihora
- Department of Pediatric, Nice Children Hospital, Surat 395003, India
| | - Kapil Paiwal
- Oral Maxillofacial Surgeon, Daswani Dental College and Research Center, Kota 324005, India
| | - Narendrasinh Parmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shoaib HM. Monkeypox as a potential emerging pandemic: a discussion on future risks and preparedness in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1254545. [PMID: 38026424 PMCID: PMC10663316 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by the Monkeypox virus, has emerged as a potential threat with pandemic potential in various regions. While it is challenging to predict specific outbreaks, understanding the factors contributing to Monkeypox's pandemic potential is important. This discussion paper explores the future risks and preparedness measures concerning Monkeypox in Saudi Arabia. The study reviews the past and current knowledge on the Monkeypox outbreak, including its clinical presentation, transmission dynamics (animals-to-humans and humans-to-human), epidemiology, and diagnostic methods. Furthermore, it explores the potential risk factors for the spread of Monkeypox within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, mainly in the Saudi Arabian context, considering factors such as urbanization and travel and trade patterns. The paper emphasizes the importance of early virus detection, surveillance systems, and laboratory capacity in vaccinating and responding to Monkeypox cases. Additionally, it highlights the future risks and preparedness in Saudi Arabia and the usage of social media during the pandemic seeking support and awareness about Monkeypox, and it also highlights the need for effective communication strategies of leaders through social media channels to disseminate accurate information to the public, healthcare providers, and policymakers. The discussion concludes by calling for collaborative efforts among health authorities, researchers, and international medical partners to enhance surveillance, develop outbreak response plans, and ensure the availability of vaccines and treatment options. This research serves as a foundation for guiding future preventive measures and strengthening the overall preparedness of Saudi Arabia in facing the potential emergence of Monkeypox as a future pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Mohammad Shoaib
- College of Business Administration, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jafari K, Woodward GA. Mpox. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:883-889. [PMID: 37902655 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000003063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease that causes a smallpox-like infection in humans. The mpox virus, the causative agent of mpox, was first reported to cause human disease in a 9-month-old infant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Since that time, periodic outbreaks in primarily endemic regions have occurred, typically secondary to transmission from wildlife reservoirs. However, in May 2022, after a rapid rise in worldwide cases in largely nonendemic countries, the World Health Organization declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of January 2022, more than 80,000 cases of mpox in nonendemic countries have occurred, and more than 25,000 cases in the United States alone. Most of these cases occurred in adults, with the highest frequency among men who had sex with men. Children and adolescents represented only 0.3% of US cases as of September 2022, with most infections in young children the result of direct contact with an infected household member. Although infection remains uncommon in US children and teens, pediatric emergency and urgent care providers should be aware of the clinical features, treatment, and prophylaxis of this important emerging infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George A Woodward
- Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Elkhwesky Z, Derhab N, Elkhwesky FFY, Abuelhassan AE, Hassan H. Hotel employees' knowledge of monkeypox's source, symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment in Egypt. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 53:102574. [PMID: 37061148 PMCID: PMC10102563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emerging human monkeypox virus (MPXV) poses a global threat. The rising number of confirmed MPXV cases worldwide is a significant reason for concern. This study aims to investigate (1) hotel employees' knowledge in Egypt of MPXV source, signs/symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment, (2) the primary sources of their information about MPXV, (3) whether or not they received information about MPXV from their hotels, and (4) the differences of employees' knowledge in terms of gender, age, marital status, level of education, type of contract, professional category, hotel department, type of hotel, seniority in the hotel, and the number of hotel rooms. METHODS Using a quantitative approach, we collected data from 453 employees in Egyptian hotels via a web-based questionnaire. The survey included questions regarding the MPXV source, signs/symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment, as well as its primary information sources. The questionnaire also included questions regarding participants' demographics and hotel characteristics. RESULTS The findings indicated that more than half of hotel employees have inadequate knowledge of MPXV. Additionally, the majority of employees selected social media as their primary source of MPXV-related information. Surprisingly, most participants reported that their hotels neglected to provide them with the MPXV's information. Age, marital status, education, professional category, and tenure in the hotel all have a significant impact on their MPXV knowledge level. CONCLUSION The current paper presents significant implications for both theory and practice. This study provides government agencies and hotels with guidelines for preventing the outbreak of MPXV. According to our knowledge, this is the first study conducted with hotel employees in the MPXV Egyptian context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Elkhwesky
- Department of Hotel Management, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Management Theories, Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia.
| | - Neama Derhab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hamada Hassan
- Faculty of Tourism and Hotels Management, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maru V, Ghaffar UB, Rawat A, Yunus M, Langaliya AK, Vyas S, Mehta D, Ojha A. Clinical and Epidemiological Interventions for Monkeypox Management in Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e38521. [PMID: 37288174 PMCID: PMC10241661 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to compile the available literature on monkeypox, identify risk factors for developing the disease, and recommend effective preventative methods to reduce the number of reported cases and fatalities in children and pregnant women. In seeking out pertinent studies on monkeypox virus in children and pregnant women, we searched the literature using the databases Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus up to 1st February 2023. This study analyzed data from case studies of monkeypox in children and pregnant women. Clinical data and test findings of monkeypox patients less than 18 years old and pregnant women were analyzed. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to do the quality evaluation. Our record examination spanned the years 1985 to 2023 and found 17 children and five pregnant female patients treated with monkeypox in various hospitals/community centers. Zaire, Gabon, Chicago, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Northern DR Congo, Liberia, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Florida all contributed to the 14 studies analyzed. There were no studies identified for meta-analysis of selected case studies of hospitalized children and pregnant women who were diagnosed with monkeypox. The incidence, prevalence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management, prevention, vaccinations, infant care, and care for expectant mothers are all discussed in this systematic review of monkeypox in children. Our research findings may provide a foundation for further focused research and the development of related recommendations or guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viral Maru
- Pediatric Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | | | - Anurag Rawat
- Interventional Cardiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, IND
| | - Mohammed Yunus
- Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU
| | - Akshayraj K Langaliya
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Shubhangi Vyas
- Dentistry, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Dhaval Mehta
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, IND
| | - Akshaya Ojha
- Pediatric Dentistry, Private Practice, Jammu, IND
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
La Rosa C, Aldoss I, Park Y, Yang D, Zhou Q, Gendzekhadze K, Kaltcheva T, Rida W, Dempsey S, Arslan S, Artz A, Ball B, Nikolaenko L, Pullarkat VA, Nakamura R, Diamond DJ. Hematopoietic stem cell donor vaccination with cytomegalovirus triplex augments frequencies of functional and durable cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the recipient: A novel strategy to limit antiviral prophylaxis. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:588-597. [PMID: 36594185 PMCID: PMC10294297 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To enhance protective cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells in immunosuppressed recipients of an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), we evaluated post-HCT impact of vaccinating healthy HCT donors with Triplex. Triplex is a viral vectored recombinant vaccine expressing three immunodominant CMV antigens. The vector is modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), an attenuated, non-replicating poxvirus derived from the vaccinia virus strain Ankara. It demonstrated tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adults and HCT recipients, in whom it also reduced CMV reactivation. Here, we report feasibility, safety, and immunological outcomes of a pilot phase 1 trial (NCT03560752 at ClinicalTrials.gov) including 17 CMV-seropositive recipients who received an HCT from a matched related donor (MRD) vaccinated with 5.1 × 108 pfu/ml of Triplex before cell harvest (median 15, range 11-28 days). Donor and recipient pairs who committed to participation in the trial resulted in exceptional adherence to the protocol. Triplex was well-tolerated with limited adverse events in donors and recipients, who all engrafted with full donor chimerism. On day 28 post-HCT, levels of functional vaccinia- and CMV-specific CD137+ CD8+ T cells were significantly higher (p < .0001 and p = .0174, respectively) in recipients of Triplex vaccinated MRD than unvaccinated MRD (control cohort). Predominantly, central and effector memory CMV-specific T-cell responses continued to steadily expand through 1-year follow-up. CMV viremia requiring antivirals developed in three recipients (18%). In summary, this novel approach represents a promising strategy applicable to different HCT settings for limiting the use of antiviral prophylaxis, which can impair and delay CMV-specific immunity, leading to CMV reactivation requiring treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna La Rosa
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Dongyun Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ketevan Gendzekhadze
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Shannon Dempsey
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Shukaib Arslan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Andrew Artz
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Brian Ball
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Liana Nikolaenko
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Vinod A Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niu L, Liang D, Ling Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang D, Xia P, Zhu Z, Lin J, Shi A, Ma J, Yu P, Liu X. Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132250. [PMID: 37026012 PMCID: PMC10070694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Huan Kui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingfa Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jitao Lin
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peng Yu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Letafati A, Sakhavarz T. Monkeypox virus: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106027. [PMID: 36758824 PMCID: PMC9907786 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
While monkeypox was previously found in Africa, the bulk of occurrences in the present outbreak are being reported in many countries. It is not yet known how this outbreak began, and as the COVID-19 crisis begins to abate, numerous nations throughout the world are now contending with a novel outbreak. Monkeypox is a transmissible virus between animals and humans, belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. In the 1970s, cases of monkeypox began increasing due to the cessation of vaccination against smallpox, which drew international attention. The virus was named monkeypox because it was first observed in macaque monkeys. It is thought to be transmitted by several different rodents and small mammals, though the origin of the virus is not known. Monkeypox, while occasionally transmitted from one human to another, can be disseminated through the inhalation of droplets or through contact with the skin lesions of an infected individual. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cure for monkeypox; however, supportive care can be offered to ameliorate its symptoms. In severe cases, medications like tecovirimat may be administered. However, there are no established guidelines for symptom management in monkeypox cases. In this article we have discussed about different aspects of monkeypox including viral structure, transmission, replication, clinical manifestations, vaccination, treatment and current prevalence in the world to understand it better and give insight to the future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Tannaz Sakhavarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malik S, Ahmad T, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Recent Developments in Mpox Prevention and Treatment Options. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:500. [PMID: 36992085 PMCID: PMC10057056 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mpox is an emerging epidemic in the world. The monkey pox virus (MPXV) belongs to the same family of zoonotic Orthopoxviridae as that of the smallpox virus and exhibits similar clinical symptomology. Information regarding its diagnostics, disease epidemiology, surveillance, preventive methods, and treatment strategies are being collated with time. The purpose of this review is to trace the recent events in the scientific platform that have defined new preventive and treatment strategies against mpox. A methodological approach has been used to gather data from the latest literature to comprehensively overview the emerging treatment options. The results portion will cover details regarding the prevention of mpox. It will also shed light on a brief description of contemporary vaccines and antiviral agents that have been evaluated for their treatment potential since the emergence of the mpox threat. These treatment options are setting the pace for controlling the widespread monkeypox infection. However, the limitations attached to these treatment strategies need to be tackled quickly to increase their efficacy so that they can be deployed on a large scale for the prevention of this epidemic becoming another pandemic in this decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ganapthy D, Sekaran S, Rajamani Sekar SK. Monkeypox treatment options: current status of antiviral drugs – a correspondence. Int J Surg 2023; 109:562-563. [PMID: 37093094 PMCID: PMC10389218 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
|
17
|
Martins-Filho PR, Dorea FC, Sena LO, Bezerra GV, Teixeira DC, Menezes VDJ, de Souza MF, Góis MA, Dos Santos CA. Letter to the Editor. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:598-599. [PMID: 36738441 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Martins-Filho
- Investigative Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cm Dorea
- Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN/SE), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Oc Sena
- Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN/SE), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Ao Góis
- State Health Secretariat, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghaseminia M. Preventing monkeypox outbreaks: Focus on diagnosis, care, treatment, and vaccination. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e60. [PMID: 37008622 PMCID: PMC10052442 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first human case of monkeypox virus (Mpox) was reported in 1970. In the years after 1970, human infection with Mpox and human-to-human transmission was not widely observed, and more cases were seen in endemic areas. In that year, Mpox spread was confirmed through the export of infected animals to other parts of the world. Every few years, sporadic infections were reported in different parts of the world from human contamination and human-to-human transmission. In recent years, with the slow decline of the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of Mpox was observed in many countries of the world. To deal with the spread of this viral infection, we need to know the ways to diagnose the infection, treat the infection, care for the patients, and implement a wide program of vaccination. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for this virus, but according to previous studies related to smallpox, drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir, which were used for smallpox and other orthopoxviruses in the past, can be considered to deal with Mpox. Also, some vaccines such as JYNNEOS, IMVAMUNE, and MoVIHvax that have been used against smallpox can be useful to some extent in preventing Mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Ghaseminia
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shamim MA, Padhi BK, Satapathy P, Veeramachaneni SD, Chatterjee C, Tripathy S, Akhtar N, Pradhan A, Dwivedi P, Mohanty A, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R, Al-Tammemi AB, Al-Tawfiq JA, Nowrouzi-Kia B, Chattu VK. The use of antivirals in the treatment of human monkeypox outbreaks: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:150-161. [PMID: 36470502 PMCID: PMC9719850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is a recently declared public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. Besides, there is scant literature available on the use of antivirals in MPXV infection. This systematic review compiles all evidence of various antivirals used on their efficacy and safety and summarizes their mechanisms of action. METHODS A review was done of all original studies mentioning individual patient data on the use of antivirals in patients with MPXV infection. RESULTS Of the total 487 non-duplicate studies, 18 studies with 71 individuals were included. Tecovirimat was used in 61 individuals, followed by cidofovir in seven and brincidofovir (BCV) in three individuals. Topical trifluridine was used in four ophthalmic cases in addition to tecovirimat. Of the total, 59 (83.1%) were reported to have complete resolution of symptoms; one was experiencing waxing and waning of symptoms, only one (1.8%) had died, and the others were having a resolution of symptoms. The death was thought unrelated to tecovirimat. Elevated hepatic panels were reported among all individuals treated with BCV (leading to treatment discontinuation) and five treated with tecovirimat. CONCLUSION Tecovirimat is the most used and has proven beneficial in several aggravating cases. No major safety concerns were detected upon its use. Topical trifluridine was used as an adjuvant treatment option along with tecovirimat. BCV and cidofovir were seldom used, with the latter often being used due to the unavailability of tecovirimat. BCV was associated with treatment discontinuation due to adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,Corresponding authors
| | - Prakasini Satapathy
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Snehasish Tripathy
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Naushaba Akhtar
- Indian Council of Medical Research - Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anindita Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India,Centre of Excellence for Tribal Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA,Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India,Corresponding authors
| | - Ala'a B. Al-Tammemi
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Amman, Jordan
| | - Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA,Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technological Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India,Corresponding authors
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tehranchinia Z, Robati RM, Moravvej H, Memariani M, Memariani H. Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2023; 11:e19. [PMID: 36743704 PMCID: PMC9887230 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v11i1.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Despite being endemic in Central and West Africa, the disease has received relatively little research attention until recent times. As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to affect the world, the rising number of monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries has further stoked global public health concerns about another pandemic. Unlike previous outbreaks outside Africa, most patients in the present outbreak had no history of travel to the endemic regions. The overwhelming majority of patients were initially identified amongst homosexual men, who had attended large gatherings. Mutations in the coding regions of the viral genome may have resulted in fitness adaptation, enhancement of immune evasion mechanisms, and more efficient transmissibility of the 2022 monkeypox virus. Multiple factors such as diminished cross-protective herd immunity (cessation of smallpox vaccination), deforestation, civil war, refugee displacement, farming, enhanced global interconnectedness, and even climate change may facilitate the unexpected emergence of the disease. In light of the increasing number of cases reported in the present outbreak, healthcare professionals should update their knowledge about monkeypox disease, including its diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. Herein, we provide an overview of monkeypox, with a focus on the 2022 outbreak, to serve as a primer for clinical practitioners who may encounter the disease in their practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tehranchinia
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza M Robati
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rabaan AA, Abas AH, Tallei TE, Al-Zaher MA, Al-Sheef NM, Fatimawali, Al-Nass EZ, Al-Ebrahim EA, Effendi Y, Idroes R, Alhabib MF, Al-Fheid HA, Adam AA, Bin Emran T. Monkeypox outbreak 2022: What we know so far and its potential drug targets and management strategies. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28306. [PMID: 36372558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus. The disease can result in flu-like symptoms, fever, and a persistent rash. The disease is currently spreading throughout the world and prevention and treatment efforts are being intensified. Although there is no treatment that has been specifically approved for monkeypox virus infection, infected patients may benefit from using certain antiviral medications that are typically prescribed for the treatment of smallpox. The drugs are tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir, all of which are currently in short supply due to the spread of the monkeypox virus. Resistance is also a concern, as widespread replication of the monkeypox virus can lead to mutations that produce monkeypox viruses that are resistant to the currently available treatments. This article discusses monkeypox disease, potential drug targets, and management strategies to overcome monkeypox disease. With the discovery of new drugs, it is hoped that the problem of insufficient drugs will be resolved, and it is not anticipated that drug resistance will become a major issue in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hawil Abas
- Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Mona A Al-Zaher
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor M Al-Sheef
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimawali
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Esraa Z Al-Nass
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eba A Al-Ebrahim
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunus Effendi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mather F Alhabib
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Al-Fheid
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Akroman Adam
- Dentistry Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Laboratory Diagnosis for Monkeypox: Clinical Practice and Important Points to Be Recognized. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:13-20. [PMID: 36396924 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a unique variety of pox infection. WHO has already acknowledged the seriousness of the large monkeypox outbreak in 2022. The disease commonly presents as acute febrile illness with skin lesion. However, a fever or a skin lesion, however, is sometimes not detectable. Without the peculiar appearance, the physician might have missed the problem and made a false diagnosis. Basically, the clinical diagnosis is the simplest procedure and must be used by practitioners. Laboratory methods can help confirm diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnosis is the molecular-based diagnosis. There are also other available approaches such as point of care testing. In this article, we also summarize and discuss important practical points in laboratory diagnosis for monkeypox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
- Dr DY Patil University, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Monkeypox and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:1-6. [PMID: 36396923 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a unique variety of pox infection. Despite being around for a long time, there hasn't been a large outbreak of this disease. WHO has already acknowledged the seriousness of the large monkeypox outbreak in 2022. Africa's unusual outbreak outside of endemic regions is a problem. Numerous observations have been made about the new clinical epidemiological pattern. Human monkeypox is currently spreading outside of endemic African countries, and the majority of those affected are gay and bisexual men in linked sexual networks. As was already mentioned, the current public health concern is the spread of monkeypox through sexual contact. The link between monkeypox and other sexually transmitted diseases is a growing concern because it is believed that the disease can be transferred through sexual contact. This page provides a summary of the interactions between other significant STDs such as HIV infection, syphilis, and gonorrhea. A fascinating research topic at the moment is the connection between monkeypox and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
- Dr DY Patil University, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR. Monkeypox: Treatment, Vaccination, and Prevention. Cureus 2023; 15:e33434. [PMID: 36751201 PMCID: PMC9899345 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In regions where the disease is endemic, Monkeypox (MPV) transmission related to healthcare has been seen on numerous occasions. This disease has episodes of occurrence in certain regions around the globe, such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) Tshuapa region. Here, the disease was found with a prevalence of 0.35 per 1000, as per data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States (US). Data also shows approximately 100 confirmed cases of MPV for every infection among Healthcare Workers (HCWs). These findings and scientific research on burns, superficial wounds, herpes, eczema vaccine, and other conditions indicate that MPV sufferers might get an advantage from medical care to lessen the effects of weakened skin and mucosa. This should involve guarding delicate anatomical areas like the eyes and genitalia, maintaining enough hydration and nourishment, and preventing and treating consequences like secondary bacterial diseases. In the DRC, this disease was first recognized in 1970. Since then, it has spread to numerous nations around the globe and gained substantial epidemiological significance. The most recent epidemic has taken place in 2022 worldwide. The viruses that cause MPV and cowpox are currently regarded as emerging. Because of the rise in international travel, the popularity of exotic pets, and the decline in smallpox vaccination rates, they pose a significant danger of spreading. Although it is believed that this viral illness will eventually go away on its own, the possibility of the pandemic raises several serious problems for the general public's health. In addition to providing a broad overview of the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), this study will detail the epidemiology, clinical hallmarks, assessment, and treatment of MPV sufferers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Monkeypox and Clinical Concern. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:1913. [PMID: 36086936 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Biological Science, Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|