1
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Pang K, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Wei X. In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry-based study of the effect of melanin content on melanoma metastasis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300405. [PMID: 38010214 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A major cause of death in cancer patients is distant metastasis of tumors, in which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an important marker. Photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) can monitor CTCs in real time, non-invasively, and label-free; we built a PAFC system and validated the feasibility of PAFC for monitoring CTCs using in vivo animal experiments. By cultivating heavily-pigmented and moderately-pigmented melanoma cells, more CTCs were detected in mice inoculated with moderately-pigmented tumor cells, resulting in more distant metastases and poorer survival status. Tumor cells with lower melanin content may produce more CTCs, increasing the risk of metastasis. CTC melanin content may be down-regulated during the metastatic which may be a potential indicator for assessing the risk of melanoma metastasis. In conclusion, PAFC can be used to assess the risk of melanoma metastasis by dynamically monitoring the number of CTCs and the CTC melanin content in future clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Pang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering of Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxi Zhu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto Electronics Engineering of Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute and Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Lei X, Xu Z, Huang L, Huang Y, Tu S, Xu L, Liu D. The potential influence of melatonin on mitochondrial quality control: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1332567. [PMID: 38273825 PMCID: PMC10808166 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1332567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular energetic metabolism, intracellular signaling orchestration and programmed death regulation. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various pathogeneses. The maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and functional recovery after injury are coordinated by mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy, which are collectively referred to as mitochondrial quality control. There is increasing evidence that mitochondria are important targets for melatonin to exert protective effects under pathological conditions. Melatonin, an evolutionarily conserved tryptophan metabolite, can be synthesized, transported and metabolized in mitochondria. In this review, we summarize the important role of melatonin in the damaged mitochondria elimination and mitochondrial energy supply recovery by regulating mitochondrial quality control, which may provide new strategies for clinical treatment of mitochondria-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Lei
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenni Xu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Huang
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujun Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Tu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dengqun Liu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Xue KH, Jiang YF, Bai JY, Zhang DZ, Chen YH, Ma JB, Zhu ZJ, Wang X, Guo P. Melatonin suppresses Akt/mTOR/S6K activity, induces cell apoptosis, and synergistically inhibits cell growth with sunitinib in renal carcinoma cells via reversing Warburg effect. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2251234. [PMID: 37642220 PMCID: PMC10472857 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2251234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration drives renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development, while the impact of melatonin (MLT), a neurohormone secreted during darkness, on RCC cell growth and underlying mechanisms remains unclear. METHODS We detected concentration of metabolites through metabolomic analyses using UPLC-MS/MS, and the oxygen consumption rate was determined using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux analyzer. RESULTS We observed that MLT effectively inhibited RCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, MLT increased ROS levels, suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MLT treatment upregulated key TCA cycle metabolites while reducing aerobic glycolysis products, leading to higher oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, and membrane potential. Moreover, MLT treatment suppressed phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6 Kinase as well as the expression of HIF-1α/VEGFA in RCC cells; these effects were reversed by NAC (ROS inhibitors). Conversely, MLT synergistically inhibited cell growth with sunitinib and counteracted the Warburg effect induced by sunitinib in RCC cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate that MLT treatment reverses the Warburg effect and promotes intracellular ROS production, which leads to the suppression of Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway, induction of cell apoptosis, and synergistically inhibition of cell growth with sunitinib in RCC cells. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor effect of MLT in RCC cells, and suggests that MLT might be a promising therapeutic for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hua Xue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yu Bai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di-Ze Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bin Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jing Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Möller JKS, Linowiecka K, Gagat M, Brożyna AA, Foksiński M, Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Pyza E, Reiter RJ, Tulic MK, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K. Melanogenesis Is Directly Affected by Metabolites of Melatonin in Human Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14947. [PMID: 37834395 PMCID: PMC10573520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MEL), its kynurenic (N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenine, AFMK) and indolic derivatives (6-hydroxymelatonin, 6(OH)MEL and 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-MT) are endogenously produced in human epidermis. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, brain and peripheral organs, displays a diversity of physiological functions including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. Herein, we assessed their regulatory effect on melanogenesis using amelanotic (A375, Sk-Mel-28) and highly pigmented (MNT-1, melanotic) human melanoma cell lines. We discovered that subjected compounds decrease the downstream pathway of melanin synthesis by causing a significant drop of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and resultant collapse of tyrosinase (TYR) activity, and melanin content comparatively to N-phenylthiourea (PTU, a positive control). We observed a reduction in pigment in melanosomes visualized by the transmission electron microscopy. Finally, we assessed the role of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane-domain receptors. Obtained results revealed that nonselective MT1 and MT2 receptor antagonist (luzindole) or selective MT2 receptor antagonist (4-P-PDOT) did not affect dysregulation of the melanin pathway indicating a receptor-independent mechanism. Our findings, together with the current state of the art, provide a convenient experimental model to study the complex relationship between metabolites of melatonin and the control of pigmentation serving as a future and rationale strategy for targeted therapies of melanoma-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack K. S. Möller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.K.S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kinga Linowiecka
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.B.)
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Marek Foksiński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Meri K. Tulic
- Team 12, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.K.S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.K.S.M.); (K.S.)
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5
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Dou X, Ma Y, Luo Q, Song C, Liu M, Liu X, Jia D, Li S, Liu X. Therapeutic potential of melatonin in the intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibiting the ferroptosis of nucleus pulpous cells. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2340-2353. [PMID: 37329158 PMCID: PMC10424295 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a novel type of cell death mediated by the iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, contributes to the pathogenesis of the intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Increasing evidence demonstrated that melatonin (MLT) displayed the therapeutic potential to prevent the development of IDD. Current mechanistic study aims to explore whether the downregulation of ferroptosis contributes to the therapeutic capability of MLT in IDD. Current studies demonstrated that conditioned medium (CM) from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages caused a series of changes about IDD, including increased intracellular oxidative stress (increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, but decreased glutathione levels), upregulated expression of inflammation-associated factors (IL-1β, COX-2 and iNOS), increased expression of key matrix catabolic molecules (MMP-13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5), reduced the expression of major matrix anabolic molecules (COL2A1 and ACAN), and increased ferroptosis (downregulated GPX4 and SLC7A11 levels, but upregulated ACSL4 and LPCAT3 levels) in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. MLT could alleviate CM-induced NP cell injury in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the data substantiated that intercellular iron overload was involved in CM-induced ferroptosis in NP cells, and MLT treatment alleviated intercellular iron overload and protected NP cells against ferroptosis, and those protective effects of MLT in NP cells further attenuated with erastin and enhanced with ferrostatin-1(Fer-1). This study demonstrated that CM from the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages promoted the NP cell injury. MLT alleviated the CM-induced NP cell injury partly through inhibiting ferroptosis. The findings support the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of IDD, and suggest that MLT may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for clinical treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dou
- Department of OrthopaedicsPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease ResearchBeijingChina
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision MedicineMinistry of EducationBeijingChina
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Pain Medical CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qipeng Luo
- Pain Medical CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Song
- Department of AnesthesiologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Meijuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and MetabolismBeijing Children's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease ResearchBeijingChina
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision MedicineMinistry of EducationBeijingChina
| | - Donglin Jia
- Pain Medical CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shuiqing Li
- Pain Medical CenterPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease ResearchBeijingChina
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision MedicineMinistry of EducationBeijingChina
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6
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Linowiecka K, Slominski AT, Reiter RJ, Böhm M, Steinbrink K, Paus R, Kleszczyński K. Melatonin: A Potential Regulator of DNA Methylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1155. [PMID: 37371885 PMCID: PMC10295183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland-derived indoleamine hormone, melatonin, regulates multiple cellular processes, ranging from chronobiology, proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative damage to pigmentation, immune regulation, and mitochondrial metabolism. While melatonin is best known as a master regulator of the circadian rhythm, previous studies also have revealed connections between circadian cycle disruption and genomic instability, including epigenetic changes in the pattern of DNA methylation. For example, melatonin secretion is associated with differential circadian gene methylation in night shift workers and the regulation of genomic methylation during embryonic development, and there is accumulating evidence that melatonin can modify DNA methylation. Since the latter one impacts cancer initiation, and also, non-malignant diseases development, and that targeting DNA methylation has become a novel intervention target in clinical therapy, this review discusses the potential role of melatonin as an under-investigated candidate epigenetic regulator, namely by modulating DNA methylation via changes in mRNA and the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins. Furthermore, since melatonin may impact changes in the DNA methylation pattern, the authors of the review suggest its possible use in combination therapy with epigenetic drugs as a new anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Linowiecka
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Suzen S, Saso L. Melatonin as mitochondria-targeted drug. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:249-276. [PMID: 37437980 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is associated to numerous diseases as well as aging development. Mitochondria found in most eukaryotic organisms to create the energy of the cell, generate free radicals during its action and they are chief targets of the oxidants. Mitochondrial activities outspread outside the borders of the cell and effect human physiology by modulating interactions among cells and tissues. Therefore, it has been implicated in several human disorders and conditions. Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenously created indole derivative that modifies several tasks, involving mitochondria-associated activities. These possessions make MLT a powerful defender against a selection of free radical-linked disorders. MLT lessens mitochondrial anomalies causing from extreme oxidative stress and may improve mitochondrial physiology. It is a potent and inducible antioxidant for mitochondria. MLT is produced in mitochondria of conceivably of all cells and it also appears to be a mitochondria directed antioxidant which has related defensive properties as the synthesized antioxidant molecules. This chapter summarizes the suggestion that MLT is produced in mitochondria as well as disorders of mitochondrial MLT production that may associate to a number of mitochondria-linked diseases. MLT as a mitochondria-targeted drug is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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8
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Markowska M, Niemczyk S, Romejko K. Melatonin Treatment in Kidney Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060838. [PMID: 36980179 PMCID: PMC10047594 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that is mainly secreted by the pineal gland. It coordinates the work of the superior biological clock and consequently affects many processes in the human body. Disorders of the waking and sleeping period result in nervous system imbalance and generate metabolic and endocrine derangements. The purpose of this review is to provide information regarding the potential benefits of melatonin use, particularly in kidney diseases. The impact on the cardiovascular system, diabetes, and homeostasis causes melatonin to be indirectly connected to kidney function and quality of life in people with chronic kidney disease. Moreover, there are numerous reports showing that melatonin plays a role as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and cytoprotective agent. This means that the supplementation of melatonin can be helpful in almost every type of kidney injury because inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress occur, regardless of the mechanism. The administration of melatonin has a renoprotective effect and inhibits the progression of complications connected to renal failure. It is very important that exogenous melatonin supplementation is well tolerated and that the number of side effects caused by this type of treatment is low.
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Pathipaka R, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP. Melatonin as a Repurposed Drug for Melanoma Treatment. Med Sci (Basel) 2023; 11:medsci11010009. [PMID: 36649046 PMCID: PMC9844458 DOI: 10.3390/medsci11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, with a greater risk of metastasis and a higher prevalence and mortality rate. This cancer type has been demonstrated to develop resistance to the known treatment options such as conventional therapeutic agents and targeted therapy that are currently being used as the standard of care. Drug repurposing has been explored as a potential alternative treatment strategy against disease pathophysiologies, including melanoma. To that end, multiple studies have suggested that melatonin produced by the pineal gland possesses anti-proliferative and oncostatic effects in experimental melanoma models. The anticarcinogenic activity of melatonin is attributed to its ability to target a variety of oncogenic signaling pathways, including the MAPK pathways which are involved in regulating the behavior of cancer cells, including cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, preclinical studies have demonstrated that melatonin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents exerts synergistic effects against melanoma. The goal of this review is to highlight the mechanistic insights of melatonin as a monotherapy or combinational therapy for melanoma treatment.
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10
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Lee W, Paus R. Concentration-dependent stimulation of melanin production as well as melanocyte and keratinocyte proliferation by melatonin in human eyelid epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:684-693. [PMID: 36601673 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear how the multifunctional indoleamine neurohormone, melatonin, alters melanin production and melanocytes within intact human epidermis under physiologically relevant conditions. In the current pilot study, we aimed to clarify this in long-term organ-cultured, full-thickness human eyelid skin, selected for its clinically recognized sensitivity to pigmentation-modulatory hormones. Warthin-Starry histochemistry showed that 100 μM melatonin significantly increased epidermal melanin content and melanocyte dendricity after 6 days of organ culture, even though tyrosinase activity in situ was inhibited, as assessed by quantitative immunohistomorphometry. While the higher melatonin dose tested here (200 μM) did not change epidermal melanization, but again inhibited tyrosinase activity, it increased the number and proliferation of both gp100+ epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes as well as protein expression of the premelanosomal marker, gp100, ex vivo. Contrary to most previous studies, these eyelid skin organ culture results suggest that long-term melatonin application exerts overall stimulatory, dose-dependent effects on the epidermal pigmentary unit within intact human skin, which appear surprisingly tyrosinase-independent. While these provocative preliminary findings require further work-up and independent confirmation, they encourage one to systematically explore whether prolonged melatonin therapy can (re-)stimulate melanogenesis and increase the pool/activity of epidermal melanocytes in hypopigmented skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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11
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Yuan B, Liu G, Dai Z, Wang L, Lin B, Zhang J. CYP1B1: A Novel Molecular Biomarker Predicts Molecular Subtype, Tumor Microenvironment, and Immune Response in 33 Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225641. [PMID: 36428734 PMCID: PMC9688555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1 (CYP1B1) is a critical metabolic enzyme of melatonin. Although melatonin has been identified to exhibit tumor suppressing activity, the role and mechanism of the clinical and immunological characteristics of CYP1B1 in cancer remain unclear. METHODS In this study, RNA expression and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) across 33 solid tumors. The expression, survival, immune subtype, molecular subtype, tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), biological pathways, and function in vitro and vivo were evaluated. The predictive value of CYP1B1 in immune cohorts was further explored. RESULTS We found the dysregulated expression of CYP1B1 was associated with the clinical stage and tumor grade. Immunological correlation analysis showed CYP1B1 was positively correlated with the infiltration of lymphocyte, immunomodulator, chemokine, receptor, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in most cancer. Meanwhile, CYP1B1 was involved in immune subtype and molecular subtype, and was connected with TMB, MSI, neoantigen, the activation of multiple melatonergic and immune-related pathways, and therapeutic resistance. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study comprehensively revealed the role and mechanism of CYP1B1 and explored the significant association between CYP1B1 expression and immune activity. These findings provide a promising predictor and molecular target for clinical immune treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchao Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Huizhou City, Huiyang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Huizhou 516003, China
| | - Guihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan 523120, China
| | - Zili Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Baisheng Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-020-66673666
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12
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Florido J, Martinez‐Ruiz L, Rodriguez‐Santana C, López‐Rodríguez A, Hidalgo‐Gutiérrez A, Cottet‐Rousselle C, Lamarche F, Schlattner U, Guerra‐Librero A, Aranda‐Martínez P, Acuña‐Castroviejo D, López LC, Escames G. Melatonin drives apoptosis in head and neck cancer by increasing mitochondrial ROS generated via reverse electron transport. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12824. [PMID: 35986493 PMCID: PMC9541246 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oncostatic effects of melatonin correlate with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, but how melatonin induces this ROS generation is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the two seemingly opposing actions of melatonin regarding its relationship with free radicals. We analyzed the effects of melatonin on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Cal-27 and SCC-9), which were treated with 0.5 or 1 mM melatonin. We further examined the potential effects of melatonin to induce ROS and apoptosis in Cal-27 xenograft mice. Here we report that melatonin mediates apoptosis in head and neck cancer by driving mitochondrial reverse electron transport (RET) to induce ROS production. Melatonin-induced changes in tumoral metabolism led to increased mitochondrial activity, which, in turn, induced ROS-dependent mitochondrial uncoupling. Interestingly, mitochondrial complex inhibitors, including rotenone, abolished the ROS elevation indicating that melatonin increased ROS generation via RET. Melatonin also increased membrane potential and CoQ10 H2 /CoQ10 ratio to elevate mitochondrial ROS production, which are essential conditions for RET. We found that genetic manipulation of cancer cells with alternative oxidase, which transfers electrons from QH2 to oxygen, inhibited melatonin-induced ROS generation, and apoptosis. RET restored the melatonin-induced oncostatic effect, highlighting the importance of RET as the site of ROS production. These results illustrate that RET and ROS production are crucial factors in melatonin's effects in cancer cells and establish the dual effect of melatonin in protecting normal cells and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Florido
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
| | - Laura Martinez‐Ruiz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
| | - César Rodriguez‐Santana
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Alba López‐Rodríguez
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo‐Gutiérrez
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
| | - Cécile Cottet‐Rousselle
- INSERM U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)University of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Frédéric Lamarche
- INSERM U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)University of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- INSERM U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)University of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Ana Guerra‐Librero
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Paula Aranda‐Martínez
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Darío Acuña‐Castroviejo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
| | - Luis C. López
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology ParkUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs), GranadaSan Cecilio University HospitalGranadaSpain
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13
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Melatonin Alleviates PM 2.5-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in ApoE -/- Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8688643. [PMID: 35720187 PMCID: PMC9200552 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8688643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with the risk of developing metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Melatonin is the main secreted product of the pineal gland and has been reported to prevent hepatic lipid metabolism disorders. However, it remains uncertain whether melatonin could protect against PM2.5-induced MAFLD. Methods and Results The purpose of our study was to investigate the mitigating effects of melatonin on hepatic fatty degeneration accelerated by PM2.5 in vivo and in vitro. Histopathological analysis and ultrastructural images showed that PM2.5 induced hepatic steatosis and lipid vacuolation in ApoE−/− mice, which could be effectively alleviated by melatonin administration. Increased ROS production and decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes were detected in the PM2.5-treated group, whereas melatonin showed recovery effects after PM2.5-induced oxidative damage in both the liver and L02 cells. Further investigation revealed that PM2.5 induced oxidative stress to activate PTP1B, which in turn had a positive feedback regulation effect on ROS release. When a PTP1B inhibitor or melatonin was administered, SP1/SREBP-1 signalling was effectively suppressed, while Nrf2/Keap1 signalling was activated in the PM2.5-treated groups. Conclusion Our study is the first to show that melatonin alleviates the disturbance of PM2.5-triggered hepatic steatosis and liver damage by regulating the ROS-mediated PTP1B and Nrf2 signalling pathways in ApoE−/− mice. These results suggest that melatonin administration might be a prospective therapy for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD associated with air pollution.
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14
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Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031238. [PMID: 35163162 PMCID: PMC8835651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to the environment and suffers from both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors. The skin aging process is characterized by several clinical features such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and rough-textured appearance. This complex process is accompanied with phenotypic and functional changes in cutaneous and immune cells, as well as structural and functional disturbances in extracellular matrix components such as collagens and elastin. Because skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall “well-being” and the perception of “health” in humans, several anti-aging strategies have recently been developed. Thus, while the fundamental mechanisms regarding skin aging are known, new substances should be considered for introduction into dermatological treatments. Herein, we describe melatonin and its metabolites as potential “aging neutralizers”. Melatonin, an evolutionarily ancient derivative of serotonin with hormonal properties, is the main neuroendocrine secretory product of the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythmicity and also exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. The intention of this review is to summarize changes within skin aging, research advances on the molecular mechanisms leading to these changes, and the impact of the melatoninergic anti-oxidative system controlled by melatonin and its metabolites, targeting the prevention or reversal of skin aging.
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Fatemi I, Dehdashtian E, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Therapeutic Application of Melatonin in the Treatment of Melanoma: A Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210526140950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which is responsible for more deaths
than nonmelanoma skin cancers. Therapeutic strategies include targeted therapy, biochemotherapy,
immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. Depending on the
clinical stage, single or combination therapy may be used to prevent and treat cancer. Due to resistance
development during treatment courses, the efficacy of mentioned therapies can be reduced.
In addition to resistance, these treatments have serious side effects for melanoma patients. According
to available reports, melatonin, a pineal indolamine with a wide spectrum of biological potentials,
has anticancer features. Furthermore, melatonin could protect against chemotherapy- and radiation-
induced adverse events and can sensitize cancer cells to therapy. The present review discusses
the therapeutic application of melatonin in the treatment of melanoma. This review was carried
out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases comprising the date of publication period
from January 1976 to March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehdashtian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | | | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
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16
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The potential role of melatonin in retarding intervertebral disc ageing and degeneration: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101394. [PMID: 34139338 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system that develops with age. It is regarded as the main cause of chronic low back pain in the elderly. IDD has various causes, including ageing, mechanical overloading, and nutritional deficiency. Melatonin is a pleiotropic indole hormone secreted by the pineal gland and plays an important role in resisting various degenerative diseases. The serum levels of melatonin decline with age and are reported to be negatively correlated with the symptomatic and histopathological scores of IDD. In vivo studies have shown that exogenous administration of melatonin could maintain the structural integrity of the intervertebral disc and inhibit the development of IDD. Mechanistically, by interacting with its membrane or intracellular receptors, melatonin can promote autophagic flux, scavenge free radicals, inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors, and block apoptotic pathways, thereby enhancing anti-stress abilities and matrix anabolism in different types of disc cells. Therefore, melatonin supplementation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for IDD. This review aimed to summarize the latest findings regarding the therapeutic potential of melatonin in IDD.
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17
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Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B, Ostrowska J, Kozłowska J, Szota Z, Brożyna AA, Dreier R, Reiter RJ, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K. Evaluation of Polymeric Matrix Loaded with Melatonin for Wound Dressing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115658. [PMID: 34073402 PMCID: PMC8197906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of scaffolds mimicking the extracellular matrix containing bioactive substances has great potential in tissue engineering and wound healing applications. This study investigates melatonin-a methoxyindole present in almost all biological systems. Melatonin is a bioregulator in terms of its potential clinical importance for future therapies of cutaneous diseases. Mammalian skin is not only a prominent melatonin target, but also produces and rapidly metabolizes the multifunctional methoxyindole to biologically active metabolites. In our methodology, chitosan/collagen (CTS/Coll)-contained biomaterials are blended with melatonin at different doses to fabricate biomimetic hybrid scaffolds. We use rat tail tendon- and Salmo salar fish skin-derived collagens to assess biophysical and cellular properties by (i) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), (ii) thermogravimetric analysis (TG), (iii) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and (iv) proliferation ratio of cutaneous cells in vitro. Our results indicate that melatonin itself does not negatively affect biophysical properties of melatonin-immobilized hybrid scaffolds, but it induces a pronounced elevation of cell viability within human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), and reference melanoma cells. These results demonstrate that this indoleamine accelerates re-epithelialization. This delivery is a promising technique for additional explorations in future dermatotherapy and protective skin medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Justyna Ostrowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Justyna Kozłowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Zofia Szota
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Rita Dreier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-56523; Fax: +49-251-83-58646
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