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De Souza TPP, Cantão LXS, Rodrigues MQRB, Gonçalves DB, Nagem RAP, Rocha REO, Godoi RR, Lima WJN, Galdino AS, Minardi RCDM, Lima LHFD. Glycosylation and charge distribution orchestrates the conformational ensembles of a biotechnologically promissory phytase in different pHs - a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5030-5041. [PMID: 37325852 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2223685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytases [myo-inositol(1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases] are phytate-specific phosphatases not present in monogastric animals. Nevertheless, they are an essential supplement to feeding such animals and for human special diets. It is crucial, hence, the biotechnological use of phytases with intrinsic stability and activity at the acid pHs from gastric environments. Here we use Metadynamics (METADY) simulations to probe the conformational space of the Aspergillus nidulans phytase and the differential effects of pH and glycosylation in this same space. The results suggest that strategic combinations of pH and glycosylation affect the stability of native-like conformations and alternate these structures from a metastable to a stable profile. Furthermore, the protein segments previously reported as more thermosensitive in phytases from this family present a pivotal role in the conformational changes at different conditions, especially H2, H5-7, L8, L10, L12, and L17. Also, the glycosylations and the pH-dependent charge balance modulate the mobility and interactions at these same regions, with consequences for the surface solvation and active site exposition. Finally, although the glycosylations have stabilized the native structure and improved the substrate docking at all the studied pHs, the data suggest a higher phytate receptivity at catalytic poses for the unglycosylated structure at pH 6.5 and the glycosylated one at pH 4.5. This behavior agrees with the exact change in optimum pH reported for this enzyme, expressed on low or high glycosylating systems. We hope the results and insights presented here will be helpful in future approaches for rational engineering of technologically promising phytases and intelligent planning of their heterologous expression systems and conditions for use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P P De Souza
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Xavier Silva Cantão
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Bonoto Gonçalves
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Eduardo Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory Of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Department of Exacts and Biological Sciences (DECEB), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Ramos Godoi
- Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William James Nogueira Lima
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Regional de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cardoso de Melo Minardi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique França de Lima
- Laboratory Of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Department of Exacts and Biological Sciences (DECEB), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nezhad NG, Jamaludin SZB, Rahman RNZRA, Yahaya NM, Oslan SN, Shariff FM, Isa NM, Leow TC. Functional expression, purification, biochemical and biophysical characterizations, and molecular dynamics simulation of a histidine acid phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:171. [PMID: 38630327 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) (PhySc) with 99.50% protein sequence similarity with PHO5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed functionally with the molecular mass of ∼110 kDa through co-expression along with the set of molecular chaperones dnaK, dnaJ, GroESL. The purified HAP illustrated the optimum activity of 28.75 ± 0.39 U/mg at pH 5.5 and 40 ˚C. The Km and Kcat values towards calcium phytate were 0.608 ± 0.09 mM and 650.89 ± 3.6 s- 1. The half-lives (T1/2) at 55 and 60 ˚C were 2.75 min and 55 s, respectively. The circular dichroism (CD) demonstrated that PhySc includes 30.5, 28.1, 21.3, and 20.1% of random coils, α-Helix, β-Turns, and β-Sheet, respectively. The Tm recorded by CD for PhySc was 56.5 ± 0.34˚C. The molecular docking illustrated that His59 and Asp322 act as catalytic residues in the PhySc. MD simulation showed that PhySc at 40 ˚C has higher structural stability over those of the temperatures 60 and 80 ˚C that support the thermodynamic in vitro investigations. Secondary structure content results obtained from MD simulation indicated that PhySc consists of 34.03, 33.09, 17.5, 12.31, and 3.05% of coil, helix, turn, sheet, and helix310, respectively, which is almost consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zahra Binti Jamaludin
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normi Mohd Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Valente Junior DT, Genova JL, Kim SW, Saraiva A, Rocha GC. Carbohydrases and Phytase in Poultry and Pig Nutrition: A Review beyond the Nutrients and Energy Matrix. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 38254395 PMCID: PMC10812482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Teixeira Valente Junior
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
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Gampa M, Nagar S, Kumari K, Tanwar E, Goyal S, Kumar V, Singh B. Cyclic extraction of phosphate from soybean meal using immobilized Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 phytase. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:39-55. [PMID: 37962643 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytase enzyme found in plants, animals, and microorganisms is mainly involved in catalyzing the systematic removal of a phosphate group from phytic acid. Enzyme immobilization is one of the cost-effective methods for the wide usage of enzymes in the industrial sector. This paper reports the covalent immobilization of phytase on glutaraldehyde-activated aluminum oxide beads. The immobilization yield, efficiency, and activation energy were found to be 47.8%, 71.5%, and 15.78 J/mol, respectively. The bound enzyme displayed a shift in pH optima from 5.5 to 4.5, which is more beneficial to increase digestibility in comparison with the free enzyme. Immobilized phytase retained 42.60% of its activity after 1.0 h incubation at 80 °C, whereas free enzyme retained only 4.20% of its activity. Thermodynami increase in half-lives, D-values, enthalpy and free energy change after covalent immobilization could be credited to the enhanced stability. Immobilized phytase could be reused for five consecutive cycles retaining 51% of its initial activity with sodium phytate. The immobilized phytase was also found effective to hydrolyze the soybean meal, thus increasing the digestibility of poultry feed. The hydrolyzing reaction of soybean meal was carried out for six consecutive cycles and immobilized phytase retained nearly 50% of activity till the fifth cycle. The amount of phosphorus released after treatment with immobilized phytase was far higher than that from free phytase. Immobilization on this support is significant, as this support can sustain high mechanical resistance at high pH and temperature. This considerable stability and reusability of the bound enzyme may be advantageous for its industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Gampa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sushil Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Kajal Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ekta Tanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sakshi Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India
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Singh B, Pragya, Tiwari SK, Singh D, Kumar S, Malik V. Production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and potential biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:22. [PMID: 38008864 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are important enzymes used for eliminating the anti-nutritional properties of phytic acid in food and feed ingredients. Phytic acid is major form of organic phosphorus stored during seed setting. Monogastric animals cannot utilize this phytate-phosphorus due to lack of necessary enzymes. Therefore, phytic acid excretion is responsible for mineral deficiency and phosphorus pollution. Phytases have been reported from diverse microorganisms, however, fungal phytases are preferred due to their unique properties. Aspergillus species are the predominant producers of phytases and have been explored widely as compared to other fungi. Solid-state fermentation has been studied as an economical process for the production of phytases to utilize various agro-industrial residues. Mixed substrate fermentation has also been reported for the production of phytases. Physical and chemical parameters including pH, temperature, and concentrations of media components have significantly affected the production of phytases in solid state fermentation. Fungi produced high levels of phytases in solid state fermentation utilizing economical substrates. Optimization of culture conditions using different approaches has significantly improved the production of phytases. Fungal phytases are histidine acid phosphatases exhibiting broad substrate specificity, are relatively thermostable and protease-resistant. These phytases have been found effective in dephytinization of food and feed samples with concomitant liberation of minerals, sugars and soluble proteins. Additionally, they have improved the growth of plants by increasing the availability of phosphorus and other minerals. Furthermore, phytases from fungi have played an important roles in bread making, semi-synthesis of peroxidase, biofuel production, production of myo-inositol phosphates and management of environmental pollution. This review article describes the production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Pragya
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Mahendergarh, 123029, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to Be University), Modipurum, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Vinay Malik
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
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Joudaki H, Aria N, Moravej R, Rezaei Yazdi M, Emami-Karvani Z, Hamblin MR. Microbial Phytases: Properties and Applications in the Food Industry. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:374. [PMID: 37847302 PMCID: PMC10581959 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, an anti-nutritional compound found in plant-based foods. These enzymes which are derived from bacteria and fungi have diverse properties and can function under different pH and temperature conditions. Their ability to convert phytic acid into inositol and inorganic phosphate makes them valuable in food processing. The application of microbial phytases in the food industry has several advantages. Firstly, adding them to animal feedstuff improves phosphorus availability, leading to improved nutrient utilization and growth in animals. This also reduces environmental pollution by phosphorus from animal waste. Secondly, microbial phytases enhance mineral bioavailability and nutrient assimilation in plant-based food products, counteracting the negative effects of phytic acid on human health. They can also improve the taste and functional properties of food and release bioactive compounds that have beneficial health effects. To effectively use microbial phytases in the food industry, factors like enzyme production, purification, and immobilization techniques are important. Genetic engineering and protein engineering have enabled the development of phytases with improved properties such as enhanced stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to degradation. This review provides an overview of the properties and function of phytases, the microbial strains that produce them, and their industrial applications, focusing on new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Joudaki
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Aria
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, Collect of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Moravej
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Filippovich SY, Isakova EP, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. Advances in immobilization of phytases and their application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129030. [PMID: 37037335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the advances in the phytase immobilization for the past decade and their biotechnological applications. Different approaches for phytase immobilization are described including the process using organic and inorganic matrices and microbial cells, as well as nanostructures of various nature. Moreover, the immobilization of phytase-producing microbial cells and the use of cross-linked phytase aggregates have been under consideration. A detailed classification of various carriers for immobilization of phytases and the possibility of their applications are presented. A particular attention is drawn to a breakthrough approach of biotechnological significance to the design of microencapsulation of bacterial phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus in the recombinant extremophile of Yarrowia lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yu Filippovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Elena P Isakova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Natalia N Gessler
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Yulia I Deryabina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
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Venkataraman S, Vaidyanathan VK. Dephytinization of wheat and rice bran by cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Mucor indicus phytase: a viable prospect for food and feed industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1935-1945. [PMID: 36408806 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel feeds for improved feed intake and for enhanced nutrient bioavailability have recently attracted attention. Insoluble dietary fibers, especially rice and wheat bran, have generated much interest due to their nutritional value. Incorporating insoluble dietary fiber into diets could be a viable way to maximize the feed conversion ratio. RESULTS Cross-linked phytase aggregates (CLPA) were synthesized by precipitating enzymes followed by cross-linking with 5 mmol L-1 glutaraldehyde, yielding 88.24 (U g-1 ) of enzyme load without the assistance of a proteic feeder. The epitome of the study is the dephosphorylation of wheat bran and rice bran by varying pH, enzyme concentration, and temperature. The highest inorganic phosphorus liberation by 150 U L--1 of free phytase was 23.72 (wheat bran) and 48.08 mg g-1 (rice bran) after 12 h of incubation. Furthermore, 150 U L-1 of CLPA liberated 28.72 (wheat bran) and 52.08 mg g-1 (rice bran) of inorganic phosphorus with an incubation time of 12 h. CONCLUSION Thermostable free phytase was insolubilized to dephosphorylate the agro-residue, namely, wheat bran and rice bran, to reduce the anti-nutritional factor (the phytate content) of these insoluble dietary fibers. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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Evaluation of saponin and phenolic profile of quinoa seeds after fungal fermentation. J Cereal Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2023.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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10
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Nuclear Genome Sequence and Gene Expression of an Intracellular Fungal Endophyte Stimulating the Growth of Cranberry Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010126. [PMID: 36675947 PMCID: PMC9861600 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ericaceae thrive in poor soil, which we postulate is facilitated by microbes living inside those plants. Here, we investigate the growth stimulation of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) by one of its fungal endosymbionts, EC4. We show that the symbiont resides inside the epidermal root cells of the host but extends into the rhizosphere via its hyphae. Morphological classification of this fungus is ambiguous, but phylogenetic inference based on 28S rRNA identifies EC4 as a Codinaeella species (Chaetosphaeriaceae, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycetes). We sequenced the genome and transcriptome of EC4, providing the first 'Omics' information of a Chaetosphaeriaceae fungus. The 55.3-Mbp nuclear genome contains 17,582 potential protein-coding genes, of which nearly 500 have the capacity to promote plant growth. For comparing gene sets involved in biofertilization, we annotated the published genome assembly of the plant-growth-promoting Trichoderma hamatum. The number of proteins involved in phosphate transport and solubilization is similar in the two fungi. In contrast, EC4 has ~50% more genes associated with ammonium, nitrate/nitrite transport, and phytohormone synthesis. The expression of 36 presumed plant-growth-promoting EC4 genes is stimulated when the fungus is in contact with the plant. Thus, Omics and in-plantae tests make EC4 a promising candidate for cranberry biofertilization on nutrient-poor soils.
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Rizwanuddin S, Kumar V, Singh P, Naik B, Mishra S, Chauhan M, Saris PEJ, Verma A, Kumar V. Insight into phytase-producing microorganisms for phytate solubilization and soil sustainability. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1127249. [PMID: 37113239 PMCID: PMC10128089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for food has increased dependence on chemical fertilizers that promote rapid growth and yield as well as produce toxicity and negatively affect nutritional value. Therefore, researchers are focusing on alternatives that are safe for consumption, non-toxic, cost-effective production process, and high yielding, and that require readily available substrates for mass production. The potential industrial applications of microbial enzymes have grown significantly and are still rising in the 21st century to fulfill the needs of a population that is expanding quickly and to deal with the depletion of natural resources. Due to the high demand for such enzymes, phytases have undergone extensive research to lower the amount of phytate in human food and animal feed. They constitute efficient enzymatic groups that can solubilize phytate and thus provide plants with an enriched environment. Phytases can be extracted from a variety of sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Compared to plant and animal-based phytases, microbial phytases have been identified as competent, stable, and promising bioinoculants. Many reports suggest that microbial phytase can undergo mass production procedures with the use of readily available substrates. Phytases neither involve the use of any toxic chemicals during the extraction nor release any such chemicals; thus, they qualify as bioinoculants and support soil sustainability. In addition, phytase genes are now inserted into new plants/crops to enhance transgenic plants reducing the need for supplemental inorganic phosphates and phosphate accumulation in the environment. The current review covers the significance of phytase in the agriculture system, emphasizing its source, action mechanism, and vast applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rizwanuddin
- Department Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
| | - Bindu Naik
- Department Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
- *Correspondence: Bindu Naik,
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Mansi Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Per Erik Joakim Saris,
| | - Ankit Verma
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
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Dotsenko A, Rozhkova A, Zorov I, Korotkova O, Sinitsyn A. Enhancement of activity and thermostability of Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 phytase A through rational design. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Elkhateeb YAM, Fadel M. Bioinformatic Studies, Experimental Validation of Phytase Production and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Enhancing Phytase Enzyme Production by Different Microorganisms under Solid-State Fermentation. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Phytase is an essential enzyme necessary for the digestive process. It is a natural enzyme found in plant materials. It prevents bad effect of phytic acid on protein and energy utilization. Phytase frees the bound minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium and manganese from the phytic acid molecule providing essential minerals available for healthy nutrition. This study depends on converting food processing waste into highly valuable products. Optimizing the fermentation conditions for enhancing high phytase production with low cost was the objective of this research.
Methods:
A bibliographical survey was carried out to select the most fungul producers of phytase from fungal species deposited in NCBI database. Phytases of the selected organisms were analyzed in the UNIPROT database and their protein sequences were submitted to multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega and visualized using Jalview program. Experimental studies using five fungal strains of Aspergillus.ssp on wheat bran under Solid-State Fermentation carried out. Comparisons were made for phytase production. A. awamori NRC- F18 as the best phytase producer-strain cultured on different types of treated wastes followed by optimizing the fermentation conditions for enhancing phytase production using rice straw as the best substrate, which provides the highest phytase production. Thermostability of crude enzyme was studied. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS at P < 0.05 or P < 0.01.
Results:
Bioinformatic studies predicted the most producer species and explained the difference in activity of phytases produced from different species, although they have the same function. All phytases of the selected fungal species from the database NCBI have highly conserved amino acid sequences; there are 88 identical positions; 135 similar positions, but the identity percentage was 16.858%. Experimental studies using five fungal strains of Aspergillus ssp. on wheat bran revealed optimum conditions for phytase production by A. awamori NRC- F18, which cultured on different types of treated wastes. A considerably higher phytase production was obtained using rice straw as substrate 424.66± 2.92 IU /g at pH 6 (371.883± 0.822 IU /g), after 144 hrs of incubation at 30°C. The maximum enzyme activity observed when solid: moisture was 1:4; Inoculum concentration 2mg/5g (418.363± 16.709 IU /g) and substrate concentration 4.5% (277.39± 12.05 IU /g). Glucose and Ammonium acetate were the best carbon and nitrogen sources that enhanced phytase production from A. awamori NRC- F18. The obtained phytase was found to be thermostable and the maximum temperature at which phytase still active was 80°C.
Conclusion:
Bioinformatic studies predicted the most producer species. Experimental study revealed that A.awamori NRC- F18 was the best Phytase -producer strain. Solid state fermentation was a good method; pretreatment of agriculture residues as rice straw was useful for less expensive phytase production, which was thermostable. A. awamori NRC- F18 can be used in the industrial production of phytase.
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Conditioning of Feed Material Prior to Feeding: Approaches for a Sustainable Phosphorus Utilization. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A circular phosphorus (P) bioeconomy is not only worthwhile for conserving limited mineral P reservoirs, but also for minimizing negative environmental impacts caused by human-made alterations. Although P is an essential nutrient, most of the P in concentrates based on cereals, legumes and oilseed byproducts is organically bound to phytate. The latter cannot be efficiently utilized by monogastric animals and is therefore diluted into the environment through the manure pathway. This review examines various strategies for improved P utilization in animals and reflects the respective limitations. The strategies considered include feeding of debranned feedstuffs, pre-germinated feed, co-feeding of phytase and feeding material with high native phytase activity. All these approaches contribute to an improved P bioavailability. However, about half of the organic P content continues to be excreted and therefore remains unused by the animals. Nevertheless, technologies for an efficient utilization of P from cereal-based feed already exist; however, these are not industrially established. Conditioning feed material prior to feeding fosters P-reduced feed; meanwhile, P bound to phytate can be recovered. Based on known techniques for P separation and solubilisation from cereal products and phytate conversion, potential designs for feed material conditioning processes are proposed and evaluated.
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15
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Pragya, Sharma KK, Kumar A, Singh D, Kumar V, Singh B. Immobilized phytases: an overview of different strategies, support material, and their applications in improving food and feed nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5465-5487. [PMID: 34965785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2020719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytases are the most widely used food and feed enzymes, which aid in nutritional improvement by reducing anti-nutritional factor. Despite the benefits, enzymes usage in the industry is restricted by several factors such as their short life-span and poor reusability, which result in high costs for large-scale utilization at commercial scale. Furthermore, under pelleting conditions such as high temperatures, pH, and other factors, the enzyme becomes inactive due to lesser stability. Immobilization of phytases has been suggested as a way to overcome these limitations with improved performance. Matrices used to immobilize phytases include inorganic (Hydroxypatite, zeolite, and silica), organic (Polyacrylamide, epoxy resins, alginate, chitosan, and starch agar), soluble matrix (Polyvinyl alcohol), and nanomaterials including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes. Several surface analysis methods, including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and FTIR analysis, have been used to characterize immobilized phytase. Immobilized phytases have been used in a broad range of biotechnological applications such as animal feed, biodegradation of food phytates, preparations of myo-inositol phosphates, and sulfoxidation by vanadate-substituted peroxidase. This article provides information on different matrices used for phytase immobilization from the last two decades, including the process of immobilization and support material, surface analysis techniques, and multifarious biotechnological applications of the immobilized phytases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Botany, Pt. N.R.S. Govt. College, Rohtak, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Botany, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, India
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Patel DK, Patel K, Patel D, Dave G. Engineering of thermostable phytase-xylanase for hydrolysis of complex biopolymers. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:390. [PMID: 34458060 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial processing of enzymes requires higher heating that affects the thermal stability of the enzyme and increases the production cost. In this study, xylanase-phytase (XP) fusion protein was generated via co-expression in a single vector with a cold-shock promoter, leading to improved activity at optimal pH, temperature and the thermal behaviour of the protein. Xylanase-phytase (XP) fusion and phytase proteins were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XP fusion was thermally stable up to 124 °C, higher than phytase which was steady up to 113.5 °C. XP fusion exhibits higher stability at its thermal transition midpoint (T m) 108 °C, higher than the T m value of phytase which is 90 °C. Industrially efficient and environment-friendly proteins with low production cost and higher stability can be generated by 'fusion protein' technology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02936-z.
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Bekalu ZE, Dionisio G, Madsen CK, Etzerodt T, Fomsgaard IS, Brinch-Pedersen H. Barley Nepenthesin-Like Aspartic Protease HvNEP-1 Degrades Fusarium Phytase, Impairs Toxin Production, and Suppresses the Fungal Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702557. [PMID: 34394154 PMCID: PMC8358834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthesins are categorized under the subfamily of the nepenthesin-like plant aspartic proteases (PAPs) that form a distinct group of atypical PAPs. This study describes the effect of nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1) protease from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on fungal histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) phytase activity. Signal peptide lacking HvNEP-1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. Recombinant HvNEP-1 (rHvNEP-1) strongly inhibited the activity of Aspergillus and Fusarium phytases, which are enzymes that release inorganic phosphorous from phytic acid. Moreover, rHvNEP-1 suppressed in vitro fungal growth and strongly reduced the production of mycotoxin, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), from Fusarium graminearum. The quantitative PCR analysis of trichothecene biosynthesis genes (TRI) confirmed that rHvNEP-1 strongly repressed the expression of TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, and TRI12 in F. graminearum. The co-incubation of rHvNEP-1 with recombinant F. graminearum (rFgPHY1) and Fusarium culmorum (FcPHY1) phytases induced substantial degradation of both Fusarium phytases, indicating that HvNEP-1-mediated proteolysis of the fungal phytases contributes to the HvNEP-1-based suppression of Fusarium.
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18
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Singh B, Kumar G, Kumar V, Singh D. Enhanced Phytase Production by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis in Solid State Fermentation and its Utility in Improving Food Nutrition. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1083-1089. [PMID: 34303326 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210720142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytic acid acts as anti-nutritional factor in food and feed ingredients for monogastric animals as they lack phytases. OBJECTIVE Phytase production by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 was studied in solid state fermentation and its applicability in dephytinization of food Methods: Bacterial culture was grown in solid state fermentation using wheat bran and various culture conditions were optimized using 'One variable at a time' (OVAT) approach. Effects of different substrates (wheat bran, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse), incubation time (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), incubation temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 oC), pH (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0) and moisture content (1:1.5, 1:2.0, 1:2.5 and 1:3) were studied on phytase production. Bacterial phytase was used in dephytinization of food samples. RESULTS Optimization of phytase production was studied in solid state fermentation (SSF) using 'One variable at a time' (OVAT) approach. Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 grew well in various agroresidues in SSF and secreted high enzyme titres using wheat bran at 30 oC and pH 5.0 after incubation time of 48 h with substrate to moisture ratio of 1:3. Glucose and ammonium sulphate supplementation to wheat bran further enhanced phytase production in SSF. Optimization of phytase production resulted in 2.4-fold improvement in phytase production in solid state fermentation. The enzyme resulted in dephytinization of wheat and rice flours with concomitant release of inorganic phosphate, reducing sugar and soluble protein. CONCLUSION Optimization resulted in 2.34-fold enhancement in phytase production by bacterial culture that showed dephytinization of food ingredients with concomitant release of nutritional components. Therefore, phytase of B. subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 could find application in improving nutritional quality of food and feed of monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Gurprit Kumar
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Balana, Satnali Road, Mahendergarh-123029, Haryana, India
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19
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Kryukov VS, Glebova IV, Zinoviev SV. Reevaluation of Phytase Action Mechanism in Animal Nutrition. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:S152-S165. [PMID: 33827406 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792114011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The release of phosphorus from phytates occurs via sequential cleavage of phosphate groups. It was believed that, regardless of the properties of phytases, the rate of phytate dephosphorylation is limited by the first cleavage of any phosphate group. The position of the first cleaved-off phosphate group depending on the specificity of phytase. The inhibition of dephosphorylation initiation is not associated with the action mechanism of the enzyme and can be rather due to the insufficient phytase activity or low availability of phytates. The analysis of the transformations in the inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6)→inositol (I) reaction chain shows that IP6 dephosphorylation as a whole limits the phosphate group removal from I(1,2,5,6)P4 (third reaction from the beginning of hydrolysis of phosphate bonds in PA). The lower availability of nutrients in the presence of phytates is not due to action of phytates, but is caused by PA anions (IP6-3), which bind positively charged metal ions, amino acids, and proteins. The availability of nutrients increases as a result of the decrease in their binding caused by the decrease in the concentration of IP(6-3) anions under the action of phytases. Phytases added to feeds play a lesser role in the digestion of phytates compared to natural enzymes and complement their action. The concept of extra-phosphoric effect has no scientific justification, since phytases exhibit only the phosphohydrolase activity and are not able to catalyze other reactions.
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20
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21
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Dahiya S, Kumar A, Singh B. Enhanced endoxylanase production by Myceliophthora thermophila using rice straw and its synergism with phytase in improving nutrition. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Kalkan SO, Bozcal E, Hames Tuna EE, Uzel A. Characterisation of a thermostable and proteolysis resistant phytase from Penicillium polonicum MF82 associated with the marine sponge Phorbas sp. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1785434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saban Orcun Kalkan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Bozcal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Esin Hames Tuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Atac Uzel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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23
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Hou X, Shen Z, Li N, Kong X, Sheng K, Wang J, Wang Y. A novel fungal beta-propeller phytase from nematophagous Arthrobotrys oligospora: characterization and potential application in phosphorus and mineral release for feed processing. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:84. [PMID: 32252770 PMCID: PMC7137328 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytases are widely utilized in feed industry to increase the utilization of phosphorus, minerals, and amino acids for improvement of animal and human nutrition. At present, all known β-propeller phytases (BPP) have been generated from bacteria, particularly Bacillus. In this work we report for the first time a new fungal-derived BPP phytase. We identified a phytase highly differentially expressed only in the parasitic stage of a nematophagous fungus, Arhtrobotrys oliogospora, during the development of the 3D traps. We found that this phytase was homologous to the known bacterial BPP phytase, thus we referred the new phytase to Aophytase. The heterologous expression of codon-optimized Aophytase gene in Pichia pastoris was successfully investigated to yield recombinant Aophytase (r-Aophytase) with high specific enzyme activity of 74.71 U/mg, much higher than those of recombinant BPP phytases derived bacteria. The kinetic parameters of the r-Aophytase, the optimum pH and temperature, as well as the effects of surfactant, EDTA and different ions on its enzyme activity were further investigated. The potential utilization of r-Aophytase in feed processing was finally explored. We found that the optimal pH value was about 7.5, and the optimal temperature was 50 °C.; r-Aophytase significantly increased the release of inorganic phosphorus from soybean meal, and improved the release of soluble minerals from the durum wheat flour and finger millet flour. The findings indicate its potential utilization in the feed processing to ameliorate nutritional value of cereals and animal feed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjuan Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Jatuwong K, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Penkhrue W, Kakumyan P, Lumyong S. Bioprocess for Production, Characteristics, and Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Phytases. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:188. [PMID: 32117182 PMCID: PMC7034034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the phospho-monoester bonds of phytates. Phytates are one of the major forms of phosphorus found in plant tissues. Fungi are mainly used for phytase production. The production of fungal phytases has been achieved under three different fermentation methods including solid-state, semi-solid-state, and submerged fermentation. Agricultural residues and other waste materials have been used as substrates for the evaluation of enzyme production in the fermentation process. Nutrients, physical conditions such as pH and temperature, and protease resistance are important factors for increasing phytase production. Fungal phytases are considered monomeric proteins and generally possess a molecular weight of between 14 and 353 kDa. Fungal phytases display a broad substrate specificity with optimal pH and temperature ranges between 1.3 and 8.0 and 37-67°C, respectively. The crystal structure of phytase has been studied in Aspergillus. Notably, thermostability engineering has been used to improve relevant enzyme properties. Furthermore, fungal phytases are widely used in food and animal feed additives to improve the efficiency of phosphorus intake and reduce the amount of phosphorus in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsana Jatuwong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Ph.D. Degree Program in Applied Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Watsana Penkhrue
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Characteristics of an Acidic Phytase from Aspergillus aculeatus APF1 for Dephytinization of Biofortified Wheat Genotypes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 191:679-694. [PMID: 31845197 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytases are the special class of enzymes which have excellent application potential for enhancing the quality of food by decreasing its inherent anti-nutrient components. In current study, a protease-resistant, acidic phytase from Aspergillus aculeatus APF1 was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography techniques. The molecular weight of partially purified phytase was in range of 25-35 kDa. The purified APF1 phytase was biochemically characterized and found catalytically active at pH 3.0 and 50 °C. The Km and Vmax values of APF1 phytase for calcium phytate were 3.21 mM and 3.78 U/mg protein, respectively. Variable activity was observed with metal ions and among inhibitors, chaotropic agents and organic solvents; phenyl glyoxal, potassium iodide, and butanol inhibited enzyme activity, respectively, while the enzyme activity was not majorly influenced by EDTA, urea, ethanol, and hexane. APF1 phytase treatment was found effective in dephytinization of flour biofortified wheat genotypes. Maximum decrease in phytic acid content was noticed in genotype MB-16-1-4 (89.98%) followed by PRH3-30-3 (82.32%) and PRH3-43-1 (81.47%). Overall, the study revealed that phytase from Aspergillus aculeatus APF1 could be effectively used in food and feed processing industry for enhancing nutritional value of food.
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26
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Shiferaw Terefe N, Augustin MA. Fermentation for tailoring the technological and health related functionality of food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2887-2913. [PMID: 31583891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1666250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fermented foods are experiencing a resurgence due to the consumers' growing interest in foods that are natural and health promoting. Microbial fermentation is a biotechnological process which transforms food raw materials into palatable, nutritious and healthy food products. Fermentation imparts unique aroma, flavor and texture to food, improves digestibility, degrades anti-nutritional factors, toxins and allergens, converts phytochemicals such as polyphenols into more bioactive and bioavailable forms, and enriches the nutritional quality of food. Fermentation also modifies the physical functional properties of food materials, rendering them differentiated ingredients for use in formulated foods. The science of fermentation and the technological and health functionality of fermented foods is reviewed considering the growing interest worldwide in fermented foods and beverages and the huge potential of the technology for reducing food loss and improving nutritional food security.
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27
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Toubi Y, Abrigach F, Radi S, Souna F, Hakkou A, Alsayari A, Bin Muhsinah A, Mabkhot YN. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Screening, Homology Modeling, and Molecular Docking Studies of a New Series of Schiff Base Derivatives as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183250. [PMID: 31500095 PMCID: PMC6766829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve new Schiff base derivatives have been prepared by the condensation reaction of different amino substituted compounds (aniline, pyridin-2-amine, o-toluidine, 2-nitrobenzenamine, 4-aminophenol, and 3-aminopropanol) and substituted aldehydes such as nicotinaldehyde, o,m,p-nitrobenzaldehyde, and picolinaldehyde in ethanol using acetic acid as a catalyst. The envisaged structures of the all the synthesized ligands have been confirmed on the basis of their spectral analysis FT-IR, mass spectroscopy, 1H- and 13C-NMR. In vitro screening of their antibacterial and antifungal potential against Escherichia coli bacterium and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp albedinis (F.o.a) fungus, respectively, revealed that all the ligands showed no significant antibacterial activity, whereas most of them displayed good antifungal activity. Homology modeling and docking analysis were performed to explain the antifungal effect of the most and least active compound against two F.o.a fungus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Toubi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco.
| | - Farid Abrigach
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco.
| | - Smaail Radi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco.
| | - Faiza Souna
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco.
| | - Abdelkader Hakkou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco.
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia.
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Rollán GC, Gerez CL, LeBlanc JG. Lactic Fermentation as a Strategy to Improve the Nutritional and Functional Values of Pseudocereals. Front Nutr 2019; 6:98. [PMID: 31334241 PMCID: PMC6617224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges is to reduce malnutrition worldwide while promoting sustainable agricultural and food systems. This is a daunting task due to the constant growth of the population and the increasing demands by consumers for functional foods with higher nutritional values. Cereal grains are the most important dietary energy source globally; wheat, rice, and maize currently provide about half of the dietary energy source of humankind. In addition, the increase of celiac patients worldwide has motivated the development of gluten-free foods using alternative flour types to wheat such as rice, corn, cassava, soybean, and pseudocereals (amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat). Amaranth and quinoa have been cultivated since ancient times and were two of the major crops of the Pre-Colombian cultures in Latin- America. In recent years and due to their well-known high nutritional value and potential health benefits, these pseudocereals have received much attention as ideal candidates for gluten-free products. The importance of exploiting these grains for the elaboration of healthy and nutritious foods has forced food producers to develop novel adequate strategies for their processing. Fermentation is one of the most antique and economical methods of producing and preserving foods and can be easily employed for cereal processing. The nutritional and functional quality of pseudocereals can be improved by fermentation using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). This review provides an overview on pseudocereal fermentation by LAB emphasizing the capacity of these bacteria to decrease antinutritional factors such as phytic acid, increase the functional value of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, and produce nutritional ingredients such as B-group vitamins. The numerous beneficial effects of lactic fermentation of pseudocereals can be exploited to design novel and healthier foods or grain ingredients destined to general population and especially to patients with coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela C. Rollán
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA) - CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Herrmann KR, Ruff AJ, Infanzón B, Schwaneberg U. Engineered phytases for emerging biotechnological applications beyond animal feeding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6435-6448. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Song HY, El Sheikha AF, Hu DM. The positive impacts of microbial phytase on its nutritional applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jain J, Kumar A, Singh D, Singh B. Purification and kinetics of a protease-resistant, neutral, and thermostable phytase from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 ameliorating food nutrition. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:718-724. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1487848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinender Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Botany, Pt. Neki Ram Sharma Government College, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Balana, Haryana, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Duffy SK, Kelly AK, Rajauria G, Clarke LC, Gath V, Monahan FJ, O'Doherty JV. The effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3and phytase inclusion on pig performance, bone parameters and pork quality in finisher pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1296-1305. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Duffy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Alan K. Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Louise C. Clarke
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Vivian Gath
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Frank J. Monahan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John V. O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
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Molecular modeling and docking of recombinant HAP-phytase of a thermophilic mould Sporotrichum thermophile reveals insights into molecular catalysis and biochemical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:501-508. [PMID: 29678789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A thermostable and protease-resistant HAP-phytase of Sporotrichum thermophile was over-expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33. Purified recombinant phytase displayed all its biochemical properties similar to wild type. Molecular modeling and docking of phytase with various substrates showed differential binding patterns with GoldScore values ranging from 40.61 to 79.78. Docking with different substrates revealed strong binding affinity with ATP and phytic acid, while the lowest with AMP and phosphoenol pyruvate. This was further confirmed using biochemical assays, as the recombinant enzyme displayed broad substrate specificity. Docking with inhibitors also showed differential binding with GoldScore values ranging from 22.94 (2,3-butanedione) to 85.72 (myo-inositol hexasulphate). Validation using biochemical analysis revealed that both 2,3-butanedione and phenyl glyoxal inhibited the phytase activity significantly. Furthermore, presence of inorganic phosphate in the reaction mixture also inhibited the phytase activity, as there was no activity at and beyond 0.8 mM. Docking of phytase with metavanadate showed binding at the same atom in the active-site where the substrate i.e. phytic acid binds. Vanadium incorporation resulted in the catalytic conversion of phytase into a peroxidase with concomitant inhibition of phytase activity. Peroxidase activity was high in acidic range and the product formation showed correlation with reaction time. Furthermore, molecular modeling and docking of recombinant HAP-phytase of a thermophilic mould S. thermophile reveals insights into molecular catalysis that is validated by the biochemical properties.
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Balwani I, Chakravarty K, Gaur S. Role of phytase producing microorganisms towards agricultural sustainability. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Free and immobilized Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 producing protease-resistant and thermostable phytase. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:213. [PMID: 28669072 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization for enhanced phytase production by Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 in submerged fermentation was investigated using Taguchi design. In first step design, starch, beef extract, magnesium sulphate, ferrous sulphate and Tween 80 were identified as significant factors affecting phytase production. These significant factors were further optimized at four different levels using a second Taguchi design and were observed that 1% starch, 2% beef extact, 3% Tween 80, 0.1% magnesium sulphate and 0.225% ferrous sulphate supported maximum phytase production (47,432 U/L). The use of Taguchi designed experiments resulted in 14.9-fold enhancement in phytase production compared to the medium optimized by 'one variable at a time' approach. Furthermore, 4% agar immobilized conidiospores of A. oryzae supported high phytase production compared with free cells and other matrices. Agar-immobilized conidiospores resulted in sustained phytase production up to eight repeated batch cycles followed by a decrease in enzyme titres.
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Reddy CS, Kim SC, Kaul T. Genetically modified phytase crops role in sustainable plant and animal nutrition and ecological development: a review. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:195. [PMID: 28667635 PMCID: PMC5493567 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, plant-derivatives especially cereals and legumes are the major staple food sources for animals. The seeds of these crops comprise of phytic acid, the major repository form of the phosphorus, which is not digestible by simple-stomached animals. However, it is the most important factor responsible for impeding the absorption of minerals by plants that eventually results in less use of fertilizers that ultimately cause eutrophication in water bodies. Although abundant phosphorus (P) exists in the soils, plants cannot absorb most of the P due to its conversion to unavailable forms. Hence, additional P supplementation is indispensable to the soil to promote crop yields which not only leads to soil infertility but also rapid depletion of non-renewable P reservoirs. Phytase/phosphatase enzyme is essential to liberate P from soils by plants and from seeds by monogastric animals. Phytases are kind of phosphatases which can hydrolyse the indigestible phytate into inorganic Phosphate (Pi) and lower myo-inositol. There are several approaches to mitigate the problems associated with phytate indigestibility. One of the best possible solutions is engineering crops to produce heterologous phytase to improve P utilization by monogastric animals, plant nutrition and sustainable ecological developments. Previously published reviews were focused on either soil phytate or seed-phytate, related issues, but this review will address both the problems as well as phytate related ecological problems. This review summarizes the overall view of engineered phytase crops and their role in sustainable agriculture, animal nutrition and ecological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
- Medicinal Crops Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Korea.
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- Medicinal Crops Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Korea
| | - Tanushri Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Purification and characterization of a protease-resistant phytase of Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 whose properties make it exceptionally useful as a feed supplement. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:458-466. [PMID: 28527994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular phytase of Aspergillus oryzae SBS50 was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Purified phytase has a monomeric molecular mass of ∼80kDa exhibiting its optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 50°C with a T 1/2 of 300min at 50°C. Phytase of A. oryzae displayed broad substrate specificity with Vmax and Km values of 58.82μmol/ml/min and 1.14mM, respectively, for calcium phytate. Purity and homogeneity of the phytase was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF analysis revealed the identification of a peptide showing homology with acid phosphatase of Aspergillus oryzae RIB40. Among the inhibitors, 2,3-butanedione and sodium molybdate significantly inhibited the enzyme activity. Phytase of A. oryzae showed protease-resistance and was more stable during storage at 4°C and -20°C as compared to room temperature. Among all the feed samples, mustard oil cake was dephytinized more efficiently than other feed samples. These unique properties suggested that the phytase has the potential to be useful as an animal feed supplement.
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Molecular advancements in the development of thermostable phytases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2677-2689. [PMID: 28233043 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of phytic acid in 1903 and phytase in 1907, extensive research has been carried out in the field of phytases, the phytic acid degradatory enzymes. Apart from forming backbone enzyme in the multimillion dollar-based feed industry, phytases extend a multifaceted role in animal nutrition, industries, human physiology, and agriculture. The utilization of phytases in industries is not effectively achieved most often due to the loss of its activity at high temperatures. The growing demand of thermostable phytases with high residual activity could be addressed by the combinatorial use of efficient phytase sources, protein engineering techniques, heterologous expression hosts, or thermoprotective coatings. The progress in phytase research can contribute to its economized production with a simultaneous reduction of various environmental problems such as eutrophication, greenhouse gas emission, and global warming. In the current review, we address the recent advances in the field of various natural as well as recombinant thermotolerant phytases, their significance, and the factors contributing to their thermotolerance.
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Kumar V, Yadav AN, Verma P, Sangwan P, Saxena A, Kumar K, Singh B. β-Propeller phytases: Diversity, catalytic attributes, current developments and potential biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:595-609. [PMID: 28174082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are phosphatases which stepwise remove phosphates from phytic acid or its salts. β-Propeller phytase (BPPhy) belongs to a special class of microbial phytases that is regarded as most diverse, isolated and characterized from different microbes, mainly from Bacillus spp. BPPhy class is unique for its Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity, strict substrate specificity, active at neutral to alkaline pH and high thermostability. Numerous sequence and structure based studies have revealed unique attributes and catalytic properties of this class, as compared to other classes of phytases. Recent studies including cloning and expression and genetic engineering approaches have led to improvements in BPPhy which provide an opportunity for extended utilization of this class of phytases in improving animal nutrition, human health, plant growth promotion, and environmental protection, etc. This review describes the sources and diversity of BPPhy genes, biochemical properties, Ca2+ dependence, current developments in structural elucidation, heterogeneous expression and catalytic improvements, and multifarious applications of BPPhy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India.
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Punesh Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Abhishake Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Ramos LRV, Pedrosa VF, Mori A, Andrade CFFDE, Romano LA, Abreu PC, Tesser MB. Exogenous enzyme complex prevents intestinal soybean meal-induced enteritis in Mugil liza (Valenciennes, 1836) juvenile. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:341-353. [PMID: 28198920 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four soybean meal-based diets containing increasing levels of an enzyme complex (E50, E100, E150 and E200 at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g ton-1, respectively) and one soybean meal-based diet without the enzyme complex (E0) were fed in triplicate to M. liza juveniles in a semi-static flow system with 20 fish per tank for 75 days. There were no differences between the treatments for animal performance parameters, but fish fed the enzyme complex treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher values of calcium bone retention compared with control fish. Although there was no relationship between bacterial counts in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract or enzyme levels, filamentous bacteria were increased in E50 compared with E150. All of the treatments resulted in higher bacterial counts in the stomach than in intestinal segments. Histological screening showed serious to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells, modification in villus morphology and necrosis in some cases in fish fed the E0 diet. In addition, fish from the E0 treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower lipid deposition in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, the use of low levels of exogenous enzyme is recommended in diets for M. liza when soybean meal is used as the main source of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R V Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Virgínia F Pedrosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Agnes Mori
- Adisseo Brasil Nutrição Animal, Avenida Maria Coelho Aguiar, 215, Bloco G, 1º andar, Jardim São Luis, 05804-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos F F DE Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis A Romano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Tesser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Bairro Carreiros, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Rocky-Salimi K, Hashemi M, Safari M, Mousivand M. Valorisation of untreated cane molasses for enhanced phytase production by Bacillus subtilis K46b and its potential role in dephytinisation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:222-229. [PMID: 26991843 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high cost of phytase production is the most limiting factor in its application in animal feeds. The present study aimed to develop a low-cost medium for production of a novel phytase in submerged fermentation using inexpensive agro-industrial by-products. The applicability of phytase in dephytinisation of commonly used food/feed ingredients, i.e. soybean meal and wheat bran, was also investigated. RESULTS Using a one-factor-at-a-time approach, soybean meal and cane molasses were identified as significant agro-industrial by-products and these factors were subsequently optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design was employed to further enhance phytase yield. Under optimum conditions of soybean meal 22.3 g L-1 , cane molasses 100 g L-1 and 39 h fermentation, phytase production increased to 56.562 U mL-1 , indicating more than 28-fold enhancement. The enzyme efficiently dephytinised wheat bran and soybean meal after 24 h incubation at 56.5 °C and increased inorganic phosphate content by 240% and 155%, respectively. CONCLUSION Soybean meal and cane molasses were successfully used for enhancement of phytase production as economical carbon, nitrogen and phytic acid sources using RSM. The phytase showed a good capability to dephytinise wheat bran and soybean meal, demonstrating that the enzyme can be considered as a potential candidate for industrial food and feed applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rocky-Salimi
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safari
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
- Center of Excellence for Application of Modern Technology for Producing Functional Foods and Drinks, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Mousivand
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
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Phytase Production and Development of an Ideal Dephytinization Process for Amelioration of Food Nutrition Using Microbial Phytases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:1485-1495. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abid N, Khatoon A, Maqbool A, Irfan M, Bashir A, Asif I, Shahid M, Saeed A, Brinch-Pedersen H, Malik KA. Transgenic expression of phytase in wheat endosperm increases bioavailability of iron and zinc in grains. Transgenic Res 2016; 26:109-122. [PMID: 27687031 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytate is a major constituent of wheat seeds and chelates metal ions, thus reducing their bioavailability and so the nutritional value of grains. Transgenic plants expressing heterologous phytase are expected to enhance degradation of phytic acid stored in seeds and are proposed to increase the in vitro bioavailability of mineral nutrients. Wheat transgenic plants expressing Aspergillus japonicus phytase gene (phyA) in wheat endosperm were developed till T3 generation. The transgenic lines exhibited 18-99 % increase in phytase activity and 12-76 % reduction of phytic acid content in seeds. The minimum phytic acid content was observed in chapatti (Asian bread) as compared to flour and dough. The transcript profiling of phyA mRNA indicated twofold to ninefold higher expression as compared to non transgenic controls. There was no significant difference in grain nutrient composition of transgenic and non-transgenic seeds. In vitro bioavailability assay for iron and zinc in dough and chapatti of transgenic lines revealed a significant increase in iron and zinc contents. The development of nutritionally enhanced cereals is a step forward to combat nutrition deficiency for iron and zinc in malnourished human population, especially women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Abid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Asia Khatoon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P.O. Box No. 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Maqbool
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Bashir
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P.O. Box No. 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irsa Asif
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Asma Saeed
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of Plant Biology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kauser A Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Armacost Science Building, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
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Rocky-Salimi K, Hashemi M, Safari M, Mousivand M. A novel phytase characterized by thermostability and high pH tolerance from rice phyllosphere isolated Bacillus subtilis B.S.46. J Adv Res 2016; 7:381-90. [PMID: 27222743 PMCID: PMC4856833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an extracellular alkali-thermostable phytase producing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis B.S.46, were isolated and molecularly identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Response surface methodology was applied to study the interaction effects of assay conditions to obtain optimum value for maximizing phytase activity. The optimization resulted in 137% (4.627 U/mL) increase in phytase activity under optimum condition (56.5 °C, pH 7.30 and 2.05 mM sodium phytate). The enzyme also showed 60-73% of maximum activity at wide ranges of temperature (47-68 °C), pH (6.3-8.0) and phytate concentration (1.40-2.50 mM). The partially purified phytase demonstrated high stability over a wide range of pH (6.0-10.0) after 24 h, retaining 85% of its initial activity at pH 6 and even interestingly, the phytase activity enhanced at pH 8.0-10.0. It also exhibited thermostability, retaining about 60% of its original activity after 2 h at 60 °C. Cations such as Ca(2+) and Li(+) enhanced the phytase activity by 10-46% at 1 mM concentration. The phytase activity was completely inhibited by Cu(2+), Mg(2+), Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Hg(2+) and Mn(2+) and the inhibition was in a dose dependent manner. B. subtilis B.S.46 phytase had interesting characteristics to be considered as animal feed additive, dephytinization of food ingredients, and bioremediation of phosphorous pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rocky-Salimi
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safari
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran; Center of Excellence for Application of Modern Technology for Producing Functional Foods and Drinks, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Mousivand
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, Karaj, Iran
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46
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Singh B, Poças-Fonseca MJ, Johri BN, Satyanarayana T. Thermophilic molds: Biology and applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 42:985-1006. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sapna, Singh B. Biocatalytic potential of protease-resistant phytase ofAspergillus oryzaeSBS50 in ameliorating food nutrition. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1076215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kumari A, Satyanarayana T, Singh B. Mixed Substrate Fermentation for Enhanced Phytase Production by Thermophilic Mould Sporotrichum thermophile and Its Application in Beneficiation of Poultry Feed. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:197-210. [PMID: 26433602 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The optimum values of the critical variables determined by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) for maximum phytase production (1881.26 U g(-1) dry mouldy residue (DMR)) by Sporotrichum thermophile are 2.5 % Tween 80, 1.0 % yeast extract and 48 h of incubation period. Phytase production in the mixed substrate (sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran) fermentation enhanced 11.6-fold over the initial production as a consequence of optimization. Phytase titres are sustainable in flasks, trays and column bioreactor (1796 to 2095 U g(-1) DMR), thus validating the model and the process for large-scale phytase production. When the yeast extract was replaced with corn steep liquor (2 % w/v), a sustained enzyme titre (1890 U g(-1) DMR) was attained, making the process cost-effective. Among all the detergents, Tween 80 supported a higher phytase production than others. The enzyme efficiently liberated nutritional components from poultry feed (inorganic phosphate, soluble protein and reducing sugars) in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumari
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - T Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
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