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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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Chen X, Hu B, Huang L, Cheng L, Liu H, Hu J, Hu S, Han C, He H, Kang B, Xu H, Zhang R, Wang J, Li L. The differences in intestinal growth and microorganisms between male and female ducks. Poult Sci 2021; 100:1167-1177. [PMID: 33518075 PMCID: PMC7858134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are great differences in physiological and biological functions between animals of different sexes. However, whether there is a consensus between sexes in duck intestinal development and microorganisms is still unknown. The current study used Nonghua ducks to estimate the effect of sex on the intestine by evaluating differences in intestinal growth indexes and microorganisms. The intestines of male and female ducks were sampled at 2, 5, and 10 wk from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum. Then, the intestinal length and weight were measured, the morphology was observed with HE staining, and the intestinal content was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that male ducks have shorter intestinal lengths with higher relative weights/relative lengths. The values of jejunal villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) of female ducks were significantly higher at 2 wk, whereas the jejunal VH/CD was significantly lower at 10 wk. There was obvious separation of microorganisms in each intestinal segment of ducks of different sexes at the 3 time periods. The dominant phyla at different stages were Firmicutea, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. The duodenal Chao index at the genus level of male ducks was significantly higher at 10 wk than that of female ducks. Significantly different genera were found only in the jejunum, and the abundances of Escherichia_Shigella, Pseudomonas, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Sphingomonas, and Desulfovibrio in male ducks were higher than those in female ducks, whereas the abundance of Rothia was lower, and the abundance of viral infectious diseases, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, parasitic infectious diseases, xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism of other amino acids in male ducks were higher than that in female ducks, whereas gene folding, sorting and degradation pathways, and nucleotide metabolism were lower. This study provides a basic reference for the intestinal development and microbial symbiosis of ducks of different sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liansi Huang
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lumin Cheng
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua He
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Kang
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Li
- Work for Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China.
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Moreno SA, Gelambi M, Biganzoli A, Molinari J. Small nutrient molecules in fruit fuel efficient digestion and mutualism with plants in frugivorous bats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19376. [PMID: 31852966 PMCID: PMC6920426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivorous bats often possess short intestines, and digest rapidly. These characters are thought to be weight-saving adaptations for flight. The hypothesis that they limit digestive efficiency was tested by assaying glucose and protein in fecal samples of a free-ranging bat, and in fruit of its main food plant. To assure the correct calculation of digestive efficiencies, seeds were used as a mass marker for nutrients in fruit and feces. Glucose represents 32.86%, and protein 0.65%, of the nutrient content of fruit. Digestive efficiencies for these nutrients respectively are 92.46% and 84.44%, clearly negating the hypothesis for glucose. Few studies have quantified protein in fruit. Instead, "crude protein", a dietary parameter solely based on nitrogen determinations, is used as a surrogate of protein content. This study shows that, for fruit consumed by bats, crude protein estimates typically are much greater than true protein values, implying that a large fraction of the crude protein reported in previous studies consists of free amino acids. The rapid digestion of frugivores has the potential to limit protein digestion, thus it may require free amino acids for efficient assimilation of nitrogen; therefore, the crude protein approach is inadequate for the fruit that they consume because it does not differentiate free amino acids from protein. Adding simple sugars and free amino acids, instead of protein, to fruit reduce metabolic costs for plants. Direct assimilation of these small nutrient molecules increases digestive and foraging efficiencies. Both factors contribute to the persistence of the mutualism between plants and frugivores, with community-wide repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Mariana Gelambi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro Biganzoli
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Molinari
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 05101, Venezuela.
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