1
|
Cantiga-Silva C, de Oliveira PHC, Faria FD, Justo MP, Sivieri-Araújo G, Ervolino E, Pinheiro TN, Segura-Egea JJ, Cintra LTA. Increase Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in apical periodontitis of rats with chronic liver disease. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00974-6. [PMID: 38951301 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of liver fibrosis (LF) on the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 in apical periodontitis (AP) in Wistar rats. Forty Wistar rats were allocated in the following groups (n = 10): C-control; AP-apical periodontitis; LF-liver fibrosis; AP + LF-rats with AP and LF. LF and AP were induced by established methodologies. Histological, bacteriological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed according to pre-established scores. For comparisons between AP and AP + LF groups, the Mann-Whitney test was used (P < .05). The livers of the LF and AP + LF groups showed generalized portal inflammatory infiltrate and collagen fibers confirming the presence of LF. Histopathological analysis in the maxilla of the AP + LF group showed areas of necrosis comprising the entire dental pulp and periapical tissue surrounded by a more intense inflammatory infiltrate than observed in the AP group (P = 0.032). A significant number of specimens in the AP + LF group showed microorganisms beyond the apical foramen adhered to the extraradicular biofilm, demonstrating greater invasion compared to the AP group (P = .008). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a large number of cells immunoreactive for TLR2 and TLR4 in the AP + LF group, compared to the AP group (P < 0.05). Liver fibrosis favors the inflammation and contamination of microorganisms in apical periodontitis and triggers the expression of TLR2 and TLR4, modulating innate immunity response in periapical lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Cantiga-Silva
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Chaves de Oliveira
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Duarte Faria
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pagliusi Justo
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Science, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Novaes Pinheiro
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Dental School of Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Juan José Segura-Egea
- Endodontic Section, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Endodontic Section, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu B, Li Q, Sun X, Yin Y. O-GlcNAcylation of TLR4 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:119-127. [PMID: 37817319 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory responses are associated with diabetes and periodontitis, which are dysregulated by O-GlcNAcylation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT)-mediated TLR4 O-GlcNAcylation on the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLCs). METHODS PDLCs were treated with high glucose (HG) to establish a cell model. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using western blotting, an alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and an alizarin red S staining assay. The regulation of OGT on the O-GlcNAcylation of TLR4 was analyzed using co-immunoprecipitation, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The results showed that HG inhibited osteogenic differentiation and promoted inflammatory response. Knockdown of OGT promoted osteogenic differentiation of HG-treated PDLCs. OGT interacted with TLR4 and increased the O-GlcNAcylation and protein levels of TLR4 in the cytomembrane of PDLCs. Moreover, silenced TLR4 reversed the effects on osteogenic differentiation induced by OGT in HG-treated PDLCs. CONCLUSION O-GlcNAcylation of TLR4 induced by OGT suppresses osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs after HG stimulation. The findings suggest a promising strategy for treating DP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Yu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, ShangHai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, ShangHai, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, ShangHai, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, ShangHai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ng MY, Lin T, Chao SC, Chu PM, Yu CC. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Natural Compounds in Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133614. [PMID: 35806899 PMCID: PMC9267692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health burden. DM is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, and if left untreated, can lead to various complications. Individuals with uncontrolled DM are more susceptible to periodontitis due to both a hyper-inflammatory host response and an impaired immune response. Periodontitis, on the other hand, may exacerbate DM by increasing both local and systemic inflammatory components of DM-related complications. The current standard for periodontal treatment in diabetes-associated periodontitis (DP) focuses mostly on reducing bacterial load and less on controlling the excessive host response, and hence, may not be able to resolve DP completely. Over the past decade, natural compounds have emerged as an adjunct approach for modulating the host immune response with the hope of curing DP. The anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic characteristics of natural substances are well-known, and they can be found in regularly consumed foods and drinks, as well as plants. The pathophysiology of DP and the treatment benefits of various bioactive extracts for DP will be covered in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yee Ng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (M.Y.N.); (T.L.)
| | - Taichen Lin
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (M.Y.N.); (T.L.)
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Chao
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yi-lan, Luodong 265501, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (M.Y.N.); (T.L.)
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2471-8668
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin H, Li G, Xu X, Zhang C, Zhong W, Xu S, Yin Y, Song J. The role of oral microbiome in periodontitis under diabetes mellitus. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2078031. [PMID: 35694215 PMCID: PMC9176325 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2078031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is among most common human inflammatory diseases and characterized by destruction of tooth-supporting tissues that will eventually lead to tooth loss. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. Numerous studies have provided evidence for the inter-relationship between DM and periodontitis that has been considered as the sixth most frequent complication of DM. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. The impact of DM on periodontitis through hyperglycemia and inflammatory pathways is well described, but the effects of DM on oral microbiota remain controversial according to previous studies. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing technology indicate that DM can alter the biodiversity and composition of oral microbiome especially subgingival microbiome. This may be another mechanism by which DM risks or aggravates periodontitis. Thus, to understand the role of oral microbiome in periodontitis of diabetics and the mechanism of shifts of oral microbiome under DM would be valuable for making specific therapeutic regimens for treating periodontitis patients with DM or preventing diabetic patients from periodontitis. This article reviews the role of oral microbiome in periodontal health (symbiosis) and disease (dysbiosis), highlights the oral microbial shifts under DM and summarizes the mechanism of the shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Chuangwei Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Shihan Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, Unknown, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, Unknown, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salivary MMP-9 Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072174. [PMID: 35408573 PMCID: PMC9000607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus share a two-way relationship, the common factor being the inflammatory-mediated pathway, and various cytokines are released during this inflammatory cascade, one of which being matrix metalloproteinase-9. The aim of this study was to identify whether the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are increased due to type-II diabetes mellitus in chronic periodontitis patients. It was an observational, analytical, case-control study. Thirty subjects were recruited in the test group, who were suffering from type-II diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis, and 30 subjects in the control group, who were subjects with chronic periodontitis but systemically healthy. Periodontal parameters, including the plaque score, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level of the subjects, were measured, saliva samples of all of the subjects were collected and salivary matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24. Overall, the matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels of the diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis were increased almost twofold (156.95 ± 29.80 ng/mL) compared to the levels in the controls (74.96 ± 6.32 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). Similarly, the periodontal parameters were far worse in diabetics with chronic periodontitis compared to the controls. The average gingivitis score for the test subjects was 78.45 ± 8.93%), compared to 29.32 ± 12.96% in the controls (p < 0.001). The mean probing pocket depth for the test group was 5.39 ± 0.60 mm, and, for the control group, it was 4.35 ± 0.31 mm (p < 0.001). For the test subjects, the average clinical attachment level was 5.86 ± 0.58 mm, and it was 4.66 ± 0.32 mm for the controls (p < 0.001). It was ascertained that there is a two-fold increase in the levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the test group compared to the control group. In addition, the level of periodontal apparatus destruction was greater in the test group. This proved that type-II diabetes mellitus influences the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in humans and elevates them, causing further periodontal destruction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alsamahi S, Milne TM, Hussaini H, Rich AM, Friedlander LT. Type 2 diabetes and the clinically normal pulp - An in-vitro study. Int Endod J 2022; 55:660-671. [PMID: 35322881 PMCID: PMC9324782 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on clinically normal dental pulp tissue by using special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the morphology of the coronal pulp and distribution of immune markers in non‐T2D and T2D groups. Methodology Ethics approval for this in vitro pilot study was obtained from the University of Otago Human Ethics Committee (16/069). Twenty extracted permanent molar teeth diagnosed as having clinically normal pulp status were collected. Ten teeth were from participants with well‐controlled T2D and ten from participants without diabetes (non‐T2D). Each tooth was sectioned transversely at the cemento‐enamel junction before the crowns were decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Massons trichrome, and van Gieson stains for histological and morphological evaluation. IHC using anti‐CD4, anti‐CD68 and anti‐CD83 and anti‐IL1β, anti‐IL6, anti‐IL17, anti‐TNF‐α, anti‐TLR2, anti‐TLR4 and anti‐FOXP3 identified proteins of interest. Qualitative and semi‐quantitative analyses evaluated the morphology of the dental pulp and protein expression. Data analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism, using Student's t‐test and multiple regression using SPSS at p < .05. Results Special stains demonstrated morphological differences in the T2D dental pulp compared with non‐T2D. Qualitative analysis indicated that the pulp in the T2D samples was consistently less cellular, less vascular, showed evidence of thickened blood vessel walls, increased pulp calcification and collagen deposition. Semi‐quantitative analysis of IHC samples showed the T2D pulp had significantly increased expression of macrophage and dendritic cell markers CD68 (p < .001) and CD83 (p = .04), and there was significantly greater expression of inflammatory cytokines IL1β (p = .01), IL6 (p < .0001), IL17 (p < .0001) and TNF‐α (p = .01). T2D samples showed a significant increase in markers of innate inflammation, TLR2 (p < .001) and TLR4 (p < .001) and decreased expression of regulatory T‐cell marker, FOXP3 (p = .01). Multiple regression showed that age‐corrected differences were statistically significant. Conclusion Preliminary findings suggest that T2D may exert a similar response in the pulp to complications in other body sites. Hyperglycaemia is associated with changes in the morphology of the clinically normal dental pulp with altered immune cell and cytokine expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alsamahi
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago
| | - T M Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago
| | - H Hussaini
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago
| | - A M Rich
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago
| | - L T Friedlander
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radaic A, Ganther S, Kamarajan P, Grandis J, Yom SS, Kapila YL. Paradigm shift in the pathogenesis and treatment of oral cancer and other cancers focused on the oralome and antimicrobial-based therapeutics. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:76-93. [PMID: 34463982 PMCID: PMC8415008 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a community of microorganisms, comprised of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa, that form a complex ecosystem within the oral cavity. Although minor perturbations in the environment are frequent and compensable, major shifts in the oral microbiome can promote an unbalanced state, known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can promote oral diseases, including periodontitis. In addition, oral dysbiosis has been associated with other systemic diseases, including cancer. The objective of this review is to evaluate the epidemiologic evidence linking periodontitis to oral, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, prostate, and uterine cancers, as well as describe new evidence and insights into the role of oral dysbiosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of the cancer types discussed. Finally, we discuss how antimicrobials, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics may be promising tools to prevent and treat these cancers, targeting both the microbes and associated carcinogenesis processes. These findings represent a novel paradigm in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer focused on the oral microbiome and antimicrobial‐based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kutepov IV, Lyashev YD. Pharmacological correction of periodontitis using synthetic analogues of indolicidin. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.38107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The leading role of pathogenic microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is beyond doubt. However, the use of antibiotics for periodontitis is associated with a number of problems. Indolicidins have a unique anti-microbial effect. The relevance of the search for new drugs for the treatment of acute periodontitis based on the natural indolicidin peptide becomes obvious.
Materials and methods: The investigation was performed on 320 Wistar male rats, using synthetic analogues of natural indolicidin: No. 7 and No. 8, which were administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 500 µg/kg in a volume of 0.2 ml once a day for 7 days. Periodontitis was simulated in animals according to the method proposed by Volozhin A.I. and Vinogradova S.I.
Results and discussion: The correcting effect of indolicidin analogues on the periodontitis course, was manifested by a decrease in edema and in the relative area of cell infiltrates, a significant increase in the relative area of normal tissue, and a correction of the periodontal composition. The use of indolicidin analogues led to an increase in the functional activity of neutrophils and macrophages, acute phase proteins concentration, a correction of pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and production of vasoactive substances. The effect of indolicidin analogues was higher than that of lincomycin. The greater effectiveness of peptide No.8 compared to that of No.7 was established.
Conclusion: The investigation opens up the prospects of the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs on the basis of the synthetic analogues of indolicidin.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dommisch H, Skora P, Hirschfeld J, Olk G, Hildebrandt L, Jepsen S. The guardians of the periodontium—sequential and differential expression of antimicrobial peptides during gingival inflammation. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:276-285. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic DentistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Oral Health SciencesUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Philipp Skora
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Josefine Hirschfeld
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- College of Medical and Dental SciencesPeriodontal Research GroupUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Gabriela Olk
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Groeger S, Meyle J. Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:208. [PMID: 30837987 PMCID: PMC6383680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for viability. To fulfill this task, oral epithelial cells follow a strongly regulated scheme of differentiation that results in the formation of structural proteins that manage the integrity of epithelial tissues and operate as a barrier. Oral epithelial cells are connected by various transmembrane proteins with specialized structures and functions. Keratin filaments adhere to the plasma membrane by desmosomes building a three-dimensional matrix. Cell-Cell Contacts and Bacterial Influence: It is known that pathogenic oral bacteria are able to affect the expression and configuration of cell-cell junctions. Human keratinocytes up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors upon stimulation with bacterial components. Periodontal pathogens including P. gingivalis are able to inhibit oral epithelial innate immune responses through various mechanisms and to escape from host immune reaction, which supports the persistence of periodontitis and furthermore is able to affect the epithelial barrier function by altering expression and distribution of cell-cell interactions including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). In the pathogenesis of periodontitis a highly organized biofilm community shifts from symbiosis to dysbiosis which results in destructive local inflammatory reactions. Cellular Receptors: Cell-surface located toll like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmatic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs recognize microbial parts that represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A multimeric complex of proteins known as inflammasome, which is a subset of NLRs, assembles after activation and proceeds to pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Cytokine Production and Release: Cytokines and bacterial products may lead to host cell mediated tissue destruction. Keratinocytes are able to produce diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Infection by pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) can induce a differentiated production of these cytokines. Immuno-modulation, Bacterial Infection, and Cancer Cells: There is a known association between bacterial infection and cancer. Bacterial components are able to up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors on cancer cells. Interactions of bacteria with tumor cells could support malignant transformation an environment with deficient immune regulation. The aim of this review is to present a set of molecular mechanisms of oral epithelial cells and their reactions to a number of toxic influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Stormberg AJ, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Gonzalez OA. Comparative analysis of expression of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2018; 224:196-206. [PMID: 30470434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are necessary for effective innate immune engagement of pathogens that express microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) ligands for these PRRs. This study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate the expression of these sensing molecules in gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 12-24 with a healthy periodontium (n = 13) or periodontitis (n = 11) provided gingival tissues for assessment of naturally-occurring periodontitis. An additional group of animals (12-23 years; n = 18) was subjected to a 5 month longitudinal study examining the initiation and progression of periodontitis, RNA was isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing PRRs. The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in naturally-occurring established periodontitis. Selected PRRs also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. The longitudinal model demonstrated multiple TLRs, as well as selected other PRRs that were significantly increased by 2 weeks during initiation of the lesion. While gene expression levels of various PRRs correlated with BOP and PD at baseline and resolution of disease, few correlated with these clinical parameters during initiation and progression of the lesion. These findings suggest that the levels of various PRRs are affected in established periodontitis lesions, and that PRR expression increased most dramatically during the initiation of the disease process, presumably in response to the juxtaposed microbial challenge to the tissues and goal of reestablishing homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - A J Stormberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blufstein A, Behm C, Nguyen PQ, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Human periodontal ligament cells exhibit no endotoxin tolerance upon stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:589-597. [PMID: 29582430 PMCID: PMC6055822 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by a state of hyporesponsiveness after confrontation with endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether pretreatment with Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to endotoxin tolerance induction and possible alterations in toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2‐ and 4‐induced response in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Material and Methods Primary hPDLCs were pretreated with P. gingivalis (0.1 or 0.3 μg/mL) LPS for 24 hours and afterwards treated with one of the following stimuli: P. gingivalis LPS (1 μg/mL); TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli LPS (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL); TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL). The protein expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Pretreatment of cells with low concentrations of P. gingivalis LPS did not result in lower production of IL‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 compared to control group. In some cases, pretreated cells exhibited lower gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to non‐pretreated cells. Conclusion The results of this study implicate that hPDLCs do not develop endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, the amplitude of the inflammatory response shows no significant dependency on TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Blufstein
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Behm
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Q Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - X Rausch-Fan
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Andrukhov
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang P, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang M, Aprecio R, Ji N, Mohamed O, Li Y, Ding Y, Wang Q. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 -enhanced PTPN2 positively regulates periodontal inflammation through the JAK/STAT pathway in human oral keratinocytes and a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodontal Res 2018. [PMID: 29516520 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is an increasingly prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (known as diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25VD3 ) was recently found to be a critical regulator of innate immunity in this disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) is a potential downstream protein of the 25VD3 /vitamin D receptor pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of PTPN2 in periodontal inflammation in diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected db/db mice were treated with 25VD3 . Their fasting blood glucose and body weight were monitored every other week, and the levels of alveolar bone loss and serum inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6) were determined at the time of killing. The effect of PTPN2 on human OKF6-TERT2 oral keratinocytes was examined through the knockout of PTPN2 using the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout plasmid. The expression levels of the PTPN2, vitamin D receptor and JAK1/STAT3 signaling proteins in the gingival epithelium and OKF6-TERT2 cells were determined through western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS After 25VD3 treatment, db/db mice exhibited alleviated serum inflammatory cytokines and alveolar bone loss, and 25VD3 -enhanced PTPN2 expression decreased the expression of the JAK1/STAT3 signaling proteins in the gingival epithelium. Analyses of human oral keratinocytes showed that 25VD3 increased the expression of PTPN2, which dephosphorylates protein substrates in the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PTPN2 contributed to a decrease in periodontal inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus via dephosphorylate protein substrates in the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway after 25VD3 treatment in human oral keratinocytes and a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A thorough understanding of PTPN2 and its involvement in inhibiting inflammation might provide alternative therapeutic approaches for the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Zhang
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - D Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Aprecio
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - N Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - O Mohamed
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Y Li
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Y Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kriebel K, Hieke C, Müller-Hilke B, Nakata M, Kreikemeyer B. Oral Biofilms from Symbiotic to Pathogenic Interactions and Associated Disease -Connection of Periodontitis and Rheumatic Arthritis by Peptidylarginine Deiminase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:53. [PMID: 29441048 PMCID: PMC5797574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of bacterial species are harbored in the oral cavity, with the resulting complex network of interactions between the microbiome and host contributing to physiological as well as pathological conditions at both local and systemic levels. Bacterial communities inhabit the oral cavity as primary niches in a symbiotic manner and form dental biofilm in a stepwise process. However, excessive formation of biofilm in combination with a corresponding deregulated immune response leads to intra-oral diseases, such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Moreover, oral commensal bacteria, which are classified as so-called “pathobionts” according to a now widely accepted terminology, were recently shown to be present in extra-oral lesions with distinct bacterial species found to be involved in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic infective endocarditis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The present review focuses on oral pathobionts as commensal and healthy members of oral biofilms that can turn into initiators of disease. We will shed light on the processes involved in dental biofilm formation and also provide an overview of the interactions of P. gingivalis, as one of the most prominent oral pathobionts, with host cells, including epithelial cells, phagocytes, and dental stem cells present in dental tissues. Notably, a previously unknown interaction of P. gingivalis bacteria with human stem cells that has impact on human immune response is discussed. In addition to this very specific interaction, the present review summarizes current knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory effect of P. gingivalis and other oral pathobionts, members of the oral microbiome, that pave the way for systemic and chronic diseases, thereby showing a link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kriebel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hieke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hamonic G, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Recognizing conserved non-canonical localization patterns of toll-like receptors in tissues and across species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:1-11. [PMID: 29330675 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were originally characterized as exclusively expressed on the cell surface and TLR 3, 7, 8 and 9 were said to be localized to the endosomes. However, continued research in this area shows that TLR localization may be altered across cell-types, and in response to stimulation, age or disease. Mucosal surfaces must remain tolerant to the commensal flora and thus intracellular or basal lateral localization of TLRs at mucosal surfaces may be necessary to prevent induction of an inflammatory response to commensal flora while still allowing the possibility for the receptors to prime an immune response when a pathogen has crossed the epithelial barrier. Here, we highlight the research specifying 'non-canonical' localization of TLRs in human and animal mucosal tissues and blood-derived cells, while excluding cultured polarized immortalized cells. Reports that only indicate TLR gene/protein expression and/or responsiveness to agonists have been excluded unless the report also indicates surface/intracellular distribution in the cell. Understanding the tissue- and species-specific localization of these specific pattern recognition receptors will lead to a greater appreciation of the way in which TLR ligands promote innate immunity and influence the adaptive immune response. A more comprehensive understanding of this information will potentially aid in the exploitation of the therapeutic or adjuvant potential of selectively localized TLRs and in opening new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hamonic
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
ALASQAH M, MOKEEM S, ALRAHLAH A, AL-HAMOUDI N, ABDULJABBAR T, AKRAM Z, VOHRA F, JAVED F. Periodontal parameters in prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-diabetic patients. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e81. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
17
|
Response of human periodontal ligament stem cells to IFN-γ and TLR-agonists. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12856. [PMID: 28993635 PMCID: PMC5634407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells similarly to the mesenchymal stem cells of other tissues possess immunomodulatory properties, which are regulated by different cytokines, particularly by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, less information is provided about the effect of toll-like receptors ligand on immunomodulatory properties of these cells. In the present study we investigated the response of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in response to simultaneous stimulation with IFN-γ and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The resulting expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) was investigated. The expression of IDO-1 was upregulated by IFN-γ in both gene and protein levels. TLR2 agonists Pam3CSK4 induced gene expression of IDO-1, but had no effect on protein expression. IFN-γ induced IDO-1 protein expression was further enhanced by Pam3CSK4. TLR-4 agonist E. coli LPS has no significant effect on neither basal nor IFN-γ induced IDO-1 protein expression. The production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 was induced by TLR agonists. Neither basal nor TLR agonists induced production of these proteins was affected by IFN-γ. Our data shows potential interaction between IFN-γ and TLR2 responses in hPDLSCs, which might be involved in regulation of immune response in inflammatory diseases, and particularly periodontitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Ke X, Yan F, Lei L, Li H. Necroptosis in the periodontal homeostasis: Signals emanating from dying cells. Oral Dis 2017; 24:900-907. [PMID: 28763140 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal tissues are constantly exposed to microbial stimuli. The equilibrium between microbes and host defense system helps maintain the homeostasis in the periodontal microenvironment. Growth of pathogenic bacteria in dental biofilms may induce proinflammatory cytokine production to recruit sentinel cells, mainly neutrophils and monocytes into the gingival sulcus or the periodontal pocket. Moreover, dysbiosis with overgrowth of anaerobic pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, may induce death of both immune cells and host resident cells. Necroptosis is one newly characterized programmed cell death mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase like (MLKL). With its release of death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) into extracellular environment, necroptosis may help transmit the danger signal and amplify the inflammatory responses. In this review, we present recent advances on how necroptosis influences bacterial infection progression and what a role necroptosis plays in maintaining the homeostasis in the periodontal niche. Until we fully decipher the signals emanated from dying cells, we cannot completely understand the mechanism of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Ke
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - F Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Lei
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abduljabbar T, Al-sahaly F, Al-kathami M, Afzal S, Vohra F. Comparison of periodontal and peri-implant inflammatory parameters among patients with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:319-324. [PMID: 28325134 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1303848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare periodontal and periimplant inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD] and marginal bone loss [MBL]) among patients with prediabetes, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five patients with prediabetes (Group-1), 43 patients with T2DM (Group-2) and 42 controls (Group-3) were included. Demographic data was recorded using a questionnaire. Full mouth and periimplant clinical (PI, BOP and PD) were assessed and the radiographic MBL were measured on digital radiographs. In all groups, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also measured. p values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean HbA1c levels of participants in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 6.1%, 8.4% and 4.8%, respectively. The mean duration of prediabetes and T2DM among patients in groups 1 and 2 were 1.9 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Periodontal and periimplant PI, BOP, PD and MBL were higher in groups 1 (p < .05) and 2 (p < .05) than group 3. There was no difference in these parameters in groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal and periimplant inflammatory parameters were worse among patients with prediabetes and T2DM compared with controls; however, these parameters were comparable among patients with prediabetes and T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Al-sahaly
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sibtain Afzal
- Prince Naif Centre for Immunology Research, College of Medicine, King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Nasiri AA, Kohan F. Toll-like receptor 2 and type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:2. [PMID: 28536605 PMCID: PMC5415836 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and related complications. Since the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to innate immunity, it appears that they are important participants in the development and pathogenesis of the disease. Previous investigations demonstrated that TLR2 homodimers and TLR2 heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 activate innate immunity upon recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several DAMPs are released during type 2 diabetes, so it may be hypothesized that TLR2 is significantly involved in its progression. Here, we review recent data on the important roles and status of TLR2 in type 2 diabetes and related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
- Department of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Nasiri
- Department of Internal Anesthesiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Farhad Kohan
- General Physician, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song B, Zhang YL, Chen LJ, Zhou T, Huang WK, Zhou X, Shao LQ. The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2016; 23:168-180. [PMID: 26923115 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common infectious disease. Recent studies have indicated that the progression of periodontitis may be regulated by interactions between host immunity and periodontopathic bacteria. Although periodontopathic bacteria can destroy periodontal tissue, a dysfunctional host immune response triggered by the bacteria can lead to more severe and persistent destruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes pathogens, have been implicated in host innate immune responses to periodontopathic bacteria and in the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR-targeted drugs may hold promise to treat periodontal disease. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of TLRs in periodontitis and discusses areas needing further research. We believe TLRs may be an effective biomarker for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W K Huang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - X Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:387-398. [PMID: 27005450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hedgpeth DC, Zhang X, Jin J, Leite RS, Krayer JW, Huang Y. Periodontal CD14 mRNA expression is downregulated in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:145. [PMID: 26581717 PMCID: PMC4652420 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased severity of periodontitis. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, its co-receptors CD14 and MD-2, and adaptor MyD88 play pivotal roles in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered tissue inflammation and periodontitis. This study investigated the effects of T2DM and periodontitis on TLR4, CD14, MD-2 and MyD88 mRNA expression in surgically removed periodontal tissues. Methods Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from 14 patients without periodontitis and T2DM (Group 1), 15 patients with periodontitis alone (Group 2), and 7 patients with both periodontitis and T2DM (Group 3). The mRNA of TLR4, CD14, MD-2 and MyD88 was quantified using real-time PCR and compared between the groups. Results Statistical analysis showed that periodontal expression of CD14 mRNA was significantly reduced across Groups 1, 2 and 3 (p = 0.02) whereas the mRNA expression of TLR4, MD-2 and MyD88 was not significantly different among the groups. Furthermore, when patients in Groups 1 and 2 were combined (n = 22), the CD14 mRNA expression was significantly lower than that in patients of Group 1 (p = 0.04). Conclusions CD14 mRNA expression was downregulated across patients with neither periodontitis nor T2DM, patients with periodontitis alone and patients with both diseases, suggesting that CD14 mRNA expression is associated with a favorable host response or subjected to a negative feedback regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Hedgpeth
- Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Junfei Jin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Renata S Leite
- Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Center for Oral Health Research, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Joe W Krayer
- Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sonnenschein SK, Meyle J. Local inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:221-54. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
25
|
Zhen L, Fan DS, Zhang Y, Cao XM, Wang LM. Resveratrol ameliorates experimental periodontitis in diabetic mice through negative regulation of TLR4 signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:221-8. [PMID: 25530164 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RSV) on periodontitis in diabetic mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced in db/db mice by ligature application of porphyromonas gingivalis. The mice were treated with RSV (20 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 4 weeks. Alveolar bone loss, proinflammatory cytokines and TLR4 expression in the gingival tissue were measured. Cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were used for in vitro studies. The transcriptional activity of TLR4 downstream signaling was analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS RSV administration significantly decreased the blood glucose levels, and ameliorated alveolar bone loss in db/db mice with experimental periodontitis. RSV administration also suppressed the high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TLR4 in gingival tissue of the mice. In the GECs incubated in high glucose medium, TLR4 expression was substantially upregulated, which was partly blocked in the presence of RSV. Lipopolysaccharides markedly increased the expression and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the GECs cultured in high glucose medium, which was also partly blocked in the presence of RSV. Furthermore, RSV significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of TLR4 downstream factors NF-κB p65, p38MAPK, and STAT3. CONCLUSION RSV exerts protective effects against experimental periodontitis in db/db mice via negative regulation of TLR4 signaling.
Collapse
|
26
|
Grigorovich ES, Gorodilov RV, Arsent'eva KI. [Expression markers of innate and adaptive immunity in gingival biopsies of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis during treatment]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2015; 94:17-20. [PMID: 26953422 DOI: 10.17116/stomat201594517-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective was to evaluate changes in expression of TLR, CD4, CD8 and CD20 in the mucosa of the gums occurring under the influence of basic treatment in patients with periodontitis. Fifty-seven periodontitis patients that received basic treatment were included in the study, gingival mucosa biopsies were obtained and immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, CD4, CD8 and CD2 and the severity of acanthosis were assessemd in course of treatment. It is shown that one month of therapy significantly reduces the amount of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in gingival epithelial cells, populations of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the inflammatory infiltrates, whereas no significant differences in the quantitative distribution of CD20-lymphocytes have been identified. Marked regression of inflammatory changes in therapy and decrease the severity of acanthosis. Therapy aimed at reducing the bacterial load in the mouth was associated with good clinical effect, as evidenced by the periodontal index and the innate immune system suppression to reduce susceptibility to periodontal patogens combined with the suppression of acquired immunity cells level in the gingival mucosa during treatment. At the same time, the protective ability of pathogens supported by the persistence of populations CD20-lymphocytes with the ability to activate humoral adaptive immunity was also seen.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang X, Zhang J, Ni J, Ouyang B, Wang D, Luo S, Xie B, Xuan D. Toll-Like Receptor 4–Mediated Hyper-Responsiveness of Gingival Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide in High-Glucose Environments. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
28
|
McClure R, Massari P. TLR-Dependent Human Mucosal Epithelial Cell Responses to Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:386. [PMID: 25161655 PMCID: PMC4129373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals. TLRs respond to specific microbial ligands and to danger signals produced by the host during infection, and initiate downstream cascades that activate both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are expressed by professional immune cells and by the large majority of non-hematopoietic cells, including epithelial cells. In epithelial tissues, TLR functions are particularly important because these sites are constantly exposed to microorganisms, due to their location at the host interface with the environment. While at these sites specific defense mechanisms and inflammatory responses are initiated via TLR signaling against pathogens, suppression or lack of TLR activation is also observed in response to the commensal microbiota. The mechanisms by which TLR signaling is regulated in mucosal epithelial cells include differential expression and levels of TLRs (and their signaling partners), their cellular localization and positioning within the tissue in a fashion that favors responses to pathogens while dampening responses to commensals and maintaining tissue homeostasis in physiologic conditions. In this review, the expression and activation of TLRs in mucosal epithelial cells of several sites of the human body are examined. Specifically, the oral cavity, the ear canal and eye, the airways, the gut, and the reproductive tract are discussed, along with how site-specific host defense mechanisms are implemented via TLR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McClure
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Paola Massari
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|