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Ebersole JL, Hasturk H, Huber M, Gellibolian R, Markaryan A, Zhang XD, Miller CS. Realizing the clinical utility of saliva for monitoring oral diseases. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 39010260 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In the era of personalized/precision health care, additional effort is being expended to understand the biology and molecular mechanisms of disease processes. How these mechanisms are affected by individual genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral choices will encompass an expanding role in the future of optimally preventing and treating diseases. Considering saliva as an important biological fluid for analysis to inform oral disease detection/description continues to expand. This review provides an overview of saliva as a diagnostic fluid and the features of various biomarkers that have been reported. We emphasize the use of salivary biomarkers in periodontitis and transport the reader through extant literature, gaps in knowledge, and a structured approach toward validating and determine the utility of biomarkers in periodontitis. A summation of the findings support the likelihood that a panel of biomarkers including both host molecules and specific microorganisms will be required to most effectively identify risk for early transition to disease, ongoing disease activity, progression, and likelihood of response to standard periodontal therapy. The goals would be to develop predictive algorithms that serve as adjunctive diagnostic tools which provide the clinician and patient important information for making informed clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The ADA Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michaell Huber
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohua D Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Wang X, Fei Q, Yuan T. The diagnostic value of salivary C-reactive protein in neonatal infections: a meta-analysis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02328-4. [PMID: 38904890 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-reactive protein (CRP), as an acute phase protein, is a sensitive indicator of neonatal bacterial infection. Some recent studies have shown that there is a correlation between CRP levels in serum and saliva, and using saliva to detect CRP levels is expected to be an ideal and non-invasive method to predict neonatal infection. The purpose of this Meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnostic value of salivary CRP for neonatal infection. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in October 2023 and included observational studies that examined salivary CRP in newborns with bacterial infections. Data was extracted regarding the methodology, participant characteristics, and outcome measures. RESULTS Nine articles were included, with a total of 696 newborns. Salivary CRP levels are significantly higher in neonates with infections compared to non-infected group (SMD = 0.58, 95%CI [0.40-0.76], P < 0.001). The accuracy for salivary CRP to predict serum CRP abnormality is high (sensitivity 86%, specificity 88%, area under the curve = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggested that salivary CRP can be used as an alternative biomarker to serum CRP for detecting neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Tianming Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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3
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Gül SNS, Birdal O, Laloğlu E. Serum asprosin levels are increased in patients with periodontitis and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and correlated with periodontal parameters: A case-control study. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:259-266. [PMID: 37984462 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate whether patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)-related periodontitis will experience any changes in asprosin levels. BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common, chronic infection of the periodontium that is epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular disease. Although asprosin, a hormone released from adipose tissue, is a protective role in cardiovascular diseases, its effectiveness in periodontitis is unknown. METHODS The study was conducted on a total of 120 patients, divided into four groups; the group of healthy control (n = 35), the group of periodontitis (n = 35), the group of periodontitis+STEMI (n = 25), and the group of STEMI (n = 25). In each patient, age, serum asprosin, CRP, troponin-I, and clinical periodontal parameters [plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL)] were evaluated. The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Serum asprosin, CRP, and troponin-I levels were statistically higher in the STEMI+periodontitis group compared to the other groups. In addition, as a result of the study, it was observed that there was a correlation between serum asprosin levels, clinical periodontal parameters, and CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that STEMI and periodontitis are associated with high asprosin levels. Since the risk of periodontitis is high in STEMI patients, periodontitis should also be considered when evaluating asprosin levels in STEMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Nur Sevinç Gül
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Birdal
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Laloğlu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Miyoshi S, Kawamoto A, Ninomiya Y, Hamada Y, Shimizu H, Honda Y, Takahashi K. Exploration of reference genes for the development of a diagnostic kit on vascular aging in human saliva. Dent Mater J 2024; 43:172-178. [PMID: 38246628 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole saliva samples were collected to assess the expression of reference genes: actin beta (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), beta-2-microglobulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The most abundantly expressed gene was 18S rRNA, and the least expressed gene was GAPDH. Four genes were ranked according to their relative stability, as determined by mathematical algorithms, indicating that ACTB and 18S rRNA were stably expressed as reference genes. 18S rRNA was identified as the most promising reference gene for detecting systemic diseases using saliva from patients with vascular aging in these limited experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiyo Kawamoto
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Yuichi Ninomiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | | | - Hideo Shimizu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Dental University
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Varma S, Thomas B, Subrahmanyam K, Duarte K, Alsaegh MA, Gopinath D, Kuriadom ST, Narayanan J, Desai VB, Khair AMB, Afrashtehfar KI. Salivary levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in periodontitis patients with and without acute myocardial infarction: implications for cardiovascular risk assessment. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1332980. [PMID: 38433948 PMCID: PMC10904480 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1332980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is initiated by a dysbiotic activity and furthermore leads to a chronic inflammatory response. The presence of pro-inflammatory markers plays an important role in the inflammatory load. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are pro- inflammatory biomarkers that quantify clinical and subclinical inflammation in cardiac ischemia in cardiac inflammation and disease. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory marker associated with good health. The susceptibility of periodontitis patients to cardiovascular events needs to be evaluated. Objective This study aims to assess the levels of biomarkers in periodontitis patients with and without acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to controls. Material and methods Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory analytes were examined by collecting unstimulated saliva from three groups (n = 20/each): healthy individuals, individuals with stage III periodontitis, and post-myocardial infarction patients with stage III periodontitis. The samples were collected within 48 h of AMI. Results Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with periodontitis with and without AMI compared to controls, while CRP and MIP-1α were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis with and without AMI compared to controls. The highest titers for MIP-1α and CRP were detected among patients with periodontitis with and AMI. Conclusion Our study provides possible evidence of the association between periodontitis and salivary analytes that occur in tandem with cardiovascular disease. The lower levels of Adiponectin and higher levels of CRP and MIP-1α in patients with periodontitis indicate that this condition is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The findings emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention for periodontitis patients to prevent cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Biju Thomas
- AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - K. Subrahmanyam
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- K.S. Hegde Hospital, Mangalore, India
| | - Kimberly Duarte
- AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
- K.S. Hegde Hospital, Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammed A. Alsaegh
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divya Gopinath
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sam T. Kuriadom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayaraj Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay B. Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Kelvin I. Afrashtehfar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Medical School, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Szustkiewicz-Karoń A, Schönborn M, Patrycja Pasieka, Płotek A, Maga P, Gregorczyk-Maga I. Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Review. Angiology 2023; 74:909-947. [PMID: 36268801 DOI: 10.1177/00033197221134757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the most serious problem in public health, there is a need for new and efficient methods for screening and early detection. In the recent literature, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been gaining recognition as sources of many potential biomarkers of various systemic diseases, mainly because of correlation between the level of some compounds in the blood and saliva and association between the composition of saliva and health status. In this review, we summarize published findings of patients with atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and stroke in the context of clinical utility of saliva and GCF in diagnosing and assessing CVD severity. We hypothesize that substances in saliva including inflammatory markers, enzymes, or hormones might become novel contributors to the diagnosis and screening of CVDs. In particular, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα), and cortisol seem to be the most promising. However, further investigation is warranted to determine the most effective markers and methods for their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyna Schönborn
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Pasieka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Płotek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Maga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Angiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Tang V, Hamidi B, Janal MN, Barber CA, Godder B, Palomo L, Kamer AR. Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) associates with composites of salivary cytokines. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280333. [PMID: 36791096 PMCID: PMC9931150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease (PerioD) is a chronic, complex inflammatory condition resulting from the interaction between subgingival dysbiotic bacteria and the host immune response leading to local inflammation. Since periodontal inflammation is characterized by multiple cytokines effects we investigated whether Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA), a continuous measure of clinical periodontal inflammation is a predictor of composite indexes of salivary cytokines. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a cross-sectional study of 67 healthy, well-educated individuals, we evaluated PISA and several cytokines expressed in whole stimulated saliva. Two salivary cytokine indexes were constructed using weighted and unweighted approaches based on a Principal Component Analysis [named Cytokine Component Index (CCI)] or averaging the (standardized) level of all cytokines [named Composite Inflammatory Index (CII)]. In regression analysis we found that PISA scores were significantly associated with both salivary cytokine constructs, (CCI: part R = 0.51, p<0.001; CII: part R = 0.40, p = 0.001) independent of age, gender and BMI showing that single scores summarizing salivary cytokines correlated with severity of clinical periodontal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Clinical periodontal inflammation may be reflected by a single score encompassing several salivary cytokines. These results are consistent with the complexity of interactions characterizing periodontal disease. In addition, Type I error is likely to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Tang
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bubak Hamidi
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Barber
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Godder
- Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leena Palomo
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dong T, Matos Pires NM, Yang Z, Jiang Z. Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Protein Biomarker Detection in Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205429. [PMID: 36585368 PMCID: PMC9951322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The focus on precise medicine enhances the need for timely diagnosis and frequent monitoring of chronic diseases. Moreover, the recent pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 poses a great demand for rapid detection and surveillance of viral infections. The detection of protein biomarkers and antigens in the saliva allows rapid identification of diseases or disease changes in scenarios where and when the test response at the point of care is mandated. While traditional methods of protein testing fail to provide the desired fast results, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials hold perfect characteristics for the detection of biomarkers in point-of-care settings. The recent advances in electrochemical sensors for salivary protein detection are critically reviewed in this work, with emphasis on the role of nanomaterials to boost the biosensor analytical performance and increase the reliability of the test in human saliva samples. Furthermore, this work identifies the critical factors for further modernization of the nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors, envisaging the development and implementation of next-generation sample-in-answer-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems‐ IMSFaculty of TechnologyNatural Sciences and Maritime SciencesUniversity of South‐Eastern Norway‐USNP.O. Box 235Kongsberg3603Norway
| | - Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Systems and Intelligent TransductionCollaborative Innovation Center on Micro‐Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco‐Internet of ThingsChongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro‐Nano Systems Technology and Smart TransducingNational Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing ServiceChongqing Technology and Business UniversityNan'an DistrictChongqing400067China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringInternational Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jie Z, Jin X, Jia B. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:4-32. [PMID: 36285724 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex biological fluid with a variety of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota, which can be used for the screening and diagnosis of many diseases. In addition, saliva has the characteristics of simple collection, non-invasive and convenient storage, which gives it the potential to replace blood as a new main body of fluid biopsy, and it is an excellent biological diagnostic fluid. This review integrates recent studies and summarizes the research contents of salivaomics and the research progress of saliva in early diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. This review aims to explore the value and prospect of saliva diagnosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Domenico T, Rita A, Giacomo S, Diego A, Thelma P, Mariana G, Giampaolo N, Francesco N, Maria G, Francesco F, Bruno B, Marco M, Diana C. Salivary biomarkers for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review. Int J Cardiol 2023; 371:54-64. [PMID: 36167219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) accounts for about 7 million deaths per year worldwide. The early identification of signs and symptoms and the detection of specific serological markers of this disease are mandatory to reach a prompt diagnosis and begin potentially life-saving treatment. Point-of-care technologies applied to salivary diagnostics can provide rapid, simple, low-cost, and accurate measurements of specific markers and can also be used in emergency settings. The present systematic review was developed to answer the following question: "Are salivary biomarkers useful in identifying patients with acute myocardial infarction?" METHODS Following the "Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis" (PRISMA) guidelines, we selected 17 papers. The critical appraisal and quality assessment were performed following the National Institute of Health and the classification of the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS Twenty-six salivary biomarkers were explored in association with AMI. Troponins, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were the most frequently investigated molecules. We found that the evaluated biomarkers had different levels of diagnostic accuracy in discriminating patients with AMI from healthy controls. We also observed a lack of good-quality studies on the association between the occurrence of AMI and the presence of related salivary biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that salivary isoforms of cardiac troponin, C-reactive protein, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) could be useful markers for the prompt diagnosis of AMI. However, the effective use of these markers as possible substitutes for serological markers should be confirmed by further studies that avoid the bias highlighted in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuttolomondo Domenico
- Department of Cardiology, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Antonelli Rita
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Setti Giacomo
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy; Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ardissino Diego
- Department of Cardiology, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Pertinhez Thelma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gallo Mariana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Niccoli Giampaolo
- Department of Cardiology, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicolini Francesco
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Georgaki Maria
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Formica Francesco
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Borrello Bruno
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Parma University Hospital, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Meleti Marco
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Cassi Diana
- Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Babaei M, Rezaei S, Saghafi Khadem S, Shirinbak I, Basir Shabestari S. The Role of Salivary C-Reactive Protein in Systemic and Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:138. [PMID: 36479533 PMCID: PMC9719583 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood sampling is expensive, time-consuming, invasive, and requires technical facilities, which can be replaced by more convenient samples such as saliva. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a widely used biomarker in the management of many disorders and plasma CRP (pCRP) is suggested to be replaced by salivary CRP (sCRP). This study aimed to systematically review all available literature on the sCRP levels in systemic and oral disorders and how sCRP and pCRP levels correlate among these patients and healthy individuals. Methods: In this systematic review, a PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar search was conducted on October-2021 to identify all research investigating sCRP levels in systemic and oral disorders. Results: A total of 130 publications were analyzed in the review. Most of the studies reported that sCRP and pCRP levels are correlated, and sCRP is a reliable alternative for pCRP level for the diagnosis and management of medical conditions. sCRP has been measured in many different medical and oral disorders and significantly correlated with disease activity in most cases. Conclusion: Salivary CRP is a good alternative for Plasma CRP levels in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Babaei
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Rezaei
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Saghafi Khadem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Shirinbak
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Samira Basir Shabestari
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding author:Samira Basir Shabestari,
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Špiljak B, Vilibić M, Glavina A, Crnković M, Šešerko A, Lugović-Mihić L. A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100400. [PMID: 36285968 PMCID: PMC9598334 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events (academic examinations, cardiac surgery, dental procedures) are accompanied by an increase in cortisol levels. (A correlation between cortisol blood levels and salivary values has already been confirmed, particularly during stress). Academic stress is defined as everyday stress among students that has an impact on aspects of their psychological and physiological well-being. For example, exams are considered one of the most acute stressful experiences for students. The strength of the association between academic self-efficacy, psychological stress, and anxiety depends on a variety of factors: the type of academic challenge (e.g., oral exam), the presence of an audience, etc. Higher stress levels were predominantly recorded among younger students, primarily regarding their academic tasks and concerns (grades, exams, competing with peers for grades, fear of failing the academic year, etc.). The measurement of stress levels during academic stress can improve our understanding of the character and influence of stressful events in populations of students, preventing adverse reactions to long-term stress, such as a decreased immune response and increased anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Špiljak
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Vilibić
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Glavina
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Dental Clinic Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Crnković
- Center for Child and Youth Protection, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Šešerko
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-3787-422
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António M, Lima T, Vitorino R, Daniel-da-Silva AL. Label-free dynamic light scattering assay for C-reactive protein detection using magnetic nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Selvaraju V, Babu JR, Geetha T. Multiplexed measurements of salivary fetuin-A, insulin, and adiponectin as potential non-invasive biomarkers in childhood obesity. Cytokine 2022; 153:155843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Acute Myocardial Infarction and Periodontitis: Importance of Awareness and Prevention in Latin America. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
By 2030, non-communicable diseases will have accounted for more than three-quarters of deaths worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death worldwide for several years. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a CVD characterized by necrosis of the heart at the myocardial level due to prolonged ischemia caused by the reduction or sudden absence of coronary blood supply. The prevalence of AMI is higher in men at all ages. The incidence of AMI has decreased in industrialized nations; however, it has been on the rise in Latin America (LATAM) due to lifestyle changes. These changes have caused the combined incidence of CVDs and unresolved health concerns in LATAM, such as infections and malnutrition. It is well known that periodontitis, a highly prevalent chronic infectious inflammatory disease, has been associated with systemic diseases, such as diabetes, kidney diseases, and AMI. This review addresses proposed aspects of the correlation between periodontitis and AMI, explains the importance of preventing periodontitis and CVDs, and analyzes the preventative measures being implemented in LATAM, particularly in Mexico.
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Abramovitz I, Zini A, Pribluda P, Kedem R, Zur D, Protter NE, Almoznino G. "Dental Cluster" Versus "Metabolic Cluster": Analyzing the Associations of Planned and Delivered Dental Procedures with Metabolic Syndrome, Utilizing Data from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Cross-Sectional Record-Based Nationwide Study. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070608. [PMID: 34209432 PMCID: PMC8301031 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There are conflicting results existing regarding the association between dental status and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to analyze the association between the sum of the standard dental unit (SDU) scores of planned (SDU-P) and delivered (SDU-D) dental procedures per patient with MetS. Included were data from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemi-ological (DOME) study records-based research, which integrated large socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases of a nationally representative sample of young to middle-aged military personnel (N = 131,927). The present study demonstrated that SDU-P, but not SDU-D, is a better predictor of systemic morbidities related to MetS. In other words, MetS is associated with a higher dental treatment needs burden, rather than with dental treatments performed de facto. The study concludes that dental and general health authorities should collaborate and share in-formation and focus on reducing common health-related risk factors, such as smoking and sugar consumption, in particular among high-risk populations, such as immigrants and those with lower SES and rural locality. Abstract There are conflicting results existing regarding the association between dental status and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present research analyzed the associations of the sum of the standard dental unit (SDU) scores of planned (SDU-P) and delivered (SDU-D) dental procedures per patient with MetS components, consequences, and related conditions. The SDU score of each dental procedure represents the time and complexity of the executed procedure. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) repository, which includes comprehensive socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases of a nationally representative sample of 132,529 military personnel. Univariate analyses revealed that SDU-P had statistically significant positive associations with all systemic morbidities related to MetS, while the SDU-D exhibited positive associations with some of the systemic morbidities and with lower ORs. SDU-P and SDU-D were associated with worse scores of auxiliary examinations used in the assessment of MetS components. SDU-P retained significant positive associations in the multivariate analysis with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (OR = 7.40 (1.91–28.57)), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR = 5.61 (1.53–20.83)), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (OR = 5.05 (2.40–10.63)), and fatty liver (OR = 1.82 (1.17–2.84)). In contrast, obesity was the only systemic parameter retaining a significant association with SDU-D following multivariate analysis (OR = 1.47 (1.23–1.76)). It can be concluded that SDU-P, but not SDU-D, is a better predictor of systemic morbidities related to MetS. In other words, MetS is associated with a higher dental treatment needs burden, rather than with dental treatments performed de facto. Dental and general health authorities should collaborate and share information and focus on reducing common health-related risk factors, such as smoking and sugar consumption, in particular among high-risk populations, such as immigrants and those with lower SES and rural locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Abramovitz
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (I.A.); (A.Z.); (P.P.)
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Endodontics, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Avraham Zini
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (I.A.); (A.Z.); (P.P.)
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Community Dentistry, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Pablo Pribluda
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (I.A.); (A.Z.); (P.P.)
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Endodontics, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ron Kedem
- Medical Information Department, General Surgeon Headquarter, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer 02149, Israel; (R.K.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dorit Zur
- Medical Information Department, General Surgeon Headquarter, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer 02149, Israel; (R.K.); (D.Z.)
| | - Noam E. Protter
- Chief Dental Surgeon & Head of Forensic Unit, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer 02149, Israel;
| | - Galit Almoznino
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (I.A.); (A.Z.); (P.P.)
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Endodontics, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation & Maxillofacial Imaging, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Big Biomedical Data Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-677-6194; Fax: +972-2-644-7919
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Monib KMED, El-Fallah AA, Salem RM. Inflammatory markers in acne vulgaris: Saliva as a novel diagnostic fluid. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1280-1285. [PMID: 34008303 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wide use of saliva-based measurements in inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions, its use in dermatology is still limited. AIMS The aims of this study were to assess the serum and salivary levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with acne vulgaris. PATIENTS/METHODS The study included 84 moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris patients, in addition to 105 healthy control subjects. Serum and salivary levels of CRP and IL-1β were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. RESULTS Using T-test, the serum and salivary levels of both CRP and IL-1β in the patients were significantly higher than the measured levels in the control subjects (p < 0.001). Using Pearson correlation coefficient, serum and salivary CRP and serum IL-1β levels showed significantly positive correlation with GAGS scores (p < 0.001). The levels of IL-1β in saliva did not show significant correlation with GAGS scores or with serum and salivary CRP. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the emerging role of saliva as a valid noninvasive tool for monitoring inflammation and as a reliable and stress-free tool to evaluate cytokines and other inflammatory marker levels in acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Adel El-Fallah
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mohammed Salem
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Janigro D, Bailey DM, Lehmann S, Badaut J, O'Flynn R, Hirtz C, Marchi N. Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts. Front Neurol 2021; 11:577312. [PMID: 33613412 PMCID: PMC7890078 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,FloTBI Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin O'Flynn
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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19
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Szabo YZ, Slavish DC. Measuring salivary markers of inflammation in health research: A review of methodological considerations and best practices. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105069. [PMID: 33316694 PMCID: PMC8412951 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using saliva to measure inflammatory biomarkers. Compared to blood, saliva is non-invasive, requires a lower biosafety classification, and requires less specialized personnel to collect. As the assessment of inflammation in saliva becomes more popular in psychoneuroimmunology research, the development of gold-standard methodological practices is paramount. This paper reviews different considerations for designing studies to assess salivary measures of inflammation. We review saliva collection procedures, sample storage and processing considerations, assay techniques, flow rate, correspondence with blood-based markers, and potential demographic and health moderators of levels of salivary markers of inflammation. Together, this review highlights critical gaps for future research, including calls for standardization of study protocols, transparent reporting of results, assessing predictive validity of markers of salivary inflammation for disease, and the need for assessment of participants' oral and general health status. Although additional work is needed to elucidate gold standards for study design, measurement, and analysis, salivary markers of inflammation may be a useful tool for understanding oral and peripheral inflammation dynamics non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Z. Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA, Corresponding Authors: Yvette Z. Szabo, 4800 Memorial Drive (151C), Waco, Texas 76711 (254) 297-3179;
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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20
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Bahbah EI, Noehammer C, Pulverer W, Jung M, Weinhaeusel A. Salivary biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: An insight into the current evidence. FEBS J 2020; 288:6392-6405. [PMID: 33370493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality worldwide. In acute cardiovascular conditions, time is a crucial player in the outcomes of disease management. Given the ease and noninvasiveness of obtaining saliva, salivary biomarkers may provide a rapid and efficient diagnosis of CVD. Here, we reviewed the published data on the value of salivary molecules for diagnosis of CVD, especially in acute care settings. In this review, we show that some biomarkers such as salivary creatinine kinase myocardial band, C-reactive protein, troponin-1, and myoglobin exhibited promising diagnostic values that were comparable to their serum counterparts. Other molecules were also investigated and showed controversial results, including myeloperoxidase, brain natriuretic peptide, and some oxidative stress markers. Based on our review, we concluded that the clinical use of salivary biomarkers to diagnose CVD is promising; however, it is still in the early stage of development. Further studies are needed to validate these findings, determine cutoff values for diagnosis, and compare them to other established biomarkers currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshak I Bahbah
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Christa Noehammer
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pulverer
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Jung
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Weinhaeusel
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Miller CS, Ding X, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL. Salivary biomarkers for discriminating periodontitis in the presence of diabetes. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 48:216-225. [PMID: 33098098 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Salivary biomarkers can help in assessment of periodontitis; however, concentrations may be altered in the presence of diabetes. Hence, the ability of salivary biomarkers to discriminate periodontally healthy type II diabetics (T2DM) from T2DM who have periodontitis was examined. METHODS Ninety-two participants (29 with T2DM with chronic periodontitis, DWP; 32 T2DM without chronic periodontitis, DWoP; and 31 Not Periodontitis, NP) provided saliva and clinical parameters of periodontal health were recorded. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), adiponectin and resistin were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Salivary analyte concentrations for IL-1β, MMP-8 and resistin correlated with clinical parameters of periodontitis, with MMP-8 demonstrating the strongest positive correlation with PD ≥5 mm (p < 0.0001). Periodontal health was reflected in salivary analyte concentrations by group, with concentrations of IL-1β and MMP-8 showing significant associations with periodontitis (p ≤ 0.04) that increased in concentration from health to DWoP to DWP. Odds ratio (OR) analyses showed that MMP-8 discriminated periodontitis from NP (OR of 8.12; 95% CI: 1.01-65.33; p = 0.03) and in the presence of T2DM (DWP vs DWoP, OR = 5.09; 95% CI: 1.24-20.92; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Salivary MMP-8 and IL-1β discriminate periodontitis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiuhua Ding
- Department of Public Health, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Dolph R Dawson
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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22
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Kalyani RS, Raghunath V. Assessment of serum and salivary adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus patients. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:245-250. [PMID: 33456232 PMCID: PMC7802862 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_87_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adiponectin, an adipocytokine, plays an important role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in obese and cardiovascular disease patients, with few studies having observed low plasma concentrations. Persistent low-grade inflammation, an important feature in T2DM and obesity, bears an indirect influence on insulin resistance and insulin secretion and is reflected by increased plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Thus, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, adiponectin, depicts that inflammation could be the link between T2DM, obesity and adiponectin. Since these factors need to be explored to prevent or adequately treat T2DM, especially among Indian diabetics, this study was undertaken. Also of interest was to assess its salivary concentrations. Aim This study aimed to assess serum and salivary adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed T2DM individuals along with postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and high-sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP). Materials and Methods Serum and salivary levels of adiponectin, PPBS, HbA1c and hs-CRP were assessed in 30 newly diagnosed T2DM (Group I) individuals and compared with 30 healthy individuals (Group II, healthy control). Glucose oxidase peroxidase, automatic analyzer, turbidimetric immunoassay and ELISA methods were adopted for PPBS, HbA1c, hs-CRP and adiponectin estimation. Results Statistically significant decrease in mean serum (16.93 ± 3.86) and salivary (24.96 ± 8.21) adiponectin levels, were observed in Group I compared to Group II individuals with a p value of 0.00 and 0.04 respectively. In Group I individuals a significant p value of 0.02 was noted only between salivary adiponectin and PPBS. None of the other parameters correlated significantly with serum adiponectin levels. Conclusion Decreased serum and salivary adiponectin levels in T2DM furthered the importance of its role in Indian T2DM. Decreased salivary adiponectin levels probably reflected salivary hypofunction. This being the preliminary study in saliva, more studies are required to emphasize its role both as a diagnostic marker and as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suma Kalyani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vandana Raghunath
- Department of Oral Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
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23
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Szabo YZ, Slavish DC, Graham-Engeland JE. The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:887-900. [PMID: 32371089 PMCID: PMC7478864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of inflammation are increasingly used in stress research. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative summary of changes in salivary inflammatory markers in response to acute stress. METHOD The review included 1558 participants (42 unique samples, 33 studies) obtained through electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase), reference treeing, and articles identified by a 2015 review on a similar topic. To be eligible, articles had to be quantitative and assess change in at least one biomarker of salivary inflammation in response to acute stress in adults. The primary outcome was magnitude of change in inflammatory biomarkers (Cohen's d for repeated measures [dav]). RESULTS Measures of salivary inflammation included: C-reactive protein (CRP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokines IL-6 (k = 26, dav = 0.27), IL-10 (k = 11, dav = 0.34), TNF-α (k = 10, dav = 0.57), and IFN-γ (k = 6, dav = 0.28) significantly increased in response to stress. Post hoc sensitivity analyses revealed that IL-1β (k = 19, dav = 0.16) and IL-8 (k = 7, dav = 0.30) also increased from pre- to post-stress, but findings with IFN-γ did not hold after removing one outlier study. Examination of moderators suggested that study methodology and sample demographics moderated some associations. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that certain salivary inflammatory cytokines increase in response to acute stress. Significant heterogeneity in results and moderator analyses suggest need for standardization of research protocols. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Z Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA; Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Danica C Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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24
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Herrera D, Molina A, Buhlin K, Klinge B. Periodontal diseases and association with atherosclerotic disease. Periodontol 2000 2020; 83:66-89. [PMID: 32385870 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases still account for the majority of deaths worldwide, although significant improvements in survival, after being affected by cardiovascular disease, have been achieved in the last decades. Periodontal diseases are also a common global burden. Several studies have shown a link between cardiovascular disease and periodontitis, although evidence is still lacking regarding the direct cause-effect relation. During the 2012 "Periodontitis and systemic diseases" workshop, the available evidence on the association between cardiovascular and periodontal diseases was discussed, covering biologic plausibility and clinical studies. The objective of the present narrative review was to update the previous reviews presented at the 2012 workshop, following similar methodological approaches, aiming to critically assess the available evidence. With regard to biologic plausibility, two aspects were reviewed: (a) for microbiologic mechanisms, assessing periodontal bacteria as a contributing factor to atherosclerosis based on seven "proofs," substantial evidence was found for Proofs 1 through 6, but not for Proof 7 (periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models), concluding that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis; (b) mechanistic studies, addressing five different inflammatory pathways that could explain the links between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease with the addition of some extra pathways , suggest an association between both entities, based on the presence of higher levels of these inflammatory markers in patients with periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, vs healthy controls, as well as on the evidence that periodontal treatment reduces serum levels of these mediators. When evidence from clinical studies was analyzed, two aspects were covered: (a) epidemiologic studies support the estimation that the incidence of atherosclerotic disease is higher in individuals with periodontitis than in individuals with no reported periodontitis, irrespective of many common risk factors, but with a substantial variability in the definitions used in reporting of exposure to periodontal diseases in different studies; (b) intervention trials have shown that periodontal therapy can reduce serum inflammatory mediators, improve the lipids profile, and induce positive changes in other cardiovascular disease surrogate measures, but no evidence is available to support that adequate periodontal therapy is able to reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases, or the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Molina
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kare Buhlin
- Perio Section, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Klinge
- Perio Section, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
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25
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Slavish DC, Jones DR, Smyth JM, Engeland CG, Song S, McCormick NM, Graham-Engeland JE. Positive and Negative Affect and Salivary Markers of Inflammation Among Young Adults. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:282-293. [PMID: 31222631 PMCID: PMC8374836 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that higher circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood are associated with higher negative affect (NA) and lower positive affect (PA). To our knowledge, the unique associations between NA and PA in daily life and salivary biomarkers of inflammation have not been examined. This study examined these associations in young adults. METHODS Measures of NA and PA were created from aggregated daily measures of affect (morning and evening ratings averaged across 14 days). We investigated associations between these measures and salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in a sample of 108 young adults (60% female, mean age = 20.45 ± 1.47), a subset of whom had self-reported chronic back pain (n = 49). CRP and IL-6 were determined from saliva obtained at the end of the daily diary period. RESULTS After covarying for age, gender, body mass index, chronic pain status, salivary flow rate, and NA, higher PA was associated with lower salivary CRP (β = - 0.02, 95% CI (- 0.03, - 0.00) sr2 = .06, p = .01) but not IL-6; removing NA from this model did not change results. In a model with the same covariates (and PA), NA was not significantly related to CRP or IL-6. Chronic back pain status and gender did not moderate results. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that higher PA may be associated with lower salivary CRP in young adults, even after accounting for NA and demographic characteristics. Findings highlight the utility of assessing emotional states in relation to salivary markers of inflammation in future biobehavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica C Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Dusti R Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sunmi Song
- Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nolan M McCormick
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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26
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Razzaque M. Can excessive dietary phosphate intake influence oral diseases? ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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27
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Rojas L, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Alvarez C, Monasterio G, Rojas C, Cafferata EA, Hernández M, Cortéz C, Carvajal P, Vernal R. Inhibitory effect of serotype a of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on the increased destructive potential of serotype b. Oral Dis 2019; 26:409-418. [PMID: 31738464 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) induces higher cytokine production in dendritic cells (DCs) compared with the other serotypes. However, this increased immunostimulatory potential was modified when DCs were co-infected with the other A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. This study aimed to analyze whether the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9, as well as the activity of osteoclasts, also varies when DCs are co-infected with the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human DCs were stimulated with the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes using the following stimulatory conditions: serotype a/b/c/a+b/a+c/b+c/a+b+c. The IFN-γ, CRP, and MMP-2 levels were quantified by ELISA. The active form of MMP-9 was quantified using fluorescent functional assays. The MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity was identified by zymogram. The osteoclast activity was determined by quantifying the TRAP expression and resorption-pit formation using cytochemistry and osteoassays. RESULTS Higher levels of IFN-γ, CRP, MMP-2, MMP-9, and osteoclast activity were detected when DCs were stimulated with the serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans compared with the others. This increased immunostimulatory potential attributed to serotype b diminished when DCs were co-infected with the serotype a. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and reveals important differences in the immunostimulatory and pro-destructive potential among its serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Cortéz
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Martinez-Lozano N, Rios R, Marcilla de Teruel MC, Garaulet M, Cerón JJ. Saliva as a non-invasive tool for assessment of metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in children. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:2471-2478. [PMID: 31787367 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological studies in school-age children are challenging, particularly those that aim to analyse metabolic markers on blood samples obtained via invasive and stressful procedures. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of saliva, as a non-invasive tool in epidemiological studies performed in school-age children, to capture metabolic changes associated with body mass index (BMI), dietary characteristics and physical activity in both boys and girls. METHODS This is an observational study in which healthy children of ages between 8 and 12 years (n = 129, 60 girls and 69 boys) from three schools in a Mediterranean area of Spain were included. A panel of biomarkers was measured in serum and saliva and correlated with BMI, dietary characteristics and physical activity. RESULTS Significant positive correlation between serum and salivary levels were detected for CRP (r = 0.770) in all included children, and boys (r = 0.805) and girls (r = 0.775) separately (P < 0.001, in all cases) and for insulin in girls (r = 0.442; P < 0.05). Among all studied salivary biomarkers, insulin was significantly correlated with the three factors studied: positively with BMI and negatively with dietary characteristics (intake and composition) and physical activity (P < 0.05). Obesity and diet composition were both positively associated to pro-inflammatory biomarkers, CRP and IL1b; while diet composition shared with physical activity levels the correlation with IL6 (positive with energy, fat, carbohydrate and saturated fatty acid intake, and negative with cholesterol intake and average physical activity in boys), NGF and glucose (in both cases correlations were negative with diet composition and physical activity variables) (P < 0.05, in all cases). Sex differences were detected in serum glucose and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers in saliva are able to capture differences in BMI, dietary characteristics and physical activity levels in school-age children. Saliva may potentially constitute a useful non-invasive and stress-free tool to evaluate metabolic markers of inflammation and/or metabolism related to BMI and lifestyle in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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29
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Abstract
As molecular biology advances, an increasing number of proteins are becoming detectable at very low levels in different biological tissues. In this regard, saliva holds vast promise. Unlike blood, saliva can be sampled 1) non-invasively; 2) across all ages (newborn to elderly); 3) in the field; 4) by study participants; and 5) many times per day. With respect to psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), physiological measures of stress such as cortisol have been well characterized. Alpha amylase provides another physiological index of stress; it is a measure of autonomic nervous system activation and is quantifiable in saliva. Other salivary measures, such as inflammatory biomarkers and immunoglobulin A (IgA), provide valuable information pertaining to the effects of stress on inflammation, mucosal immunity, and oral health. Importantly, due to various methodological issues and a lack of strong correlation between saliva and blood measures, investigators should proceed with caution in drawing conclusions from measures of salivary inflammation that pertain to systemic immunity or generalized health.
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30
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Dziedzic DSM, Mogharbel BF, Ferreira PE, Irioda AC, de Carvalho KAT. Transplantation of Adipose-derived Cells for Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:504-518. [PMID: 30394216 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666181105144430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the transplantation of cells derived from adipose tissue for applications in dentistry. SCOPUS, PUBMED and LILACS databases were searched for in vitro studies and pre-clinical animal model studies using the keywords "ADIPOSE", "CELLS", and "PERIODONTAL", with the Boolean operator "AND". A total of 160 titles and abstracts were identified, and 29 publications met the inclusion criteria, 14 in vitro and 15 in vivo studies. In vitro studies demonstrated that adipose- derived cells stimulate neovascularization, have osteogenic and odontogenic potential; besides adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on probable cell carriers. Preclinical studies described improvement of bone and periodontal healing with the association of adipose-derived cells and the carrier materials tested: Platelet Rich Plasma, Fibrin, Collagen and Synthetic polymer. There is evidence from the current in vitro and in vivo data indicating that adipose-derived cells may contribute to bone and periodontal regeneration. The small quantity of studies and the large variation on study designs, from animal models, cell sources and defect morphology, did not favor a meta-analysis. Additional studies need to be conducted to investigate the regeneration variability and the mechanisms of cell participation in the processes. An overview of animal models, cell sources, and scaffolds, as well as new perspectives are provided for future bone and periodontal regeneration study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilcele Silva Moreira Dziedzic
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
- Dentistry Faculty, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bassam Felipe Mogharbel
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Priscila Elias Ferreira
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Irioda
- Pele Pequeno Principe Institute for Child and Adolescent Health Research, Pequeno Principe Faculty, Curitiba, Brazil
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31
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Araújo IMP, Albuquerque-Souza E, Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Holzhausen M, Oliveira-Neto LA, Salvatori R, Saraiva L, Mayer MPA, Pannuti CM, Ribeiro AO, Romito GA, Pustiglioni FE. Immunological and microbiological periodontal profiles in isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1351-1361. [PMID: 29797719 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) has been identified as an important regulator of the immune response. We have previously shown that adults with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) due to a mutation in the GH releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene, have a greater chance of having periodontitis. However, the interaction of GH with periodontal tissues is still unknown, and this population has emerged as a unique model to investigate this issue. Therefore, we evaluated the microbiological and immunological periodontal profiles of such individuals. METHODS Nineteen IGHD and 19 controls matched by age, sex, diabetes, and smoking status, were enrolled in this case-control study. Periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth [PD] and clinical attachment loss [AL]) were measured at six sites per tooth. Immune mediators (C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-8, MMP-9, interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, adiponectin, and leptin) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in four non-adjacent sites for each participant (two with PD ≤3 mm [shallow sites] and two with PD ≥7 mm or the worst PD found in the mouth [deep sites]). Bacterial quantification (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) of subgingival biofilm samples collected from these same sites was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS IGHD individuals presented higher values of PD and AL, and increased levels of CRP, IL-8, MMP-8, and adiponectin in the GCF. Bacterial quantification did not identify differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION IGHD alters the local immune response in periodontal pockets leading to greater attachment loss, and GH stands out as an important hormone to be evaluated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M P Araújo
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E Albuquerque-Souza
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M H Aguiar-Oliveira
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - M Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L A Oliveira-Neto
- Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - R Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Saraiva
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Pannuti
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A O Ribeiro
- Federal University of Sergipe, Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, SE, Brazil
| | - G A Romito
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F E Pustiglioni
- Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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32
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Gohel V, Jones JA, Wehler CJ. Salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:1432-1442. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the literature examining associations between salivary biomarkers and cardiovascular disease (CVD) status.
Contents:
An advanced search was conducted using MeSH terms related to salivary biomarkers and CVD, and entered into the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search databases. Four hundred and thirty-three records were narrowed to 22 accepted articles. Included titles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and ranked into categories of low, moderate, or high.
Summary:
A total of 40 salivary biomarkers were analyzed among accepted articles. The most studied markers were salivary creatine kinase isoform MB, C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-9, troponin I, myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide. Salivary CRP provided the most consistent trends. Statistically significant increases of salivary CRP were present with CVD in every study that analyzed it. The remaining six markers demonstrated varying patterns.
Outlook:
Existing studies provide insufficient data to draw definitive conclusions. Current research shows that there is an association between some salivary biomarkers and CVD, but the details of existing studies are conflicting. Despite inconclusive results, the diagnostic potential of saliva shows promise as a non-invasive means of cardiovascular risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gohel
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , 100 East Newton Street , Boston, MA 02118-2308 , USA
| | - Judith A. Jones
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
- University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Carolyn J. Wehler
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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33
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Tabeta K, Hosojima M, Nakajima M, Miyauchi S, Miyazawa H, Takahashi N, Matsuda Y, Sugita N, Komatsu Y, Sato K, Ishikawa T, Akiishi K, Yamazaki K, Kato K, Saito A, Yoshie H. Increased serum PCSK9, a potential biomarker to screen for periodontitis, and decreased total bilirubin associated with probing depth in a Japanese community survey. J Periodontal Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - M. Hosojima
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - M. Nakajima
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - S. Miyauchi
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Miyazawa
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - Y. Matsuda
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - N. Sugita
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - Y. Komatsu
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Sato
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Ishikawa
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Akiishi
- Reagent R&D Department; Denka Seiken Co., Ltd.; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology; Department of Oral Health and Welfare; Faculty of Dentistry; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Kato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - A. Saito
- Department of Applied Molecular Medicine; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Yoshie
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Niigata Japan
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34
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Gawron-Skarbek A, Guligowska A, Prymont-Przymińska A, Godala M, Kolmaga A, Nowak D, Szatko F, Kostka T. Dietary Vitamin C, E and β-Carotene Intake Does Not Significantly Affect Plasma or Salivary Antioxidant Indices and Salivary C-Reactive Protein in Older Subjects. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070729. [PMID: 28698489 PMCID: PMC5537843 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not clear whether habitual dietary intake influences the antioxidant or inflammatory status. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of antioxidative vitamins C, E, and β-carotene obtained from daily food rations on plasma and salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), uric acid and salivary C-reactive protein (CRP). The study involved 80 older subjects (66.9 ± 4.3 years), divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 43) with lower and group 2 (n = 37) with higher combined vitamins C, E and β-carotene intake. A 24-h dietary recall was obtained from each individual. TAC was assessed simultaneously with two methods in plasma (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma—FRAP, 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl—DPPH) and in saliva (FRAS and DPPHS test). Lower vitamin C intake corresponded to higher FRAS. There were no other correlations between vitamins C, E or β-carotene intake and antioxidant indices. Salivary CRP was not related to any antioxidant indices. FRAS was decreased in group 2 (p < 0.01) but no other group differences for salivary or for plasma antioxidant parameters and salivary CRP were found. Habitual, not extra supplemented dietary intake does not significantly affect plasma or salivary TAC and salivary CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gawron-Skarbek
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera St. 1, Łódź 90-647, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Guligowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Pieniny St. 30, Łódź 90-993, Poland.
| | - Anna Prymont-Przymińska
- Department of General Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka St. 6/8, Łódź 92-215, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Godala
- Department of Hygiene of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera St. 1, Łódź 90-647, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kolmaga
- Department of Hygiene of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera St. 1, Łódź 90-647, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka St. 6/8, Łódź 92-215, Poland.
| | - Franciszek Szatko
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera St. 1, Łódź 90-647, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Pieniny St. 30, Łódź 90-993, Poland.
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