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Biggs AT, Seech TR, Johnston SL, Russell DW. Psychological endurance: how grit, resilience, and related factors contribute to sustained effort despite adversity. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 151:271-313. [PMID: 37697826 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2023.2253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Many concepts describe how individuals sustain effort despite challenging circumstances. For example, scholars and practitioners may incorporate discussions of grit, hardiness, self-control, and resilience into their ideas of performance under adversity. Although there are nuanced points underlying each construct capable of generating empirically sound propositions, the shared attributes make them difficult to differentiate. As a result, substantial confusion arises when debating how these related factors concomitantly contribute to success, especially when practitioners attempt to communicate these ideas in applied settings. The model proposed here-psychological endurance-is a unified theory to explore how multiple concepts contribute to sustained goal-directed behaviors and individual success. Central to this model is the metaphor of a psychological battery, which potentiates and sustains optimal performance despite adversity. Grit and hardiness are associated with the maximum charge of the psychological battery, or how long an individual could sustain effort. Self-control modulates energy management that augments effort required to sustain endurance, whereas resilience represents the ability to recharge. These factors are constrained by both psychological and physiological stressors in the environment that drain the psychology battery. Taken together, these ideas form a novel framework to discuss related psychological concepts, and ideally, optimize intervention to enhance psychological endurance.
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Thomas CL, Carr K, Yang F, Fleisher S, Um P, Clemens B, McNutt R, Balkin T, Collen JF. From trenches to technology: a narrative review of sleep medicine in the military. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:973-981. [PMID: 38420974 PMCID: PMC11145036 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Diagnoses of military-relevant sleep disorders have increased substantially since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The cause of this increase appears to be complicated and multifactorial, with military and civilian populations clearly differing with respect to both the nature and distribution of sleep disorders diagnoses. In part, these differences may be attributable to the fact that a majority of service members are chronically sleep-restricted-an unavoidable consequence of continuous and sustained military operations that "set the stage" for development of specific sleep disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the military relevance of several common sleep disorders, assess the extent to which these disorders currently constitute a burden on the military health care system, and suggest strategies to alleviate that burden. The military health care system does not have enough sleep medicine providers to address the immediate and long-term consequences of sleep disorders in military personnel. Digital technologies and education packages can be leveraged to improve access to care. CITATION Thomas CL, Carr K, Yang F, et al. From trenches to technology: a narrative review of sleep medicine in the military. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(6):973-981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie L. Thomas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kyle Carr
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Felix Yang
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Paul Um
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Ryan McNutt
- Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Liberty, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Balkin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jacob F. Collen
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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Alger SE, Bennett C, Bennett N, Huebner MG, Lee JEC, Edge HJM, Simms A, Adler AB. Insufficient Sleep and Behavioral Health in the Military: A 5-Country Perspective. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:229-239. [PMID: 38700836 PMCID: PMC11081997 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper was to highlight the degree to which sleep, behavioral health, and leader involvement were interrelated using data from militaries in five English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the United States. RECENT FINDINGS Many service members reported sleeping fewer than the recommended 7 h/night: 34.9%, 67.2%, and 77.2% of respondents from New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, respectively. Countries reporting shorter sleep duration also reported fewer insomnia-related difficulties, likely reflecting higher sleep pressure from chronic sleep loss. Across all countries, sleep problems were positively correlated with behavioral health symptoms. Importantly, leader promotion of healthy sleep was positively correlated with more sleep and negatively correlated with sleep problems and behavioral health symptoms. Insufficient sleep in the military is ubiquitous, with serious implications for the behavioral health and functioning of service members. Leaders should attend to these risks and examine ways to promote healthy sleep in service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Alger
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 29010, US.
| | - Clare Bennett
- Defence Health Directorate, New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neanne Bennett
- Australian Defence Force, Joint Health Command, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew G Huebner
- Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jennifer E C Lee
- Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heather J McCuaig Edge
- Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amos Simms
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy B Adler
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 29010, US
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Tait JL, Aisbett B, Corrigan SL, Drain JR, Main LC. Recovery of Cognitive Performance Following Multi-Stressor Military Training. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:389-403. [PMID: 35549578 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221086686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This project aimed to assess the impact of an 8-day military training exercise on cognitive performance, and track its recovery in periods of reduced training load and partially restored sleep. BACKGROUND Military personnel often work in challenging multi-stressor environments, where sleep loss is inevitable. Sleep loss can impair multiple cognitive domains, which can have disastrous consequences in military contexts. METHOD A total of 57 male and female soldiers undergoing the Australian Army combat engineer Initial Employment Training course were recruited and tracked over a 16-day study period which included an 8-day field-based military training exercise. Cognitive performance was assessed via a computerised battery at seven time points across four sequential study periods; 1) baseline (PRE), 2) military field training exercise which included total sleep deprivation (EX-FIELD), 3) training exercise at simulated base with restricted sleep opportunities (EX-BASE), and 4) a 3-day recovery period (REC). Subjective load, fatigue, and sleep were evaluated continuously via questionnaire and actigraphy. RESULTS Psychomotor speed, reaction time, visual tracking and vigilance were impaired following the EX-FIELD period (p < 0.05). The majority of affected measures recovered 2 days following EX-FIELD, being no different in EX-BASE compared to PRE. CONCLUSION The sensitivity of the cognitive tests to sleep restriction, and recovery, indicates they can help assess operational readiness in military personnel. Future studies should explore other indicators of, and strategies to preserve, operational readiness in military personnel. APPLICATION This study highlights the impact of work-induced fatigue on cognitive performance, and would interest authorities seeking to preserve operational readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Tait
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Sean L Corrigan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
| | - Jace R Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fisherman's Bend, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
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Ojanen T, Pihlainen K, Yli-Renko J, Vaara JP, Nykänen T, Heikkinen R, Kyröläinen H. Effects of 36-hour recovery on marksmanship and hormone concentrations during strenuous winter military survival training. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:105. [PMID: 37596657 PMCID: PMC10439591 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Survival training can provide a unique setting for scientific examination of human stress responses and physical performance in a realistic operational military context. The aim of the present study was to observe effects of a 36-h recovery period on serum hormone concentrations, salivary cortisol, and marksmanship during 10-day winter military survival training in north of the Arctic Circle. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixty-eight male soldiers were randomly divided into two groups; EXP (n = 26) and CON (n = 42). While CON performed the whole exercise phase in the field, EXP had 36-h recovery period between days 6 and 8. Several hormones were measured during the study to investigate recovery. RESULTS Subjective physical and mental demand as well as catabolic hormone levels increased and anabolic hormones decreased in CON (p < 0.05), whereas in EXP, recovery period attenuated negative effects of survival training. Prone shooting performance decreased (87.5 ± 6.5 vs. 76.3 ± 8.8, points out of 100, p < 0.05) between days 6 and 8 in CON while EXP was able to maintain shooting performance throughout the study. CONCLUSION A short recovery during a strenuous training can prevent the degradation in psychophysiological state and shooting performance in soldiers, which can be crucial for survival in demanding operational winter environment. In the present study, 36-h rest period during the field training seems to enhance recovery but the duration of the period was inadequate for full recovery from the accumulated operative stress. In conclusion, appropriate recovery periods should be implemented in order to optimize occupational performance during high operative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Forces, Tuusula, Finland.
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Defence Command, Training Division, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Yli-Renko
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Nykänen
- Army Academy, Finnish Defence Forces, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Ritland BM, Judkins JL, Naylor JA, Kardouni JR, Pasiakos SM, Jayne JM. The relationship between sleep, pain,and musculoskeletal injuries in US Army Soldiers. BMJ Mil Health 2023:e002281. [PMID: 36792225 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep and pain in military personnel and to determine if metrics of sleep and pain intensity differ between the injured and uninjured in this population. METHODS Active-duty US Army Soldiers (n=308; 26.8±6.5 years, 82% male) from the 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, and 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and questionnaires about current musculoskeletal injuries and pain intensity (0=no pain to 10=worst imaginable pain). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the association between pain and sleep. Differences in sleep and pain between injured and uninjured participants were determined using an analysis of covariance. RESULTS Pain intensity was positively correlated with sleep quality (global PSQI score, r=0.337, p<0.001) and daytime sleepiness (ESS score, r=0.163, p=0.005), and negatively associated with sleep duration (r=-0.118, p=0.039). Injured participants accounted for 37.7% (n=116) of the study population. Injured participants reported greater pain intensity (3.7±2.5 vs 1.3±1.9, p<0.001), were older (28.5±7.4 years vs 25.8±5.7 years, p=0.001) and in the service longer (6.3±6.3 years vs 4.6±4.7 years, p=0.013) than uninjured participants. Injured participants had higher global PSQI scores (9.0±4.1 vs 6.4±3.4, p<0.001), including each of the seven PSQI components (all p<0.050), and reported sleeping less per night than uninjured participants (5.7±1.3 hours vs 6.1±1.2 hours, p=0.026). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that pain intensity is associated with sleep in active-duty US Army Soldiers and that those who report a musculoskeletal injury, regardless of age and time in service, report poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep durations, and greater levels of pain than uninjured Soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Ritland
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J L Judkins
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J A Naylor
- US Army Forces Command, Tacoma, Washington, 98433, USA
| | - J R Kardouni
- US Army Forces Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 28310, USA
| | - S M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
| | - J M Jayne
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760, USA
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Intraocular pressure responses to a virtual reality shooting simulation in active-duty members of the Spanish Army: The influence of task complexity. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113957. [PMID: 36070832 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular physiology is sensitive to cognitively demanding tasks. However, it is unknown whether the intraocular pressure is also affected by the cognitive demands of military operations. The main objective was to determine the impact of a virtual reality shooting simulation with two levels of complexity on intraocular pressure levels in military personnel. Eighteen active-duty members of the Spanish Army and eighteen civilians performed two 4 min simulated shooting tasks with two levels of complexity using a virtual reality. In the "easy" task participants performed a simulated shoot when the stimulus (military with a rifle) appeared, while in the "difficult" task the stimulus randomly was a military with a rifle or with his hands on the air and participants were instructed to respond only when the military with a rifle appeared. Intraocular pressure was measured with a rebound tonometer before and immediately after each task. Complementarily, perceived levels of mental load and shooting performance (reaction time) were assessed. Intraocular pressure was greater after completing the more complex task in both military personnel (p-value < 0.01, Cohen´s d = 1.19) and civilians (p-value < 0.01, Cohen´s d = 1.16). Also, perceived levels of task load and reaction time were higher in the difficult compared to the easy shooting tasks (both p < 0.001). The rise in intraocular pressure is positively associated with the cognitive demands of simulated military operations. The potential application of this finding is the development of objective tools based on intraocular pressure for the evaluation of the mental state in real-world contexts, permitting to improve soldiers´ safety and performance.
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Preventive Effects of a Single Bout of Exercise on Memory and Attention following One Night of Sleep Loss in Sports Students: Results of a Randomized Controlled Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100350. [PMID: 36285919 PMCID: PMC9598740 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss is a severe problem in night-shift workers. It causes fatigue and a decrease in awareness that may be counter-acted by exercise. This randomized controlled study of 22 university students investigated the effects of exercise to prevent loss of cognitive and physical performance following sleep deprivation. We compared a single bout of 20 min circuit training to control in an experimental setting of overnight sleep loss. Outcomes included memory, cognitive tasks, and physical parameters. The occurrence of false memories was considered the main outcome. Exercise did not exert significant effects on false memories (p = 0.456). We could detect a trend to significance (p < 0.01) assessing cognitive dimensions, i.e., selective and sustained attention, and visual scanning speed. This revealed strong effects of exercise on attention (p = 0.091; Cohen’s d = 0.76; ∆14%), cognitive performance, performance speed, and perceived sleepiness (p = 0.008; d = 0.60; ∆2.4 cm VAS). This study failed to show the effects of exercise on memory function. Still, the observed effects on attention and consciousness could be considered clinically relevant, as these results encourage further research to determine its practicability and meaningfulness among night-shift workers.
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Sleep Deprivation Influences Trial-to-Trial Transfer but Not Task Performance. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195513. [PMID: 36233381 PMCID: PMC9571000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that sleep deprivation can affect emotions and some cognitive functions. However, research on how sleep deprivation influences the visuomotor memory have rarely been reported. In the current study, a Fitts’ Law task was used to investigate how movement and the visuomotor memory are affected under the condition of sleep deprivation. Experiment 1 had 36 participants (15 males, mean age = 21.61 years) complete the same Fitts’ Law task 10 days apart under standard conditions. Experiment 2 had five participants (three males, mean age = 27.2 years) complete the task after 7 days of sleep deprivation, then complete it again after 10 days without sleep deprivation. Experiment 1 demonstrated the stability of the trial-to-trial effects. Experiment 2 showed that the previous trial (n) exerted no effect on the current trial (n + 1) under the conditions of sleep deprivation (p = 0.672). However, the effect was observed after 10 days without sleep deprivation (p = 0.013). This suggests that sleep deprivation did not affect task performance but influenced the transfer of the trial history. Future studies are required to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation with more participants.
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Stein JA, Hepler TC, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Beshirs CD, Holte KM, Kurtz BK, Hatch-McChesney A, Heinrich KM, Farina EK. Anthropometrics and body composition predict performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. ERGONOMICS 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36006381 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study determined anthropometric and body composition predictors of performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. Healthy subjects (N = 33, age = 25.7 ± 7.0 yr) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments before completing a simulated direct-fire engagement - consisting of marksmanship with cognitive workload assessment and a fire-and-move drill (16 × 6-m sprints) while wearing combat load. Susceptibility to enemy fire was modelled on sprint duration. Partial correlations and multiple linear regressions established the relationships between predictors and performance outcomes, controlling for age and sex. Significance was p ≤ 0.05. Higher percent body fat, fat mass, fight load index predicted greater susceptibility to enemy fire (r = 0.40 to 0.42) and lower cognitive performance (r= -0.45 to -0.49). Higher BMI also predicted lower cognitive performance (r= -0.49). Shorter stature/hand length predicted higher marksmanship accuracy (r= -0.40), while higher fat-free mass/fat-free mass index predicted slower reaction times (r = 0.36-0.41). These data suggest anthropometric and body composition measures modulate combat effectiveness and reinforce body composition standards in military organisations. Practitioner summary: This study identified field-expedient anthropometric and body composition predictors of a simulated direct-fire engagement that evaluated survivability (i.e. susceptibility to enemy fire) and lethality (i.e. marksmanship, cognitive performance) outcomes. Our findings suggest that anthropometric and body composition measures may play a role in soldier survivability and lethality during simulated direct-fire engagements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stein
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy C Hepler
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra M Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chaddrick D Beshirs
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kendra M Holte
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brady K Kurtz
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Mantua J, Shevchik JD, Chaudhury S, Eldringhoff HP, Mickelson CA, McKeon AB. Sleep and Infantry Battle Drill Performance in Special Operations Soldiers. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:557-561. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6040.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although multiple studies have documented the impact of insufficient sleep on soldier performance, most studies have done so using artificial measures of performance (e.g., tablet or simulator tests). The current study sought to test the relationship between sleep
and soldier performance during infantry battle drill training, a more naturalistic measure of performance.METHODS: Subjects in the study were 15 junior Special Operations infantry soldiers. Soldiers wore an actigraph and reported their subjective sleep duration and quality prior
to close quarter battle (CQB) drills. Experienced leaders monitored each iteration of the CQB exercise and recorded the number of errors committed.RESULTS: The number of errors committed during the live ammunition iterations was negatively correlated with subjective number of hours
slept and subjective sleep efficiency/quality during the month prior. Soldiers with subjective sleep duration ≥7 h had a significantly lower number of errors than soldiers with subjective sleep duration <7 h (1.71 vs. 0.63 errors), and soldiers with sleep quality <85% committed more
errors than those with sleep quality ≥85% (1.50 vs. 0.40 errors).DISCUSSION: These data preliminarily suggest that sleep quality and duration may influence subsequent performance on infantry battle drill training, particularly for soldiers with limited experience in battle drill
conduction who have not yet perfected battle drill techniques. Future studies should enact sleep augmentation to determine the causal influence of sleep on performance in this setting.Mantua J, Shevchik JD, Chaudhury S, Eldringhoff HP, Mickelson CA, McKeon AB. Sleep and infantry
battle drill performance in Special Operations soldiers. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(7):557–561.
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Wang Y, Du J, Xiao L, Huang Y, Zhang R, Xu J, Xu S, Wang H, Su T, Tang Y. Changes in sleep quality among Chinese active service personnel: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 2003-2019. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:76-84. [PMID: 37130562 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2082811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel live in operating environments in which poor sleep is common. In this cross-temporal meta-analysis (CTMA), 100 studies (144 data sets, N = 75,998) were identified to examine changes in sleep quality among Chinese active service personnel from 2003 to 2019. Participants were divided into three groups: the navy, the non-navy, and the unknown service. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used as the measure of sleep quality; it contains a global score and seven component scores, with higher scores indicative of poorer sleep. Among all active military personnel, the PSQI global and seven component scores decreased from 2003 to 2019. In examining the results by military type, the PSQI global and seven component scores increased in the navy group. Conversely, both the non-navy and unknown-service groups showed decreased PSQI global scores over time. Similarly, all PSQI component scores decreased over time for both the non-navy and unknown service groups, except for the use of sleeping medication (USM), which increased in the non-navy group. In conclusion, the sleep quality of Chinese active service personnel showed a positive trend. Further research should focus on improving the navy's sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Huang
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruike Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzhou Xu
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiang Tang
- Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Nishida M, Chiba T, Murata Y, Shioda K. Effects of Sleep Restriction on Self-Reported Putting Performance in Golf. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:833-850. [PMID: 35414325 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221087027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to explore the effects of sleep restriction (SR) on self-reported golf putting skills. Eleven collegiate golfers participated in a self-reported, counterbalanced experimental study under two conditions: (a) a SR condition in which sleep on the night prior to putting was restricted to 4-5 hours, and (b) a habitual normal sleep (NS) condition on the night before the putting test. Following each sleep condition, participants engaged in ten consecutive putting tests at 7 am, 11 am, and 3 pm. Participants reported their subjective sleepiness before each time frame, and their chronotype, defined as their individual circadian preference, was scored based on a morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ). Participants restricted sleep to an average period of 267.6 minutes/night (SD = 51.2) in the SR condition and 426.2 (SD =38.0) minutes/night in the NS condition. A two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the sleep condition on the lateral displacement of putts from the target (lateral misalignment) (p = 0.002). In addition, there was a significant main effect of time on distance from the target (distance misalignment) (p = 0.017), indicating less accuracy of putting in the SR condition. In the SR condition, the MEQ score was positively correlated with distance misalignment at 3 pm (ρ = 0.650, p = 0.030), suggesting that morningness types are susceptible to the effects of SR on putting performance. Our findings suggest that golfers should obtain sufficient sleep to optimize putting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, 13148Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.,Sleep Research Institute,13148Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishi Chiba
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, 13148Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Sleep Research Institute,13148Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Shioda
- Sleep Research Institute,13148Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Human Sciences, 91995Kanazawa Seiryo University, Ishikawa, Japan
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14
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The Development, Implementation, and Feasibility of a Circadian, Light, and Sleep Skills Program for Shipboard Military Personnel (CLASS-SM). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053093. [PMID: 35270786 PMCID: PMC8910671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Service members face unique barriers to sufficient and high quality sleep. In the present study, a circadian, light, and sleep skills program for shipboard military personnel (CLASS-SM) was designed to encourage and inform strategies that support optimal sleep and circadian health in the context of those barriers. Phase 1 included program development and refinement via an iterative formative evaluation, including structured interviews with service members and feedback from veterans and experts, resulting in further tailoring to the population. In Phase 2, the highly tailored program was administered to shipboard personnel (n = 55), and acceptability indicators were measured. Sleep- and circadian-related knowledge (pre- and post-program) and the perceived relevance of, and satisfaction with, program content (post-program) were assessed. Before the intervention, most individuals were unaware that 7−9 h of sleep is recommended (72%) and had little understanding of the physiological effects of light; however, knowledge scores increased significantly post-program, from 51% to 88% correct (p < 0.0001). Reception was positive, with high reported satisfaction and relevance. Most individuals reported that they learned something new (89%), planned to use one or more learned strategies (100%), and intended to share learned information with others (85%); the physiological effects of light and circadian rhythms were the content areas most frequently reported as new and useful. The results demonstrate the need for, and feasibility of, the delivery of this program in operational environments.
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15
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Ku X, Hyun S, Lee B. The role of death anxiety on marksmanship performance: a virtual reality simulator study. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:219-232. [PMID: 34348582 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1965222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established relationship between state anxiety and marksmanship performance, few efforts have examined the individual differences that affect the extent to which individuals experience state anxiety in combat situations. Thus, further studies are needed to increase the probability of mission accomplishment, which could ultimately serve to safely bring soldiers home. The present study examined how death anxiety, a trait-based difference affects state anxiety, which in turn affects shooting performance on a battlefield. In particular, we used a virtual reality simulator to create a realistic engagement setting in which simulated death anxiety is salient. On a sample of 99 active-duty enlisted men in the Republic of Korea Army, we found that death anxiety, and not trait anxiety, increased state anxiety, which in turn decreased marksmanship performance. Overall, the current findings highlight the role of death anxiety in combat situations. The practical implications and avenues for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xyle Ku
- Department of Psychology, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungju Hyun
- Department of Psychology, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byounghwak Lee
- Department of Physics & Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Biggs AT. Applying inhibitory control theories to shoot/don't‐shoot decisions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Smithies TD, Toth AJ, Dunican IC, Caldwell JA, Kowal M, Campbell MJ. The effect of sleep restriction on cognitive performance in elite cognitive performers: a systematic review. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab008. [PMID: 33438751 PMCID: PMC8271199 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To synthesize original articles exploring the effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance specifically for Elite Cognitive Performers, i.e. those who engage in cognitively demanding tasks with critical or safety-critical outcomes in their occupation or area of expertise. METHODS Backward snowballing techniques, gray literature searches, and traditional database searches (Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PSYCinfo, and SportDiscus) were used to obtain relevant articles. A quality assessment was performed, and the risk of training effects was considered. Results were narratively synthesized. Fourteen articles fit the criteria. Cognitive outcomes were divided into three categories defined by whether cognitive demands were "low-salience," "high-salience stable," or "high-salience flexible." RESULTS Low-salience tests (i.e. psychomotor vigilance tasks & serial reaction tests), mainly requiring vigilance and rudimentary attentional capacities, were sensitive to sleep restriction, however, this did not necessarily translate to significant performance deficits on low-salience occupation-specific task performance. High-salience cognitive outcomes were typically unaffected unless when cognitive flexibility was required. CONCLUSIONS Sleep restriction is of particular concern to occupations whereby individuals perform (1) simple, low-salience tasks or (2) high-salience tasks with demands on the flexible allocation of attention and working memory, with critical or safety-critical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Smithies
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero, the SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Adam J Toth
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero, the SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian C Dunican
- Melius Consulting, Mount Hawthorn, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Magdalena Kowal
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero, the SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark J Campbell
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero, the SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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18
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Hof zum Berge A, Kellmann M, Jakowski S. The First-Night Effect in Elite Sports: An Initial Glance on Polysomnography in Home-Based Settings. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641451. [PMID: 33841275 PMCID: PMC8027063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-applied portable polysomnography is considered a promising tool to assess sleep architecture in field studies. However, no findings have been published regarding the appearance of a first-night effect within a sport-specific setting. Its absence, however, would allow for a single night sleep monitoring and hence minimize the burden on athletes while still obtaining the most important variables. For this reason, the aim of the study was to assess whether the effect appears in home-based sleep monitoring of elite athletes. The study sample included eight male and 12 female German elite athletes from five different sports. Participants slept with a portable polysomnography for two nights, which they self-applied at night before going to bed. Time in bed and wake-up time in the morning were freely chosen by each individual athlete without any restrictions regarding time or sleeping environment. Participants were asked to keep the same location and time frame during the two days of monitoring and stick to their usual sleeping schedules. Sleep stages were manually scored using 30-s epochs. Sleep parameters and stages were later compared with the help of linear mixed models to investigate the factor time. Significant differences between the two nights were found for percentage of Non-REM sleep [T(19) = -2,10, p < 0.05, d = -0.47, 95%-CI (-7.23, -0.01)] with small effect size, Total Wake Time [T(19) = 2.30, p = 0.03, d = 0.51, 95%-CI (1.66, 35.17)], Sleep Efficiency [T(19) = -2.48, p = 0.02, d = -0.55, 95%-CI (-7.43, -0.63)], and Wake percentage [T(19) = 2.47, p = 0.02, d = 0.55, 95%-CI (0.61, 7.43)] with moderate effect sizes, and N3 Sleep Onset Latency [T(19) = 3.37, p < 0.01, d = 0.75, 95%-CI (7.15, 30.54)] with large effect size. Confidence Intervals for all other indices range from negative to positive values and hence specify, that parameters were not systematically negatively affected in the first night. Findings suggest that some individuals are more affected by the first-night effect than others. Yet, in order to keep the measurement uncertainties to a minimum, a more conservative approach with at least two monitoring nights should be used whenever possible, if no other supporting information on the athletes says otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hof zum Berge
- Faculty of Sport Science, Unit of Sport Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Faculty of Sport Science, Unit of Sport Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Jakowski
- Faculty of Sport Science, Unit of Sport Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Ritland BM, Naylor JA, Bessey AF, McKeon AB, Proctor SP, Capaldi VF, Mantua J, Sowden WJ. Transitioning from daytime to nighttime operations in military training has a temporary negative impact on dynamic balance and jump performance in U.S. Army Rangers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:919-924. [PMID: 33750655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explore the impact transitioning from daytime to nighttime operations has on performance in U.S. Army Rangers. METHODS Fifty-four male Rangers (age 26.1±4.0 years) completed the Y-Balance Test (YBT), a vertical jump assessment, and a grip strength test at three time points. Baseline testing occurred while the Rangers were on daytime operations; post-test occurred after the first night into the nighttime operation training (after full night of sleep loss), and follow-up testing occurred six days later (end of nighttime training). RESULTS On the YBT, performance was significantly worse at post-test compared to baseline during right posteromedial reach (104.1±7.2cm vs 106.5±6.7cm, p=.014), left posteromedial reach (105.4±7.5cm vs 108.5±6.6cm, p=.003), right composite score (274.8±19.3cm vs 279.7±18.1cm, p=.043), left composite score (277.9±18.1cm vs 283.3±16.7cm, p=.016), and leg asymmetry was significantly worse in the posterolateral direction (4.8±4.0cm vs 3.7±3.1cm, p=.030) and the anterior direction (5.0±4.0cm vs 3.6±2.6cm, p=.040). The average vertical jump height was significantly lower at post-test compared to baseline (20.6±3.4 in vs 21.8±3.0 in, p=.004). Baseline performance on YBT and vertical jump did not differ from follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Army Rangers experienced an immediate, but temporary, drop in dynamic balance and vertical jump performance when transitioning from daytime to nighttime operations. When feasible, Rangers should consider adjusting their sleep cycles prior to anticipating nighttime operations in order to maintain their performance levels. Investigating strategies that may limit impairments during this transition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Ritland
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, United States.
| | - Jacob A Naylor
- 2d Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, United States
| | - Alexxa F Bessey
- Behavior Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States
| | - Ashlee B McKeon
- Behavior Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States
| | - Susan P Proctor
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, United States
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavior Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States
| | - Janna Mantua
- Behavior Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States
| | - Walter J Sowden
- Behavior Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, United States
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20
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Lastella M, Miller DJ, Vincent GE, Elsworthy N, Scanlan AT, Duffield R. The influence of training and competition on sleep behaviour of soccer referees. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:98-104. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1890812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lastella
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dean J Miller
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
- Central Queensland University, Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- University Technology Sydney, Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Sydney, Australia
- Football Federation Australia, Medical Department, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Dobrosielski DA, Sweeney L, Lisman PJ. The Association Between Poor Sleep and the Incidence of Sport and Physical Training-Related Injuries in Adult Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:777-793. [PMID: 33560506 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of achieving an adequate amount of sleep to optimize health and athletic performance is well recognized. Yet, a systematic evidence compilation of the risk for sport-related injury in adult athletic populations due to poor sleep does not exist. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between poor sleep and sport and physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched using keywords relevant to sleep quantity and quality, and musculoskeletal injury and sport-related concussion (SRC). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies were included in this systematic review if they were comprised of adult athletic populations, reported measures of sleep quantity or quality, followed participants prospectively for injury, and reported an association between sleep and incidence of sport or physical training-related injury. STUDY APPRAISAL The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort Studies. RESULTS From our review of 12 prospective cohort studies, we found limited evidence supporting an association between poor sleep and injury in adult athletic populations. Specifically, there is (a) insufficient evidence supporting the associations between poor sleep and increased risk of injury in specific groups of athletic adults, including professional or elite athletes, collegiate athletes, elite or collegiate dancers, and endurance sport athletes; and (b) limited evidence of an association between poor sleep and increased risk of SRC in collegiate athletes. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence does not support poor sleep as an independent risk factor for increased risk of sport or physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. Given the methodological heterogeneity and limitations across previous studies, more prospective studies are required to determine the association between sleep and injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A Dobrosielski
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA. .,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.
| | - Lisa Sweeney
- Department of Library Services, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Lisman
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA.,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
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22
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Biggs AT, Pettijohn KA, Gardony AL. When the response does not match the threat: The relationship between threat assessment and behavioural response in ambiguous lethal force decision-making. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:812-825. [PMID: 33427067 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820985819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deciding when to use lethal force inherently depends on assessing threat, a process that itself incorporates numerous perceptual factors. This study assessed this relationship between perception-based threat assessment and behaviour-based threat response. Specifically, participants completed multiple tasks designed to elicit either a threat rating (e.g., perception-informed threat assessment) or a binary behavioural response (e.g., shoot/don't-shoot). Actor posture and weapon presence significantly affected the threat assessment, which was an extremely powerful omnibus predictor of threat response. However, for ambiguous threat stimuli, perceived threat became a poor predictor for threat response relative to the omnibus test. Participants appeared to adopt additional rules to inform behaviour independent of the threat assessment when faced with an ambiguous situation. These results demonstrate an intriguing disparity between subjective threat assessment and the behavioural response to use force that does not apply well to ambiguous cases or adequately explain errors in lethal force decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Biggs
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.,Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA, USA
| | - Kyle A Pettijohn
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron L Gardony
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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23
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Ritland BM, Hughes JM, Taylor KM, Guerriere KI, Proctor SP, Foulis SA, Heaton KJ. Sleep health of incoming army trainees and how it changes during basic combat training. Sleep Health 2020; 7:37-42. [PMID: 33243720 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the sleep health of incoming Army trainees and how it is impacted during basic combat training (BCT). DESIGN Prospective. SETTING BCT site (Fort Jackson, SC). PARTICIPANTS A total of 1349 trainees (936 = male, 413 = female, 20.73 ± 3.67 years). MEASUREMENTS Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale at the start of BCT and a modified PSQI at the end of BCT. RESULTS At baseline, trainees reported an average sleep duration of 7.65 ± 1.68 hours per night, with 81.8% rating their sleep quality as "Very Good or Fairly Good." The mean reported Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire score was 50.63 ± 8.11 and the mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale was 8.60 ± 4.02. Reported sleep duration was significantly less during BCT (6.73 ± 0.90 hours) compared to baseline (P< .001). There was no significant difference in the mean PSQI Global score at the end of BCT compared to the start (5.33 ± 3.00 vs. 5.42 ± 2.85, P = .440), however, 6 of the 7 component scores were significantly different (with Sleep Quality, Sleep Duration, and Daytime Dysfunction scores being higher/worse and Sleep Latency, Sleep Efficiency, and Sleep Medication Use scores being lower/improved [all P < .01]). CONCLUSIONS Army BCT trainees in this large sample reported good sleep health characteristics at entry to training, including achieving recommended sleep amounts (>7 hours per night) and reporting good sleep quality. During BCT, negative changes were observed in reported sleep duration and quality in trainees. Further investigation into the factors contributing to changes in trainees' sleep health during BCT and the implications on subsequent readiness, injury risk, and performance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Ritland
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katelyn I Guerriere
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan P Proctor
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA; Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Rao HM, Smalt CJ, Rodriguez A, Wright HM, Mehta DD, Brattain LJ, Edwards HM, Lammert A, Heaton KJ, Quatieri TF. Predicting Cognitive Load and Operational Performance in a Simulated Marksmanship Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:222. [PMID: 32719593 PMCID: PMC7350508 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern operational environments can place significant demands on a service member's cognitive resources, increasing the risk of errors or mishaps due to overburden. The ability to monitor cognitive burden and associated performance within operational environments is critical to improving mission readiness. As a key step toward a field-ready system, we developed a simulated marksmanship scenario with an embedded working memory task in an immersive virtual reality environment. As participants performed the marksmanship task, they were instructed to remember numbered targets and recall the sequence of those targets at the end of the trial. Low and high cognitive load conditions were defined as the recall of three- and six-digit strings, respectively. Physiological and behavioral signals recorded included speech, heart rate, breathing rate, and body movement. These features were input into a random forest classifier that significantly discriminated between the low- and high-cognitive load conditions (AUC = 0.94). Behavioral features of gait were the most informative, followed by features of speech. We also showed the capability to predict performance on the digit recall (AUC = 0.71) and marksmanship (AUC = 0.58) tasks. The experimental framework can be leveraged in future studies to quantify the interaction of other types of stressors and their impact on operational cognitive and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh M Rao
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J Smalt
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Aaron Rodriguez
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Hannah M Wright
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Daryush D Mehta
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Laura J Brattain
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Harvey M Edwards
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Adam Lammert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Thomas F Quatieri
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
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25
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Sprecher KE, Ritchie HK, Burke TM, Depner CM, Smits AN, Dorrestein PC, Fleshner M, Knight R, Lowry CA, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH, Wright KP. Trait-like vulnerability of higher-order cognition and ability to maintain wakefulness during combined sleep restriction and circadian misalignment. Sleep 2020; 42:5487466. [PMID: 31070769 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Determine stability of individual differences in executive function, cognitive processing speed, selective visual attention, and maintenance of wakefulness during simulated sustained operations with combined sleep restriction and circadian misalignment. METHODS Twenty healthy adults (eight female), aged 25.7 (±4.2 SD), body mass index (BMI) 22.3 (±2.1) kg/m2 completed an 18-day protocol twice. Participants maintained habitual self-selected 8-hour sleep schedules for 2 weeks at home prior to a 4-day laboratory visit that included one sleep opportunity per day: 8 hours on night 1, 3 hours on night 2, and 3 hours on mornings 3 and 4. After 3 days of unscheduled sleep at home, participants repeated the entire protocol. Stability and task dependency of individual differences in performance were quantified by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Kendall's Tau, respectively. RESULTS Performance on Stroop, Visual Search, and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test were highly consistent within individuals during combined sleep restriction and circadian misalignment. Individual differences were trait-like as indicated by ICCs (0.54-0.96) classified according to standard criteria as moderate to almost perfect. Individual differences on other performance tasks commonly reported in sleep studies showed fair to almost perfect ICCs (0.22-0.94). Kendall's rank correlations showed that individual vulnerability to sleep restriction and circadian misalignment varied by task and by metric within a task. CONCLUSIONS Consistent vulnerability of higher-order cognition and maintenance of wakefulness to combined sleep restriction and circadian misalignment has implications for the development of precision countermeasure strategies for workers performing safety-critical tasks, e.g. military, police, health care workers and emergency responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Sprecher
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Hannah K Ritchie
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Tina M Burke
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Alexandra N Smits
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Microbiome Innovation and Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Martha H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO
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26
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Moore BA, Brock MS, Brager A, Collen J, LoPresti M, Mysliwiec V. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep, and Performance in Military Personnel. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Alger SE, Brager AJ, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. Effect of cognitive load and emotional valence of distractors on performance during sleep extension and subsequent sleep deprivation. Sleep 2020; 43:5722315. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
The purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which sleep extension followed by sleep deprivation impacts performance on an attentional task with varying cognitive and attentional demands that influence decisions.
Methods
Task performance was assessed at baseline, after 1 week of sleep extension, and after 40 h of total sleep deprivation.
Results
One week of sleep extension resulted in improved performance, particularly for high cognitive load decisions regardless of the emotional salience of attentional distractors. Those who extended sleep the most relative to their habitual sleep duration showed the greatest improvement in general performance during sleep extension. However, a higher percentage of time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) on the last night of the sleep extension phase was negatively correlated with performance on more difficult high cognitive load items, possibly reflecting a relatively higher level of residual sleep need. Sleep deprivation generally resulted in impaired performance, with a nonsignificant trend toward greater performance decrements in the presence of emotionally salient distractors. Performance overall, but specifically for high cognitive load decisions, during total sleep deprivation was negatively correlated with longer sleep and higher SWS percentage during subsequent recovery sleep.
Conclusions
The present findings suggest two possibilities: those who performed relatively poorly during sleep deprivation were more vulnerable because (1) they utilized mental resources (i.e. accrued sleep debt) at a relatively faster rate during wakefulness, and/or (2) they failed to “pay down” pre-study sleep debt to the same extent as better-performing participants during the preceding sleep extension phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Alger
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Thomas J Balkin
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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28
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Villa JD, Christopher JJ, Mitchell KB, Hussey EK, Ramsay JW, Brown SAT. Assessment of the Relationship between Military Weapon Qualification Scores and Attributes of Simulated Marksmanship Mission Readiness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1071181319631073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. military uses performance in standardized weapons qualification tests as one benchmark of mission readiness. However, validity concerns have risen about the current qualification model in regards to its suitability to measure marksmanship ability in realistic, battlefield conditions as well as its relevance with recent weapon technological advancements. The present analysis provides an initial look at the relationship between performance in a standard weapons qualification test (qualification score) and performance attributes of marksmanship recorded prior to a field training mission. Marksmanship performance was measured using a simulator and a combined static-dynamic methodology capable of assessing the entire marksmanship process of moving, locating, positioning, and engaging targets. Results indicate that qualification scores in the current qualification model are a poor predictor of slow, untimed static marksmanship and a good predictor of high-paced dynamic marksmanship timing and mobility performance attributes during a rested state, prior to embarking on a mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D. Villa
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA
| | | | - K. Blake Mitchell
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA
| | - Erika K. Hussey
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA
| | - John W. Ramsay
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA
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29
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Clifford RE, Hertzano R, Ohlemiller KK. Untangling the genomics of noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus: Contributions of Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:4007. [PMID: 31795683 PMCID: PMC7273513 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic trauma is a feature of the industrial age, in general, and mechanized warfare, in particular. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus have been the number 1 and number 2 disabilities at U.S. Veterans hospitals since 2006. In a reversal of original protocols to identify candidate genes associated with monogenic deafness disorders, unbiased genome-wide association studies now direct animal experiments in order to explore genetic variants common in Homo sapiens. However, even these approaches must utilize animal studies for validation of function and understanding of mechanisms. Animal research currently focuses on genetic expression profiles since the majority of variants occur in non-coding regions, implying regulatory divergences. Moving forward, it will be important in both human and animal research to define the phenotypes of hearing loss and tinnitus, as well as exposure parameters, in order to extricate genes related to acoustic trauma versus those related to aging. It has become clear that common disorders like acoustic trauma are influenced by large numbers of genes, each with small effects, which cumulatively lead to susceptibility to a disorder. A polygenic risk score, which aggregates these small effect sizes of multiple genes, may offer a more accurate description of risk for NIHL and/or tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce E Clifford
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, James T. Frenkil Building, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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30
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Torres C, Kim Y. The effects of caffeine on marksmanship accuracy and reaction time: a systematic review. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:1023-1032. [PMID: 31045484 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1613572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Military and law enforcement personnel are required to maintain optimal marksman accuracy and reaction time during extended duty hours amidst environmental stressors. Although caffeine is commonly used to mitigate the consequences of fatigue, the effects of caffeine on marksmanship accuracy are inconclusive. The purpose of this review was to determine the effect of caffeine on marksman accuracy and reaction time. A literature search was conducted and 17 articles were selected for review based on relevance and methodological quality. Caffeine consistently improved marksman reaction time but did not improve marksmanship accuracy. However, there is some evidence that caffeine attenuates performance decrements in marksman accuracy caused by stress and fatigue if optimal dosing strategies are employed. Dosing strategies timed according to hours of wakefulness and time before testing could prevent performance deterioration. Doses of 100-200 mg every 2 hours may effectively improve accuracy during extended duty; however, further research is needed. Practitioner Summary: The purpose of this review was to determine the effect of caffeine on marksman accuracy and reaction time. A literature search was conducted and 17 articles were selected for review based on relevance and methodological quality. Caffeine consistently improved marksman reaction time but did not improve marksmanship accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Torres
- a Department of Nutrition , Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , MI , 48859 , USA
| | - Yeonsoo Kim
- a Department of Nutrition , Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , MI , 48859 , USA
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31
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Simulated Marksmanship Performance Methodology: Assessing Lethality, Mobility and Stability Across the Preparation, Execution and Recovery Stages of a Military Field Training Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20148-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Raikes AC, Athey A, Alfonso-Miller P, Killgore WDS, Grandner MA. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness: risk factors for sports-related concussion. Sleep Med 2019; 58:66-74. [PMID: 31132574 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Poor quality and inadequate sleep are associated with impaired cognitive, motor, and behavioral components of sport performance and increased injury risk. While prior work identifies sports-related concussions as predisposing factors for poor sleep, the role of sleep as a sports-related concussion risk factor is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of poor sleep quality and insomnia symptoms on future sports-related concussion risk. PATIENTS/METHODS In this study, 190 NCAA Division-1 athletes completed a survey battery, including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Sleep module. Univariate risk ratios for future sports-related concussions were computed with ISI and NHANES sleepiness scores as independent predictors. An additional multiple logistic regression model including sport, sports-related concussion history, and significant univariate predictors jointly assessed the odds of sustaining a concussion. RESULTS Clinically moderate-to-severe insomnia severity (RR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.320-7.424, p = 0.015) and excessive daytime sleepiness two or more times per month (RR = 2.856, 95% CI: 0.681-11.977, p = 0.037) increased concussion risk. These variables remained significant and comparable in magnitude in a multivariate model adjusted for sport participation. CONCLUSION Insomnia and daytime sleepiness are independently associated with increased sports-related concussion risk. More completely identifying bidirectional relationships between concussions and sleep requires further research. Clinicians and athletes should be cognizant of this relationship and take proactive measures - including assessing and treating sleep-disordered breathing, limiting insomnia risk factors, improving sleep hygiene, and developing daytime sleepiness management strategies - to reduce sports-related concussion risk and support overall athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Amy Athey
- Department of Athletics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - William D S Killgore
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN) Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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33
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Perspectives on resilience for military readiness and preparedness: Report of an international military physiology roundtable. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1116-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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