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Chung HY, Bian Y, Lim KM, Kim BS, Choi SH. MARTX toxin of Vibrio vulnificus induces RBC phosphatidylserine exposure that can contribute to thrombosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4846. [PMID: 35978022 PMCID: PMC9385741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
V. vulnificus-infected patients suffer from hemolytic anemia and circulatory lesions, often accompanied by venous thrombosis. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of venous thrombosis associated with V. vulnificus infection remains largely unknown. Herein, V. vulnificus infection at the sub-hemolytic level induced shape change of human red blood cells (RBCs) accompanied by phosphatidylserine exposure, and microvesicle generation, leading to the procoagulant activation of RBCs and ultimately, acquisition of prothrombotic activity. Of note, V. vulnificus exposed to RBCs substantially upregulated the rtxA gene encoding multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin. Mutant studies showed that V. vulnificus-induced RBC procoagulant activity was due to the pore forming region of the MARTX toxin causing intracellular Ca2+ influx in RBCs. In a rat venous thrombosis model triggered by tissue factor and stasis, the V. vulnificus wild type increased thrombosis while the ΔrtxA mutant failed to increase thrombosis, confirming that V. vulnificus induces thrombosis through the procoagulant activation of RBCs via the mediation of the MARTX toxin. The pathophysiological mechanism of venous thrombosis associated with Vibrio vulnificus infection remains largely unknown. In this work, the authors investigate this association, focusing on effects of the pore-forming MARTX toxin of V. vulnificus on red blood cells, and the utilisation of a rat venous thrombosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Young Chung
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiying Bian
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Sik Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wan J, Konings J, de Laat B, Hackeng TM, Roest M. Added Value of Blood Cells in Thrombin Generation Testing. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1574-1587. [PMID: 33742437 DOI: 10.1055/a-1450-8300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of blood to form thrombin is a critical determinant of coagulability. Plasma thrombin generation (TG), a test that probes the capacity of plasma to form thrombin, has improved our knowledge of the coagulation system and shows promising utility in coagulation management. Although plasma TG gives comprehensive insights into the function of pro- and anticoagulation drivers, it does not measure the role of blood cells in TG. In this literature review, we discuss currently available continuous TG tests that can reflect the involvement of blood cells in coagulation, in particular the fluorogenic assays that allow continuous measurement in platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. We also provide an overview about the influence of blood cells on blood coagulation, with emphasis on the direct influence of blood cells on TG. Platelets accelerate the initiation and velocity of TG by phosphatidylserine exposure, granule content release and surface receptor interaction with coagulation proteins. Erythrocytes are also major providers of phosphatidylserine, and erythrocyte membranes trigger contact activation. Furthermore, leukocytes and cancer cells may be important players in cell-mediated coagulation because, under certain conditions, they express tissue factor, release procoagulant components and can induce platelet activation. We argue that testing TG in the presence of blood cells may be useful to distinguish blood cell-related coagulation disorders. However, it should also be noted that these blood cell-dependent TG assays are not clinically validated. Further standardization and validation studies are needed to explore their clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Konings
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Red blood cells modulate structure and dynamics of venous clot formation in sickle cell disease. Blood 2019; 133:2529-2541. [PMID: 30952675 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic activation of coagulation and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Erythrocyte sickling, the primary pathologic event in SCD, results in dramatic morphological changes in red blood cells (RBCs) because of polymerization of the abnormal hemoglobin. We used a mouse model of SCD and blood samples from sickle patients to determine if these changes affect the structure, properties, and dynamics of sickle clot formation. Sickling of RBCs and a significant increase in fibrin deposition were observed in venous thrombi formed in sickle mice. During ex vivo clot contraction, the number of RBCs extruded from sickle whole blood clots was significantly reduced compared with the number released from sickle cell trait and nonsickle clots in both mice and humans. Entrapment of sickled RBCs was largely factor XIIIa-independent and entirely mediated by the platelet-free cellular fraction of sickle blood. Inhibition of phosphatidylserine, but not administration of antisickling compounds, increased the number of RBCs released from sickle clots. Interestingly, whole blood, but not plasma clots from SCD patients, was more resistant to fibrinolysis, indicating that the cellular fraction of blood mediates resistance to tissue plasminogen activator. Sickle trait whole blood clots demonstrated an intermediate phenotype in response to tissue plasminogen activator. RBC exchange in SCD patients had a long-lasting effect on normalizing whole blood clot contraction. Furthermore, RBC exchange transiently reversed resistance of whole blood sickle clots to fibrinolysis, in part by decreasing platelet-derived PAI-1. These properties of sickle clots may explain the increased risk of venous thromboembolism observed in SCD.
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WEISEL JW, LITVINOV RI. Red blood cells: the forgotten player in hemostasis and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:271-282. [PMID: 30618125 PMCID: PMC6932746 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New evidence has stirred up a long-standing but undeservedly forgotten interest in the role of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), in blood clotting and its disorders. This review summarizes the most recent research that describes the involvement of RBCs in hemostasis and thrombosis. There are both quantitative and qualitative changes in RBCs that affect bleeding and thrombosis, as well as interactions of RBCs with cellular and molecular components of the hemostatic system. The changes in RBCs that affect hemostasis and thrombosis include RBC counts or hematocrit (modulating blood rheology through viscosity) and qualitative changes, such as deformability, aggregation, expression of adhesive proteins and phosphatidylserine, release of extracellular microvesicles, and hemolysis. The pathogenic mechanisms implicated in thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk include variable adherence of RBCs to the vessel wall, which depends on the functional state of RBCs and/or endothelium, modulation of platelet reactivity and platelet margination, alterations of fibrin structure and reduced susceptibility to fibrinolysis, modulation of nitric oxide availability, and the levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in blood related to the ABO blood group system. RBCs are involved in platelet-driven contraction of clots and thrombi that results in formation of a tightly packed array of polyhedral erythrocytes, or polyhedrocytes, which comprises a nearly impermeable barrier that is important for hemostasis and wound healing. The revisited notion of the importance of RBCs is largely based on clinical and experimental associations between RBCs and thrombosis or bleeding, implying that RBCs are a prospective therapeutic target in hemostatic and thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. WEISEL
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R. I. LITVINOV
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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5
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Wijnberge M, Parmar K, Kesse-Adu R, Howard J, Cohen AT, Hunt BJ. The utility of thromboelastography and thrombin generation in assessing the prothrombotic state of adults with sickle cell disease. Thromb Res 2017; 158:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Molokie R, Lavelle D, Gowhari M, Pacini M, Krauz L, Hassan J, Ibanez V, Ruiz MA, Ng KP, Woost P, Radivoyevitch T, Pacelli D, Fada S, Rump M, Hsieh M, Tisdale JF, Jacobberger J, Phelps M, Engel JD, Saraf S, Hsu LL, Gordeuk V, DeSimone J, Saunthararajah Y. Oral tetrahydrouridine and decitabine for non-cytotoxic epigenetic gene regulation in sickle cell disease: A randomized phase 1 study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002382. [PMID: 28880867 PMCID: PMC5589090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD), a congenital hemolytic anemia that exacts terrible global morbidity and mortality, is driven by polymerization of mutated sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in red blood cells (RBCs). Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) interferes with this polymerization, but HbF is epigenetically silenced from infancy onward by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). METHODS AND FINDINGS To pharmacologically re-induce HbF by DNMT1 inhibition, this first-in-human clinical trial (NCT01685515) combined 2 small molecules-decitabine to deplete DNMT1 and tetrahydrouridine (THU) to inhibit cytidine deaminase (CDA), the enzyme that otherwise rapidly deaminates/inactivates decitabine, severely limiting its half-life, tissue distribution, and oral bioavailability. Oral decitabine doses, administered after oral THU 10 mg/kg, were escalated from a very low starting level (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, or 0.16 mg/kg) to identify minimal doses active in depleting DNMT1 without cytotoxicity. Patients were SCD adults at risk of early death despite standard-of-care, randomized 3:2 to THU-decitabine versus placebo in 5 cohorts of 5 patients treated 2X/week for 8 weeks, with 4 weeks of follow-up. The primary endpoint was ≥ grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity. This endpoint was not triggered, and adverse events (AEs) were not significantly different in THU-decitabine-versus placebo-treated patients. At the decitabine 0.16 mg/kg dose, plasma concentrations peaked at approximately 50 nM (Cmax) and remained elevated for several hours. This dose decreased DNMT1 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by >75% and repetitive element CpG methylation by approximately 10%, and increased HbF by 4%-9% (P < 0.001), doubling fetal hemoglobin-enriched red blood cells (F-cells) up to approximately 80% of total RBCs. Total hemoglobin increased by 1.2-1.9 g/dL (P = 0.01) as reticulocytes simultaneously decreased; that is, better quality and efficiency of HbF-enriched erythropoiesis elevated hemoglobin using fewer reticulocytes. Also indicating better RBC quality, biomarkers of hemolysis, thrombophilia, and inflammation (LDH, bilirubin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein [CRP]) improved. As expected with non-cytotoxic DNMT1-depletion, platelets increased and neutrophils concurrently decreased, but not to an extent requiring treatment holds. As an early phase study, limitations include small patient numbers at each dose level and narrow capacity to evaluate clinical benefits. CONCLUSION Administration of oral THU-decitabine to patients with SCD was safe in this study and, by targeting DNMT1, upregulated HbF in RBCs. Further studies should investigate clinical benefits and potential harms not identified to date. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01685515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Molokie
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Donald Lavelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michel Gowhari
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Pacini
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lani Krauz
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Johara Hassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vinzon Ibanez
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Ruiz
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kwok Peng Ng
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip Woost
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daisy Pacelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sherry Fada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rump
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hsieh
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitch Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Saraf
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis L. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Victor Gordeuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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7
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Alapan Y, Fraiwan A, Kucukal E, Hasan MN, Ung R, Kim M, Odame I, Little JA, Gurkan UA. Emerging point-of-care technologies for sickle cell disease screening and monitoring. Expert Rev Med Devices 2016; 13:1073-1093. [PMID: 27785945 PMCID: PMC5166583 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2016.1254038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) affects 100,000 Americans and more than 14 million people globally, mostly in economically disadvantaged populations, and requires early diagnosis after birth and constant monitoring throughout the life-span of the patient. Areas covered: Early diagnosis of SCD still remains a challenge in preventing childhood mortality in the developing world due to requirements of skilled personnel and high-cost of currently available modalities. On the other hand, SCD monitoring presents insurmountable challenges due to heterogeneities among patient populations, as well as in the same individual longitudinally. Here, we describe emerging point-of-care micro/nano platform technologies for SCD screening and monitoring, and critically discuss current state of the art, potential challenges associated with these technologies, and future directions. Expert commentary: Recently developed microtechnologies offer simple, rapid, and affordable screening of SCD and have the potential to facilitate universal screening in resource-limited settings and developing countries. On the other hand, monitoring of SCD is more complicated compared to diagnosis and requires comprehensive validation of efficacy. Early use of novel microdevices for patient monitoring might come in especially handy in new clinical trial designs of emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Alapan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arwa Fraiwan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M. Noman Hasan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Ung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Myeongseop Kim
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Odame
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jane A. Little
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center at University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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8
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Whelihan MF, Lim MY, Mooberry MJ, Piegore MG, Ilich A, Wogu A, Cai J, Monroe DM, Ataga KI, Mann KG, Key NS. Thrombin generation and cell-dependent hypercoagulability in sickle cell disease. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1941-1952. [PMID: 27430959 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Sickle cell disease is increasingly being recognized as a chronic hypercoagulable state. Thrombin generation is elevated in the whole blood, but not the plasma of sickle cell patients. Whole blood thrombin generation inversely correlates to erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure. Acquired protein S deficiency is likely explained by binding of protein S to sickle red cells. Click to hear Dr Hillery discuss coagulation and vascular pathologies in mouse models of sickle cell disease. SUMMARY Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hypercoagulable state with chronic activation of coagulation and an increased incidence of thromboembolic events. However, although plasma pre-thrombotic markers such as thrombin-anithrombin complexes and D-dimer are elevated, there is no consensus on whether global assays of thrombin generation in plasma are abnormal in patients with SCD. Based on our recent observation that normal red blood cells (RBCs) contribute to thrombin generation in whole blood, we hypothesized that the cellular components in blood (notably phosphatidylserine-expressing erythrocytes) contribute to enhanced thrombin generation in SCD. Methods Whole blood and plasma thrombin generation assays were performed on blood samples from 25 SCD patients in a non-crisis 'steady state' and 25 healthy race-matched controls. Results Whole blood thrombin generation was significantly elevated in SCD, whereas plasma thrombin generation was paradoxically reduced compared with controls. Surprisingly, whole blood and plasma thrombin generation were both negatively correlated with phosphatidylserine exposure on RBCs. Plasma thrombin generation in the presence of exogenous activated protein C or soluble thrombomodulin revealed deficiencies in the protein C/S anticoagulant pathway in SCD. These global changes were associated with significantly lower plasma protein S activity in SCD that correlated inversely with RBC phosphatidylserine exposure. Conclusion Increased RBC phosphatidylserine exposure in SCD is associated with acquired protein S deficiency. In addition, these data suggest a cellular contribution to thrombin generation in SCD (other than RBC phosphatidylserine exposure) that explains the elevated thrombin generation in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Y Lim
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - M G Piegore
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Ilich
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Wogu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D M Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K I Ataga
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K G Mann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - N S Key
- Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Erytrocyte-related phenotypes and genetic susceptibility to thrombosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 59:44-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Sickle cell disease biochip: a functional red blood cell adhesion assay for monitoring sickle cell disease. Transl Res 2016; 173:74-91.e8. [PMID: 27063958 PMCID: PMC4959913 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) afflicts millions of people worldwide and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Chronic and acute vaso-occlusion are the clinical hallmarks of SCD and can result in pain crisis, widespread organ damage, and early movtality. Even though the molecular underpinnings of SCD were identified more than 60 years ago, there are no molecular or biophysical markers of disease severity that are feasibly measured in the clinic. Abnormal cellular adhesion to vascular endothelium is at the root of vaso-occlusion. However, cellular adhesion is not currently evaluated clinically. Here, we present a clinically applicable microfluidic device (SCD biochip) that allows serial quantitative evaluation of red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to endothelium-associated protein-immobilized microchannels, in a closed and preprocessing-free system. With the SCD biochip, we have analyzed blood samples from more than 100 subjects and have shown associations between the measured RBC adhesion to endothelium-associated proteins (fibronectin and laminin) and individual RBC characteristics, including hemoglobin content, fetal hemoglobin concentration, plasma lactate dehydrogenase level, and reticulocyte count. The SCD biochip is a functional adhesion assay, reflecting quantitative evaluation of RBC adhesion, which could be used at baseline, during crises, relative to various long-term complications, and before and after therapeutic interventions.
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11
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Villa CH, Muzykantov VR, Cines DB. The emerging role for red blood cells in haemostasis: opportunity for intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Villa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - V. R. Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics; The Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - D. B. Cines
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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12
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Noubouossie D, Key NS, Ataga KI. Coagulation abnormalities of sickle cell disease: Relationship with clinical outcomes and the effect of disease modifying therapies. Blood Rev 2015; 30:245-56. [PMID: 26776344 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hypercoagulable state. Patients exhibit increased platelet activation, high plasma levels of markers of thrombin generation, depletion of natural anticoagulant proteins, abnormal activation of the fibrinolytic system, and increased tissue factor expression, even in the non-crisis "steady state." Furthermore, SCD is characterized by an increased risk of thrombotic complications. The pathogenesis of coagulation activation in SCD appears to be multi-factorial, with contributions from ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation, hemolysis and nitric oxide deficiency, and increased sickle RBC phosphatidylserine expression. Recent studies in animal models suggest that activation of coagulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of SCD, but the data on the contribution of coagulation and platelet activation to SCD-related complications in humans are limited. Clinical trials of new generations of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, using a variety of clinical endpoints are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Noubouossie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kenneth I Ataga
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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13
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Hyacinth HI, Adams RJ, Greenberg CS, Voeks JH, Hill A, Hibbert JM, Gee BE. Effect of Chronic Blood Transfusion on Biomarkers of Coagulation Activation and Thrombin Generation in Sickle Cell Patients at Risk for Stroke. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134193. [PMID: 26305570 PMCID: PMC4549306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercoagulability in sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with multiple SCD phenotypes, association with stroke risk has not been well described. We hypothesized that serum levels of biomarkers of coagulation activation correlate with high transcranial Doppler ultrasound velocity and decreases with blood transfusion therapy in SCD patients. Stored serum samples from subjects in the Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) trial were analyzed using ELISA and protein multiplexing techniques. 40 subjects from each treatment arm (Standard Care [SC] and Transfusion [Tx]) at three time points—baseline, study exit and one year post-trial and 10 each of age matched children with SCD but normal TCD (SNTCD) and with normal hemoglobin (HbAA) were analyzed. At baseline, median vWF, TAT and D-dimer levels were significantly higher among STOP subjects than either HbAA or SNTCD. At study exit, median hemoglobin level was significantly higher while median TCD velocity was significantly lower in Tx compared to SC subjects. Median vWF (409.6 vs. 542.9 μg/ml), TAT (24.8 vs. 40.0 ng/ml) and D-dimer (9.2 vs. 19.1 μg/ml) levels were also significantly lower in the Tx compared to the SC group at study exit. Blood levels of biomarkers coagulation activation/thrombin generation correlated positively with TCD velocity and negatively with number of blood transfusions. Biomarkers of coagulation activation/thrombin generation were significantly elevated in children with SCD, at high risk for stroke. Reduction in levels of these biomarkers correlated with reduction in stroke risk (lower TCD velocity), indicating a possible role for hypercoagulation in SCD associated stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinth I. Hyacinth
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Stroke Centre, Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert J. Adams
- Stroke Centre, Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Greenberg
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Jenifer H. Voeks
- Stroke Centre, Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Allyson Hill
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Hibbert
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Beatrice E. Gee
- Department of Pediatrics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Hemolysis exacerbates hyperfibrinolysis, whereas platelolysis shuts down fibrinolysis: evolving concepts of the spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to severe injury. Shock 2015; 43:39-46. [PMID: 25072794 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have recently identified a spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to injury, in which there is increased mortality in patients who have either excessive fibrinolysis (hyperfibrinolysis [HF]) or impaired fibrinolysis (shutdown). The regulation of the fibrinolytic system after trauma remains poorly understood. Our group's previous proteomic and metabolomic work identified elevated red blood cell (RBC) degradation products in trauma patients manifesting HF. We therefore hypothesized that hemolysis was contributory to the pathogenesis of HF. Given the central role of platelets in the cell-based model of coagulation, we further investigated the potential role of platelet lysis in mediation of the fibrinolytic system. METHODS Red blood cells from healthy donors were frozen in liquid nitrogen and vortexed to create mechanical membrane disruption. Platelets were prepared in a similar fashion. Assays were performed with citrated whole blood mixed ex vivo with either RBC or platelet lysates. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was then added to promote fibrinolysis, mimicking the tPA release from ischemic endothelium during hemorrhagic shock. The degree of fibrinolysis was evaluated with thromboelastography. To identify the mediators of the fibrinolysis system present in RBC and platelet lysates, these lysates were passed over immobilized tPA and plasminogen affinity columns to capture protein-binding partners from RBC or platelet lysates. RESULTS The addition of 75 ng/mL of tPA to whole blood increased fibrinolysis from median 30-min lysis of 1.4% (interquartile range [IQR], 0.9%-2.0%) to 8.9% (IQR, 6.5%-11.5%). Red blood cell lysate with tPA increased fibrinolysis to 20.1% (IQR, 12.5%-33.7%), which was nearly three times as much lysis as tPA alone (P < 0.001). Conversely, the addition of platelet lysate decreased tPA-mediated fibrinolysis to 0.35% (IQR, 0.2%-0.8%; P < 0.001). Affinity chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry identified a number of proteins not previously associated with regulation of fibrinolysis and trauma. CONCLUSION Red blood cell lysate is a potent enhancer of fibrinolysis, whereas platelet lysate inhibits fibrinolysis. Intracellular proteins from circulating blood cells contain proteins that interact with the two key proteins of tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. Understanding the effect of tissue injury and shock on the lysis of circulating cells may provide insight to comprehending the spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to trauma.
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Folsom AR, Tang W, Roetker NS, Kshirsagar AV, Derebail VK, Lutsey PL, Naik R, Pankow JS, Grove ML, Basu S, Key NS, Cushman M. Prospective study of sickle cell trait and venous thromboembolism incidence. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2-9. [PMID: 25393788 PMCID: PMC4294976 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell trait may increase risk of venous thromboembolism, but this is not fully established. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the association of sickle cell trait with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. METHODS Middle-aged African Americans participating in a prospective, population-based cohort investigation, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, were followed from 1987 through 2011 for incident hospitalized pulmonary embolism (n = 111) or isolated deep vein thrombosis (n = 138), verified by physician review of medical records. Sickle cell trait (heterozygosity for hemoglobin S, n = 268) was compared with no sickle cell trait (n = 3748). RESULTS Over a median of 22 years of follow-up, 249 participants had an incident venous thromboembolism. The hazard ratio of venous thromboembolism was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-2.36) for participants with vs. without sickle cell trait, after adjustment for age, sex, ancestry, hormone replacement therapy (women), body mass index, diabetes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. This hazard ratio was 2.05 (95% CI 1.12-3.76) for pulmonary embolism and 1.15 (95% CI 0.58-2.27) for deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS Sickle cell trait in African Americans carries a 2-fold increased risk of pulmonary embolism but does not elevate deep vein thrombosis risk. Because neonatal screening for sickle hemoglobin is being conducted in the United States, consideration should be paid to the increased pulmonary embolism risk of individuals with sickle cell trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ninivaggi M, Kelchtermans H, Kuijpers MJ, Hemmeryckx B, Heemskerk JWM, Lindhout T, Hoylaerts MF, de Laat B. Whole blood thrombin generation in Bmal1-deficient mice. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:271-5. [PMID: 24740693 DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT) assay that measures thrombin generation (TG) in platelet-poor and -rich plasma, is increasingly being recognised as a more sensitive tool to determine the overall function of the haemostatic system. We developed a method enabling the measurement of TG in a small aliquot of blood. The objective was to validate this assay in mouse blood and to examine the rate and extent of TG in a mouse model of premature aging. TG was assayed in blood from 20- to 28-week-old brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1 (Bmal1)-deficient (knockout, KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Bmal1-KO mice are known to display symptoms of premature aging. TG was initiated by adding calcium, tissue factor and a thrombin specific substrate. After TG, the samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The intra-assay variations (%) in mouse blood of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), peak height, lag time, time-to-peak and velocity index were 10% or less (n=24). We found that Bmal1-KO mice have a significantly (p<0.001) higher ETP (437 ± 7 nM.min; mean ± SD, n=7) when compared with WT mice (ETP=220 ± 45 nM.min; mean ± SD, n=5). The peak heights also differed significantly (p=0.027). By applying SEM we found that Bmal1 deficient mice display a denser fibrin network with smaller pores compared to WT mice. In conclusion, the whole blood TG assay in mice revealed to be reproducible. As a proof-of-principle we have shown that the whole blood TG assay is capable of detecting a prothrombotic phenotype in Bmal1-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B de Laat
- B. de Laat, PhD, Synapse bv, Oxfordlaan 70, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 3885895, Fax: +31 43 3884159, E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
The prothrombotic nature of sickle cell disease (SCD) is evidenced by the chronically elevated levels of almost all coagulation activation biomarkers, and an increased incidence of certain thrombotic events, including venous thromboembolism. Numerous studies have attempted to define the extent and elucidate the mechanism of the observed increase in thrombin generation in SCD patients in vivo. In general, these studies were performed using thrombin generation assays in platelet poor or platelet rich plasma and showed little difference in endogenous thrombin potential between the SCD cohort and healthy matched controls. In SCD, erythrocytes and monocytes have been demonstrated to exhibit procoagulant characteristics. Thus, the absence of these cellular components in standard thrombin generation assays may fail to reflect global hypercoagulability in the whole blood of patients with SCD. We were therefore surprised to see no difference in net thrombin generation in tissue factor-initiated initiated clotting of whole blood from patients with SCD. However, we are continuing to reconcile these seemingly disparate observations by slight modifications of the whole blood model that include alternative coagulation triggers and a re-examination of the net thrombin generation when the protein/protein S system is simultaneously interrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Whelihan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of NC at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Ming Y Lim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of NC at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of NC at Chapel Hill, USA.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although it has long been recognized that sickle cell disease (SCD) and other hemoglobinopathies are associated with a state of chronic hyperactivation of coagulation, the study of the epidemiology of venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications in SCD is only now beginning to evolve. In parallel, mechanistic studies of the hypercoagulable state in humans and mouse models implicate an increasingly important causative role of hemolysis. RECENT FINDINGS The case for SCD as a thrombophilic state has been strengthened by the recent literature. In an attempt to better understand the underlying mechanism(s), global assays of coagulation (thromboelastography and thrombin generation assays) have been utilized by several groups, but thus far, the results have been inconsistent, probably because of the technical differences. However, global assays continue to support the case for an important role of peripheral blood cells and their derived microparticles in promoting coagulation activation. SUMMARY VTE is an underappreciated and potentially morbid complication of SCD. The mechanisms underlying this hypercoagulable state are complex. A greater understanding of these pathways may lead to the rational selection of therapies that not only prevent thrombosis, but also impact on many of the other vaso-occlusive complications of SCD.
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