1
|
Chowdhury NN, Yang Y, Dutta A, Luo M, Wei Z, Abrahams SR, Revenko AS, Shah F, Miles LA, Parmer RJ, de Laat B, Wolberg AS, Luyendyk JP, Fishel ML, Flick MJ. Plasminogen deficiency suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma disease progression. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:113-135. [PMID: 37971174 PMCID: PMC10766200 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly fatal metastatic disease associated with robust activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. However, the potential contribution of the primary fibrinolytic protease plasminogen to PDAC disease progression has remained largely undefined. Mice bearing C57Bl/6-derived KPC (KRasG12D , TRP53R172H ) tumors displayed evidence of plasmin activity in the form of high plasmin-antiplasmin complexes and high plasmin generation potential relative to mice without tumors. Notably, plasminogen-deficient mice (Plg- ) had significantly diminished KPC tumor growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic implantation models. Moreover, the metastatic potential of KPC cells was significantly diminished in Plg- mice, which was linked to reduced early adhesion and/or survival of KPC tumor cells. The reduction in primary orthotopic KPC tumor growth in Plg- mice was associated with increased apoptosis, reduced accumulation of pro-tumor immune cells, and increased local proinflammatory cytokine production. Elimination of fibrin(ogen), the primary proteolytic target of plasmin, did not alter KPC primary tumor growth and resulted in only a modest reduction in metastatic potential. In contrast, deficiencies in the plasminogen receptors Plg-RKT or S100A10 in tumor cells significantly reduced tumor growth. Plg-RKT reduction in tumor cells, but not reduced S100A10, suppressed metastatic potential in a manner that mimicked plasminogen deficiency. Finally, tumor growth was also reduced in NSG mice subcutaneously or orthotopically implanted with patient-derived PDAC tumor cells in which circulating plasminogen was pharmacologically reduced. Collectively, these studies suggest that plasminogen promotes PDAC tumor growth and metastatic potential, in part through engaging plasminogen receptors on tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayela N. Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michelle Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - Zimu Wei
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sara R. Abrahams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | | | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular MedicineScripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare SystemUniversity of California, San DiegoCAUSA
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research InstituteMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Melissa L. Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boender AJ, Johnson ZV, Gruenhagen GW, Horie K, Hegarty BE, Streelman JT, Walum H, Young LJ. Natural variation in oxytocin receptor signaling causes widespread changes in brain transcription: a link to the natural killer gene complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564214. [PMID: 37961356 PMCID: PMC10634851 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that modulates social cognition, and variation in its receptor gene (Oxtr) is associated with divergent social phenotypes. The cellular mechanisms connecting Oxtr genotype to social phenotype remain obscure. We exploit an association between Oxtr polymorphisms and striatal-specific OXTR density in prairie voles to investigate how OXTR signaling influences the brain transcriptome. We discover widespread, OXTR signaling-dependent transcriptomic changes. Interestingly, OXTR signaling robustly modulates gene expression of C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) in the natural killer gene complex, a genomic region associated with immune function. CTLRs are positioned to control microglial synaptic pruning; a process important for shaping neural circuits. Similar relationships between OXTR RNA and CTLR gene expression were found in human striatum. These data suggest a potential molecular mechanism by which variation in OXTR signaling due to genetic background and/or life-long social experiences, including nurturing/neglect, may affect circuit connectivity and social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen J. Boender
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary V. Johnson
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George W. Gruenhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kengo Horie
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brianna E. Hegarty
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Streelman
- School of Biological Sciences, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hasse Walum
- Marcus Autism Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Autism & Related Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larry J. Young
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Li W, Liu C, Liu J, Yang L, Yue W, Yang L, Xue R, Zhang K, Zhang H, Chang N, Li L. Single-cell RNA seq identifies Plg-R KT-PLG as signals inducing phenotypic transformation of scar-associated macrophage in liver fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166754. [PMID: 37207518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages play a central role in liver fibrosis. Scar-associated macrophages (SAMs), a recently identified subgroup of macrophages, play an important role in this process. However, the mechanism by which SAMs transform during liver fibrosis is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize SAMs and elucidate the underlying mechanism of SAM transformation. Bile duct ligation (BDL) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were used to induce mouse liver fibrosis. Non-parenchymal cells were isolated from normal/fibrotic livers and were analyzed using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) or mass cytometry (CyTOF). The glucan-encapsulated siRNA particles (siRNA-GeRPs) was employed to perform macrophage selective gene knockdown. The results of scRNA-seq and CyTOF revealed that SAMs, which derived from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), accumulated in mouse fibrotic livers. Further analysis showed that SAMs highly expressed genes related to fibrosis, indicating the pro-fibrotic functions of SAMs. Moreover, plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT was highly expressed by SAMs, suggesting the role of Plg-RKT and plasminogen (PLG) in SAM transformation. In vitro, PLG-treated BMMs transformed into SAMs and expressed SAM functional genes. Knockdown of Plg-RKT blocked the effects of PLG. In vivo, selective knockdown of Plg-RKT in intrahepatic macrophages of BDL- and CCl4-treated mice reduced the number of SAMs and alleviated BDL- and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, suggesting that Plg-RKT-PLG played an important role in liver fibrosis by mediating SAM transformation. Our findings reveal that SAMs are crucial participants in liver fibrosis. Inhibition of SAM transformation by blocking Plg-RKT might be a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanru Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weiyang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenhui Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Renmin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Na Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iwaki T, Tomonari Y, Umemura K. Successful lactation in Plgrkt-deficient female mice caused by a 1-bp deletion of exon4. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-4. [PMID: 35383548 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen (Pg) activation on the cell surface is important for various (patho)physiologic conditions, and Plg-RKT is a cell membrane protein that binds to Pg and promotes its activation. To evaluate the role of Plg-RKT in atherosclerosis, Plgrkt gene in Ldlr-/-/Apobec1-/- was modified using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9. Synthetic RNA for Plgrkt and Cas9 complex was electroporated into the fertilized eggs in the oviducts. Plgrkt deficient mice were established through a 1-bp deletion, and in this research communication we report their lactational ability. In contrast to Plgrkt-/- mice developed by a conventional method, these newly developed mice did not suffer lactation failure and could maintain their pups until weaning. The major obvious difference between these lines is the area of gene modification. The conventionally developed mouse possesses about 10 kb deletion of Plgrkt, which might relate to the lactation failure. Lactation failure is a lethal phenotype in mammals, and analyses of causative genes are especially important for dairy industries. Further genome-wide analyses with both Plgrkt-/- mice may help to establish causative genes for lactation failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu431-3192,Japan
| | - Yuki Tomonari
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu431-3192,Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu431-3192,Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miles LA, Krajewski S, Baik N, Parmer RJ, Mueller BM. Plg-RKT Expression in Human Breast Cancer Tissues. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040503. [PMID: 35454092 PMCID: PMC9028288 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system regulates the activity of the serine protease, plasmin. The role of plasminogen receptors in cancer progression is being increasingly appreciated as key players in modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of plasminogen with cells to promote plasminogen activation requires the presence of proteins exposing C-terminal lysines on the cell surface. Plg-RKT is a structurally unique plasminogen receptor because it is an integral membrane protein that is synthesized with and binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine exposed on the cell surface. Here, we have investigated the expression of Plg-RKT in human breast tumors and human breast cancer cell lines. Breast cancer progression tissue microarrays were probed with anti-Plg-RKT mAB and we found that Plg-RKT is widely expressed in human breast tumors, that its expression is increased in tumors that have spread to draining lymph nodes and distant organs, and that Plg-RKT expression is most pronounced in hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors. Plg-RKT was detected by Western blotting in human breast cancer cell lines. By flow cytometry, Plg-RKT cell surface expression was highest on the most aggressive tumor cell line. Future studies are warranted to address the functions of Plg-RKT in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.A.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
| | - Barbara M. Mueller
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samad F, Bai H, Baik N, Haider P, Zhang Y, Rega-Kaun G, Kaun C, Prager M, Wojta J, Bui Q, Chakrabarty S, Wang J, Parmer RJ, Miles LA. The plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT regulates adipose function and metabolic homeostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:742-754. [PMID: 34897983 PMCID: PMC8885904 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plg-RKT , a unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor, enhances the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, and localizes the proteolytic activity of plasmin on the cell surface. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of Plg-RKT in adipose function, metabolic homeostasis, and obesity. METHODS We used adipose tissue (AT) sections from bariatric surgery patients and from high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice together with immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction to study adipose expression of Plg-RKT . Mice genetically deficient in Plg-RKT and littermate controls fed a HFD or control low fat diet (LFD) were used to determine the role of Plg-RKT in insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and associated mechanisms including adipose inflammation, fibrosis, and ectopic lipid storage. The role of Plg-RKT in adipogenesis was determined using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and primary cultures established from Plg-RKT -deficient and littermate control mice. RESULTS Plg-RKT was highly expressed in both human and mouse AT, and its levels dramatically increased during adipogenesis. Plg-RKT -deficient mice, when fed a HFD, gained more weight, developed more hepatic steatosis, and were more insulin resistant/glucose intolerant than HFD-fed wild-type littermates. Mechanistically, these metabolic defects were linked with increased AT inflammation, AT macrophage and T-cell accumulation, adipose and hepatic fibrosis, and decreased insulin signaling in the AT and liver. Moreover, Plg-RKT regulated the expression of PPARγ and other adipogenic molecules, suggesting a novel role for Plg-RKT in the adipogenic program. CONCLUSIONS Plg-RKT coordinately regulates multiple aspects of adipose function that are important to maintain efficient metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahumiya Samad
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongdong Bai
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gersina Rega-Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine for Diabetes and Rheumatology, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Prager
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Oberwart, Oberwart, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna
| | - Quyen Bui
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sagarika Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai J, Zang X, Wu Z, Liu J, Wang D. Altered protein S-glutathionylation depicts redox imbalance triggered by transition metal oxide nanoparticles in a breastfeeding system. NANOIMPACT 2021; 22:100305. [PMID: 35559962 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanosafety has become a public concern following nanotechnology development. By now, attention has seldom been paid to breastfeeding system, which is constructed by mammary physiological structure and derived substances (endogenous or exogenous), cells, tissues, organs, and individuals (mother and child), connecting environment and organism, and spans across mother-child dyad. Thus, breastfeeding system is a center of nutrients transport and a unique window of toxic susceptibility in the mother-child dyad. We applied metabolomics combined with redox proteomics to depict how nanoparticles cause metabolic burden via their spontaneous redox cycling in lactating mammary glands. Two widely used nanoparticles [titanium dioxide (nTiO2) and zinc oxide (nZnO)] were exposed to lactating mice via intranasal administration. Biodistribution and biopersistence of nTiO2 and nZnO in mammary glands destroyed its structure, reflective of significantly reduced claudin-3 protein level by 32.1% (P < 0.01) and 47.8% (P < 0.01), and significantly increased apoptosis index by 85.7 (P < 0.01) and 100.3 (P < 0.01) fold change, respectively. Airway exposure of nTiO2 trended to reduced milk production by 22.7% (P = 0.06), while nZnO significantly reduced milk production by 33.0% (P < 0.01). Metabolomics analysis revealed a metabolic shift by nTiO2 or nZnO, such as increased glycolysis (nTiO2: fold enrichment = 3.31, P < 0.05; nZnO: fold enrichment = 3.68, P < 0.05), glutathione metabolism (nTiO2: fold enrichment = 5.57, P < 0.01; nZnO: fold enrichment = 4.43, P < 0.05), and fatty acid biosynthesis (nTiO2: fold enrichment = 3.52, P < 0.05; nZnO: fold enrichment = 3.51, P < 0.05) for tissue repair at expense of lower milk fat synthesis (35.7% reduction by nTiO2; 51.8% reduction by nZnO), and finally led to oxidative stress of mammary glands. The increased GSSG/GSH ratio (57.5% increase by nTiO2; 105% increase by nZnO) with nanoparticle exposure confirmed an alteration in the redox state and a metabolic shift in mammary glands. Redox proteomics showed that nanoparticles induced S-glutathionylation (SSG) modification at Cys sites of proteins in a nanoparticle type-dependent manner. The nTiO2 induced more protein SSG modification sites (nTiO2: 21; nZnO:16), whereas nZnO induced fewer protein SSG modification sites but at deeper SSG levels (26.6% higher in average of nZnO than that of nTiO2). In detail, SSG modification by nTiO2 was characterized by Ltf at Cys423 (25.3% increase), and Trf at Cys386;395;583 (42.3%, 42.3%, 22.8% increase) compared with control group. While, SSG modification by nZnO was characterized by Trfc at Cys365 (71.3% increase) and Fasn at Cys1010 (41.0% increase). The discovery of SSG-modified proteins under airway nanoparticle exposure further supplemented the oxidative stress index and mammary injury index, and deciphered precise mechanisms of nanotoxicity into a molecular level. The unique quantitative site-specific redox proteomics and metabolomics can serve as a new technique to identify nanotoxicity and provide deep insights into nanoparticle-triggered oxidative stress, contributing to a healthy breastfeeding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | - Xinwei Zang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | - Zezhong Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | - Diming Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miles LA, Ny L, Wilczynska M, Shen Y, Ny T, Parmer RJ. Plasminogen Receptors and Fibrinolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041712. [PMID: 33567773 PMCID: PMC7914795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to promote plasminogen activation on their surfaces is now well recognized, and several distinct cell surface proteins have been demonstrated to function as plasminogen receptors. Here, we review studies demonstrating that plasminogen bound to cells, in addition to plasminogen directly bound to fibrin, plays a major role in regulating fibrin surveillance. We focus on the ability of specific plasminogen receptors on eukaryotic cells to promote fibrinolysis in the in vivo setting by reviewing data obtained predominantly in murine models. Roles for distinct plasminogen receptors in fibrin surveillance in intravascular fibrinolysis, immune cell recruitment in the inflammatory response, wound healing, and lactational development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-784-7105; Fax: 858-784-7374
| | - Lina Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (L.N.); (M.W.); (Y.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ny L, Parmer RJ, Shen Y, Holmberg S, Baik N, Bäckman A, Broden J, Wilczynska M, Ny T, Miles LA. The plasminogen receptor, Plg-R KT, plays a role in inflammation and fibrinolysis during cutaneous wound healing in mice. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 33311441 PMCID: PMC7733490 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiologic process that proceeds in overlapping, sequential steps. Plasminogen promotes fibrinolysis and potentiates the inflammatory response during wound healing. We have tested the hypothesis that the novel plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, regulates key steps in wound healing. Standardized burn wounds were induced in mice and time dependence of wound closure was quantified. Healing in Plg-RKT−/− mice was significantly delayed during the proliferation phase. Expression of inflammatory cytokines was dysregulated in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Consistent with dysregulated cytokine expression, a significant delay in wound healing during the proliferation phase was observed in mice in which Plg-RKT was specifically deleted in myeloid cells. Following wound closure, the epidermal thickness was less in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Paradoxically, deletion of Plg-RKT, specifically in keratinocytes, significantly accelerated the rate of healing during the proliferation phase. Mechanistically, only two genes were upregulated in Plg-RKT−/− compared with Plg-RKT+/+ wound tissue, filaggrin, and caspase 14. Both filaggrin and caspase 14 promote epidermal differentiation and decrease proliferation, consistent with more rapid wound closure and decreased epidermal thickness during the remodeling phase. Fibrin clearance was significantly impaired in Plg-RKT−/− wound tissue. Genetic reduction of fibrinogen levels to 50% completely abrogated the effect of Plg-RKT deletion on the healing of burn wounds. Remarkably, the effects of Plg-RKT deletion on cytokine expression were modulated by reducing fibrinogen levels. In summary, Plg-RKT is a new regulator participating in different phases of cutaneous burn wound healing, which coordinately plays a role in the interrelated responses of inflammation, keratinocyte migration, and fibrinolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bharadwaj AG, Dahn ML, Liu RZ, Colp P, Thomas LN, Holloway RW, Marignani PA, Too CKL, Barnes PJ, Godbout R, Marcato P, Waisman DM. S100A10 Has a Critical Regulatory Function in Mammary Tumor Growth and Metastasis: Insights Using MMTV-PyMT Oncomice and Clinical Patient Sample Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123673. [PMID: 33297495 PMCID: PMC7762402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The key challenges that face patients during breast cancer therapy is the metastatic spread and aggressiveness of the disease. Thus, the goal of current breast cancer research is to discover new therapeutic and diagnostic targets that limit the aggressive spread of the cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of protein S100A10 (p11) in breast tumor growth, progression, and metastasis using mouse cancer models and patient tumor sample analysis. We have demonstrated in our previous studies that p11 is critical for the function of a proteolytic enzyme–plasmin, which aids in the digestion of the tissues surrounding the tumor and allows the escape of the cancer cells from the breast tissue to organs such as the lungs and bone. Here, we present evidence that genetic deletion of p11 results in smaller and less aggressive mammary tumors in mice. We also observed that the cancer spread to the lungs is dramatically reduced in the absence of p11 gene in mice. Subsequent analysis of breast cancer patient tissues showed a correlation between higher p11 expression and both poor survival and aggressive cancer. Abstract S100A10 (p11) is a plasminogen receptor that regulates cellular plasmin generation by cancer cells. In the current study, we used the MMTV-PyMT mouse breast cancer model, patient tumor microarray, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to investigate the role of p11 in oncogenesis. The genetic deletion of p11 resulted in significantly decreased tumor onset, growth rate, and spontaneous pulmonary metastatic burden in the PyMT/p11-KO (knock-out) mice. This phenotype was accompanied by substantial reduction in Ki67 positivity, macrophage infiltration, decreased vascular density in the primary tumors, and decrease in invasive carcinoma and pulmonary metastasis. Surprisingly, IHC analysis of wild-type MMTV-PyMT mice failed to detect p11 expression in the tumors or metastatic tumor cells and loss of p11 did not decrease plasmin generation in the PyMT tumors and cells. Furthermore, tumor cells expressing p11 displayed dramatically reduced lung metastasis when injected into p11-depleted mice, further strengthening the stromal role of p11 in tumor growth and metastasis. Transcriptome analysis of the PyMT tumors from p11-KO mice showed marked reduction in genes such as Areg, Muc1, and S100a8 involved in breast cancer development, progression, and inflammation. The PyMT/p11-KO tumors displayed a remarkable increase in inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (Il)-6, Il-10, and interferon (Ifn)-γ. Gene expression profiling and IHC of primary breast cancer samples showed that p11 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared to normal mammary tissue. P11 mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor patient prognosis and significantly elevated in high grade, triple negative (TN) tumors, and tumors with high proliferative index. This is the first study examining the crucial role of p11 in breast tumor development and metastasis, thus emphasizing its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Margaret L. Dahn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Rong-Zong Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2Z1, Canada; (R.-Z.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Patricia Colp
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Lynn N. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (L.N.T.); (R.W.H.); (P.A.M.); (C.K.L.T.)
| | - Ryan W. Holloway
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (L.N.T.); (R.W.H.); (P.A.M.); (C.K.L.T.)
| | - Paola A. Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (L.N.T.); (R.W.H.); (P.A.M.); (C.K.L.T.)
| | - Catherine K. L. Too
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (L.N.T.); (R.W.H.); (P.A.M.); (C.K.L.T.)
| | - Penelope J. Barnes
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Roseline Godbout
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2Z1, Canada; (R.-Z.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David M. Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.B.); (M.L.D.); (P.C.); (P.J.B.); (P.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (L.N.T.); (R.W.H.); (P.A.M.); (C.K.L.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miles LA, Vago JP, Sousa LP, Parmer RJ. Functions of the plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2468-2481. [PMID: 32662180 PMCID: PMC7722214 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plg-RKT is a structurally unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor with both N- and C-terminal domains exposed on the extracellular face of the cell. Its C-terminal lysine functions to tether plasminogen to cell surfaces. Overexpression of Plg-RKT increases cell surface plasminogen binding capacity while genetic deletion of Plg-RKT decreases plasminogen binding. Plasminogen binding to Plg-RKT results in promotion of plasminogen activation to the broad spectrum serine protease plasmin. This function is promoted by the physical association of Plg-RKT with the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Plg-RKT is broadly expressed in cells and tissues throughout the organism and its sequence is remarkably conserved phylogenetically. Plg-RKT also is required for lactation and, thus, is necessary for survival of the species. This review provides an overview of established and emerging functions of Plg-RKT and highlights major roles for Plg-RKT in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. While the roles for Plg-RKT in the inflammatory response are predominantly plasmin(ogen)-dependent, its role in lactation requires both plasminogen-dependent and plasminogen-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the functions of Plg-RKT are dependent on sex. In view of the broad tissue distribution of Plg-RKT , its role in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes should provide a fruitful area for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu M, Hummitzsch K, Hartanti MD, Rosario R, Bastian NA, Hatzirodos N, Bonner WM, Irving-Rodgers HF, Laven JSE, Anderson RA, Rodgers RJ. Analysis of expression of candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome in adult and fetal human and fetal bovine ovaries†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:840-853. [PMID: 32678441 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appears to have a genetic predisposition and a fetal origin. We compared the expression levels of 25 PCOS candidate genes from adult control and PCOS human ovaries (n = 16) using microarrays. Only one gene was potentially statistically different. Using qRT-PCR, expression of PCOS candidate genes was examined in bovine fetal ovaries from early stages when they first developed stroma through to completion of development (n = 27; 60-270 days of gestation). The levels of ERBB3 mRNA negatively correlated with gestational age but positively with HMGA2, FBN3, TOX3, GATA4, and DENND1A.X1,2,3,4, previously identified as correlated with each other and expressed early. PLGRKT and ZBTB16, and less so IRF1, were also correlated with AMH, FSHR, AR, INSR, and TGFB1I1, previously identified as correlated with each other and expressed late. ARL14EP, FDFT1, NEIL2, and MAPRE1 were expressed across gestation and not correlated with gestational age as shown previously for THADA, ERBB4, RAD50, C8H9orf3, YAP1, RAB5B, SUOX, and KRR1. LHCGR, because of its unusual bimodal expression pattern, had some unusual correlations with other genes. In human ovaries (n = 15; <150 days of gestation), ERBB3.V1 and ERBB3.VS were expressed and correlated negatively with gestational age and positively with FBN3, HMGA2, DENND1A.V1,3,4, DENND1A.V1-7, GATA4, and FSHR, previously identified as correlated with each other and expressed early. Thus, the general lack of differential expression of candidate genes in adult ovaries contrasting with dynamic patterns of gene expression in fetal ovaries is consistent with a vulnerability to disturbance in the fetal ovary that may underpin development of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghe Liu
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Monica D Hartanti
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Roseanne Rosario
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicole A Bastian
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Hatzirodos
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wendy M Bonner
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen F Irving-Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fahey MJ, Fischer AJ, Steele MA, Greenwood SL. Characterization of the colostrum and transition milk proteomes from primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1993-2005. [PMID: 31837789 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum plays a vital role in the nutrition, development, and immunity of a newborn calf. This study aimed to characterize the protein profile of colostrum and to identify changes in the colostrum proteome across parity during the transition to mature milk. Colostrum and transition milk samples were collected at milkings 1, 2, 4, and 14 after calving from multiparous (n = 10) and primiparous cows (n = 10). Samples were skimmed, fractionated, and enriched before analysis for low-abundance proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Changes in protein abundances were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with determination of the adaptive false discovery rate adjustment using a MULTTEST procedure to identify effects of parity (P), milking number (MN), and their interaction (MN×P). We identified 86 proteins through LC-MS/MS, including 3 low-abundance proteins that were affected by P, 78 that were affected by MN, and 36 affected by MN×P. Prominent ontological groupings of proteins affected by MN included defense or immunity proteins, such as immunoglobulins. Proteins involved in the plasminogen activating cascade and more broadly, blood coagulation, were affected by MN×P. The results of this study add to increasing knowledge of the colostrum and transition milk proteomes, and this is the first study to find evidence of different abundances of these proteins when examined across P, MN, and MN×P. These findings aid in the identification of potential milk protein biomarkers for mammary health during the early postpartum period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Fahey
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - A J Fischer
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1; Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, University of Alberta, Canada, T6G 2P5.
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mutch NJ. Regulation of Fibrinolysis by Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|