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Lin Z, Wang Q, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Zhou S, Zheng D, Chen Z, Zheng S, Zhu S, Zhang X, Lan E, Zhang Y, Lin X, Zhuang Q, Qian H, Hu X, Zhuang Y, Jin Z, Jiang S, Ma Y. Identification and validation of a platelet-related signature for predicting survival and drug sensitivity in multiple myeloma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1377370. [PMID: 38818376 PMCID: PMC11137312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1377370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Significant progress has been achieved in the management of multiple myeloma (MM) by implementing high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. Moreover, the prognosis of patients has been enhanced due to the introduction of novel immunomodulatory drugs and the emergence of new targeted therapies. However, predicting the survival rates of patients with multiple myeloma is still tricky. According to recent researches, platelets have a significant impact in affecting the biological activity of tumors and are essential parts of the tumor microenvironment. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how platelet-related genes (PRGs) connect to the prognosis of multiple myeloma. Methods: We analyzed the expression of platelet-related genes and their prognostic value in multiple myeloma patients in this study. We also created a nomogram combining clinical metrics. Furthermore, we investigated disparities in the biological characteristics, immunological microenvironment, and reaction to immunotherapy, along with analyzing the drug susceptibility within diverse risk groups. Results: By using the platelet-related risk model, we were able to predict patients' prognosis more accurately. Subjects in the high-risk cohort exhibited inferior survival outcomes, both in the training and validation datasets, as compared to those in the low-risk cohort (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were differences in the immunological microenvironments, biological processes, clinical features, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity between the groups at high and low risk. Using multivariable Cox regression analyses, platelet-related risk score was shown to be an independent prognostic influence in MM (p < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.001%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.467-2.730). Furthermore, the capacity to predict survival was further improved when a combined nomogram was utilized. In training cohort, this outperformed the predictive value of International staging system (ISS) alone from a 5-years area under curve (AUC) = 0.668 (95% CI: 0.611-0.725) to an AUC = 0.721 (95% CI: 0.665-0.778). Conclusion: Our study revealed the potential benefits of PRGs in terms of survival prognosis of MM patients. Furthermore, we verified its potential as a drug target for MM patients. These findings open up novel possibilities for prognostic evaluation and treatment choices for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Quanqiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zixing Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Enqing Lan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuanru Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Honglan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouxiang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Treatment and Life Support for Critical Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Hospital Emergency and Process Digitization, Wenzhou, China
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Garzon Dasgupta AK, Martyanov AA, Ignatova AA, Zgoda VG, Novichkova GA, Panteleev MA, Sveshnikova AN. Comparison of platelet proteomic profiles between children and adults reveals origins of functional differences. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:966-973. [PMID: 37872237 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are blood cells responsible for the prevention of blood loss upon vessel wall disruption. It has been demonstrated that platelet functioning differs significantly between adult and pediatric donors. This study aimed to identify potential differences between the protein composition of platelets of pediatric, adolescent, and adult donors. METHODS Platelet functional testing was conducted with live cell flow cytometry. Using a straightforward approach to platelet washing based on the sequential platelets centrifugation-resuspension, we were able to obtain stable and robust proteomics results, which corresponded to previously published data. RESULTS We have identified that pediatric donors' platelets have increased amounts of proteins, responsible for mitochondrial activity, proteasome activity, and vesicle transport. Flow cytometry analysis of platelet intracellular signaling and functional responses revealed that platelets of the pediatric donors have diminished granule secretion and increased quiescent platelet calcium concentration and decreased calcium mobilization in response to ADP. We could explain the observed changes in calcium responses by the increased mitochondria protein content, and the changes in granule secretion could be explained by the differences in vesicle transport protein content. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we can conclude that the age-dependence of platelet functional responses originates from the difference in platelet protein content. IMPACT Platelets of infants are known to functionally differ from the platelet of adult donors, although the longevity and persistivity of these differences are debatable. Pediatric donor platelets have enhanced amounts of mitochondrial, proteasomal, and vesicle transport proteins. Platelets of the pediatric donors had increased cytosolic calcium in the resting state, what is explained by the increased numbers of mitochondrial proteins. Infants had decreased platelet granule release, which resolved upon adolescence. Thus, platelets of the infants should be assessed differently from adult platelets. Differences in platelet proteomic contents persisted in adolescent groups, yet, no significant differences in platelet function were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei K Garzon Dasgupta
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Сhemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow, 109029, Russia
| | - Alexey A Martyanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Сhemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow, 109029, Russia
- National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Ignatova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Сhemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow, 109029, Russia
- National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Victor G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Novichkova
- National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Сhemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow, 109029, Russia
- National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Sveshnikova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Сhemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya str., Moscow, 109029, Russia.
- National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/2 Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Soslau G. Platelet protein synthesis, regulation, and post-translational modifications: mechanics and function. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 58:99-117. [PMID: 37347996 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2224532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Dogma had been firmly entrenched in the minds of the scientific community that the anucleate mammalian platelet was incapable of protein biosynthesis since their identification in the late 1880s. These beliefs were not challenged until the 1960s when several reports demonstrated that platelets possessed the capacity to biosynthesize proteins. Even then, many still dismissed the synthesis as trivial and unimportant for at least another two decades. Research in the field expanded after the 1980s and numerous reports have since been published that now clearly demonstrate the potential significance of platelet protein synthesis under normal, pathological, and activating conditions. It is now clear that the platelet proteome is not a static entity but can be altered slowly or rapidly in response to external signals to support physiological requirements to maintain hemostasis and other biological processes. All the necessary biological components to support protein synthesis have been identified in platelets along with post-transcriptional processing of mRNAs, regulators of translation, and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. The last comprehensive review of the subject appeared in 2009 and much work has been conducted since that time. The current review of the field will briefly incorporate the information covered in earlier reviews and then bring the reader up to date with more recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Soslau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Trory JS, Munkacsi A, Śledź KM, Vautrinot J, Goudswaard LJ, Jackson ML, Heesom KJ, Moore SF, Poole AW, Nabet B, Aggarwal VK, Hers I. Chemical degradation of BTK/TEC as a novel approach to inhibit platelet function. Blood Adv 2023; 7:1692-1696. [PMID: 36342848 PMCID: PMC10182296 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin S. Trory
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Munkacsi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Kamila M. Śledź
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Vautrinot
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Goudswaard
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Molly L. Jackson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate J. Heesom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha F. Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W. Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Varinder K. Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Liu L, Wang Z, Hou M, Dong Z, Yu J, Sun R, Cui G. Ubiquitin-proteasome system-based signature to predict the prognosis and drug sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1172908. [PMID: 37180696 PMCID: PMC10166894 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1172908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is implicated in cancer occurrence and progression. Targeting UPS is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the clinical significance of UPS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been entirely elucidated. Methods: Differentially expressed UPS genes (DEUPS) were screened from LIHC-TCGA datasets. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise multivariate regression analysis were conducted to establish a UPS-based prognostic risk model. The robustness of the risk model was further validated in HCCDB18, GSE14520, and GSE76427 cohorts. Subsequently, immune features, clinicopathologic characteristics, enrichment pathways, and anti-tumor drug sensitivity of the model were further evaluated. Moreover, a nomogram was established to improve the predictive ability of the risk model. Results: Seven UPS-based signatures (ATG10, FBXL7, IPP, MEX3A, SOCS2, TRIM54, and PSMD9) were developed for the prognostic risk model. Individuals with HCC with high-risk scores presented a more dismal prognosis than those with low-risk scores. Moreover, larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, and tumor grade were observed in the high-risk group. Additionally, cell cycle, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and DNA repair pathways were intimately linked to the risk score. In addition, obvious immune cell infiltration and sensitive drug response were identified in low-risk patients. Furthermore, both nomogram and risk score showed a significant prognosis-predictive ability. Conclusion: Overall, we established a novel UPS-based prognostic risk model in HCC. Our results will facilitate a deep understanding of the functional role of UPS-based signature in HCC and provide a reliable prediction of clinical outcomes and anti-tumor drug responses for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zenghan Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zihui Dong
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Sun
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Tumor-Educated Platelet Extracellular Vesicles: Proteomic Profiling and Crosstalk with Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020350. [PMID: 36672299 PMCID: PMC9856452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-cancer cell interactions modulate tumor metastasis and thrombosis in cancer. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can contribute to these outcomes. METHODS We characterized the medium-sized EVs (mEVs) released by thrombin-stimulated platelets of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy subjects (HS) on the capacity to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2(PTGS2), and thromboxane (TX)B2 production in cocultures with four colorectal cancer cell lines. Platelet-derived mEVs were assessed for their size distribution and proteomics signature. RESULTS The mEV population released from thrombin-activated platelets of CRC patients had a different size distribution vs. HS. Platelet-derived mEVs from CRC patients, but not from HS, upregulated EMT marker genes, such as TWIST1 and VIM, and downregulated CDH1. PTGS2 was also upregulated. In cocultures of platelet-derived mEVs with cancer cells, TXB2 generation was enhanced. The proteomics profile of mEVs released from activated platelets of CRC patients revealed that 119 proteins were downregulated and 89 upregulated vs. HS. CONCLUSIONS We show that mEVs released from thrombin-activated platelets of CRC patients have distinct features (size distribution and proteomics cargo) vs. HS and promote prometastatic and prothrombotic phenotypes in cancer cells. The analysis of platelet-derived mEVs from CRC patients could provide valuable information for developing an appropriate treatment plan.
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Lan Q, Du C, Xiong J, Wu Y, Liao W, Liu C, Chen J, Ran L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Yang K. Renal Klotho safeguards platelet lifespan in advanced chronic kidney disease through restraining Bcl-xL ubiquitination and degradation. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2972-2987. [PMID: 36087344 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis and hemorrhage as two opposite pathologies are prevalent within the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Platelet homeostasis, which positions centrally in their pathogenesis, varies among the CKD population, while the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the change character and mechanism of platelet homeostasis in CKD and its association with renal Klotho deficiency. METHODS The change character of platelet homeostasis and its association with renal Klotho deficiency were determined based on a cohort study as well as CKD mice and Klotho-deficient mice with CKD. The effects on thrombopoiesis and platelet lifespan were examined by flow cytometry and platelet transfer. The underlying mechanism was explored by proteomics, flow cytometry, western blot, and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We show that platelet count declines both in patient and mouse models with advanced CKD (Adv-CKD) and is positively associated with circulating Klotho levels. Mechanistically, we identify that ubiquitin ligase UBE2O governs Bcl-xL ubiquitination and degradation in platelets, whereas Adv-CKD-induced oxidative stress in platelets stimulates p38MAPK to promote Bcl-xL phosphorylation, which facilitates UBE2O binding to Bcl-xL and subsequent Bcl-xL degradation. Consequently, platelet lifespan is shortened in Adv-CKD, culminating in platelet count decline. However, kidney-secreted soluble Klotho protein restricts oxidative stress in platelets, thereby preserving Bcl-xL expression and platelet lifespan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover the mechanism of platelet count decline in Adv-CKD and identify renal Klotho as a long-range regulator of platelet lifespan, which not only provide a molecular mechanism underlying CKD-associated thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage but also offer a promising therapy choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Weinian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ran
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Back V, Asgari A, Franczak A, Saito M, Castaneda Zaragoza D, Sandow SL, Plane F, Jurasz P. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by activation of platelet intermediate conductance Ca 2+ -activated potassium channels. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2587-2600. [PMID: 35867883 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the vasculature platelets and endothelial cells play crucial roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets, like endothelial cells, possess intermediate conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ (IKCa ) channels and generate nitric oxide (NO). Although NO limits platelet aggregation, the role of IKCa channels in platelet function and NO generation has not yet been explored. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether IKCa channel activation inhibits platelet aggregation, and per endothelial cells, enhances platelet NO production. METHODS Platelets were isolated from human volunteers. Aggregometry, confocal microscopy, and a novel flow chamber model, the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) were used to assess platelet function. Flow cytometry was used to measure platelet NO production, calcium signaling, membrane potential, integrin αIIb /β3 activation, granule release, and procoagulant platelet formation. RESULTS Platelet IKCa channel activation with SKA-31 inhibited aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect reversed by the selective IKCa channel blocker TRAM-34. The QCM model along with confocal microscopy demonstrated that SKA-31 inhibited platelet aggregation under flow conditions. Surprisingly, IKCa activation by SKA-31 inhibited platelet NO generation, but this could be explained by a concomitant reduction in platelet calcium signaling. IKCa activation by SKA-31 also inhibited dense and alpha-granule secretion and integrin αIIb /β3 activation, but maintained platelet phosphatidylserine surface exposure as a measure of procoagulant response. CONCLUSIONS Platelet IKCa channel activation inhibits aggregation by reducing calcium-signaling and granule secretion, but not by enhancing platelet NO generation. IKCa channels may be novel targets for the development of antiplatelet drugs that limit atherothrombosis, but not coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Back
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amir Asgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Franczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Max Saito
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diego Castaneda Zaragoza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shaun L Sandow
- Biomedical Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sydney, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frances Plane
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Jurasz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Evaluation of Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio and Mean Platelet Volume-to-Platelet Ratio in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:9127745. [PMID: 36157678 PMCID: PMC9507743 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9127745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the predictive value of inflammatory blood biomarkers in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients and its correlation with proliferative retinopathy (PVR) grade. Methods 82 RRD patients and 1 : 1 age- and gender-randomly matched cataract patients as the control group were included. The clinical features and laboratory parameters of all participants were collected and recorded, and the comprehensive index of inflammatory blood and its correlation with PVR were calculated. Results Monocytes and monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) were significantly lower (P=0.005, P=0.044), while mean platelet volume (MPV), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and MPV-to-platelet ratio (MPR) were significantly higher in RRD patients as compared with the control group (P=0.013, P=0.019, P=0.037). LMR and MPR might be the predictors of RRD. The receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that the values of MPV, LMR, and MPR in RRD patients were 0.612, 0.606, and 0.594, respectively. PVR grade was not associated with inflammatory blood biomarkers. Conclusion The increase in MPV, LMR, and MPR were associated with increased odds of RRD. LMR and MPR may be useful as inexpensive and effortless biomarkers for assessing the occurrence of RRD.
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Jain K, Tyagi T, Du J, Hu X, Patell K, Martin KA, Hwa J. Unfolded Protein Response Differentially Modulates the Platelet Phenotype. Circ Res 2022; 131:290-307. [PMID: 35862006 PMCID: PMC9357223 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a multifaceted signaling cascade that alleviates protein misfolding. Although well studied in nucleated cells, UPR in absence of transcriptional regulation has not been described. Intricately associated with cardiovascular diseases, platelets, despite being anucleate, respond rapidly to stressors in blood. We investigate the UPR in anucleate platelets and explore its role, if any, on platelet physiology and function. METHODS Human and mouse platelets were studied using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Platelet lineage-specific knockout mice were generated independently for each of the 3 UPR pathways, PERK (protein kinase RNA [PKR]-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), XBP1 (X-binding protein), and ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Diabetes patients were prospectively recruited, and platelets were evaluated for activation of UPR under chronic pathophysiological disease conditions. RESULTS Tunicamycin induced the IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme-1alpha)-XBP1 pathway in human and mouse platelets, while oxidative stress predominantly activated the PERK pathway. PERK deletion significantly increased platelet aggregation and apoptosis and phosphorylation of PLCγ2, PLCβ3, and p38 MAPK. Deficiency of XBP1 increased platelet aggregation, with higher PLCβ3 and PKCδ activation. ATF6 deletion mediated a relatively modest effect on platelet phenotype with increased PKA (protein kinase A). Platelets from diabetes patients exhibited a positive correlation between disease severity, platelet activation, and protein aggregation, with only IRE1α-XBP1 activation. Moreover, IRE1α inhibition increased platelet aggregation, while clinically approved chemical chaperone, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate reduced the platelet hyperactivation. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time, that UPR activation occurs in platelets and can be independent of genomic regulation, with selective induction being specific to the source and severity of stress. Each UPR pathway plays a key role and can differentially modulate the platelet activation pathways and phenotype. Targeting the specific arms of UPR may provide a new antiplatelet strategy to mitigate thrombotic risk in diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Jain
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jing Du
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kanchi Patell
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 759, New Haven, CT 06511
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11
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Behl T, Kumar S, Althafar ZM, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Badavath VN, Yadav S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Almoshari Y, Almikhlafi MA, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4257-4273. [PMID: 35505049 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have discovered that a group of apparently unrelated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, have remarkable cellular and molecular biology similarities. Protein misfolding and aggregation are involved in all of the neurodegenerative conditions; as a result, inclusion bodies aggregation starts in the cells. Chaperone proteins and ubiquitin (26S proteasome's proteolysis signal), which aid in refolding misfolded proteins, are frequently found in these aggregates. The discovery of disease-causing gene alterations that code for multiple ubiquitin-proteasome pathway proteins in Parkinson's disease has strengthened the relationship between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and neurodegeneration. The specific molecular linkages between these systems and pathogenesis, on the other hand, are unknown and controversial. We outline the current level of knowledge in this article, focusing on important unanswered problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ziyad M Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibha University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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12
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Autophagy Ameliorates Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Platelet Storage Lesions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1898844. [PMID: 36046681 PMCID: PMC9423982 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1898844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelet transfusion is a life-saving therapy to prevent bleeding; however, the availability of platelets for transfusion is limited by the markedly short shelf life owing to the development of platelet storage lesions (PSLs). The mechanism of PSLs remains obscure. Dissection of the intracellular biological changes in stored platelets may help to reduce PSLs and improve platelet transfusion efficiency. In the present study, we explore the changes of stored platelets at room temperature under constant agitation. We found that platelets during storage showed an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation accompanied with receptor shedding, apoptosis, and diminished platelet aggregation. ROS scavenger reduced platelet shedding but also impaired platelet aggregation. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that sequesters protein aggregates and damaged organelles into lysosomes for degradation and platelets’ own intact autophagic system. We revealed that there exist a stable autophagic flux in platelets at the early stage of storage, and the autophagic flux in platelets perished after long-term storage. Treatment stored platelets with rapamycin, which stimulates autophagy in eukaryotic cells, markedly ameliorated PSLs, and improved platelet aggregation in response to extracellular stimuli.
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13
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Cammann C, Israel N, Slevogt H, Seifert U. Recycling and Reshaping-E3 Ligases and DUBs in the Initiation of T Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073424. [PMID: 35408787 PMCID: PMC8998186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation plays a central role in supporting and shaping the immune response. The induction of a functional adaptive immune response requires the control of signaling processes downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). In this regard, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have been extensively studied. In the past decades, further checkpoints of activation have been identified. These are E3 ligases catalyzing the transfer of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins to protein substrates, as well as specific peptidases to counteract this reaction, such as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). These posttranslational modifications can critically influence protein interactions by targeting proteins for degradation by proteasomes or mediating the complex formation required for active TCR signaling. Thus, the basic aspects of T cell development and differentiation are controlled by defining, e.g., the threshold of activation in positive and negative selection in the thymus. Furthermore, an emerging role of ubiquitination in peripheral T cell tolerance has been described. Changes in the function and abundance of certain E3 ligases or DUBs involved in T cell homeostasis are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of E3 enzymes and their target proteins regulating T cell signaling processes and discusses new approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (U.S.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-5568 (C.C.); +49-3834-86-5587 (U.S.)
| | - Nicole Israel
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (U.S.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-5568 (C.C.); +49-3834-86-5587 (U.S.)
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14
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Recent Advances in the Discovery and Function of Antimicrobial Molecules in Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910230. [PMID: 34638568 PMCID: PMC8508203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional function described for platelets is maintaining vascular integrity. Nevertheless, increasing evidence reveals that platelets can additionally play a crucial role in responding against microorganisms. Activated platelets release molecules with antimicrobial activity. This ability was first demonstrated in rabbit serum after coagulation and later in rabbit platelets stimulated with thrombin. Currently, multiple discoveries have allowed the identification and characterization of PMPs (platelet microbicidal proteins) and opened the way to identify kinocidins and CHDPs (cationic host defense peptides) in human platelets. These molecules are endowed with microbicidal activity through different mechanisms that broaden the platelet participation in normal and pathologic conditions. Therefore, this review aims to integrate the currently described platelet molecules with antimicrobial properties by summarizing the pathways towards their identification, characterization, and functional evaluation that have promoted new avenues for studying platelets based on kinocidins and CHDPs secretion.
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15
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Colberg L, Cammann C, Wesche J, Topfstedt E, Seifert U, Greinacher A. The platelet proteasome and immunoproteasome are stable in buffy-coat derived platelet concentrates for up to 7 days. Transfusion 2021; 61:2746-2755. [PMID: 34331776 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterization of the proteasome and its stability in buffy-coat derived platelet concentrates (PCs) during storage. BACKGROUND The proteasome plays a key role in cell homeostasis by processing misfolded or abnormal proteins and regulating the levels and activities of a high number of proteins contributing to cell cycle, survival, and proliferation. Controversial data exist, whether inhibition of the proteasome affects platelet function. Little is known about function, expression, and stability of the proteasome in PCs during storage, and the potential role of the platelet proteasome in storage lesions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PCs were produced by the buffy-coat method in additive solution and stored at room temperature under agitation. Platelet aggregation was monitored by light transmission aggregometry. Proteasome complexes were assessed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and proteasome activity was measured using fluorogenic substrates specific for the three different proteolytic activities over 7 days of storage. RESULTS Proteasome inhibition led to a decreased platelet aggregation response after activation with collagen, ADP, TRAP-6, and thrombin. There were no changes in the expression of the catalytic active subunits as well as the proteasome activity during storage of PCs, comparing baseline and day 7. DISCUSSION Platelet proteasome function is relevant for platelet aggregation in response to various agonists. The constitutive and stable expression of the active standard- and immunoproteasome in platelets makes it unlikely that loss of proteasome function is a relevant cause of storage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Colberg
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Friedrich Loeffler-Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie-Virologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie-Virologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wesche
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eylin Topfstedt
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie-Virologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie-Virologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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16
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Platelet EVs contain an active proteasome involved in protein processing for antigen presentation via MHC-I molecules. Blood 2021; 138:2607-2620. [PMID: 34293122 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their hemostatic role, platelets play a significant role in immunity. Once activated, platelets release extracellular vesicles (EVs) formed by budding of their cytoplasmic membranes. Because of their heterogeneity, platelet EVs (PEVs) are thought to perform diverse functions. It is unknown, however, whether the proteasome is transferred from platelets to PEVs or whether its function is retained. We hypothesized that functional protein processing and antigen presentation machinery is transferred to PEVs by activated platelets. Using molecular and functional assays, we show that the active 20S proteasome is enriched in PEVs along with MHC-I and lymphocyte costimulatory molecules (CD40L and OX40L). Proteasome-containing PEVs were identified in healthy donor blood, but did not increase in platelet concentrates that caused adverse transfusion reactions. They were, however, augmented after immune complex injections in mice. The complete biodistribution of murine PEVs following injection into mice revealed that they could principally reach lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes, in addition to the bone marrow, and to a lesser extent liver and lungs. The PEV proteasome processed exogenous ovalbumin (OVA) and loaded its antigenic peptide onto MHC-I molecules which promoted OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation. These results suggest that PEVs contribute to adaptive immunity through cross-presentation of antigens and have privileged access to immune cells through the lymphatic system, a tissue location that is inaccessible to platelets.
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17
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Assessment of a complete and classified platelet proteome from genome-wide transcripts of human platelets and megakaryocytes covering platelet functions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12358. [PMID: 34117303 PMCID: PMC8196183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel platelet and megakaryocyte transcriptome analysis allows prediction of the full or theoretical proteome of a representative human platelet. Here, we integrated the established platelet proteomes from six cohorts of healthy subjects, encompassing 5.2 k proteins, with two novel genome-wide transcriptomes (57.8 k mRNAs). For 14.8 k protein-coding transcripts, we assigned the proteins to 21 UniProt-based classes, based on their preferential intracellular localization and presumed function. This classified transcriptome-proteome profile of platelets revealed: (i) Absence of 37.2 k genome-wide transcripts. (ii) High quantitative similarity of platelet and megakaryocyte transcriptomes (R = 0.75) for 14.8 k protein-coding genes, but not for 3.8 k RNA genes or 1.9 k pseudogenes (R = 0.43–0.54), suggesting redistribution of mRNAs upon platelet shedding from megakaryocytes. (iii) Copy numbers of 3.5 k proteins that were restricted in size by the corresponding transcript levels (iv) Near complete coverage of identified proteins in the relevant transcriptome (log2fpkm > 0.20) except for plasma-derived secretory proteins, pointing to adhesion and uptake of such proteins. (v) Underrepresentation in the identified proteome of nuclear-related, membrane and signaling proteins, as well proteins with low-level transcripts. We then constructed a prediction model, based on protein function, transcript level and (peri)nuclear localization, and calculated the achievable proteome at ~ 10 k proteins. Model validation identified 1.0 k additional proteins in the predicted classes. Network and database analysis revealed the presence of 2.4 k proteins with a possible role in thrombosis and hemostasis, and 138 proteins linked to platelet-related disorders. This genome-wide platelet transcriptome and (non)identified proteome database thus provides a scaffold for discovering the roles of unknown platelet proteins in health and disease.
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18
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Platelets modulate T-cell activity. Blood 2021; 138:358-360. [PMID: 34351371 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021010941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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19
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Shevchuk O, Begonja AJ, Gambaryan S, Totzeck M, Rassaf T, Huber TB, Greinacher A, Renne T, Sickmann A. Proteomics: A Tool to Study Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094776. [PMID: 33946341 PMCID: PMC8125008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are components of the blood that are highly reactive, and they quickly respond to multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the last decade, it became clear that platelets are the key components of circulation, linking hemostasis, innate, and acquired immunity. Protein composition, localization, and activity are crucial for platelet function and regulation. The current state of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has tremendous potential to identify and quantify thousands of proteins from a minimal amount of material, unravel multiple post-translational modifications, and monitor platelet activity during drug treatments. This review focuses on the role of proteomics in understanding the molecular basics of the classical and newly emerging functions of platelets. including the recently described role of platelets in immunology and the development of COVID-19.The state-of-the-art proteomic technologies and their application in studying platelet biogenesis, signaling, and storage are described, and the potential of newly appeared trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) is highlighted. Additionally, implementing proteomic methods in platelet transfusion medicine, and as a diagnostic and prognostic tool, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shevchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Immunodynamics, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonija Jurak Begonja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Thomas Renne
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center (MPC), Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.S.)
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El-Kadiry AEH, Merhi Y. The Role of the Proteasome in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083999. [PMID: 33924425 PMCID: PMC8069084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived acellular fragments prepped to maintain primary hemostasis and thrombosis by preserving vascular integrity. Although they lack nuclei, platelets harbor functional genomic mediators that bolster platelet activity in a signal-specific manner by performing limited de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, despite their limited protein synthesis, platelets are equipped with multiple protein degradation mechanisms, such as the proteasome. In nucleated cells, the functions of the proteasome are well established and primarily include proteostasis among a myriad of other signaling processes. However, the role of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in platelets remains elusive. In this review article, we recapitulate the developing literature on the functions of the proteasome in platelets, discussing its emerging regulatory role in platelet viability and function and highlighting how its functional coupling with the transcription factor NF-κB constitutes a novel potential therapeutic target in atherothrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-376-3330
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21
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Raadsen M, Du Toit J, Langerak T, van Bussel B, van Gorp E, Goeijenbier M. Thrombocytopenia in Virus Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040877. [PMID: 33672766 PMCID: PMC7924611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia, which signifies a low platelet count usually below 150 × 109/L, is a common finding following or during many viral infections. In clinical medicine, mild thrombocytopenia, combined with lymphopenia in a patient with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease, raises the suspicion of a viral infection. This phenomenon is classically attributed to platelet consumption due to inflammation-induced coagulation, sequestration from the circulation by phagocytosis and hypersplenism, and impaired platelet production due to defective megakaryopoiesis or cytokine-induced myelosuppression. All these mechanisms, while plausible and supported by substantial evidence, regard platelets as passive bystanders during viral infection. However, platelets are increasingly recognized as active players in the (antiviral) immune response and have been shown to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as directly with viruses. These findings can be of interest both for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and predicting outcome. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the literature currently available on various mechanisms within the relationship between thrombocytopenia and virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raadsen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Justin Du Toit
- Department of Haematology, Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Bas van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Plus, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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22
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Öhman T, Gawriyski L, Miettinen S, Varjosalo M, Loukovaara S. Molecular pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:966. [PMID: 33441730 PMCID: PMC7806834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an ophthalmic emergency, which usually requires prompt surgery to prevent further detachment and restore sensory function. Although several individual factors have been suggested, a systems level understanding of molecular pathomechanisms underlying this severe eye disorder is lacking. To address this gap in knowledge we performed the molecular level systems pathology analysis of the vitreous from 127 patients with RRD using state-of-the art quantitative mass spectrometry to identify the individual key proteins, as well as the biochemical pathways contributing to the development of the disease. RRD patients have specific vitreous proteome profiles compared to other diseases such as macular hole, pucker, or proliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes. Our data indicate that various mechanisms, including glycolysis, photoreceptor death, and Wnt and MAPK signaling, are activated during or after the RRD to promote retinal cell survival. In addition, platelet-mediated wound healing processes, cell adhesion molecules reorganization and apoptotic processes were detected during RRD progression or proliferative vitreoretinopathy formation. These findings improve the understanding of RRD pathogenesis, identify novel targets for treatment of this ophthalmic disease, and possibly affect the prognosis of eyes treated or operated upon due to RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Öhman
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa Gawriyski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Miettinen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4 C, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Klingler P, Niklaus M, Koessler J, Weber K, Koessler A, Boeck M, Kobsar A. Influence of long-term proteasome inhibition on platelet responsiveness mediated by bortezomib. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 138:106830. [PMID: 33422688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although platelets contain a full proteasome system, its role in platelet function is not completely understood yet. Since the proteasome system may be involved in time-delayed processes, platelet responsiveness was investigated after long-term, bortezomib-mediated proteasome inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrate-anticoagulated whole blood was stored with 5 nM and 1 μM bortezomib for 24 h. Consecutively, aggregation was measured by light transmission in platelet-rich-plasma (PRP). Flow cytometry was performed to determine phosphorylation levels of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), fibrinogen binding, PAC1-antibody binding and purinergic receptor expression in PRP, P2Y12 activity or glycoprotein (GP) Ib and IIb expression in whole blood. P2Y1 and P2X1 activities were assessed by calcium flux-induced fluorescence in washed platelets. Using PRP, adherent platelets on fibrinogen-, collagen- and ristocetin-coated surfaces were visualized and quantified by immunostaining. RESULTS Under bortezomib, VASP phosphorylation was less inducible and nitric oxide-induced inhibition of fibrinogen binding was slightly reduced. Proteasome inhibition did not tamper adenosine diphosphate-mediated aggregation or purinergic receptor expression and activity. Induced expression of activated fibrinogen receptors and fibrinogen binding were not significantly influenced by incubation with bortezomib for 24 h. Aggregation values with threshold agonist concentrations were increased under bortezomib. Despite unchanged GPIb expression, bortezomib-treated platelets showed enhanced adhesion on coated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS In platelets incubated for 24 h, bortezomib mediates a slight attenuation of inhibitory signaling, associated with facilitated platelet aggregation using threshold agonist concentrations and enhanced adhesion on agonist-coated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klingler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Marius Niklaus
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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24
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Maouia A, Rebetz J, Kapur R, Semple JW. The Immune Nature of Platelets Revisited. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:209-220. [PMID: 33051111 PMCID: PMC7501063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are the primary cellular mediators of hemostasis and this function firmly acquaints them with a variety of inflammatory processes. For example, platelets can act as circulating sentinels by expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) that bind pathogens and this allows platelets to effectively kill them or present them to cells of the immune system. Furthermore, activated platelets secrete and express many pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules that attract and capture circulating leukocytes and direct them to inflamed tissues. In addition, platelets can directly influence adaptive immune responses via secretion of, for example, CD40 and CD40L molecules. Platelets are also the source of most of the microvesicles in the circulation and these miniscule elements further enhance the platelet’s ability to communicate with the immune system. More recently, it has been demonstrated that platelets and their parent cells, the megakaryocytes (MK), can also uptake, process and present both foreign and self-antigens to CD8+ T-cells conferring on them the ability to directly alter adaptive immune responses. This review will highlight several of the non-hemostatic attributes of platelets that clearly and rightfully place them as integral players in immune reactions. Platelets can act as circulating sentinels by expressing pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors that bind pathogens and induce their killing and elimination. Activated platelets secrete and express a multitude of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules that attract and capture circulating leukocytes and direct them to inflamed tissues. Platelets express and secrete many critical immunoregulatory molecules that significantly affect both innate and adaptive immune responses. Platelets are the primary source of microparticles in the circulation and these augment the platelet’s ability to communicate with the immune system. Platelets and megakaryocytes can act as antigen presenting cells and present both foreign- and self-peptides to T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Maouia
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rebetz
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rick Kapur
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W Semple
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Marcoux G, Laroche A, Espinoza Romero J, Boilard E. Role of platelets and megakaryocytes in adaptive immunity. Platelets 2020; 32:340-351. [PMID: 32597341 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1786043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is comprised of two principal interconnected components called innate and adaptive immunity. While the innate immune system mounts a nonspecific response that provides protection against the spread of foreign pathogens, the adaptive immune system has developed to specifically recognize a given pathogen and lead to immunological memory. Platelets are small fragments produced from megakaryocytes in bone marrow and lungs. They circulate throughout the blood to monitor the integrity of the vasculature and to prevent bleeding. Given their large repertoire of immune receptors and inflammatory molecules, platelets and megakaryocytes can contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, platelets and megakaryocytes can process and present antigens to lymphocytes. Moreover, platelets, via FcγRIIA, rapidly respond to pathogens in an immune host when antibodies are present. This manuscript reviews the reported contributions of platelets and megakaryocytes with emphasis on antigen presentation and antibody response in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Marcoux
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Audrée Laroche
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Espinoza Romero
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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