1
|
Rodrigues SG, van der Merwe S, Krag A, Wiest R. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101859. [PMID: 38219459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bishai N, Nabawy WE, Fiki ME, Ibrahim M, Garem NE. Dual versus triple therapy in treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Ir J Med Sci 2022:10.1007/s11845-022-03120-9. [PMID: 36040651 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of HCV treatment is eradication of the virus to prevent complications associated with the disease and decrease all-cause mortality. This work compared sustained viral response (SVR) 12 weeks after end of treatment of chronic HCV patients with different treatment regimens, namely 4 regimens. Two hundred treatment naive chronic HCV patients were selected and divided into 4 equal groups as follows: group A received pegylated interferon (peg IFN) and ribavirin (RBV); group B received peg IFN, RBV, and sofosbuvir (SOF); group C received RBV and SOF; group D received SOF, daclatasvir (DCV), and RBV. RESULTS The sustained viral response after 12 months of treatment is 57.23%, 72.09%, 64.40%, and 96.42% of patients in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Hence, group D regimen showed the best results. CONCLUSION SOF and DCV and RBV have the highest SVR12 and least side effects compared to other treatment regimens. Although group D patients initially had poor pretreatment investigations relative to other groups, they proved to have the highest tolerability to this regimen. Such findings hold promising line of treatment and better prognosis even for chronic HCV patients with poor liver condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevine Bishai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Hospitals, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walid El Nabawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Sueif University Hospitals, Beni Sueif, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Fiki
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Sueif University Hospitals, Beni Sueif, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Sueif University Hospitals, Beni Sueif, Egypt
| | - Nouman El Garem
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Hospitals, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Midgard H, Bjørnestad R, Egeland M, Dahl E, Finbråten A, Kielland KB, Blindheim M, Dalgard O. Peer support in small towns: A decentralized mobile Hepatitis C virus clinic for people who inject drugs. Liver Int 2022; 42:1268-1277. [PMID: 35362660 PMCID: PMC9543121 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New models of HCV care are needed to reach people who inject drugs (PWID). The primary aim was to evaluate HCV treatment uptake among HCV RNA positive individuals identified by point-of-care (POC) testing and liver disease assessment in a peer-driven decentralized mobile clinic. METHODS This prospective study included consecutive patients assessed in a mobile clinic visiting 32 small towns in Southern Norway from November 2019 to November 2020. The clinic was staffed by a bus driver and a social educator offering POC HCV RNA testing (GeneXpert®), liver disease staging (FibroScan® 402) and peer support. Viremic individuals were offered prompt pan-genotypic treatment prescribed by local hospital-employed specialists following a brief telephone assessment. RESULTS Among 296 tested individuals, 102 (34%) were HCV RNA positive (median age 51 years, 77% male, 24% advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis). All participants had a history of injecting drug use, 71% reported past 3 months injecting, and 37% received opioid agonist treatment. Treatment uptake within 6 months following enrolment was achieved in 88%. Treatment uptake was negatively associated with recent injecting (aHR 0.60; 95% CI 0.36-0.98), harmful alcohol consumption (aHR 0.44; 95% CI 0.20-0.99), and advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis (aHR 0.44; 95% CI 0.25-0.80). HCV RNA prevalence increased with age (OR 1.81 per 10-year increase; 95% 1.41-2.32), ranging from 3% among those <30 years to 55% among those ≥60 years. CONCLUSIONS A peer-driven mobile HCV clinic is an effective and feasible model of care that should be considered for broader implementation to reach PWID outside the urban centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Midgard
- Department of Infectious DiseasesAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway,Department of GastroenterologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | | | | | | | - Knut B. Kielland
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health DisordersInnlandet Hospital TrustBrumunddalNorway
| | | | - Olav Dalgard
- Department of Infectious DiseasesAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway,Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El Raziky M, Hamdy S, Hamada Y, Abdelaziz NM, Hassany M, Doss W, Zakaria Z. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus induced cirrhosis with Child-Pugh class B. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-022-00174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of SOF/DCV ± RBV in a cohort of Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC)-induced cirrhosis with decompensation (class B7–B9).
Results
After excluding the 9 patients who withdrew, SVR12 rate according to per protocol analysis was 82.9% (92/111), non-response and relapse rates were 2.7% (3/111) for each, 4 patients died secondary to hematemesis, and 8.1% stopped therapy due to worsening of Child’s class. SVR12 rate was significantly higher among patients with higher baseline WBCs count and lower among patients with Child-Pugh class B9. All treatment intolerant patients had ascites in pre-treatment assessment (P = 0.02). There was a significant decline in the levels of hemoglobin, ALT and AST, and serum bilirubin (P < 0.001) and a significant increase in albumin level (P < 0.001) at the end of treatment when compared to their pre-treatment levels. Follow-up of the three HCC did not show evidence of tumor recurrence.
Conclusions
The SOF/DCV combination ± ribavirin is an effective and safe regimen for patients with CHC induced cirrhosis with mild decompensation. Treatment did not increase the risk of HCC recurrence.
Collapse
|
5
|
Milosevic I, Russo E, Vujovic A, Barac A, Stevanovic O, Gitto S, Amedei A. Microbiota and viral hepatitis: State of the art of a complex matter. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5488-5501. [PMID: 34588747 PMCID: PMC8433613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i33.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in gut microbiota influence both the gut and liver, which are strictly connected by the so-called “gut–liver axis”. The gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship in the onset and clinical course of liver diseases. According to the results of several studies, gut dysbiosis is linked to viral hepatitis, mainly hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect liver function and modulate the pathology of viral hepatitis. Recent studies showed that the gut microbiota produces various molecules, such as peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, DNA, lipoteichoic acid, indole-derivatives, bile acids, and trimethylamine, which are translocated to the liver and interact with liver immune cells causing pathological effects. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the liver and its implications on host health and pathologic status are essential factors impacting the etiology and therapeutic approach. Concrete mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis remain unclear and not understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings of research on the bidirectional relationship of the components of gut microbiota and the progression of liver diseases and viral hepatitis and vice versa. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies, such as fecal transplantation, used to restore the gut microbiota composition and so improve host health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milosevic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Ankica Vujovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Olja Stevanovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 101801, Serbia
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze 50100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Where to Next? Research Directions after the First Hepatitis C Vaccine Efficacy Trial. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071351. [PMID: 34372558 PMCID: PMC8310243 DOI: 10.3390/v13071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. Given that many countries continue to experience high rates of transmission despite the availability of potent antiviral therapies, an effective vaccine is seen as critical for the elimination of HCV. The recent failure of the first vaccine efficacy trial for the prevention of chronic HCV confirmed suspicions that this virus will be a challenging vaccine target. Here, we examine the published data from this first efficacy trial along with the earlier clinical and pre-clinical studies of the vaccine candidate and then discuss three key research directions expected to be important in ongoing and future HCV vaccine development. These include the following: 1. design of novel immunogens that generate immune responses to genetically diverse HCV genotypes and subtypes, 2. strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against envelope glycoproteins in addition to cytotoxic and helper T cell responses, and 3. consideration of the unique immunological status of individuals most at risk for HCV infection, including those who inject drugs, in vaccine platform development and early immunogenicity trials.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nishimura N, Kaji K, Kitagawa K, Sawada Y, Furukawa M, Ozutsumi T, Fujinaga Y, Tsuji Y, Takaya H, Kawaratani H, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Fukui H, Yoshiji H. Intestinal Permeability Is a Mechanical Rheostat in the Pathogenesis of Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136921. [PMID: 34203178 PMCID: PMC8267717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that an alteration in the gut microbiota and their products, particularly endotoxins derived from Gram-negative bacteria, may play a major role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Gut dysbiosis caused by a high-fat diet and alcohol consumption induces increased intestinal permeability, which means higher translocation of bacteria and their products and components, including endotoxins, the so-called "leaky gut". Clinical studies have found that plasma endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic liver disease. A decrease in commensal nonpathogenic bacteria including Ruminococaceae and Lactobacillus and an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae are observed in cirrhotic patients. The decreased diversity of the gut microbiota in cirrhotic patients before liver transplantation is also related to a higher incidence of post-transplant infections and cognitive impairment. The exposure to endotoxins activates macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to a greater production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, which play key roles in the progression of liver diseases. TLR4 is a major receptor activated by the binding of endotoxins in macrophages, and its downstream signal induces proinflammatory cytokines. The expression of TLR4 is also observed in nonimmune cells in the liver, such as hepatic stellate cells, which play a crucial role in the progression of liver fibrosis that develops into hepatocarcinogenesis, suggesting the importance of the interaction between endotoxemia and TLR4 signaling as a target for preventing liver disease progression. In this review, we summarize the findings for the role of gut-derived endotoxemia underlying the progression of liver pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Changes of Gut-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010055. [PMID: 33451143 PMCID: PMC7828638 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Gut microbiota alteration is linked to many health disorders including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This dysbiosis in turn impacts the coordination between the gut and the liver that is known as the gut–liver-axis. Here, we discuss the latest findings regarding the changes in gut microbiota structure and functionality post HCV infection and its treatment regimens. In addition, we underline the contribution of the microbiota alterations to HCV associated liver complications. Abstract The gut–liver-axis is a bidirectional coordination between the gut, including microbial residents, the gut microbiota, from one side and the liver on the other side. Any disturbance in this crosstalk may lead to a disease status that impacts the functionality of both the gut and the liver. A major cause of liver disorders is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that has been illustrated to be associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis at different stages of the disease progression. This dysbiosis may start a cycle of inflammation and metabolic disturbance that impacts the gut and liver health and contributes to the disease progression. This review discusses the latest literature addressing this interplay between the gut microbiota and the liver in HCV infection from both directions. Additionally, we highlight the contribution of gut microbiota to the metabolism of antivirals used in HCV treatment regimens and the impact of these medications on the microbiota composition. This review sheds light on the potential of the gut microbiota manipulation as an alternative therapeutic approach to control the liver complications post HCV infection.
Collapse
|
9
|
Elahi W, Syed AZ, Nasim F, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. Hepatitis B and C Infections in Patients With Prolonged Hemodialysis Secondary to Chronic Renal Failure. Cureus 2020; 12:e10905. [PMID: 33194472 PMCID: PMC7657307 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the frequency of hepatitis B and C in patients with prolonged hemodialysis suffering from chronic renal failure. Methods A retrospective study was conducted from January to August 2017 at Tabba Kidney Institute, Karachi. A total of 255 patients on hemodialysis were included in the study by using convenient sampling technique. All the relevant data such as gender, age, duration of hemodialysis and presence of hepatitis B and C were recorded. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) while binary logistic regression was applied to develop a risk assessment model for the study outcomes. Results The study results showed that 134 (52.5%) patients were on hemodialysis for five years or more, 173 (67.8%) of them suffered from hepatitis B while 124 (48.6%) of them suffered from hepatitis C. The study results further revealed that after controlling for the effects of age and gender, the duration of hemodialysis was significantly associated with both hepatitis B (AOR 1.917, 95% CI 1.111-3.306, p=0.019) and hepatitis C (AOR 2.323, 95% CI 1.395-3.870, p=0.001) among the patients studied. Conclusion The study concluded that longer duration of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure was significantly associated with both hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections in the study population. A myriad of patient and environmental factors can contribute to this finding in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Therefore, periodic monitoring of liver function tests and routine surveillance for viral hepatitis can help establish an early diagnosis of infection, potentially improving patient outcomes improving patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fahad Nasim
- Nephrology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Adnan Anwar
- Physiology, Al-Tibri Medical College, Karachi, PAK.,Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiation Oncology, Al-Tibri Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Houri I, Horowitz N, Katchman H, Weksler Y, Miller O, Deutsch L, Shibolet O. Emergency department targeted screening for hepatitis C does not improve linkage to care. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4878-4888. [PMID: 32921964 PMCID: PMC7459203 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i32.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. New treatments for HCV revolutionized management and prompted the world health organization to set the goal of viral elimination by 2030. These developments strengthen the need for HCV screening in order to identify asymptomatic carriers prior to development of chronic liver disease and its complications. Different screening strategies have been attempted, most targeting high-risk populations. Previous studies focusing on patients arriving at emergency departments showed a higher prevalence of HCV compared to the general population.
AIM To identify previously undiagnosed HCV carriers among high risk emergency room attendees and link them to care for anti-viral treatment.
METHODS In this single center prospective study, persons visiting the emergency department in an urban hospital were screened by a risk factor-specific questionnaire. The risk factors screened for were exposure to blood products or organ transplantation before 1992; origins from countries with high prevalence of HCV; intravenous drug use; human immunodeficiency virus carriers; men who have sex with men; those born to HCV-infected mothers; prior prison time; and chronic kidney disease. Those with at least one risk factor were tested for HCV by serum for HCV antibodies, a novel oral test from saliva (OraQuick®) or both.
RESULTS Five hundred and forty-one participants had at least one risk factor and were tested for HCV. Eighty four percent of all study participants had only one risk factor. Eighty five percent of participants underwent OraQuick® testing, 34% were tested for serum anti-HCV antibodies, and 25% had both tests. 3.1% of patients (17/541) had a positive result, compared to local population incidence of 1.96%. Of these, 82% were people who inject drugs (current or former), and 64% served time in prison. One patient had a negative HCV-RNA, and two patients died from non-HCV related reasons. On review of past medical records, 12 patients were found to have been previously diagnosed with HCV but were unaware of their carrier state. At 1-year follow-up none of the remaining 14 patients had completed HCV-RNA testing, visited a hepatology clinic or received anti-viral treatment.
CONCLUSION Targeted high-risk screening in the emergency department identified undiagnosed and untreated HCV carriers, but did not improve treatment rates. Other strategies need to be developed to improve linkage to care in high risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Houri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noya Horowitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Helena Katchman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yael Weksler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ofer Miller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Liat Deutsch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sehgal R, Bedi O, Trehanpati N. Role of Microbiota in Pathogenesis and Management of Viral Hepatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:341. [PMID: 32850467 PMCID: PMC7431464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a condition that can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer. These days, gut microbiota becomes an important part of our immune system, which is important for disease progression or recovery. Translocation of gut microbial and metabolic products causes intestinal inflammation by modulating immune cells leading to impairment of the primary barrier. But there are limited studies discussing pathogenesis and management of hepatitis with gut microbiota. In this review, we have discussed the role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of various hepatitis, especially hepatitis B and C. We have discussed the role of bacterial products, LPS-TLR4 pathway, and unmethylated CpG DNA, which ultimately affects downstream NF-kB signaling in hepatitis. Finally, we have discussed the role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Sehgal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bretaña NA, Gray RR, Cunningham EB, Betz-Stablein B, Ribeiro R, Graw F, Luciani F, Lloyd AR. Combined treatment and prevention strategies for hepatitis C virus elimination in the prisons in New South Wales: a modelling study. Addiction 2020; 115:901-913. [PMID: 31633853 DOI: 10.1111/add.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Australia is currently on track to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) global hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination goals by 2030, reflecting universal subsidized access to testing and direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. In New South Wales, DAA treatment in prisons has scaled-up substantially, with 1000 prisoners treated in 2017. However, HCV prevalence and incidence in this setting is high, which could undermine elimination efforts. This study aimed to test the preventative effects of DAA treatment scale-up, opiate substitution treatment (OST) and needle and syringe programme (NSP) strategies for prisons. DESIGN Modelling study using an individual-based mathematical model of a typical prison setting. The model was calibrated against Australian epidemiological data sets and executed in-prison events for each individual daily, including movements between prisons, changes in risk behaviour and uptake of prevention measures such as OST and NSP, as well as DAA treatment. Scenarios were projected from 2018 to 2030. SETTING New South Wales prisons. PARTICIPANTS New South Wales prisoners. MEASUREMENTS Variables including prison populations, prevalence and incidence rate were calculated. Prisoners were described by demographic characteristics, HCV infection history, risk behaviours and accessing treatment and prevention measures in varied security settings. FINDINGS Increasing the number of prisoners treated for HCV to 2000 annually was projected to reduce the HCV incidence rate to 8.69 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.17, 9.20] per 100 person-years (100 p.y.). Combined treatment and prevention strategies were necessary to reduce the projected incidence rate to 5.22 (95% CI = 5.13, 5.52) per 100 p.y. Considering the expected reductions in the prevalence of chronic HCV in the Australian community, incidence rate was predicted to drop to 0.93 (95% CI = 0.92, 0.98) per 100 p.y. by 2030. CONCLUSIONS This model, which simulates prison scenarios to inform Australia's national hepatitis C virus elimination efforts, suggests that continued direct-acting antiviral (coverage in the community combined with a moderate increase of direct-acting antiviral treatments in prisons, and introduction of improved harm reduction via opiate substitution treatment and/or needle and syringe programmes, makes hepatitis C virus elimination feasible in Australian prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Bretaña
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Surveillance Evaluation and Research Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard R Gray
- Surveillance Evaluation and Research Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Evan B Cunningham
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brigid Betz-Stablein
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruy Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Apau Bediako R. The Ethics of Screening and Treating Persons with Hepatitis C: A Canadian Perspective. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS 2020. [DOI: 10.7202/1068763ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, I argue that the Canadian government’s position against screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and publicly funding HCV treatment is ethically unjustifiable. Cost of medication and likelihood of widening existing health inequality are the government’s argument for not funding HCV treatment and for also not having a screening program. I object to this position and argue in favour of a screening program and public funding of HCV treatment. I argue that these barriers are ethically unjust. Conclusively, being denied screening and early treatment is to be denied the best possible outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramseyer Apau Bediako
- Centre for Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
NS5A resistance - associated substitutions in chronic hepatitis C patients with direct acting antiviral treatment failure in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:84-89. [PMID: 32302766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is now a more curable disease with new direct acting antivirals (DAA). Although high sustained virologic response rates, failures still occur in DAA regimens. Our objective in this study was to characterize the real-life presence of clinically relevant resistance - associated substitutions (RASs) in the HCV NS5A gene in CHC patients whose DAA regimen has failed. METHODS The study enrolled 53 CHC patients who experienced failure with DAA regimen as the prospective longitudinal cohort between 2017-2019. Genotypic resistance testing was performed via the viral population sequencing method and The Geno2pheno HCV tool was used for RAS analysis. RESULTS The most frequent failure category was relapse (88%) followed by non-responder (12%). For a total of 36% of patients, RASs was detected in NS5A, Y93H was the most detected RAS in GT1b infected patients (89%). CONCLUSIONS This study establishes an HCV failure registry for Turkey in which samples were combined with clinical, virologic and molecular data of adult patients whose DAA therapy failed. RASs can occur in CHC patients with DAA treatment failures. Evaluation of RAS after DAA failure is very important before re-treatment is initiated to prevent virologic failure.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dore GJ, Feld JJ, Thompson A, Martinello M, Muir AJ, Agarwal K, Müllhaupt B, Wedemeyer H, Lacombe K, Matthews GV, Schultz M, Klein M, Hezode C, Mercade GE, Kho D, Petoumenos K, Marks P, Tatsch F, Dos Santos AGP, Gane E. Simplified monitoring for hepatitis C virus treatment with glecaprevir plus pibrentasvir, a randomised non-inferiority trial. J Hepatol 2020; 72:431-440. [PMID: 31655134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for HCV has high efficacy and limited toxicity. We hypothesised that the efficacy of glecaprevir-pibrentasvir for chronic HCV with a simplified treatment monitoring schedule would be non-inferior to a standard treatment monitoring schedule. METHODS In this open-label multicentre phase IIIb trial, treatment-naïve adults with chronic HCV without cirrhosis were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive glecaprevir-pibrentasvir 300 mg-120 mg daily for 8 weeks administered with a simplified or standard monitoring strategy. Clinic visits occurred at baseline and post-treatment week 12 in the simplified arm, and at baseline, week 4, week 8, and post-treatment week 12 in the standard arm. Study nurse phone contact occurred at week 4 and week 8 in both arms. Participants requiring adherence support were not eligible, including those reporting recent injecting drug use. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12), with a non-inferiority margin of 6%. RESULTS Overall, 380 participants (60% male, 47% genotype 1, 32% genotype 3) with chronic HCV were randomised and treated with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir in the simplified (n = 253) and standard (n = 127) arms. In the intention-to-treat population, SVR12 was 92% (95% CI 89%-95%) in the simplified and 95% (95% CI 92%-99%) in the standard arm (difference between arms -3.2%; 95% CI -8.2% to 1.8%) and did not reach non-inferiority. In the per-protocol population, SVR12 was 97% (95% CI 96%-99%) in the simplified and 98% (95% CI 96%-100%) in the standard arm. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic HCV infection without cirrhosis, treatment with glecaprevir-pibrentasvir was safe and effective. In comparison to standard monitoring, a simplified monitoring schedule did not achieve non-inferiority. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03117569. LAY SUMMARY Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C is highly effective and well tolerated. The SMART-C randomised trial evaluated an 8-week regimen of glecaprevir-pibrentasvir for hepatitis C treatment, using a simplified monitoring schedule that included no pathology tests or clinic visits during treatment. This simplified strategy produced a high cure rate (92%), but this was not equivalent to the standard monitoring schedule cure rate (95%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Dore
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Thompson
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Muir
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Kosh Agarwal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karine Lacombe
- Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gail V Matthews
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Marina Klein
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christophe Hezode
- University of Paris-Est, INSERM U955, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Creteil, France
| | | | - Danny Kho
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ed Gane
- Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sallam M, Batarseh R, Natsheh A, Abbadi J, Al-Fraihat E, Yaseen A, Kaddomi D, Khamees N, Mahafzah A, Şahin GÖ. An update on hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Jordan: a 12-year retrospective study from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Amman. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 20:3. [PMID: 31892307 PMCID: PMC6938611 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleic acid hybridization (NAH) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a practical and reliable tool for virus genotyping. Genotype assignment is an important factor in the prediction of treatment success in chronic hepatitis C patients. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype distribution among HCV clinical isolates in Jordan between 2007 and 2018. Methods Electronic and paper-based clinical data registry records from 2007 to 2018 at the Jordan University Hospital (JUH) were retrospectively examined for individuals with HCV genotype, HCV viral load, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing results. Genotype determination was based on NAH technique using the HCV 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) with 386 requests available from 342 unique individuals. Results A total of 263 out of 342 unique individuals (76.9%) had genotyping results available for final analysis with 259 individuals each having a single genotyping result. The most common HCV genotypes in the study were: genotype 4 (n = 142, 54.0%), genotype 1 (n = 87, 33.1%), genotype 3 (n = 16, 6.1%), genotype 2 (n = 9, 3.4%), other undetermined genotypes (n = 5, 1.9%) and mixed infections (n = 4, 1.5%). Sub-genotyping results were available for 46 individuals as follows: sub-genotype 4c/d (n = 13, 28.3%), sub-genotype 1a (n = 11, 23.9%), sub-genotype 1b (n = 10, 21.7%), sub-genotype 4a (n = 8, 17.4%), sub-genotype 3a (n = 2, 4.3%), sub-genotypes 2a/c and 4 h (n = 1, 2.2% for both). Individuals infected with genotype 1 showed higher viral load when compared to those infected with genotype 4 (p = 0.048, t-test). Younger HCV-infected individuals (< 52 years) had higher ALT levels compared to older individuals (p = 0.036, t-test). Self-reported risk factors for HCV acquisition included: history of previous surgery, invasive dental procedures, and blood transfusion, delivery at home, circumcision at home and wet cupping therapy (hijama). Conclusions High genetic diversity of HCV was found in Jordan, with genotypes 4 and 1 as the most prevalent genotypes co-circulating in the country. Potential impact of virus genotype on disease markers (viral load, ALT) was detected and needs further assessment. The study can be helpful to plan for future prevention and management of HCV infection in Jordan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan. .,Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Rawan Batarseh
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Anas Natsheh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Jumana Abbadi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Esraa Al-Fraihat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Alaa' Yaseen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Doaa Kaddomi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Nadia Khamees
- Gastroenterology and Liver Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, /P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Gülşen Özkaya Şahin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saludes V, Antuori A, Folch C, González N, Ibáñez N, Majó X, Colom J, Matas L, Casabona J, Martró E. Utility of a one-step screening and diagnosis strategy for viremic HCV infection among people who inject drugs in Catalonia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 74:236-245. [PMID: 31706159 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Catalonia (Spain), people who inject drugs (PWID) face numerous barriers to access to mainstream healthcare services for hepatitis C confirmatory diagnosis and treatment, so simplified testing strategies for viremic infection are urgently needed. Among PWID attending harm-reduction services in Catalonia, we aimed (i) to assess the utility of an in-house HCV-RNA detection assay on dried blood spots (DBS) as a one-step screening and confirmatory diagnosis strategy for hepatitis C, (ii) to estimate the prevalence of viremic HCV infection, and (iii) to identify factors associated with unawareness of viremic infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study of current PWID (N = 410) was performed in four harm-reduction services. All participants underwent HCV antibody point-of-care testing and parallel DBS collection for centralized RNA testing. An epidemiological questionnaire was administered. Paired EDTA-plasma samples were additionally collected for HCV viral load testing in 300 participants. RESULTS HCV-RNA testing from DBS was feasible and showed 97.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity for viral loads >3000 IU/mL in real-life conditions. No significant differences in the performance when detecting viremic infections were observed between this one-step testing strategy vs. the conventional two-step algorithm involving venepuncture. Overall HCV seroprevalence was 79.8%, and prevalence of viremic infection was 58.5%. Importantly, 35.8% of viremic HCV participants were unaware of their status, and no specific socio-demographic or bio-behavioral factors independently associated with unawareness of viremic infection were identified. Among participants reporting a past or current HCV infection, 29.0% stated having received HCV antiviral treatment. CONCLUSION The high viremic HCV infection burden among PWID attending HRS, estimated for the first time in Catalonia, together with the low levels of awareness of viremic status and access to treatment, suggest that scaling up this one-step screening and diagnosis strategy to the network of harm-reduction services would help to achieve HCV elimination targets set by the World Health Organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Saludes
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Crta. del Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Antuori
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Crta. del Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Cinta Folch
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Public Health Agency of Catalonia (ASPCAT), Badalona, Spain
| | - Noemí González
- El Local, Fundació IPSS, Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Ibáñez
- Program on Substance Abuse, ASPCAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Majó
- Program on Substance Abuse, ASPCAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Program for the Prevention, Control and Care of HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Viral Hepatitis, ASPCAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lurdes Matas
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Crta. del Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Epidemiological Studies on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Public Health Agency of Catalonia (ASPCAT), Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisa Martró
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Crta. del Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Biondi MJ, van Tilborg M, Smookler D, Heymann G, Aquino A, Perusini S, Mandel E, Kozak RA, Cherepanov V, Kowgier M, Hansen B, Goneau LW, Janssen HLA, Mazzulli T, Cloherty G, de Knegt RJ, Feld JJ. Hepatitis C Core-Antigen Testing from Dried Blood Spots. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090830. [PMID: 31489933 PMCID: PMC6784259 DOI: 10.3390/v11090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to expand hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening, a change in the diagnostic paradigm is warranted to improve accessibility and decrease costs, such as utilizing dried blood spot (DBS) collection. In our study, blood from 68 patients with chronic HCV infection was spotted onto DBS cards and stored at the following temperatures for one week: −80 °C, 4 °C, 21 °C, 37 °C, and alternating 37 °C and 4 °C; to assess whether temperature change during transportation would affect sensitivity. Sample was eluted from the DBS cards and tested for HCV antibodies (HCV-Ab) and HCV core antigen (core-Ag). HCV-Abs were detected from 68/68 DBS samples at −80 °C, 4 °C, 21 °C, and 67/68 at 37 °C and alternating 37 °C and 4 °C. Sensitivity of core-Ag was as follows: 94% (−80 °C), 94% (4 °C), 91% (21 °C), 93% (37 °C), and 93% (37 °C/4 °C). Not only did temperature not greatly affect sensitivity, but sensitivities are higher than previously reported, and support the use of this assay as an alternative to HCV RNA. We then completed a head-to-head comparison (n = 49) of venous versus capillary samples, and one versus two DBS. No difference in core-Ag sensitivity was observed by sample type, but there was an improvement when using two spots. We conclude that HCV-Abs and core-Ag testing from DBS cards has high diagnostic accuracy and could be considered as an alternative to HCV RNA in certain settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia J Biondi
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Marjolein van Tilborg
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands.
| | - David Smookler
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.
| | - Gregory Heymann
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | | | - Stephen Perusini
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Erin Mandel
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.
| | - Robert A Kozak
- Department of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Vera Cherepanov
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Matthew Kowgier
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Bettina Hansen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.
| | - Lee W Goneau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | | | - Robert J de Knegt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wade AJ, Doyle JS, Gane E, Stedman C, Draper B, Iser D, Roberts SK, Kemp W, Petrie D, Scott N, Higgs P, Agius PA, Roney J, Stothers L, Thompson AJ, Hellard ME. Outcomes of Treatment for Hepatitis C in Primary Care, Compared to Hospital-based Care: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in People Who Inject Drugs. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 70:1900-1906. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To achieve the World Health Organization hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination targets, it is essential to increase access to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), especially among people who inject drugs (PWID). We aimed to determine the effectiveness of providing DAAs in primary care, compared with hospital-based specialist care.
Methods
We randomized PWID with HCV attending primary care sites in Australia or New Zealand to receive DAAs at their primary care site or local hospital (standard of care [SOC]). The primary outcome was to determine whether people treated in primary care had a noninferior rate of sustained virologic response at Week 12 (SVR12), compared to historical controls (consistent with DAA trials at the time of the study design); secondary outcomes included comparisons of treatment initiation, SVR12 rates, and the care cascade by study arm.
Results
We recruited 140 participants and randomized 136: 70 to the primary care arm and 66 to the SOC arm. The SVR12 rate (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 87.7–100) of people treated in primary care was noninferior when compared to historical controls (85% assumed). An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that the proportion of participants commencing treatment in the primary care arm (75%, 43/57) was significantly higher than in the SOC arm (34%, 18/53; P < .001; relative risk [RR] 2.48, 95% CI 1.54–3.95), and the proportion of participants with SVR12 was significantly higher in the primary care arm, compared to in the SOC arm (49% [28/57] and 30% [16/53], respectively; P = .043; RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.0–2.65).
Conclusions
Providing HCV treatment in primary care increases treatment uptake and cure rates. Approaches that increase treatment uptake among PWID will accelerate elimination strategies.
Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02555475.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wade
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph S Doyle
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edward Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Stedman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget Draper
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Iser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred
- Department of Medicine, Monash University
| | - William Kemp
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred
- Department of Medicine, Monash University
| | | | - Nick Scott
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - Peter Higgs
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
- Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora
| | - Paul A Agius
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University
| | - Janine Roney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Stothers
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret E Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comparison of prevention, screening and treatment of hepatitis C in Iran, Egypt and Georgia. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Evaluation of Direct Acting Antivirals Efficiency in Turkish Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Under Strict Rules. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.62390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
22
|
Itokawa N, Atsukawa M, Tsubota A, Ikegami T, Shimada N, Kato K, Abe H, Okubo T, Arai T, Iwashita AN, Kondo C, Mikami S, Asano T, Matsuzaki Y, Toyoda H, Kumada T, Iio E, Tanaka Y, Iwakiri K. Efficacy of direct-acting antiviral treatment in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis: A multicenter study. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:125-135. [PMID: 30307682 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although the development of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has markedly advanced, the effects of cirrhosis on DAA treatment remain unclear. We aimed to clarify the impact of cirrhosis on DAA treatment of patients infected with HCV. METHODS This large-scale, multicenter, retrospective study consisted of 2130 HCV genotype 1b-infected patients who were treated with one of the following DAA combination therapies: asunaprevir/daclatasvir (ASV/DCV), ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF), or paritaprevir/ombitasvir/ritonavir (PTV/OBV/r). Ninety-two patients (4.3%) previously received DAA-based treatment. Seven hundred and forty-five patients (34.9%) had cirrhosis. RESULTS Overall, the sustained virologic response (SVR) rate was 93.0%. The SVR rates in patients who received ASV/DCV, LDV/SOF, or PTV/OBV/r were 90.0%, 96.9%, and 97.6%, respectively. The SVR rate in patients with cirrhosis (89.1%) was significantly lower than that in patients without cirrhosis (95.1%, P = 6.94 × 10-7 ). In the multivariate analysis for the overall cohort, absence of cirrhosis (P = 1.26 × 10-3 ), no previous DAA-based treatment (P = 2.54 × 10-14 ), low HCV-RNA levels (P = 1.64 × 10-6 ), wild-type non-structural protein 5A L31/Y93 (P = 7.33 × 10-13 ), and DAA regimen (LDV/SOF or PTV/OBV/r) (P = 1.92 × 10-14 ) were independent factors contributing to SVR. Except for patients with DAA-based treatment history, absence of cirrhosis (P = 2.15 × 10-3 ; odds ratio, 2.51) was an independent factor contributing to SVR in 2038 DAA-naïve patients. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the presence of cirrhosis reduces the SVR rate of DAA treatment, regardless of the type of DAA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Itokawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Core Research Facilities for Basic Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ikegami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Otakanomori Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keizo Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okubo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai-Nakagawa Iwashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chisa Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Mikami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kikkoman General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Asano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Nursing, Ogaki Women's College, Gifu, Japan
| | - Etsuko Iio
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cooke GS, Andrieux-Meyer I, Applegate TL, Atun R, Burry JR, Cheinquer H, Dusheiko G, Feld JJ, Gore C, Griswold MG, Hamid S, Hellard ME, Hou J, Howell J, Jia J, Kravchenko N, Lazarus JV, Lemoine M, Lesi OA, Maistat L, McMahon BJ, Razavi H, Roberts T, Simmons B, Sonderup MW, Spearman CW, Taylor BE, Thomas DL, Waked I, Ward JW, Wiktor SZ. Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:135-184. [PMID: 30647010 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a major public health threat and a leading cause of death worldwide. Annual mortality from viral hepatitis is similar to that of other major infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Highly effective prevention measures and treatments have made the global elimination of viral hepatitis a realistic goal, endorsed by all WHO member states. Ambitious targets call for a global reduction in hepatitis-related mortality of 65% and a 90% reduction in new infections by 2030. This Commission draws together a wide range of expertise to appraise the current global situation and to identify priorities globally, regionally, and nationally needed to accelerate progress. We identify 20 heavily burdened countries that account for over 75% of the global burden of viral hepatitis. Key recommendations include a greater focus on national progress towards elimination with support given, if necessary, through innovative financing measures to ensure elimination programmes are fully funded by 2020. In addition to further measures to improve access to vaccination and treatment, greater attention needs to be paid to access to affordable, high-quality diagnostics if testing is to reach the levels needed to achieve elimination goals. Simplified, decentralised models of care removing requirements for specialised prescribing will be required to reach those in need, together with sustained efforts to tackle stigma and discrimination. We identify key examples of the progress that has already been made in many countries throughout the world, demonstrating that sustained and coordinated efforts can be successful in achieving the WHO elimination goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Cooke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hugo Cheinquer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Max G Griswold
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - JinLin Hou
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jess Howell
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Health Systems Research Group, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Brian J McMahon
- Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AL, USA
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, CO, USA
| | | | - Bryony Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David L Thomas
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imam Waked
- National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt
| | - John W Ward
- Program for Viral Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Z Wiktor
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Romano J, Sims OT, Richman J, Guo Y, Matin T, Shoreibah M, Kommineni V, Venkata K, Massoud OI. Resolution of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy and absence of variceal bleeding in decompensated hepatitis C virus cirrhosis patients. JGH Open 2018; 2:317-321. [PMID: 30619944 PMCID: PMC6308043 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims of this study were to examine changes in the proportion of decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis patients with ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and variceal bleeding at pretreatment compared to 3 and 12 months post-sustained virological response (SVR) and to compare pretreatment and post-SVR model of end-stage liver disease and Child-Pugh scores and alpha-fetoprotein levels. METHODS Electronic medical records of 64 decompensated HCV cirrhosis patients who received direct-acting antivirals were reviewed. The McNemar-Bowker test and the Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test were used to compare patient outcomes. RESULTS Ascites was resolved in 29% of patients 3 months post-SVR (65% vs 36%, P < 0.01) and in 35% of patients 12 months post-SVR (65% vs 30%, P = 0.07). Hepatic encephalopathy was resolved in 54% of patients 3 months post-SVR (70% vs 16%, P < 0.01) and in 48% of patients 12 months post-SVR (70% vs 22% P = 0.03). Variceal bleeding was absent in 32% of patients 3 months post-SVR (35% vs 3%, P < 0.01) and in 27% of patients 12 months post-SVR (35% vs 8%, P < 0.01). Alpha-fetoprotein levels were significantly reduced post-SVR, but model of end-stage liver disease and Child-Pugh scores were not. CONCLUSIONS Decompensated HCV cirrhosis patients who achieved SVR with direct-acting antiviral treatment had significant reductions in manifestations of hepatic decompensation sustainable up to 1 year post-SVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Omar T. Sims
- Department of Social Work, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public HealthUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Joshua Richman
- Department of Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School of Social WorkUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - Tasnia Matin
- University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Mohamed Shoreibah
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, School of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Affairs HospitalUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Vishnu Kommineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Krishna Venkata
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Omar I. Massoud
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, School of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Affairs HospitalUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
McDonald SA, Azzeri A, Shabaruddin FH, Dahlui M, Tan SS, Kamarulzaman A, Mohamed R. Projections of the Healthcare Costs and Disease Burden due to Hepatitis C Infection under Different Treatment Policies in Malaysia, 2018-2040. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2018; 16:847-857. [PMID: 30145775 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-018-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organisation (WHO) has set ambitious goals to reduce the global disease burden associated with, and eventually eliminate, viral hepatitis. OBJECTIVE To assist with achieving these goals and to inform the development of a national strategic plan for Malaysia, we estimated the long-term burden incurred by the care and management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared cumulative healthcare costs and disease burden under different treatment cascade scenarios. METHODS We attached direct costs for the management/care of chronically HCV-infected patients to a previously developed clinical disease progression model. Under assumptions regarding disease stage-specific proportions of model-predicted HCV patients within care, annual numbers of patients initiated on antiviral treatment and distribution of treatments over stage, we projected the healthcare costs and disease burden [in disability-adjusted life-years (DALY)] in 2018-2040 under four treatment scenarios: (A) no treatment/baseline; (B) pre-2018 standard of care (pegylated interferon/ribavirin); (C) gradual scale-up in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment uptake that does not meet the WHO 2030 treatment uptake target; (D) scale-up in DAA treatment uptake that meets the WHO 2030 target. RESULTS Scenario D, while achieving the WHO 2030 target and averting 253,500 DALYs compared with the pre-2018 standard of care B, incurred the highest direct patient costs over the period 2018-2030: US$890 million (95% uncertainty interval 653-1271). When including screening programme costs, the total cost was estimated at US$952 million, which was 12% higher than the estimated total cost of scenario C. CONCLUSIONS The scale-up to meet the WHO 2030 target may be achievable with appropriately high governmental commitment to the expansion of HCV screening to bring sufficient undiagnosed chronically infected patients into the treatment pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A McDonald
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Amirah Azzeri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Maznah Dahlui
- Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soek S Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Lebuhraya Selayang-Kepong, Malaysia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Takamizawa S, Yamada T, Kitamura K, Hiraoka E. Difficulty of acute hepatitis C diagnosis in a hospitalised patient. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 11:11/1/e226907. [PMID: 30567115 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute hepatitis C and is commonly detected via HCV antibody testing. However, delayed seroconversion of HCV antibodies and non-specific symptoms may hinder the diagnosis of this disease. A 71-year-old woman developed acute hepatitis while hospitalised for back pain. An HCV antibody test was negative, and she had no risk factors for hepatitis C. She was referred to our hospital for further evaluation. The HCV antibody test was repeated 16 days after the initial test; owing to a positive result, she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis C. Several months thereafter, the HCV spontaneously cleared. When diagnosing an HCV infection, the time at which the testing is performed needs to coincide with the time at which HCV antibody seroconversion occurs. Timely diagnosis of an HCV infection allows appropriate treatment during the acute phase which may prevent disease progression to the chronic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Takamizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Eiji Hiraoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mölleken C, Ahrens M, Schlosser A, Dietz J, Eisenacher M, Meyer HE, Schmiegel W, Holmskov U, Sarrazin C, Sorensen GL, Sitek B, Bracht T. Direct-acting antivirals-based therapy decreases hepatic fibrosis serum biomarker microfibrillar-associated protein 4 in hepatitis C patients. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; 25:42-51. [PMID: 30449076 PMCID: PMC6435967 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims An estimated 80 million people worldwide are infected with viremic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Even after eradication of HCV with direct acting antivirals (DAAs), hepatic fibrosis remains a risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis. Recently, we confirmed the applicability of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) as a serum biomarker for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of MFAP4 as a biomarker of liver fibrosis after HCV eliminating therapy with DAAs. Methods MFAP4 was measured using an immunoassay in 50 hepatitis C patients at baseline (BL), the end-of-therapy (EoT), and the 12-week follow-up (FU) visit. Changes in MFAP4 from BL to FU and their association with laboratory parameters including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), platelets, the AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4), and albumin were analyzed. Results MFAP4 serum levels were representative of the severity of hepatic fibrosis at BL and correlated well with laboratory parameters, especially APRI (Spearman correlation, R²=0.80). Laboratory parameters decreased significantly from BL to EoT. MFAP4 serum levels were found to decrease from BL and EoT to FU with high statistical significance (Wilcoxon p<0.001 for both). Conclusions Our findings indicate that viral eradication resulted in reduced MFAP4 serum levels, presumably representing a decrease in hepatic fibrogenesis or fibrosis. Hence, MFAP4 may be a useful tool for risk assessment in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis after eradication of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mölleken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Ahrens
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Chrestos Concept GmbH & Co. KG, Essen, Germany
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Julia Dietz
- Medical Clinic 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolff Schmiegel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medical Clinic 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,Medical Clinic 2, St. Josefs-Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thilo Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marshall AD, Pawlotsky JM, Lazarus JV, Aghemo A, Dore GJ, Grebely J. The removal of DAA restrictions in Europe - One step closer to eliminating HCV as a major public health threat. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1188-1196. [PMID: 29959953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Of ∼10.2 million people with chronic HCV infection in Europe, 6.7 million live in Eastern Europe, 2.3 million in Western Europe and 1.2 million in Central Europe. HCV transmission continues to occur in parallel with an increasing HCV-related liver disease burden, the result of an ageing population infected during peak HCV epidemics decades earlier. In 2016, the World Health Organization set targets to eliminate HCV infection as a major public health threat by 2030. Across Europe, an estimated 36% of those living with chronic HCV infection have been diagnosed and ∼5% have been treated. A major barrier to enhancing HCV treatment uptake has been restrictions set by payers, including national governments and others, in response to the initially high list prices of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. The aims of this article are to discuss DAA restrictions in Europe, why DAA restrictions are still in place, what has facilitated the removal of DAA restrictions, and what challenges remain as we attempt to eliminate HCV as a major public health threat in the region by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and D, Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hui YT, Wong GLH, Fung JYY, Chan HLY, Leung NWY, Liu SD, Liu K, Ma YK, But DYK, Mak WY, Chan JMC, Lai KB, Loo CK, Ng ACY, Lai MS, Chan CW, Lau JYL, Fan TTT, Hui AJ, Lam BCY, Cheung WI, Tsang OTY, Lam K, Lai LSW, Luk WF, Li MKK, Lao WC, Lam JTW, Tsang SWC, Kung KN, Chow WH, Tong RKN, Lui TKL, Shan EHS, Yuen MF, Wong VWS. Territory-wide population-based study of chronic hepatitis C infection and implications for hepatitis elimination in Hong Kong. Liver Int 2018; 38:1911-1919. [PMID: 29981176 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Hong Kong and to estimate the service gap for achieving the WHO hepatitis elimination targets of attaining a diagnosis rate of 90%, treatment rate of 80% and 65% reduction in mortality rate by 2030. METHODS From January 2005 to March 2017, patients who were tested positive for anti-HCV were retrospectively retrieved from all public hospitals in Hong Kong. The epidemiological data of 15 participating hospitals were analysed. RESULTS A total of 11 309 anti-HCV+ patients were identified and the estimated diagnosis rate was 50.9%. Our HCV-infected patients were ageing (median age 59). The all-cause mortality rate increased from 26.2 to 54.8 per 1000 person-years over the last decade. Our estimated treatment rate was 12.4%. Among the treated patients, 93.6% had received pegylated interferon/ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV) but only 10.8% had received interferon-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). In a cohort of 1533 patients, 39% already had advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. The sustained virological response rate for Peg-IFN/RBV and DAAs were 74.8% and 97.2% respectively. However, more than 70% of patients were not subjected to interferon treatment for various reasons. Patients who achieved SVR were associated with a significantly lower risk of HCC (4.7% vs 9.6%, P = 0.005) and death (1.7% vs 23.8%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our diagnosis rate, treatment rate and mortality rate reduction were still low, particularly the Peg-IFN outcomes, making it difficult to meet the WHO hepatitis elimination targets. A more generalized use of DAAs is urgently needed to improve the situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee Tak Hui
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace L H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Y Y Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy W Y Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sienna D Liu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Liu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu Keung Ma
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Y K But
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Yan Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky M C Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Bon Lai
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Kong Loo
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Annie C Y Ng
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Moon Sing Lai
- Department of Medicine, North District Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Wing Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yan Chai Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joulen Y L Lau
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T T Fan
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aric J Hui
- Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Belsy C Y Lam
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Pok Oi Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing I Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen T Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Lam
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lawrence S W Lai
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Pok Oi Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Fan Luk
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael K K Li
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Cheung Lao
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jodis T W Lam
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven W C Tsang
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Ngai Kung
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Hung Chow
- Department of Medicine, Yan Chai Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald K N Tong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas K L Lui
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edwin H S Shan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Douglass CH, Pedrana A, Lazarus JV, 't Hoen EFM, Hammad R, Leite RB, Hill A, Hellard M. Pathways to ensure universal and affordable access to hepatitis C treatment. BMC Med 2018; 16:175. [PMID: 30296935 PMCID: PMC6176525 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically changed the landscape of hepatitis C treatment and prevention. The World Health Organization has called for the elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. However, the discrepancy in DAA prices across low-, middle- and high-income countries is considerable, ranging from less than US$ 100 to approximately US$ 40,000 per course, thus representing a major barrier for the scale-up of treatment and elimination. This article describes DAA pricing and pathways to accessing affordable treatment, providing case studies from Australia, Egypt and Portugal. Pathways to accessing DAAs include developing comprehensive viral hepatitis plans to facilitate price negotiations, voluntary and compulsory licenses, patent opposition, joint procurement, and personal importation schemes. While multiple factors influence the price of DAAs, a key driver is a country's capacity and willingness to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies. If negotiations do not lead to a reasonable price, governments have the option to utilise flexibilities outlined in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Affordable access to DAAs is underpinned by collaboration between government, civil society, global organisations and pharmaceutical companies to ensure that all patients can access treatment. Promoting these pathways is critical for influencing policy, improving access to affordable DAAs and achieving hepatitis C elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen F M 't Hoen
- Global Health Unit, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Medicines Law and Policy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Radi Hammad
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ricardo Baptista Leite
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng ML, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Cousineau SE, Grebely J, Marshall AD, Saeed S, Sagan SM, Shoukry NH, Feld JJ, MacParland SA. The 7th Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus: “Toward Elimination of HCV: How to Get There”. CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2018; 1:139-152. [DOI: 10.3138/canlivj.2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects more than 268,000 people in Canada. Both the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Public Health Agency of Canada recognize the significant impact of HCV-related liver diseases and supported the establishment of a national hepatitis C research network, the Canadian Network on Hepatitis C (CanHepC). Interferon-free direct-acting antiviral regimens lead to more than 95% cure rates in almost all patients with well-tolerated short-course therapy. However, the goal of eliminating HCV in Canada cannot be fully realized until we overcome the financial, geographical, cultural, and social barriers that affect the entire continuum of care from diagnosis and linkage to care through treatment and prevention of new and reinfections. Current practices face difficulties in reversing HCV-induced immunological defects, expanding treatment to neglected communities, combating reinfections and co-infections, and expediting and simplifying the processes of diagnosis and treatment. As part of its knowledge translation mandate, CanHepC has organized the annual Canadian symposium on hepatitis C since 2012. The theme of this year’s symposium, “Toward Elimination of HCV: How to Get There?” focused on identifying the requirements of our therapeutic strategies and health policies for the elimination of HCV in Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Cheng
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sophie E Cousineau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Jason Grebely
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison D Marshall
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sahar Saeed
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leumi S, Bigna JJ, Amougou MA, Aminde LN, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B infection in the general and key populations living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2018; 7:146. [PMID: 30261921 PMCID: PMC6161424 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B causes death mainly due to liver disease worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus increases the pathological effect of hepatitis viruses and potentiates re-activation of latent hepatitis infections as a result of reduced immunity. Because of the same modes of transmission shared by the two infections, HBV represents an important cause of co-morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV; hence, the aim of this review is to determine the prevalence of HBV among people living with HIV. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis will include cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies of patients positive for HBV and HIV irrespective of their countries. All pertinent articles published on hepatitis B in people living with HIV from January 1, 1990, to July 31, 2017, without any language restriction will be searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Global Index Medicus Web of Science, and Excerpta Medica Database. Two review authors will independently assess the relevance of all titles and abstracts identified from the electronic searches. The study-specific estimates will be pooled through a random-effects meta-analysis model to obtain an overall summary estimate of the prevalence of HBV across studies. We will assess statistical heterogeneity and pool clinically homogeneous studies. On the other hand, we will evaluate statistical heterogeneity by the chi-squared test on Cochrane's Q statistic. Symmetry of funnel plots and Egger's test will be used to detect the presence of publication and selective reporting bias. In the case of publication bias, we will report estimates after adjustment on publication bias using the trim-and-fill method. We will assess inter-rater agreement between investigators for study inclusion, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment using Kappa Cohen's coefficient. This protocol will comply with the guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis protocol to report the prevalence of HBV in people living with HIV. We believe its outcomes will be of utility in providing insights on the characteristics of HBV epidemic in people living with HIV, and draw more attention of public health services to this association. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017073124.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leumi
- The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Marie A. Amougou
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leopold N. Aminde
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Flore Nyaga
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Jacques Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wade AJ, McCormack A, Roder C, McDonald K, Davies M, Scott N, Wardrop M, Athan E, Hellard ME. Aiming for elimination: Outcomes of a consultation pathway supporting regional general practitioners to prescribe direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:1089-1098. [PMID: 29660212 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
To increase access to treatment, the Australian government enabled general practitioners (GPs) to prescribe direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV)-in consultation with a specialist if inexperienced in HCV management. This study describes the establishment and outcomes of a remote consultation pathway supporting GPs to treat HCV. Key stakeholders from primary and tertiary healthcare services in the Barwon South Western region developed and implemented an HCV remote consultation pathway. Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule prescription data were used to evaluate GP DAA prescription 12 months pre-and post- pathway implementation. A retrospective review of patients referred for remote consultation for 12 months post- pathway inception was undertaken to determine the care cascade. HCV treatment initiation by GPs increased after implementation of the remote consultation pathway. In the 12-month study period, 74 GPs referred 169 people for remote consultation; 114 (67%) were approved for GP DAA treatment; 48 (28%) were referred for specialist assessment. In total, 119 (71%) patients commenced DAA; 69 were eligible for SVR12 assessment. Post-treatment HCV RNA data were available for 52 (75%) people; 37 achieved SVR12; 15 achieved SVR ranging from week 5 to 11 post-treatment. No treatment failure was detected. Collaborative development and implementation of a remote consultation pathway has engaged regional GPs in managing HCV. Follow-up post-treatment could be improved; however, no treatment failure has been documented. To eliminate HCV as a public health threat, it is vital that specialists support GPs to prescribe DAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Wade
- Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A McCormack
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - C Roder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - K McDonald
- Western Victoria Primary Health Network, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - M Davies
- Western Victoria Primary Health Network, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,Drug and Alcohol Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - N Scott
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M Wardrop
- Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - E Athan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - M E Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wade AJ, Doyle JS, Gane E, Stedman C, Draper B, Iser D, Roberts SK, Kemp W, Petrie D, Scott N, Higgs P, Agius PA, Roney J, Stothers L, Thompson AJ, Hellard ME. Community-based provision of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: study protocol and challenges of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:383. [PMID: 30012192 PMCID: PMC6048874 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve the World Health Organization hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination targets, it is essential to increase access to treatment. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment can be provided in primary healthcare services (PHCS), improving accessibility, and, potentially, retention in care. Here, we describe our protocol for assessing the effectiveness of providing DAAs in PHCS, and the impact on the HCV care cascade. In addition, we reflect on the challenges of conducting a model of care study during a period of unprecedented change in HCV care and treatment. METHODS Consenting patients with HCV infection attending 13 PHCS in Australia or New Zealand are randomized to receive DAA treatment at the local tertiary institution (standard care arm), or their PHCS (intervention arm). The primary endpoint is the proportion commenced on DAAs and cured. Treatment providers at the PHCS include: hepatology nurses, primary care practitioners, or, in two sites, a specialist physician. All PHCS offer opioid substitution therapy. DISCUSSION The Prime Study is the first real-world, randomized, model of care study exploring the impact of community provision of DAA therapy on HCV-treatment uptake and cure. Although the study has faced challenges unique to this period of time characterized by changing treatment and service delivery, the data gained will be of critical importance in shaping health service policy that enables the elimination of HCV. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , ID: NCT02555475 . Registered on 15 September 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Wade
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - J. S. Doyle
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - E. Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C. Stedman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, and University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - B. Draper
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - D. Iser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - S. K. Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - W. Kemp
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - D. Petrie
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - N. Scott
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - P. Higgs
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - P. A. Agius
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - J. Roney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - L. Stothers
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - A. J. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - M. E. Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Berenguer J. Eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C en España: un reto pendiente. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36:323-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Arai T, Atsukawa M, Tsubota A, Ikegami T, Shimada N, Kato K, Abe H, Okubo T, Itokawa N, Kondo C, Mikami S, Asano T, Chuganji Y, Matsuzaki Y, Toyoda H, Kumada T, Iio E, Tanaka Y, Iwakiri K. Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir combination therapy for genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients complicated with chronic kidney disease. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:549-555. [PMID: 29316062 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to clarify the effects and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OBT/PTV/r) therapy in genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS This retrospective, multicenter study of 12-week OBT/PTV/r therapy included genotype 1b patients with non-dialysis CKD. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Virologic responses and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in patients with CKD were compared with those in patients without CKD. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-five patients with a median age of 67 years (range, 27-89 years) were enrolled, consisting of 181 patients without CKD and 54 patients with CKD. Overall, the rates of rapid virologic response (RVR), end of treatment response (ETR), and sustained virologic response (SVR) were 78.7%, 98.7%, and 98.7%, respectively. Among the 181 non-CKD patients, the rates were 77.3% (140/181), 98.9% (179/181), and 98.9% (179/181), respectively. Among the 54 CKD patients, the rates were 83.3% (45/54), 98.1% (53/54), and 98.1% (53/54), respectively. There were no significant differences in the virologic response rates between the two groups (P = 0.449 for RVR, 0.545 for ETR, and 0.545 for SVR). In the CKD group, the eGFR level did not significantly change throughout the treatment period. There was no significant difference in the incidence of TEAEs or treatment discontinuation due to TEAEs between the two groups. CONCLUSION The present study showed that the effects and safety of OBV/PTV/r therapy in genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C patients with non-dialysis CKD were not inferior to those in patients without CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeang Arai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Core Research Facilities for Basic Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ikegami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Otakanomori Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keizo Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okubo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Norio Itokawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Chisa Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Mikami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kikkoman General Hospital, Noda, Japan
| | - Toru Asano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Chuganji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Etsuko Iio
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Matthews GV, Martinello M, Dore GJ. Uptake of direct-acting antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C in Australia. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:640-648. [PMID: 29274192 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A government-funded interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment programme for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been available in Australia since March 2016. This study assessed the levels and patterns of DAA treatment uptake during March-December 2016 in Australia and described the key features in the development of the programme. All prescriptions in Australia are submitted to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme by dispensing pharmacies. Data on dispensed DAA prescriptions for a longitudinal cohort of individuals, representing a 10% random sample of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme database, were used for estimating DAA treatment uptake and subgroup analyses. The estimated number of 32 400 individuals initiated DAA treatment in 2016, equating to 14% of people with chronic HCV infection in Australia. Most commonly prescribed DAA regimens included sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (56%, n = 18 020), sofosbuvir + daclatasvir (39%, n = 12 600) and sofosbuvir + other agents (4%, n = 1220). Among individuals initiated DAA treatment, 66% (n = 21 430) were men, 43% (n = 13 870) were ≤50 years old and 36% (n = 11 670) had cirrhosis. DAA prescriptions were 62% (n = 20 080) by specialists, 19% (n = 6000) by general practitioners (GP) and 20% (n = 6320) by other physicians. Proportion of individuals prescribed DAA by GPs increased from 8% to 31% and proportion of individuals ≤50 years old increased from 28% to 61% between March and December. In conclusion, rapid treatment scale-up was observed in the first 10 months of unrestricted DAA programme in Australia. The proportion of prescriptions by GPs increased over time, important for broadened access. A trend towards younger age treatment suggested the broadening of DAA-treated population, potentially including individuals at higher risk of HCV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G V Matthews
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Martinello
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G J Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alavi M, Grebely J, Hajarizadeh B, Amin J, Larney S, Law MG, George J, Degenhardt L, Dore GJ. Mortality trends among people with hepatitis B and C: a population-based linkage study, 1993-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:215. [PMID: 29743015 PMCID: PMC5944091 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated cause-specific mortality trends including liver-related mortality among people with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) notification in New South Wales, Australia. Methods Notifications 1993-2012 were linked to cause-specific mortality records 1993-2013. Results Among 57,929 and 92,474 people with a HBV and HCV notification, 4.8% and 10.0% died since 1997. In early 2010s, 28% and 33% of HBV and HCV deaths were liver-related, 28% and 17% were cancer-related (excluding liver cancer), and 5% and 15% were drug-related, respectively. During 2002-2012, annual HBV-related liver death numbers were relatively stable (53 to 68), while HCV-related liver death numbers increased considerably (111 to 284). Age-standardised HBV-related liver mortality rates declined from 0.2 to 0.1 per 100 person-years (PY) (P < 0.001); however, HCV-related rates remained stable (0.2 to 0.3 per 100 PY, P = 0.619). In adjusted analyses, older age was the strongest predictor of liver-related mortality [birth earlier than 1945, HBV adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 28.1, 95% CI 21.0, 37.5 and; HCV aHR 31.9, 95% CI 26.8, 37.9], followed by history of alcohol-use disorder (HBV aHR 7.0, 95% CI 5.5, 8.8 and; HCV aHR 8.3, 95% CI 7.6, 9.1). Conclusions Declining HBV-related liver mortality rates and stable burden suggest an impact of improved antiviral therapy efficacy and uptake. In contrast, the impact of interferon-containing HCV treatment programs on liver-related mortality individual-level risk and population-level burden has been limited. These findings also highlight the importance of HBV/HCV public health interventions that incorporate increased antiviral therapy uptake, and action on health risk behaviors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3110-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alavi
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jason Grebely
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Janaki Amin
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Department of Health Systems and Populations, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew G Law
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dore
- Biostatistics and Databases Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alavi M, Janjua NZ, Chong M, Grebely J, Aspinall EJ, Innes H, Valerio H, Hajarizadeh B, Hayes PC, Krajden M, Amin J, Law MG, George J, Goldberg DJ, Hutchinson SJ, Dore GJ. Trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and survival among people with hepatitis C: An international study. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:473-481. [PMID: 29194861 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates trends in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and survival in three settings, prior to introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. HCV notifications from British Columbia (BC), Canada; New South Wales (NSW), Australia; and Scotland (1995-2011/2012/2013, respectively) were linked to HCC diagnosis data via hospital admissions (2001-2012/2013/2014, respectively) and mortality (1995-2013/2014/2015, respectively). Age-standardized HCC incidence rates were evaluated, associated factors were assessed using Cox regression, and median survival time after HCC diagnosis was calculated. Among 58 487, 84 529 and 31 924 people with HCV in BC, NSW and Scotland, 734 (1.3%), 1045 (1.2%) and 345 (1.1%) had an HCC diagnosis. Since mid-2000s, HCC diagnosis numbers increased in all jurisdictions. Age-standardized HCC incidence rates remained stable in BC and Scotland and increased in NSW. The strongest predictor of HCC diagnosis was older age [birth <1945, aHR in BC 5.74, 95% CI 4.84, 6.82; NSW 9.26, 95% CI 7.93, 10.82; Scotland 12.55, 95% CI 9.19, 17.15]. Median survival after HCC diagnosis remained stable in BC (0.8 years in 2001-2006 and 2007-2011) and NSW (0.9 years in 2001-2006 and 2007-2013) and improved in Scotland (0.7 years in 2001-2006 to 1.5 years in 2007-2014). Across the settings, HCC burden increased, individual-level risk of HCC remained stable or increased, and HCC survival remained extremely low. These findings highlight the minimal impact of HCC prevention and management strategies during the interferon-based HCV treatment era and form the basis for evaluating the impact of DAA therapy in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alavi
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Z Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Chong
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E J Aspinall
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Innes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Valerio
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - B Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P C Hayes
- Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Amin
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Health Systems and Populations, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M G Law
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D J Goldberg
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - S J Hutchinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - G J Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Papatheodoridis GV, Hatzakis A, Cholongitas E, Baptista-Leite R, Baskozos I, Chhatwal J, Colombo M, Cortez-Pinto H, Craxi A, Goldberg D, Gore C, Kautz A, Lazarus JV, Mendão L, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Razavi H, Schatz E, Tözün N, van Damme P, Wedemeyer H, Yazdanpanah Y, Zuure F, Manns MP. Hepatitis C: The beginning of the end-key elements for successful European and national strategies to eliminate HCV in Europe. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25 Suppl 1:6-17. [PMID: 29508946 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem in the European Union (EU). An estimated 5.6 million Europeans are chronically infected with a wide range of variation in prevalence across European Union countries. Although HCV continues to spread as a largely "silent pandemic," its elimination is made possible through the availability of the new antiviral drugs and the implementation of prevention practices. On 17 February 2016, the Hepatitis B & C Public Policy Association held the first EU HCV Policy Summit in Brussels. This summit was an historic event as it was the first high-level conference focusing on the elimination of HCV at the European Union level. The meeting brought together the main stakeholders in the field of HCV: clinicians, patient advocacy groups, representatives of key institutions and regional bodies from across European Union; it served as a platform for one of the most significant disease elimination campaigns in Europe and culminated in the presentation of the HCV Elimination Manifesto, calling for the elimination of HCV in Europe by 2030. The launch of the Elimination Manifesto provides a starting point for action in order to make HCV and its elimination in Europe an explicit public health priority, to ensure that patients, civil society groups and other relevant stakeholders will be directly involved in developing and implementing HCV elimination strategies, to pay particular attention to the links between hepatitis C and social marginalization and to introduce a European Hepatitis Awareness Week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Papatheodoridis
- Medical School of National, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Hatzakis
- Medical School of National, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Cholongitas
- Medical School of National, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R Baptista-Leite
- Institute of Health Sciences, Católica University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital' s, Institute for Technology Assessment and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Colombo
- Clinical and Research Center Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | - H Cortez-Pinto
- European Association for the Study of the Liver, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Craxi
- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Goldberg
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - C Gore
- Hepatitis C Trust, World Hepatitis Alliance, London, UK
| | - A Kautz
- Leberhilfe Projekt gUG, Cologne, Germany
| | - J V Lazarus
- Barcelonai Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Mendão
- Portuguese Activist Group for HIV/AIDS Treatment, Lisbon, Portugal.,European AIDS Treatment Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - H Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis, Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - E Schatz
- Correlation Network, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Tözün
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P van Damme
- Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.,Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - F Zuure
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Manns
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The contribution of alcohol use disorder to decompensated cirrhosis among people with hepatitis C: An international study. J Hepatol 2018; 68:393-401. [PMID: 29107152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has led to ambitious targets for hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. However, in the context of alcohol use disorder the ability of DAAs to achieve these targets may be compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of alcohol use disorder to HCV-related decompensated cirrhosis in three settings. METHODS HCV notifications from British Columbia, Canada; New South Wales, Australia, and Scotland (1995-2011/2012/2013, respectively) were linked to hospital admissions (2001-2012/2013/2014, respectively). Alcohol use disorder was defined as non-liver-related hospitalisation due to alcohol use. Age-standardised decompensated cirrhosis incidence rates were plotted, associated factors were assessed using Cox regression, and alcohol use disorder-associated population attributable fractions (PAFs) were computed. RESULTS Among 58,487, 84,529, and 31,924 people with HCV in British Columbia, New South Wales, and Scotland, 2,689 (4.6%), 3,169 (3.7%), and 1,375 (4.3%) had a decompensated cirrhosis diagnosis, and 28%, 32%, and 50% of those with decompensated cirrhosis had an alcohol use disorder, respectively. Age-standardised decompensated cirrhosis incidence rates were considerably higher in people with alcohol use disorder in New South Wales and Scotland. Decompensated cirrhosis was independently associated with alcohol use disorder in British Columbia (aHR 1.92; 95% CI 1.76-2.10), New South Wales (aHR 3.68; 95% CI 3.38-4.00) and Scotland (aHR 3.88; 95% CI 3.42-4.40). The PAFs of decompensated cirrhosis-related to alcohol use disorder were 13%, 25%, and 40% in British Columbia, New South Wales and Scotland, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use disorder was a major contributor to HCV liver disease burden in all settings, more distinctly in Scotland. The extent to which alcohol use would compromise the individual and population-level benefits of DAA therapy needs to be closely monitored. Countries, where appropriate, must develop strategies combining promotion of DAA treatment uptake with management of alcohol use disorders, if World Health Organization 2030 HCV mortality reduction targets are going to be achieved. LAY SUMMARY The burden of liver disease has been rising among people with hepatitis C globally. The recent introduction of highly effective medicines against hepatitis C (called direct-acting antivirals or DAAs) has brought renewed optimism to the sector. DAA scale-up could eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat in the coming decades. However, our findings show heavy alcohol use is a major risk factor for liver disease among people with hepatitis C. If continued, heavy alcohol use could compromise the benefits of new antiviral treatments at the individual- and population-level. To tackle hepatitis C as a public health threat, where needed, DAA therapy should be combined with management of heavy alcohol use.
Collapse
|
43
|
Heffernan A, Barber E, Cook NA, Gomaa AI, Harley YX, Jones CR, Lim AG, Mohamed Z, Nayagam S, Ndow G, Shah R, Sonderup MW, Spearman CW, Waked I, Wilkinson RJ, Taylor-Robinson SD. Aiming at the Global Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: Challenges Along the Care Continuum. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 5:ofx252. [PMID: 29354656 PMCID: PMC5767952 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent international workshop, organized by the authors, analyzed the obstacles facing the ambitious goal of eliminating viral hepatitis globally. We identified several policy areas critical to reaching elimination targets. These include providing hepatitis B birth-dose vaccination to all infants within 24 hours of birth, preventing the transmission of blood-borne viruses through the expansion of national hemovigilance schemes, implementing the lessons learned from the HIV epidemic regarding safe medical practices to eliminate iatrogenic infection, adopting point-of-care testing to improve coverage of diagnosis, and providing free or affordable hepatitis C treatment to all. We introduce Egypt as a case study for rapid testing and treatment scale-up: this country offers valuable insights to policy makers internationally, not only regarding how hepatitis C interventions can be expeditiously scaled-up, but also as a guide for how to tackle the problems encountered with such ambitious testing and treatment programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Heffernan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ella Barber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
| | - Nicola A Cook
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Asmaa I Gomaa
- Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Yolande X Harley
- Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron G Lim
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zameer Mohamed
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Liver and Antiviral Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shevanthi Nayagam
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gibril Ndow
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Hepatitis Unit, Disease Control and Elimination, MRC Unit, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Rajiv Shah
- Infectious Diseases Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Imam Waked
- Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barriers to Surgical Care and Health Outcomes: A Prospective Study on the Relation Between Wealth, Sex, and Postoperative Complications in the Republic of Congo. World J Surg 2017; 41:14-23. [PMID: 27473131 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately thirty percent of the global burden of disease is comprised of surgical conditions. However, five billion people lack access to surgery, with complex factors acting as barriers. We examined whether patient demographics predict barriers to care, and the relation between these factors and postoperative complications in a prospective cohort. METHODS Participants included people presenting to a global charity in Republic of Congo with a surgical condition between August 2013 and May 2014. The outcomes were self-reported barrier to care and postoperative complications documented by medical record. Logistic regression was used to adjust for covariates. RESULTS Of 1237 patients in our study, 1190 (96.2 %) experienced a barrier to care and 126 (10.2 %) experienced a postoperative complication. The most frequently reported barrier was cost (73 %), followed by lack of provider (8.2 %). Greater wealth was associated with decreased odds of cost as a barrier (OR 0.72 [0.57, 0.90]). Greater wealth (OR 1.52 [1.03, 2.25]) and rural home location (OR 3.35 [1.16, 9.62]) were associated with increased odds of no surgeon being available. Cost as a barrier (OR 2.82 [1.02, 7.77]), female sex (OR 3.45 [1.62, 7.33]), and lack of surgeon (OR 5.62 [1.68, 18.77]) were associated with increased odds of postoperative complication. Patient wealth was not associated with odds of postoperative complication. CONCLUSIONS Barriers to surgery were common in Republic of Congo. Patient wealth and home location may predict barriers to surgery. Addressing gender disparities, access to providers, and patient perception of barriers in addition to removal of barriers may help maximize patient health benefits.
Collapse
|
45
|
Butler K, Day C, Sutherland R, van Buskirk J, Breen C, Burns L, Larney S. Hepatitis C testing in general practice settings: A cross-sectional study of people who inject drugs in Australia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 47:102-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
46
|
Marshall AD, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Treloar C. ‘I didn’t want to let it go too far.’ The decisions and experiences of people who inject drugs who received a liver disease assessment as part of a liver health promotion campaign: The LiveRLife study. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 47:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
47
|
Boix R, Cano R, Gallego P, Vallejo F, Fernández-Cuenca R, Noguer I, Larrauri A. Hepatitis C hospitalizations in Spain, 2004-2013: a retrospective epidemiological study. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:461. [PMID: 28679375 PMCID: PMC5498875 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C is an important public health problem about which there is currently scarce epidemiological information. The objective of this study is to describe and analyse the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cases of hepatitis C in the Spanish population between 2004 and 2013. Methods The study uses the Hospital Discharge Records Database of the Spanish National Health System. It is a retrospective descriptive epidemiological study. The variables analysed were year of infection, age, sex, diagnostic category, days admitted and co-morbidity. Results There have been a total of 351,996 hospitalizations; 225,138 men (64%) and 126,858 women (36%). They are divided between acute hepatitis 8161 (2.3%); chronic hepatitis 325,185 (92.4%) and unspecified hepatitis 18,650 (5.3%). The mean age for men is 53.7 (+/−15.2) and for women 62.3 (+/−17.3). 22.8% also present with an Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease coinfection, and 14.7% with opioid dependencies. The trend is for a gradual increase in cases without statistical significance. Conclusions The Hepatitis C cases hospitalized had high levels of chronicity, which entails two distinct patterns of illness in men and women – who are affected in different age ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Boix
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Cano
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Gallego
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Vallejo
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Cuenca
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Noguer
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Larrauri
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Martin NK, Vickerman P, Hickman M. How to eliminate HCV infection by antiviral treatment. J Hepatol 2017; 67:5-6. [PMID: 28323120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha K Martin
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, United States; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pourmarzi D, Hall L, Rahman T, Lim D, FitzGerald G. Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of community-based management of chronic hepatitis C: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:914-931. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
50
|
Ghinea N, Lipworth W, Day R, Hill A, Dore GJ, Danta M. Importation of generic hepatitis C therapies: bridging the gap between price and access in high-income countries. Lancet 2017; 389:1268-1272. [PMID: 27832868 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narcyz Ghinea
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Wendy Lipworth
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Day
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Hill
- St Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gregory J Dore
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Danta
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|