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Li Y, Xie Z, Chen L, Liu X, Li S, Ye S, Tang H, Lee C, Gu Q, Men F, Zhang J, Hu D, Jiang Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Feng Y, Niu S, Liu Y, Fang Y. An exploratory study of drug concentration and inhibitory effect of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets on SARS-CoV-2 infection among 10 Chinese subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:579-587. [PMID: 37985697 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was evidenced that cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) mouthwash could inhibit SARS-COV-2 activity and reduce salivary viral load, thus reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, due to insufficient residence time in the oral cavity, CPC-containing mouthwashes have no prolonged antiviral effect. The duration of action of the CPC buccal tablet is expected to be longer than that of the mouthwash. However, there are currently no reports on the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets and the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. TRIAL DESIGN This is a single-dose, single-arm clinical trial, involving 10 Chinese healthy subjects who received 2-mg CPC buccal tablet to collect saliva samples and to detect saliva concentration at different timepoints within 2 h (Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05802628, Registration Date: April 6, 2023). MATERIALS AND METHODS CPC concentration in saliva was detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on the non-compartmental model. With an in vitro antiviral experiment, the activity of CPC buccal tablets against SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular toxicity was tested. RESULTS Drug concentrations in saliva at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h after administration were 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11), 2093.34 (373.15, 5759.83), 1016.58 (378.66, 3480.68), 891.77 (375.66, 6322.07), and 717.43 (197.87, 2152.71) ng/mL. PK parameters of saliva concentration: Cmax = 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11) ng/mL, AUC0-t = 4172.37 (904.42, 13912.61) ng/mL * h, AUC0-∞ = 6712.85 (1856.77, 19971.12) ng/mL * h, T1/2 = 1.22 (0.59, 2.83) h, Tmax = 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) h. As determined in in vitro experiment, CPC was active on SARS-CoV-2 with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC50 = 35.75 μM (≈12155 ng/mL) and EC50 = 7.39 μM (≈2512.6 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS The comparison between the salivary CPC concentration and EC50/CC50 values from in vitro antiviral experiments suggests that CPC buccal tablets may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity, and the inhibition may last for approximately 30 min without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Li
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shuang Li
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shichun Ye
- Chongqing Jewelland Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Tang
- Chongqing Jewelland Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongyou Lee
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Gu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Men
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dingyuan Hu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Niu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
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Weller SR, Burnell JE, Aho BM, Obeng B, Ledue EL, Shim JK, Hess ST, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride causes functional inhibition of mitochondria as potently as canonical mitotoxicants, nanostructural disruption of mitochondria, and mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux in living rodent and primary human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114547. [PMID: 38408634 PMCID: PMC11060648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
People are exposed to high concentrations of antibacterial agent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) via food and personal care products, despite little published information regarding CPC effects on eukaryotes. Here, we show that low-micromolar CPC exposure, which does not cause cell death, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production in primary human keratinocytes, mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, and rat RBL-2H3 immune mast cells. ATP inhibition via CPC (EC50 1.7 μM) is nearly as potent as that caused by canonical mitotoxicant CCCP (EC50 1.2 μM). CPC inhibition of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) tracks with that of ATP: OCR is halved due to 1.75 μM CPC in RBL-2H3 cells and 1.25 μM in primary human keratinocytes. Mitochondrial [Ca2+] changes can cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we show that CPC causes mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux from mast cells via an ATP-inhibition mechanism. Using super-resolution microscopy (fluorescence photoactivation localization) in live cells, we have discovered that CPC causes mitochondrial nanostructural defects in live cells within 60 min, including the formation of spherical structures with donut-like cross section. This work reveals CPC as a mitotoxicant despite widespread use, highlighting the importance of further research into its toxicological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Weller
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - John E Burnell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Brandon M Aho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Bright Obeng
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Emily L Ledue
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Juyoung K Shim
- Department of Biology, Jewett Hall, University of Maine at Augusta, Augusta, ME, 04330, USA
| | - Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Okeke CAV, Khanna R, Ehrlich A. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Contact Dermatitis: A Review and Considerations During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1721-1728. [PMID: 37409071 PMCID: PMC10319159 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s410910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent global pandemic has resulted in increased use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Currently, QACs are active ingredients in 292 disinfectants recommended by the US EPA for use against SARS-CoV-2. Among QACs, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), cetrimonium chloride (CTAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), cetrimide, quaternium-15, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and benzethonium chloride (BEC) were all identified as potential culprits of skin sensitivity. Given their widespread utilization, additional research is needed to better classify their dermal effects and identify other cross-reactors. In this review, we aimed to expand our knowledge about these QACs to further dissect its potential allergic and irritant dermal effects on healthcare workers during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidubem A V Okeke
- Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ramona Khanna
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Więckowski M, Królikowski M, Żywólko M, Scheller Ł, Dzida M. Examination of eutectic phase change materials composed of diols and ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Otagiri H, Kurita H, Yamada SI, Sakai H, Tobata H, Yanai K, Matsubara K, Eguchi T. Efficacy of cetylpridium chloride mouthwash compared to povidone iodine on oral flora for perioperative patient care: A randomized controlled feasibility study. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Oo MMT, Oo PH, Saddki N. Efficacy of 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash as an adjunct to toothbrushing compared with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation: A randomized control trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2023; 21:195-202. [PMID: 35946123 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study determined the efficacy of alcohol-free 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash as an adjunct to twice-daily toothbrushing in comparison with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwash and a placebo in reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. The side effects of the mouthwashes were also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A double-blind, parallel, randomized control trial was conducted with 219 university students who were divided into three trial groups using block randomization: CPC, CHX and placebo groups. Clinical oral examinations to assess dental plaque accumulation (modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index), gingival health (Löe and Silness Gingival Index) and tooth staining (modified Lobene Stain Index) were performed at baseline and at 6 weeks. RESULTS Plaque and gingivitis scores were not significantly different among participants at baseline. After 6 weeks, plaque and gingivitis scores between the CPC and placebo groups and between the CHX and placebo groups were found to be significantly different. However, there was no significant difference between the CPC and CHX groups. The staining scores of participants in the CPC group were lower than those in the CHX group, but the difference was not significant. Taste alteration and numbness were more common among participants in the CHX group than in the CPC group. No significant difference in the perception of a burning sensation was observed. CONCLUSIONS The 0.05% CPC mouthwash was as efficient as 0.12% CHX mouthwash in reducing dental plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation with fewer side effects, supporting its use as an adjunct to toothbrushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon Mon Tin Oo
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Phyoe Htut Oo
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Norkhafizah Saddki
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Disinfectant Susceptibility of Third-Generation-Cephalosporin/Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from the Oral Cavity of Residents of Long-Term-Care Facilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0171222. [PMID: 36515531 PMCID: PMC9888285 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01712-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported the isolation of third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the oral cavity of residents of a long-term-care facility (LTCF). Since disinfectants are often used in the oral cavity, it is important to investigate the disinfectant susceptibility of oral bacteria. Here, we evaluated the susceptibilities of Gram-negative antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (GN-ARB), including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae, obtained from the oral cavity of residents of LTCFs to povidone-iodine (PVPI), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and chlorhexidine chloride (CHX). We also evaluated the susceptibilities of isolates from the rectum to the same agents to compare the susceptibility profiles of oral and rectal isolates. Next, we investigated the relationship between their susceptibility and disinfectant resistance genes delineated by whole-genome sequencing of the isolates. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between disinfectant-resistant GN-ARB and clinical information. In oral GN-ARB, the MIC of PVPI showed almost identical values across isolates, while the MICs of CPC, BZK, and CHX showed a wide range of variation among species/strains. In particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited high-level resistance to CPC and BZK. The disinfectant susceptibility of rectal GN-ARB showed a tendency similar to that of oral GN-ARB. The presence of qacEΔ1 was correlated with CPC/BZK resistance in P. aeruginosa, while other species exhibited no correlation between qacEΔ1 and resistance. Multiple analyses showed the correlation between the presence of CPC-resistant bacteria in the oral cavity and tube feeding. In conclusion, we found that some oral GN-ARB isolates showed resistance to not only antibiotics but also disinfectants. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are becoming a serious concern worldwide. We previously reported the isolation of third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the oral cavity of residents of a long-term-care facility (LTCF). To prevent infection with ARB in hospitals and eldercare facilities, we must pay more attention to the use of not only antibiotics but also disinfectants. However, the effect of disinfectants on ARB is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of Gram-negative ARB (GN-ARB) from the oral cavity of residents of LTCFs to some disinfectants that are often used for the oral cavity; we found that some isolates showed resistance to several disinfectants. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the disinfectant susceptibility of oral GN-ARB. These results provide some important information for infection control and suggest that disinfectants should be applied carefully.
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Shtyrlin NV, Vafina RM, Bulatova ES, Sapozhnikov SV, Kalugin LE, Garipov MR, Yandimirova AS, Gnezdilov OI, Nikishova TV, Agafonova MN, Kazakova RR, Shtyrlin YG. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds based on 3-hydroxypyridine. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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9
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Bacali C, Vulturar R, Buduru S, Cozma A, Fodor A, Chiș A, Lucaciu O, Damian L, Moldovan ML. Oral Microbiome: Getting to Know and Befriend Neighbors, a Biological Approach. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030671. [PMID: 35327473 PMCID: PMC8945538 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle that allows bacterial adhesion–colonization–proliferation, co-aggregation and biofilm maturation in a complex microbial community. There is a constant bidirectional crosstalk between human host and its oral microbiome. The paper presents the fundamentals regarding the oral microbiome and its relationship to modulator factors, oral and systemic health. The modern studies of oral microorganisms and relationships with the host benefits are based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals such as antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, surface active or abrasive agents and plant-derived ingredients may influence the oral microbiome. Many studies found associations between oral dysbiosis and systemic disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular, diabetes, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. We outline the general and individual factors influencing the host–microbial balance and the possibility to use the analysis of the oral microbiome in prevention, diagnosis and treatment in personalized medicine. Future therapies should take in account the restoration of the normal symbiotic relation with the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bacali
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Romana Vulturar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 6 Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 30 Fântânele St., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Smaranda Buduru
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Cozma
- 4th Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu” Cluj-Napoca, 18 Republicii St., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Fodor
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Clinicilor St., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adina Chiș
- Department of Molecular Sciences, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 6 Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 30 Fântânele St., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ondine Lucaciu
- Department of Oral Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Laura Damian
- Department of Rheumatology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Centre for Rare Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, 2-4 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- CMI Reumatologie Dr. Damian, 6-8 Petru Maior St., 400002 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Liliana Moldovan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12, I. Creanga St., 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Bañó-Polo M, Martínez-Gil L, Sánchez del Pino MM, Massoli A, Mingarro I, Léon R, Garcia-Murria MJ. Cetylpyridinium chloride promotes disaggregation of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2030094. [PMID: 35087641 PMCID: PMC8788378 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is continuously disseminating worldwide. The development of strategies to break transmission is mandatory. Aim of the study To investigate the potential of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as a viral inhibitor. Methods SARS-CoV-2 Virus Like-Particles (VLPs) were incubated with CPC, a potent surfactant routinely included in mouthwash preparations. Results Concentrations of 0.05% CPC (w/v) commonly used in mouthwash preparations are sufficient to promote the rupture of SARS-CoV-2 VLP membranes. Conclusion Including CPC in mouthwashes could be a prophylactic strategy to keep SARS-CoV-2 from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Sánchez del Pino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Massoli
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Léon
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Garcia-Murria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Teoman B, Muneeswaran ZP, Verma G, Chen D, Brinzari TV, Almeda-Ahmadi A, Norambuena J, Xu S, Ma S, Boyd JM, Armenante PM, Potanin A, Pan L, Asefa T, Dubovoy V. Cetylpyridinium Trichlorostannate: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Properties, and Controlled-Release Properties via Electrical Resistance Tomography. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35433-35441. [PMID: 34984275 PMCID: PMC8717397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium trichlorostannate (CPC-Sn), comprising cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and stannous chloride, was synthesized and characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements indicating stoichiometry of C21H38NSnCl3 where the molecules are arranged in a 1:1 ratio with a cetylpyridinium cation and a [SnCl3]- anion. CPC-Sn has shown potential for application as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, to reduce bacteria-generated volatile sulfur compounds and to produce advanced functional materials. In order to investigate its controlled-release properties, electrical resistance tomography was implemented. The results demonstrate that CPC-Sn exhibits extended-release properties in an aqueous environment as opposed to the CPC counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran Teoman
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Otto
H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zilma Pereira Muneeswaran
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W. Mulberry Street, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Dailin Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 338 Qingnian
Road, Economic Development Zone, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Tatiana V. Brinzari
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Allison Almeda-Ahmadi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Javiera Norambuena
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 338 Qingnian
Road, Economic Development Zone, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W. Mulberry Street, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Boyd
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Piero M. Armenante
- Otto
H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Andrei Potanin
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Long Pan
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Viktor Dubovoy
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Shirakawa S, Matsushima Y, Kajiyama S, Suzuki T, Nagano T, Nikaidou M, Gomi K. Effects of natural herb-containing dental toothpaste on periodontal pathogenic bacteria and clinical parameters: A randomized clinical trial. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Pang Z, Li Q, Jia Y, Yan W, Qi J, Guo Y, Hu F, Zhou D, Jiang X. Controlling the pyridinium-zwitterionic ligand ratio on atomically precise gold nanoclusters allowing for eradicating Gram-positive drug-resistant bacteria and retaining biocompatibility. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14871-14882. [PMID: 34820103 PMCID: PMC8597861 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an increasing global healthcare concern. In this study, we developed a dual-ligand-functionalised Au25(SR1) x (SR2)18-x -type gold nanocluster and determined its antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains. The pyridinium ligand (SR1) provided bactericidal potency and the zwitterionic ligand (SR2) enhanced the stability and biocompatibility. By optimising the ligand ratio, our gold nanocluster could effectively kill MDR Gram-positive bacteria via multiple antibacterial actions, including inducing bacterial aggregation, disrupting bacterial membrane integrity and potential, and generating reactive oxygen species. Moreover, combining the optimised gold nanocluster with common antibiotics could significantly enhance the antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria both in in vitro and animal models of skin infections. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the gold nanocluster at the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window allowed for the monitoring of its biodistribution and body clearance, which confirmed that the gold nanoclusters had good renal clearance and biocompatibility. This study provides a new strategy to combat the MDR challenge using multifunctional gold nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Qizhen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuexiao Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Weixiao Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Fupin Hu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040 P. R. China
| | - Dejian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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Influence of Chlorhexidine and Cetylpyridine on Periodontal Status and Indicators of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111732. [PMID: 34829603 PMCID: PMC8614958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: One of the treatment goals in type 1 diabetes and periodontitis is to address chronic inflammation to prevent the development of neurovascular complications. The aim of this study was to assess the local anti-inflammatory effects of chlorhexidine digluconate and cetylpyridine chloride on periodontal status and indicators of oxidative stress in saliva in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 subjects aged 27 (interquartile range, IQR 22–35) years, with type 1 diabetes for a duration of 12 (IQR 9–18) years, and glycated hemoglobin 8.05 (IQR 7.1–9.4)% were included. Patients were examined twice—initially, and after 14 days of using toothpaste with chlorhexidine and cetylpyridine. Clinical examination of gingival tissues was performed. Certain oxidative stress markers (TP, TEAC, TBARS, AOPP) were measured in the saliva samples. Results: There were significant changes in clinical indicators of periodontal status before and after the application of the toothpaste (API before 0.35 (0.24–0.65) vs. API after 0.265 (0.18–0.39), p = 0.03; SBI before 0.07 (0.04–0.15) vs. SBI after 0.035 (0-0.06), p = 0.002; GI before 0.88 (0.46–1) vs. GI after 0.67 (0.25–1), p = 0.0008). The concentration of saliva TBARS decreased (p = 0.00005) and TEAC increased (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Proper oral hygiene supported by antibacterial chemicals may improve the periodontal status and reduce inflammation.
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Malani M, Salunke P, Kulkarni S, Jain GK, Sheikh A, Kesharwani P, Nirmal J. Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:110-136. [PMID: 34464232 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1975020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The limited time indorsed to face the COVID-19 emergency and large number of deaths across the globe, poses an unrelenting challenge to find apt therapeutic approaches. However, lead candidate selection to phase III trials of new chemical entity is a time-consuming procedure, and not feasible in pandemic, such as the one we are facing. Drug repositioning, an exploration of existing drug for new therapeutic use, could be an effective alternative as it allows fast-track estimation in phase II-III trials, or even forthright compassionate use. Although, drugs repurposed for COVID-19 pandemic are commercially available, yet the evaluation of their safety and efficacy is tiresome and painstaking. In absence of any specific treatment the easy alternatives such as over the counter products, phytotherapies and home remedies have been largely adopted for prophylaxis and therapy as well. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that several pharmaceutical excipients possess antiviral properties making them prospective candidates against SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the mechanism of action of various antiviral excipients and their propensity to act against SARs-CoV2. Though, repurposing of pharmaceutical excipients against COVID-19 has the edge over therapeutic agents in terms of safety, cost and fast-track approval trial burdened, this hypothesis needs to be experimentally verified for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Malani
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prerana Salunke
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shraddha Kulkarni
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayabalan Nirmal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Hyderabad, India
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16
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Asahara E, Abe Y, Nakamori K, Okazaki Y, Makita Y, Hasebe A, Tsuga K, Yokoyama A. Controlled release, antimicrobial activity, and oral mucosa irritation of cetylpyridinium chloride-montmorillonite incorporated in a tissue conditioner. Dent Mater J 2021; 41:142-149. [PMID: 34556596 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the controlled release of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) from a tissue conditioner (TC) containing CPC-montmorillonite (CPC-Mont), the associated antimicrobial activity, and oral mucosa irritation. The CPC release test was performed daily for 28 days in three test solutions: distilled water, 0.2 M NaCl, and 0.2 M HCl. The antimicrobial activities for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans were assessed according to the JIS Z 2801/ISO 22196 standard. An oral mucosa irritation test was conducted using cheek pouches in five male hamsters according to the ISO 10993-10:2010 standard. The amount of CPC released each day and the cumulative amount released over 28 days (6.12 mg) were less than the daily safe maximum of sore throat medicines (8 mg). Additionally, TC with CPC-Mont could sustain antimicrobial activity against adherent bacteria for 14 days and has no oral mucosa irritation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Asahara
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kiichi Nakamori
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yohei Okazaki
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Functional Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
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17
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Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Commercial Periodontal Gels on Antibacterial, Biocompatibility and Wound Healing Ability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091502. [PMID: 34575578 PMCID: PMC8465455 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several studies testing commercial periodontal gels that contain chlorhexidine (CHX) or other antibacterial agents, have raised concerns regarding their cytotoxicity in periodontal tissues. We aimed at comparing the biocompatibility but also the efficacy as regards to the antibacterial and wound healing ability of different commercial periodontal gels. In vitro human gingival fibroblasts (GF) and a 3D model of human tissue equivalents of gingiva (GTE) were used under inflammatory conditions to evaluate wound closure, cytotoxicity and gene expression. Antibacterial effects were also investigated on Porphyromonas gingivalis growth, viability and gingipain activity. In GF and in the bacterial study, we found cytotoxic effects on GF and a high inhibition on bacterial growth rate in gels containing CHX, asiaticoside, enoxolone, cetylpyridinium chloride, propolis and eugenol. Of the two gels that were non-cytotoxic, Syntoss Biogel (containing chondrontin sulfate) and Emdogain (EMD, containing amelogenin and propylene glycol alginate), EMD showed the best wound closure, with no effect on P. gingivalis growth but decreased gingipain activity. On the other hand, Syntoss Biogel reduced viability and gingipain activity of P. gingivalis, but lack wound healing capacity. In the 3D GTE, Syntoss Biogel and EMD showed a good biocompatibility. Among all the tested gels, formulations containing CHX, asiaticoside, enoxolone, cetylpyridinium chloride, propolis and eugenol showed high antibacterial effect but also showed high cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells. EMD was the one with the best biocompatibility and wound healing ability at the conditions tested.
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18
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Evaluation of Different Interstimulus Rinse Protocols on Smoke Attribute Perception in Wildfire-Affected Wines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185444. [PMID: 34576915 PMCID: PMC8470714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires produce smoke that can carry organic compounds to a vineyard, which are then absorbed by the grape berry and result in wines with elevated levels of smoke-related phenols. These phenols have been found to have a large impact on the flavor of wines, being the cause of a smokey flavor with a lasting ashy aftertaste. When evaluating the sensory profile of these wines, there is an observed problem due to the lasting nature of these undesirable attributes and potential flavor carryover between samples. Through the use of standard and temporal attribute check-all-that-apply, this research desires to better understand the impact of smoke on the sensorial profiles of wines with various levels of smoke phenols (high, moderate, and low). Additionally, through the employment of different interstimulus protocols, the effectiveness of rinses on diminishing the smoke flavor in wines and optimal time separation were investigated. It was determined that a 1 g/L pectin rinse in between samples with a 120 s separation is optimal to ensure the removal of smoke attribute perception. This work also indicated the need to look deeper at the effects of the in-mouth hydrolysis of glyconjugate phenols that impact overall smoke flavor.
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19
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Dimou I, Dritsas S, Aggelopoulou P, Vassilatou K, Damianaki S, Giaouris E. Development of a herbal mouthwash containing a mixture of essential oils and plant extracts and in vitro testing of its antimicrobial efficiency against the planktonic and biofilm-enclosed cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:397-409. [PMID: 34027763 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1924693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A herbal mouthwash containing essential oils of holy basil and mountain tea, extracts of St John's wort and European goldenrod (Bucovia™) and cetylpyridinium chloride, was developed and in vitro tested for its efficiency against biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, together with its eradicating activity against already preformed (48 h with saccharose) streptococcal biofilm. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the final formulation, as well as of its individual components, were initially determined. The results revealed that the mouthwash needed to be applied at two-times its MIC (0.63% v.v-1) to completely inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans, which was otherwise capable of developing a robust biofilm on the tested surface. Once fully developed, the matrix of the biofilm was found to contain a significant amount of exopolysaccharides protecting the cells, being impossible to eradicate even when exposed to pure mouthwash for 15 min, highlighting the great recalcitrance of biofilm-embedded S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Dimou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Stavros Dritsas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Aggelopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
- The NuCLab, Nutrition and Cosmetics R&D Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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20
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Ahmad L. Impact of gargling on respiratory infections. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1893834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lateef Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar, Pakistan
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21
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Alghaith AF, Alshehri S, Alhakamy NA, Hosny KM. Development, optimization and characterization of nanoemulsion loaded with clove oil-naftifine antifungal for the management of tinea. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:343-356. [PMID: 33517791 PMCID: PMC8725874 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1879314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinea is a common superficial infection caused by keratinophylic fungi called dermatophytes. The objective of the current investigation was to develop and optimize a self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system (SENDDs) using clove oil loaded with naftifine (NF). Clove oil possesses good anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties that can support naftifine action. Box–Behnken designs were used to prepare plain and naftifine loaded SENDDs. The plain SENDDs were evaluated for their globule size. The medicated formulations (NF-CO-SENDDs) were characterized by measuring their globular size, ex vivo % NF permeated, level of interleukin-31 in rats, and antifungal activity. The optimum clove oil level was found to be 10–17%, while NF-CO-SENDDs formulations displayed globular sizes ranging from 119 to 310 nm. The statistical design confirmed the synergistic effect of clove oil and NF in the treatment of fungal infections, confirming that the anti-inflammatory effect of clove oil can counteract the side effects of NF. The optimized formulation composed of 14% clove oil, 12.5 mg Naftifine, and prepared with an Smix ratio equaling 3:1, exhibited good antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity, achieving up to 2-, 3-, 5.75-, and 2.74-fold increases in the amount of permeated NF, steady-state flux, permeability, and diffusion coefficients, respectively, compared with a commercial product. Moreover, the optimum formulation revealed an adequate zeta potential value of 28.31 ± 1.37 mV and showed reasonable stability with no or mild signs of skin sensitivity. Therefore, the designed nanoemulsions containing a combination of clove oil and naftifine could be considered promising delivery systems for the treatment of tinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel F Alghaith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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22
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Felipucci DNB, Curylofo PA, Crizóstomo LC, Vaz LG, Alves SDV, Macedo AP, Pagnano VO. Effect of Cleanser Solutions on the Retention Force of O'ring Attachment: An in Vitro Study. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:657-663. [PMID: 33237238 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cleaning solutions on the retention force of o-ring-type overdenture attachments. The effect of four solutions on nitrile rings were evaluated: Cepacol (C), Cepacol with fluoride (CF), Listerine (L) and 0.05% sodium hypochlorite (SH); deionized water (DW) was used as a control. Matrices containing two implants and abutments and acrylic specimens with the metal capsules were obtained and divided into the groups. A simulation of 90 overnight immersions (8 h) was performed, and the tensile strength value was obtained at the beginning (T0) and in every 30 days (T1, T2 and T3) (n=6). In order to analyze o-ring surface damage after the immersions, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used (n=1). For statistical analysis of the results, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment (test power=1.000; a=0.05) were used. There was a significant difference for the factors time (p<0.001), solution (p<0.001) and for the interaction time × solution (p<0.001). Considering the times of each solution, only for DW there was no significant loss of retention over time. Comparing the solutions in each moment, there was no difference among the solutions in T0. From T1, CF and SH provided less retention than DW (p<0.005). Through SEM it was possible to observe changes in the surface of the CF and SH nitrile o-rings. CF and SH should be avoided due to deleterious action in o-rings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Geraldo Vaz
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Suleima do Vale Alves
- Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Macedo
- Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Mechanism of Antibacterial Cationic Peptide caP4 from Curcuma pseudomontana L. (Zingiberaceae) Against E. coli. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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徐 红, 邹 广, 张 新. [Clinical observation of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets combined with Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of acute pharyngitis]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2020; 34:755-757. [PMID: 32842213 PMCID: PMC10127928 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- 红霞 徐
- 新疆医科大学附属中医医院耳鼻咽喉科(乌鲁木齐,830000)
| | - 广华 邹
- 新疆医科大学附属中医医院耳鼻咽喉科(乌鲁木齐,830000)
| | - 新日 张
- 新疆医科大学附属中医医院耳鼻咽喉科(乌鲁木齐,830000)
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25
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Miranda SLFD, Damaceno JT, Faveri M, Figueiredo LC, Soares GMS, Feres M, Bueno-Silva B. In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Cetylpyridinium Chloride on Complex Multispecies Subgingival Biofilm. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:103-108. [PMID: 32556007 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202002630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontopathogenic subgingival biofilm is the main etiological agent of periodontitis. Thus, a search for antimicrobials as adjuvant for periodontal treatment in the literature is intense. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a well-known antimicrobial agent commonly used in mouthrinses. However, CPC effects on a complex biofilm model were not found over the literature. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript is to evaluate 0.075% CPC antimicrobial properties in a multispecies subgingival biofilm model in vitro. The subgingival biofilm composed by 31 species related to periodontitis was formed for 7 days, using the calgary device. The treatments with CPC and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% (as positive control) were performed 2x/day, for 1 min, from day 3 until the end of experimental period, totaling 8 treatments. After 7 days of biofilm formation, biofilm metabolic activity was evaluated by a colorimetric reaction and biofilms microbial composition by DNA-DNA hybridization. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with data transformed via BOX-COX followed by Dunnett post-hoc. Both CPC and CHX reduced biofilm metabolic activity in 60% and presented antimicrobial activity against 13 different species. Specifically, only CHX reduced levels of F.n. vicentii and P. gingivalis while only CPC reduced A. odontolyticus and A. israelli. CPC was as effective as CHX as antimicrobial through in vitro complex multispecies subgingival biofilm. However, future studies using in vivo models of experimental periodontal disease should be performed to prove such effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Faveri
- Dental Research Division, UNG - Universidade Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Magda Feres
- Dental Research Division, UNG - Universidade Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bueno-Silva
- Dental Research Division, UNG - Universidade Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
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26
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Urakawa R, Inubushi J, Tobata H, Eguchi T. Effects of Diluents, Saliva and Other Organics on the Microbicidal Activity of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Povidone-iodine. Biocontrol Sci 2020; 25:45-53. [PMID: 32507790 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is used for infection control and preoperative sterilization of the oral and pharyngeal regions. Marketed preparations containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are used to inhibit growth of oral bacteria. We conducted an in vitro study of the sterilizing effects of these microbicides on 10 oral bacterial strains and fungi related to pneumonia and periodontal disease, after dilution with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), saliva, and components in saliva. The CPC solution was evaluated at 50 mg/100 mL, which is the concentration used in products. CPC sterilized all strains within 1 minute. Prolongation of the sterilization time associated with dilution was more gradual in comparison to PVP-I solution. CPC sterilized 7 of 10 microbial strains within 3 minutes at 3 mg/100 mL. At 500 mg/100 mL, which is near the upper limit of the concentration that is actually used, PVP-I solution sterilized 7 microbial strains within 3 minutes. However, PVP-I had no sterilization effect when diluted to 100 mg/100 mL or lower. With addition of saliva, PVP-I sterilized 2 microbial strains within 3 minutes at 500 mg/100 mL, whereas CPC solution sterilized 9 microbial strains within 1 minute at 50 mg/100 mL. Our results show that in use influenced by dilution with saliva, CPC is likely to maintain a strong sterilization effect, whereas PVP-I may have a reduced effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junya Inubushi
- R&D, Sunstar Inc.,Sunstar Shizuoka Innovation Center, Sunstar Inc
| | | | - Toru Eguchi
- Sunstar Shizuoka Innovation Center, Sunstar Inc
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27
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Liu Y, Hannig M. Vinegar inhibits the formation of oral biofilm in situ. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32503624 PMCID: PMC7275295 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vinegar has been recognized as an effective antimicrobial agent for long. This study intended to elucidate the effect of commercially available vinegar on in situ pellicle formation and existing 24-h biofilms. Methods In situ biofilm formation took place on bovine enamel slabs mounted in individual splints and exposed intraorally over 3 min and 24 h, respectively. After 5 s rinsing with vinegar, all samples were analyzed via fluorescence microscopy (FM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, salivary samples were collected and analyzed via FM. Samples with water rinsing served as controls. Results Vinegar caused destruction of the pellicle. Compared to the control group, vinegar rinsing reduced the outer globular layer of the pellicle (p < 0.001), and resulted in formation of subsurface pellicle. Also, vinegar rinsing could reduce bacterial viability and disrupt the 24-h biofilm. Total bacteria amount of saliva samples decreased remarkably (p < 0.001) after vinegar rinsing within 30 min. Reduction of bacterial viability was observed even 120 min after vinegar rinsing in both biofilm and saliva sample (p < 0.001). Conclusion This in situ study reveals that rinsing with vinegar for only 5 s alters the pellicle layer resulting in subsurface pellicle formation. Furthermore, vinegar rinsing will destruct mature (24-h) biofilms, and significantly reduce the viability of planktonic microbes in saliva, thereby decreasing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Dubovoy V, Nawrocki S, Verma G, Wojtas L, Desai P, Al-Tameemi H, Brinzari TV, Stranick M, Chen D, Xu S, Ma S, Boyd JM, Asefa T, Pan L. Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Cetylpyridinium Tetrachlorozincate. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10359-10365. [PMID: 32426592 PMCID: PMC7226859 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium tetrachlorozincate (referred to herein as (CP)2ZnCl4) was synthesized and its solid-state structure was elucidated via single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), revealing a stoichiometry of C42H76Cl4N2Zn with two cetylpyridinium (CP) cations per [ZnCl4]2- tetrahedra. Crystal structures at 100 and 298 K exhibited a zig-zag pattern with alternating alkyl chains and zinc units. The material showed potential for application as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, to reduce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) generated by bacteria, and in the fabrication of advanced functional materials. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (CP)2ZnCl4 was 60, 6, and 6 μg mL-1 for Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. The MIC values of (CP)2ZnCl4 were comparable to that of pure cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), despite the fact that approximately 16% of the bactericidal CPC is replaced with bacteriostatic ZnCl2 in the structure. A modified layer-by-layer deposition technique was implemented to synthesize mesoporous silica (i.e., SBA-15) loaded with approximately 9.0 wt % CPC and 8.9 wt % Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Dubovoy
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shiri Nawrocki
- Department
of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson
Medical School, 675 Hoes
Lane West, Piscataway, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
| | - Primit Desai
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Hassan Al-Tameemi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Tatiana V. Brinzari
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Michael Stranick
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Dailin Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 338 Qingnian
Road, Economic Development Zone, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 338 Qingnian
Road, Economic Development Zone, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Boyd
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 71 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Long Pan
- Colgate-Palmolive
Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Naoe T, Hasebe A, Horiuchi R, Makita Y, Okazaki Y, Yasuda K, Matsuo K, Yoshida Y, Tsuga K, Abe Y, Yokoyama A. Development of tissue conditioner containing cetylpyridinium chloride montmorillonite as new antimicrobial agent: Pilot study on antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. J Prosthodont Res 2020; 64:436-443. [PMID: 32063532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility of a novel antimicrobial tissue conditioner containing cetylpyridinium chloride with montmorillonite (CPC-Mont) were evaluated. METHODS To examine the mechanical properties of the novel material, hardness, consistency, and penetration tests were conducted. Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was evaluated. Cell viabilities of fibroblasts and epithelial cells using eluates from materials were measured to evaluate cytotoxicity. In addition, to assess tissue response, animal experiments were conducted. RESULTS The hardness test results were similar to those of other commercially available materials. The novel tissue conditioner showed good antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and S. aureus compared with other materials. This effect was sustained for a week for C. albicans. In the case of S. aureus, microbial growth was suppressed for up to 3 weeks. Cell viability of the novel material for the eluate at 1 day was significantly less than those of other material for both cells. However, the cell viability at 7 days showed no significant difference. Animal experiments demonstrated that inflammatory responses around materials were not observed on the oral mucosa as other material. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this in vitro and in vivo study, the results suggest that the newly developed tissue conditioner containing CPC-Mont has not only excellent antimicrobial properties, but also the same mechanical properties and biocompatibility as tissue conditioners on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Naoe
- Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Functional Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Rumi Horiuchi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 14, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health Environment Control Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Yohei Okazaki
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yasuda
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Kenya Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Functional Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
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Braga AS, Girotti LD, de Melo Simas LL, Pires JG, Pelá VT, Buzalaf MAR, Magalhães AC. Effect of commercial herbal toothpastes and mouth rinses on the prevention of enamel demineralization using a microcosm biofilm model. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:796-804. [PMID: 31514534 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1662897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the effects of commercial toothpastes and mouth rinses containing natural/herbal agents on biofilm viability, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and on enamel demineralization in vitro. Microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel for 5 days and treated daily with: Orgânico natural® (toothpaste/mouth rinse), Boni Natural Menta & Malaleuca® (toothpaste/mouth rinse), Propolis & Myrrh® (toothpaste), Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint® (toothpaste, positive control), Malvatricin® Plus (mouth rinse), PerioGard® (mouth rinse, positive control) or PBS (negative control). Tom's Propolis & Myrrh® and Colgate Total 12® toothpastes and Malvatricin® Plus and PerioGard® mouth rinses significantly reduced biofilm viability (p < 0.05). Only PerioGard® had significant effects on biofilm thickness and EPS. Despite the indication that Tom's Propolis & Myrrh® significantly reduced lesion depth, only Colgate Total 12® significantly reduced mineral loss. Malvatricin® Plus significantly reduced mineral loss and lesion depth, as did PerioGard®. Some herbal products, Malvatricin® Plus and Tom's Propolis & Myrrh®, showed anticaries effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Letícia Dragonetti Girotti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leticia Lobo de Melo Simas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Juliana Gonçalves Pires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Taioqui Pelá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil
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Fizer M, Fizer O, Sidey V, Mariychuk R, Studenyak Y. Experimental and theoretical study on cetylpyridinium dipicrylamide – A promising ion-exchanger for cetylpyridinium selective electrodes. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2019.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods. Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results. In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Guerra F, Pasqualotto D, Rinaldo F, Mazur M, Corridore D, Nofroni I, Ottolenghi L, Nardi GM. Therapeutic efficacy of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes and its adverse events: Performance-related evaluation of mouthwashes added with Anti-Discoloration System and cetylpyridinium chloride. Int J Dent Hyg 2019; 17:229-236. [PMID: 30375179 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare 3 mouthwashes: 0.20% chlorhexidine (CHX) with Anti-Discoloration System (ADS), 0.20% CHX and 0.12% CHX with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in terms of reduction of plaque and gingival bleeding and side effects. METHODS Mild gingivitis patients were randomly divided into three Groups: they underwent professional oral hygiene and received instructions: oral rinse with 10 mL for 1', twice a day, 30' after tooth brushing, for 14 days. Primary outcomes were plaque and gingival bleeding, assessed with Plaque Control Record and Gingival Bleeding Index. Feedback questionnaire and spectrophotometer evaluated secondary outcomes: adverse events. Timing of the study was T0 (baseline), T1 (professional oral hygiene) and T2 (14th day after mouthwash use). RESULTS Sixty-six patients were recruited, two patients dropped out, and 64 patients completed the study. PCR T1-T2 mean variation was 30.67 (SD = 15.22; 95% CI 23.55 to 37.80; P = 0.000), 19.93 (SD = 11.03; 95% CI 14.90 to 24.95; P = 0.000) and 16.24 (SD = 15.35; 95% CI 9.60 to 22.88; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. GBI mean variation (T0-T2) was -9.82 (SD = 9.27; 95% CI -5.48 to 14.16; P = 0.000), -19.31 (SD = 11.33; 95% CI -14.15 to -24.47; P = 0.000) and -21.13 (SD = 12.56; 95% CI -15.70 to -26.56; P = 0.000) respectively in Groups 0.2% CHX + ADS, 0.2% CHX and 0.12% CHX + CPC. Statistical significance was found in lower efficacy of 0.2% CHX + ADS Group. Patients tolerated 0.12% CHX + CPC mouthwash better in bleeding perception (95.5%; P = 0.046), burning sensation (13.6%; P = 0.006), and mouthwash taste (100%; P = 0.000). Results on staining were no statistically significant (P = 0.106). CONCLUSIONS Addition of CPC allows reduction of CHX percentage in mouthwash formulation while keeping equal efficacy and less side effects. ADS addition decreases CHX efficacy in reducing plaque and bleeding, while resulting more tolerated than CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Guerra
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Pasqualotto
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldo
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Mazur
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Corridore
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Nofroni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Maria Nardi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019; 13:31-35. [PMID: 31217916 PMCID: PMC6571524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background . Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods . Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results . In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion . Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- 1Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- 2Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- 3Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- 1Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
, Corresponding Author; E-mail:
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SO YEON LEE, SI YOUNG LEE. Susceptibility of Oral Streptococci to Chlorhexidine and Cetylpyridinium Chloride. Biocontrol Sci 2019; 24:13-21. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.24.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LEE SO YEON
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - LEE SI YOUNG
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
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Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of DA-5502 in gingivitis and periodontal diseases. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fan X, Peters BA, Min D, Ahn J, Hayes RB. Comparison of the oral microbiome in mouthwash and whole saliva samples. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194729. [PMID: 29641531 PMCID: PMC5894969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based epidemiologic studies can provide important insight regarding the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Buccal cells samples using commercial mouthwash have been obtained in large prospective cohorts for the purpose of studying human genomic DNA. We aimed to better understand if these mouthwash samples are also a valid resource for the study of the oral microbiome. We collected one saliva sample and one Scope mouthwash sample from 10 healthy subjects. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from both types of samples were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to bacterial taxa. We comprehensively compared these paired samples for bacterial community composition and individual taxonomic abundance. We found that mouthwash samples yielded similar amount of bacterial DNA as saliva samples (p from Student's t-test for paired samples = 0.92). Additionally, the paired samples had similar within sample diversity (p from = 0.33 for richness, and p = 0.51 for Shannon index), and clustered as pairs for diversity when analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. No significant difference was found in the paired samples with respect to the taxonomic abundance of major bacterial phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria (FDR adjusted q values from Wilcoxin signed-rank test = 0.15, 0.15, 0.87, 1.00 and 0.15, respectively), and all identified genera, including genus Streptococcus (q = 0.21), Prevotella (q = 0.25), Neisseria (q = 0.37), Veillonella (q = 0.73), Fusobacterium (q = 0.19), and Porphyromonas (q = 0.60). These results show that mouthwash samples perform similarly to saliva samples for analysis of the oral microbiome. Mouthwash samples collected originally for analysis of human DNA are also a resource suitable for human microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Fan
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandilyn A. Peters
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Min
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Kita D, Kinumatsu T, Yokomizo A, Tanaka M, Egawa M, Makino-Oi A, Tomita S, Saito A. Clinical effect of a dentifrice containing three kinds of bactericidal ingredients on periodontal disease: a pilot study in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:116. [PMID: 29426362 PMCID: PMC5807746 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate clinically the effect of a novel dentifrice containing three kinds of bactericidal ingredients on periodontal disease. Results This was a single-arm, prospective clinical study that enrolled patients with periodontitis undergoing supportive periodontal therapy. Periodontal examination, microbiological testing of saliva samples, and evaluation of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid were performed. After 4 weeks of the use of test dentifrice, these parameters were re-evaluated. The use of dentifrice was also subjectively evaluated by clinicians and participants. Among 30 participants, there were significant improvements in the periodontal and microbiological parameters, and the level of interleukin-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid, following the use of the test dentifrice. In clinicians’ subjective evaluation of the overall usefulness of the dentifrice, ‘mild’ and ‘moderate’ improvement accounted for 83% of the total responses. In the participants’ subjective evaluation, the majority indicated their experience of the use as favorable. Within the limitations of this study, it is suggested that the progression of periodontal disease during the supportive periodontal therapy can be prevented by the use of the test dentifrice. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) 000023175. Date of formal registration: July 14, 2016 (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000026716) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3216-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinumatsu
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Kinumatsu Dental Clinic, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Miki Tanaka
- Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Egawa
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Makino-Oi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Tomita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan. .,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zhang J, Ab Malik N, McGrath C, Lam O. The effect of antiseptic oral sprays on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 17:16-26. [PMID: 29405627 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the effectiveness of antiseptic oral sprays on oral health. METHODS AND MATERIALS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of oral sprays to placebo/control spray or mouthrinse on dental plaque and gingival inflammation were included. RESULTS Among a total of 996 papers, 20 effective studies fulfilled the selection criteria, and 8 studies were suitable for inclusion in meta-analyses. A meta-analysis of three studies using a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) spray intervention, without prophylaxis at baseline, showed reductions in Plaque Index (PI) (Silness and Löe) and Gingival Index (GI) (Silness and Löe) scores of 0.74 (95% CI: -1.03 to -0.45) and 0.22 (95% CI: -0.38 to -0.06), respectively. Five studies provided a prophylaxis for subjects before study initiation. Three of these five studies used 0.2% CHX spray. A meta-analysis demonstrated an increase of 0.18 (95% CI: -0.01 to 0.37) in PI (Silness and Löe) scores. Two RCTs compared 0.12% and 0.2% CHX spray, and a meta-analysis showed increases of 1.71 (95% CI: 1.27 to 2.14) and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.23 to 1.93), respectively, in PI (Quigley and Hein) scores. Of the RCTs not amenable to meta-analysis, eight studies reported significant improvements in PI and GI scores. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that oral sprays are an acceptable delivery method for antiseptic agents. Further high-quality studies are warranted to determine the effectiveness of alternative chemotherapeutic agents delivered via oral sprays on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - N Ab Malik
- Periodontology and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C McGrath
- Periodontology and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olt Lam
- Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Yoon HY, Lee SY. Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from dental unit waterlines to disinfecting chemical agents. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:269-275. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Yoon
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Si Young Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
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Pathan MM, Bhat KG, Joshi VM. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of a herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on select periodontal pathogens: An in vitro and ex vivo study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 21:270-275. [PMID: 29456300 PMCID: PMC5813340 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_382_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in vitro and in vivo in search of a suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long-term use. In this study, we aimed to look at the antimicrobial effect of the herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on select organisms in in vitro test and an ex vivo model. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects were determined against standard strains of bacteria that are involved in different stages of periodontal diseases. The in vitro tests included determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using broth dilution and agar diffusion. In the ex vivo part of the study supragingival dental plaque were obtained from 20 periodontally healthy adult volunteers. Descriptive analysis was done for the entire quantitative and qualitative variable recorded. Results: The MIC by broth dilution method found no statistically significant difference between the mouthwashes. The agar dilution method showed CHX was more effective as compared to the herbal mouthwash against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. However, no difference was observed between the mouthwashes for Porphyromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The ex vivo results conclude that none of the selected mouthwashes were statistically significantly different from each other. Conclusion: In the present study, CHX showed higher levels of antimicrobial action than the herbal mouthwash against bacterial species. The results reinforce the earlier findings that the in vitro testing is sensitive to methods and due diligence is needed when extrapolating the data for further use. However, long-term use and in vivo effectiveness against the periopathogens need to be tested in well-planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Multazim Muradkhan Pathan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Activity of taurolidine gels on ex vivo periodontal biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:2031-2037. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kang JH, Kim DJ, Choi BK, Park JW. Inhibition of malodorous gas formation by oral bacteria with cetylpyridinium and zinc chloride. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:133-138. [PMID: 28987726 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial efficacy of zinc- (ZnCl2) and cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) and their inhibition capacity on volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production by oral bacterial strains were investigated. DESIGN Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and growth curves were determined for ZnCl2, CPC, and CPC with ZnCl2 solutions against eight oral microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) known to be involved in the pathophysiology of both halitosis and periodontal disease. Gas chromatography was applied to measure VSCs (H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S) production levels of each strains following exposure to the solutions. RESULTS ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibited growth of all eight strains. ZnCl2 was generally more effective than CPC in suppressing bacterial growth excluding A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, and T. forsythia. Synergism between CPC and ZnCl2 was shown in A. actinomycetemcomitans. The MIC for CPC was significantly lower than ZnCl2. VSC production was detected in five bacterial strains (A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia). Each bacterial strain showed unique VSCs production profiles. H2S was produced by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola, CH3SH by all five strains and (CH3)2S by A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola. Production of CH3SH, the most malodorous component among the three major VSCs from mouth air was evident in F. nucleatum and T. forsythia. CONCLUSION Both ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibit bacterial growth causative of halitosis and periodontal disease, resulting in a direct decrease of bacterial VSCs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kang
- Department of Oral medicine and Orofacial pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woon Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Haraszthy VI, Sreenivasan PK. Microbiological and clinical effects of an oral hygiene regimen. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2017; 8:85-89. [PMID: 29696199 PMCID: PMC5898472 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study compared the additional effect of rinsing with a fluoride-free and alcohol-free 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash to brushing alone on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and supragingival plaque bacteria. Methods Adult subjects [n = 68] completed a washout period prior to baseline evaluations that evaluated gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, dental plaque, and pocket probing depths along with microbiological analysis of supragingival plaque for bacteria. Subjects were randomized to two treatment groups: brush with fluoride toothpaste and rinse with the CPC mouthwash (test) or brush with fluoride toothpaste only (control), twice daily for the next four weeks. Subjects abstained from oral hygiene for twelve-hours prior to two-week and four-week post-treatment microbiological analysis of supragingival plaque for bacteria. Clinical assessments for gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, dental plaque, and pocket probing depths were conducted at the four-week post-treatment visit. Results Compared to baseline, bacteria of dental plaque in the test group were reduced by 61.1% and 83.0% at the two-week and four-week evaluations, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared to baseline, bacteria of supragingival plaque in the control group were reduced by 2.3% at either post-treatment evaluations (p < 0.05). Additionally, dental plaque bacteria in the test was 69.8% and 86.8% lower than the control at the two-week and four-week evaluations (p < 0.05), respectively. After four-weeks, the test group showed 14.3% less gingivitis, 11.2% less dental plaque, 7.5% less gingival bleeding compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Oral hygiene comprising toothbrushing and rinsing with a mouthwash containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride demonstrated greater reductions of dental plaque bacteria, improving gingival health, and eliminating supragingival plaque than toothbrushing alone.
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Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Oral Rinses In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4019723. [PMID: 28401154 PMCID: PMC5376431 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4019723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While oral rinses used for cosmetic purposes only do not necessarily have to be antiseptic, antimicrobial activity is required for medical indications, including oral and periodontal surgery. So the question arises—is the antimicrobial activity of oral rinses associated with any destructive changes in cell viability in vitro? To answer this question, we examined twelve oral rinses with respect to their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Antimicrobial activity was screened against five bacterial strains using disc diffusion. Cytotoxicity was determined by mitochondrial reductase activity with primary gingival fibroblasts, L929 cells, and HSC-2 epithelial cells. Phase contrast microscopy and trypan blue staining were then performed to reveal cell morphology. Cells remained vital after exposure to oral rinses that were only used for cosmetic purposes. Moderate cytotoxic effects were observed for oral rinses containing 0.05% chlorhexidine, ethanol, or pegylated hydrogenated castor oil and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Other oral rinses containing 0.2% chlorhexidine and cocamidopropyl betaine exhibited strong cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Strong cytotoxic but moderate antimicrobial activity was observed in oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride. The in vitro data show that oral rinses are heterogeneous with respect to their cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects. Based on their respective properties, oral rinses can be selected either to reduce the microbial load or for cosmetic purposes.
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Tartaglia GM, Kumar S, Fornari CD, Corti E, Connelly ST. Mouthwashes in the 21 st century: a narrative review about active molecules and effectiveness on the periodontal outcomes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:973-982. [PMID: 27835926 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1260118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor oral hygiene is a major risk factor for oral diseases. Regular home-based care is essential to maintain good oral hygiene. In particular, mouthrinses can support conventional tooth brushing in reducing accumulation of oral plaque. Areas covered: The most common molecules contained in mouthrinses (chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetyl pyridinium chloride, triclosan, octeneidine, delmopinol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hyaluronic acid, natural compounds) are discussed, together with relevant clinical and in vitro studies, focusing on their effects on periodontal health. Currently, chlorhexidine is the most efficacious compound, with both antiplaque and antibacterial activities. Similar results are reported for essential oils and cetyl pyridinium chloride, although with a somewhat reduced efficacy. Considering the adverse effects of chlorhexidine and its time-related characteristics, this molecule may best be indicated for acute/short-term use, while essential oils and cetyl pyridinium chloride may be appropriate for long-term, maintenance treatment. Expert opinion: The literature has not clearly demonstrated which compound is the best for mouthrinses that combine good efficacy and acceptable side effects. Research should focus on substances with progressive antibacterial activity, prompting a gradual change in the composition of oral biofilm and mouthrinses that combine two or more molecules acting synergistically in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca M Tartaglia
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.,b SST Dental Clinic , Segrate , Italy
| | - Santhosh Kumar
- c Population and Social Health Research Programme, Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | | | - Eleonora Corti
- d Department of Regulatory Affairs , Biokosmes srl , Bosisio Parini , Italy
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Cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinses alleviate experimental gingivitis by inhibiting dental plaque maturation. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:182-90. [PMID: 27680288 PMCID: PMC5113089 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rinses containing chemotherapeutic agents, such as cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), can alleviate plaque-induced gingival infections, but how oral microbiota respond to these treatments in human population remains poorly understood. Via a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial of 91 subjects, the impact of CPC-containing oral rinses on supragingival plaque was investigated in experimental gingivitis, where the subjects, after a 21-day period of dental prophylaxis to achieve healthy gingivae, received either CPC rinses or water for 21 days. Within-subject temporal dynamics of plaque microbiota and symptoms of gingivitis were profiled via 16S ribosomal DNA gene pyrosequencing and assessment with the Mazza gingival index. Cetylpyridinium chloride conferred gingival benefits, as progression of gingival inflammation resulting from a lack of dental hygiene was significantly slower in the mouth rinse group than in the water group due to inhibition of 17 gingivitis-enriched bacterial genera. Tracking of plaque α and β diversity revealed that CPC treatment prevents acquisition of new taxa that would otherwise accumulate but maintains the original biodiversity of healthy plaques. Furthermore, CPC rinses reduced the size, local connectivity and microbiota-wide connectivity of the bacterial correlation network, particularly for nodes representing gingivitis-enriched taxa. The findings of this study provide mechanistic insights into the impact of oral rinses on the progression and maturation of dental plaque in the natural human population.
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Microbiota-based Signature of Gingivitis Treatments: A Randomized Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24705. [PMID: 27094556 PMCID: PMC4837389 DOI: 10.1038/srep24705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plaque-induced gingivitis can be alleviated by various treatment regimens. To probe the impacts of various anti-gingivitis treatments on plaque microflora, here a double blinded, randomized controlled trial of 91 adults with moderate gingivitis was designed with two anti-gingivitis regimens: the brush-alone treatment and the brush-plus-rinse treatment. In the later group, more reduction in both Plaque Index (TMQHI) and Gingival Index (mean MGI) at Day 3, Day 11 and Day 27 was evident, and more dramatic changes were found between baseline and other time points for both supragingival plaque microbiota structure and salivary metabonomic profiles. A comparison of plaque microbiota changes was also performed between these two treatments and a third dataset where 50 subjects received regimen of dental scaling. Only Actinobaculum, TM7 and Leptotrichia were consistently reduced by all the three treatments, whereas the different microbial signatures of the three treatments during gingivitis relieve indicate distinct mechanisms of action. Our study suggests that microbiota based signatures can serve as a valuable approach for understanding and potentially comparing the modes of action for clinical treatments and oral-care products in the future.
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Decker EM, Bartha V, Kopunic A, von Ohle C. Antimicrobial efficiency of mouthrinses versus and in combination with different photodynamic therapies on periodontal pathogens in an experimental study. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:162-175. [PMID: 27038101 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the therapy of destructive periodontal disease, chemical antimicrobial agents and increasingly photodynamic therapy (PDT) play an important adjunctive role to standard mechanical anti-infective treatment procedures. However, both antiseptic methods have their shortcomings in terms of eliminating periodontal pathogens. The aim of the study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of different antiseptic mouthrinses, of a conventional and a new, modified PDTplus as well as of the different antiseptic mouthrinses combined with either the conventional or the modified PDTplus against periopathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six representative periodontitis-associated bacterial strains were grown for 24 h under anaerobic conditions. After mixing the individual cell pellets they were exposed to 10 different antiseptic mouthrinse formulations: chlorhexidine (0.2%, 0.06%, CHX); CHX + cetylpyridinium chloride (each 0.05%); sodium hypochlorite (0.05%); polyhexanide (0.04%, PHMB1; 0.1%, PHMB2); octenidine dihydrochloride (0.1%); fluoride (250 ppm); essential oils; povidone iodine (10%); and saline (0.9%, NaCl) as control. Furthermore, the bacteria were treated with conventional PDT based on light-emitting diodes and a new modified photodisinfection combining photosensitizer with hydrogen peroxide to PDTplus also based on light-emitting diodes. In addition to the single treatments, a combined application of antiseptic exposure followed by use of PDT or PDTplus was performed. The microbial viability was characterized by analyzing colony growth and fluorescence-based vitality proportions. RESULTS Nearly all mouthrinses caused a statistically significant growth inhibition. The most effective antiseptics, CHX (0.2%), CHX/cetylpyridinium chloride and octenidine dihydrochloride, inhibited bacterial growth completely. Conventional PDT resulted in moderate reduction of colony growth. The modified PDTplus achieved maximum antimicrobial effect. The combination of antiseptic exposure and PDT against periopathogens predominantly increased antibacterial efficacy compared to the single applications. The mouthrinse containing essential oil seemed to interfere with PDT. CONCLUSION A combination therapy of preceding chemotherapeutical exposure and subsequent photodisinfection may be a more effective and promising antibacterial treatment than single applications of the antiseptic methods. The modified PDTplus using oxygen-enriched toluidine showed a superior antibacterial effect on periodontal pathogens to conventional PDT and to the majority of the investigated mouthrinses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-M Decker
- Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - V Bartha
- Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Kopunic
- Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C von Ohle
- Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany
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Forry SP, Madonna MC, López-Pérez D, Lin NJ, Pasco MD. Automation of antimicrobial activity screening. AMB Express 2016; 6:20. [PMID: 26970766 PMCID: PMC4788993 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual and automated methods were compared for routine screening of compounds for antimicrobial activity. Automation generally accelerated assays and required less user intervention while producing comparable results. Automated protocols were validated for planktonic, biofilm, and agar cultures of the oral microbe Streptococcus mutans that is commonly associated with tooth decay. Toxicity assays for the known antimicrobial compound cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were validated against planktonic, biofilm forming, and 24 h biofilm culture conditions, and several commonly reported toxicity/antimicrobial activity measures were evaluated: the 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Using automated methods, three halide salts of cetylpyridinium (CPC, CPB, CPI) were rapidly screened with no detectable effect of the counter ion on antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Forry
- />Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Megan C. Madonna
- />Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Daneli López-Pérez
- />Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- />Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Nancy J. Lin
- />Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Madeleine D. Pasco
- />Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
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